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Senegal | Freedom House
4/8/2020 Senegal | Freedom House FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2020 Senegal 71 PARTLY FREE /100 Political Rights 29 /40 Civil Liberties 42 /60 LAST YEAR'S SCORE & STATUS 72 /100 Free Global freedom statuses are calculated on a weighted scale. See the methodology. https://freedomhouse.org/country/senegal/freedom-world/2020 1/16 4/8/2020 Senegal | Freedom House Status Change Senegal’s status declined from Free to Partly Free because the 2019 presidential election was marred by the exclusion of two major opposition figures who had been convicted in politically fraught corruption cases and were eventually pardoned by the incumbent. Overview Senegal is one of Africa’s most stable electoral democracies and has undergone two peaceful transfers of power between rival parties since 2000. However, politically motivated prosecutions of opposition leaders and changes to the electoral laws have reduced the competitiveness of the opposition in recent years. The country is known for its relatively independent media and free expression, though defamation laws continue to constrain press freedom. Other ongoing challenges include corruption in government, weak rule of law, and inadequate protections for the rights of women and LGBT+ people. Key Developments in 2019 In February, President Macky Sall won a second consecutive term with 58 percent of the vote in the first round, making a runoff unnecessary. Two leading opposition leaders—Khalifa Sall, former mayor of Dakar, and Karim Wade, the son of former president Abdoulaye Wade—were barred from running because of previous, politically fraught convictions for embezzlement of public funds. In May, lawmakers approved a measure to abolish the post of prime minister, and Sall signed it later in the month. -
Senegal Country Report BTI 2010
BTI 2010 | Senegal Country Report Status Index 1-10 5.53 # 71 of 128 Democracy 1-10 6.30 # 53 of 128 Market Economy 1-10 4.75 # 88 of 128 Management Index 1-10 5.66 # 44 of 128 scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) score rank trend This report is part of the Transformation Index (BTI) 2010. The BTI is a global ranking of transition processes in which the state of democracy and market economic systems as well as the quality of political management in 128 transformation and developing countries are evaluated. The BTI is a joint project of the Bertelsmann Stiftung and the Center for Applied Policy Research (C•A•P) at Munich University. More on the BTI at http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/ Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2010 — Senegal Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2009. © 2009 Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh BTI 2010 | Senegal 2 Key Indicators Population mn. 11.9 HDI 0.46 GDP p.c. $ 1737 Pop. growth % p.a. 2.6 HDI rank of 182 166 Gini Index 39.2 Life expectancy years 55 UN Education Index 0.42 Poverty2 % 60.3 Urban population % 42.1 Gender equality1 - Aid per capita $ 67.9 Sources: UNDP, Human Development Report 2009 | The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2009. Footnotes: (1) Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). (2) Percentage of population living on less than $2 a day. Executive Summary Historically, Senegal has been one of the showcases for democracy and a market economy in West Africa. Despite only modest – if any – economic success, the country has remained politically stable and has seen uninterrupted civilian rule since its independence. -
Senegal Since 2000. Rebuilding Hegemony in a Global Age Vincent Foucher, Tarik Dahou
Senegal since 2000. Rebuilding Hegemony in a Global Age Vincent Foucher, Tarik Dahou To cite this version: Vincent Foucher, Tarik Dahou. Senegal since 2000. Rebuilding Hegemony in a Global Age. Turning Points in African Democracy, 2009. hal-02614085 HAL Id: hal-02614085 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02614085 Submitted on 20 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mustapha_01 1/5/09 15:48 Page 13 2 Senegal since 2000 Rebuilding Hegemony in a Global Age TARIK DAHOU & VINCENT FOUCHER Senegal is often seen as a model of democracy in Africa. The changing character of Senegalese political life since independence has been paralleled by just as many changes in the literature about it. Initially most work tended to focus on the long history and rooted character of Senegalese democratic culture. This was essentially an urban-based political history centred on the lives of an enlightened class of évolués, African elites with a French education. In various shades, subse- quent authors described how the powerful Muslim brotherhoods functioned as mechanisms for political integration in the countryside: in exchange for agricultural services and other resources channelled to client marabouts, the party-state could count on the votes of the disciples attached to these marabouts (Copans 1980; Coulon 1981). -
Senegal: Presidential Elections 2019 - the Shining Example of Democratic Transition Immersed in Muddy Power-Politics
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Munich Personal RePEc Archive MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Senegal: Presidential elections 2019 - The shining example of democratic transition immersed in muddy power-politics Dirk Kohnert and Laurence Marfaing Institute of African Affairs, GIGA-Hamburg 12 March 2019 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/92739/ MPRA Paper No. 92739, posted 15 March 2019 17:14 UTC Senegal: Presidential elections 2019 The shining example of democratic transition immersed in muddy power-politics Dirk Kohnert & Laurence Marfaing 1 The rush of presidential candidates to the religious leaders Source: Landry Banga (nom de plume, RIC). Dakar: La Croix Africa, 19 February 2019 Abstract: Whereas Senegal has long been sold as a showcase of democracy in Africa, including peaceful political alternance, things apparently changed fundamentally with the Senegalese presidentials of 2019 that brought new configurations. One of the major issues was political transhumance that has been elevated to the rank of religion in defiance of morality. It threatened political stability and peace. In response, social networks of predominantly young activists, created in 2011 in the aftermath of the Arab Spring focused on grass-roots advocacy with the electorate on good governance and democracy. They proposed a break with a political system that they consider as neo- colonialist. Moreover, Senegal’s justice is frequently accused to be biased, and the servility of the Constitutional Council which is in the first place an electoral court has often been denounced. Key Words: Senegal, presidential elections, governance, political change, political transhumance, social networks, West Africa, WAEMU, ECOWAS, civic agency JEL-Code: N17, N37, N97, O17, O35, P16, Z13 1 Associated research fellows at the Institute of African Affairs, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg, Germany. -
Presidential Elections in Senegal: a Brief Overview of the First Round
Presidential elections in Senegal: a brief overview of the first round Senegal is a small country of West Africa known for its democratic achievements. Dominated by Muslims who represent more than 90 per cent of a population of little more than 13 million, le pays de la Teranga (the country of hospitality in Wolof) has preserved traditions of tolerance, religious pluralism and peace. 1. Type of elections The first round of Senegal’s 10th presidential elections – the 7th in the era of multipartism - has taken place on February 26th 2012. A second round will be probably be required as according to provisional results no candidate has attained the absolute majority. 2. Short evaluation of the political situation related to the elections According to the Mission of Observation of the European Union, the commission of observation sent by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the numerous observers of the African and Senegalese civil society, the elections have been regular and transparent. This achievement is in itself very laudable given a very gloomy pre-electoral context. When the Constitutional Council has decided to validate the candidature of the incumbent President Wade - against the spirit of the Senegalese constitution and despite earlier statements made by Wade himself related to the fact that the constitution does not allow him to postulate for a third mandate - a divided opposition regrouped under the M23 (Movement of June 23rd) has organized many demonstrations in order to demand the withdrawal of the candidature of Wade. Unfortunately, this has occasioned six deaths and many wounded persons. -
The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines
The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines Dear Country Expert, In this section, we distinguish between the head of state (HOS) and the head of government (HOG). • The Head of State (HOS) is an individual or collective body that serves as the chief public representative of the country; his or her function could be purely ceremonial. • The Head of Government (HOG) is the chief officer(s) of the executive branch of government; the HOG may also be HOS, in which case the executive survey only pertains to the HOS. • The executive survey applies to the person who effectively holds these positions in practice. • The HOS/HOG pair will always include the effective ruler of the country, even if for a period this is the commander of foreign occupying forces. • The HOS and/or HOG must rule over a significant part of the country’s territory. • The HOS and/or HOG must be a resident of the country — governments in exile are not listed. • By implication, if you are considering a semi-sovereign territory, such as a colony or an annexed territory, the HOS and/or HOG will be a person located in the territory in question, not in the capital of the colonizing/annexing country. • Only HOSs and/or HOGs who stay in power for 100 consecutive days or more will be included in the surveys. • A country may go without a HOG but there will be no period listed with only a HOG and no HOS. • If a HOG also becomes HOS (interim or full), s/he is moved to the HOS list and removed from the HOG list for the duration of their tenure. -
Democracy in Senegal Tested: a Personal Reflection
Democracy in Senegal Tested: A Personal Reflection by Dr. Maimouna Barro I am a Senegalese woman living in Champaign-Urbana. From a far distance, I have been following the latest developments in Senegalese politics with a vested interest like millions of other Senegalese whether at home or abroad. In many ways, I identify myself with the thousands of young Senegalese university students of the mid-1990s who played an important part in politics and looked up to incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade as the ultimate actor of change and progress. As I sit back to write this piece, Senegalese people celebrate the victory of 50-year-old President- Elect Macky Sall, a geological engineer by profession, as well as former prime minister of incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade. Given President Wade’s defiance of Senegalese popular will in his determination to seek a third term and the background against which the entire electoral process unfolded, the potential for instability was high, but the second round of elections concluded peacefully. A happy ending! President Abdoulaye Wade has accepted defeat by Macky Sall on the Sunday March 25th 2012 run-off. Once again, the Senegalese have demonstrated that democracy does not just come from governments-- no matter how democratic the process by which they have been put in place--but really from people and their determination to fight for it and be part of the struggle to maintain it whenever that democracy is threatened. They have also proved that lasting change does not come from governments; it comes from the people and is sustained by them. -
COVID-19 in Senegal: Exploring the Historical Context
REVIEW COVID-19 in Senegal: Exploring the Historical Context 1 Sydney Bertram 1Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, SC, USA ABSTRACT While many academics and popular journalists have recently addressed historical epidemics in the context of COVID- 19, much of this literature concerns the history of former colonial powers rather than the history of formerly colonized states. This review finds that the French colonial regime frequently used disease as a means to exert its increased political power over the people of the Senegal. Primary sources, analyses of colonialism and disease in Senegal and current popular media reveal that post-colonial successes in managing epidemic disease, contrasted with colonial-era racialization of rampant disease, is likely shaping the Senegalese government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. KEY WORDS COVID-19, Senegal, Colonialism INTRODUCTION Senegal’s complex, multi-staged history has in modernity been marked by multiple disease outbreaks. During the colonial era, French fears of disease were used as a means for enforcing residential segregation in the cities of Saint Louis and Dakar and subjugating the African population’s religious practices. Following independence, the Senegalese government has managed the HIV/AIDS epidemic1 and Ebola crisis2 of the mid-2010s, both of which have not established a strong foothold in the country. The legacy of colonial failures and postcolonial successes has resulted in a Senegalese response to the COVID-19 pandemic marked by a political rejection of European guidance. However, the urban and rural poor are facing the brunt of economic shutdown, food shortages, and lack of effective, accessible healthcare during the pandemic.3, 4 Senegal, home to roughly 15.7 million people of diverse ethnic groups, is located on the northwest Atlantic coast of Africa. -
Senegal: Background and U.S. Relations
Senegal: Background and U.S. Relations Alexis Arieff Analyst in African Affairs June 20, 2013 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41369 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Senegal: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Successive U.S. Administrations have viewed Senegal as a democratic leader in Africa, an anchor of regional stability, and a partner in addressing development challenges and combating transnational security threats. Senegalese President Macky Sall met with President Barack Obama at the White House in March 2013, and President Obama is expected to visit Senegal in late June. A small, arid nation on West Africa’s Atlantic coast, Senegal has struggled with widespread poverty and a long-running, low-level separatist insurgency in its southern Casamance region. Still, the country’s democratic continuity and military professionalism have stood in stark contrast to near-state collapse in neighboring Mali (previously also considered a democracy), and to unrest and instability elsewhere in the region. This regional turbulence presents security, political, and economic challenges to Senegal’s leadership and population. President Sall was voted into office in early 2012 in an election widely seen as free and fair, defeating incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade, who had been in office since 2000. Wade’s decision to run for what would have been a third term in office was extremely controversial within Senegal, provoking protests and sparking concerns over potential instability. Such concerns prompted officials in the Obama Administration and some Members of Congress to appeal to Wade to withdraw his candidacy. Wade pursued his campaign nonetheless, and criticized what he described as Western interference. -
Macky Sall of the Electorate
16 BRIEFING BRIEFING 17 PEOPLE UP SPOTLIGHT 3 MONCEF MARZOUKI Sall has worked tirelessly since then to reach out to the rural areas, Many are fêting the pragmatism of Tunisia’s Islamist party which contain around two-thirds Ennahda, but Marzouki, the new president, has turned his bid Macky Sall of the electorate. Senegal’s politi- A into an art form, batting away complaints from secular liberals NS cal landscape is not traditionally O and building bridges with the new leaders in Libya. The pragmatist politician hopes to provide based on ethnic allegiances, and a serious challenge to President Abdoulaye Sall has not resorted to the kind of religious rhetoric of Idrissa Seck, Wade in Senegal’s presidential polls in but instead he pledges reforms ISAIAS AFEWERKI February, and provide a rallying point for a such as a reduction in the amount / UN of foreign embassies and the sepa- Despite the toughening of UN sanctions in early December, divided opposition in the second round ebebe ration of family and state. These are R D an upswing in gold investment and mining revenue set to not the radically attractive prom- inde benefit the state-owned mining company could help shore up K S IN THE RUN-UP to Senegal’s Feb- ises that would tempt much of the E the isolated government of the Eritrean president. ruary elections, all eyes are on the electorate – an unrealistic prom- men who will challenge President ise to end the energy crisis within Abdoulaye Wade at the polls, and a few months delighted many in Macky Sall carries more weight than electricity-starved Dakar – but in- KWESI BOTCHWEY 11 December 1961 ved most. -
Dakar International Forum on Peace and Security in Africa
Dakar International Forum on Peace and Security in Africa Third Edition, Dakar, 5th - 6th December 2016 Africa meets its security challenges Viewpoints for efficient solutions www.dakarforum.org Dakar International Forum on Peace and Security in Africa Africa meets its security challenges Viewpoints for efficient solutions Third Edition, Dakar, 5th - 6th December 2016 CONTENTS 2 THE EDITORIAL by HE Mankeur NDIAYE 5 A WORD from Jean-Yves LE DRIAN 7 THE PROGRAMME of the FORUM 2016 8 THE OPENING SPEECH 13 Speakers: Hervé LADSOUS, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Shunsuke TAKEI, Parliamentary Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Jean-Yves LE DRIAN, Minister of Defence of France Federica MOGHERINI, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy The opening speech par SHE Macky SALL, President of Senegal FIRST HALF-DAY: VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND RADICALISATION IN AFRICA 29 PLENARY 1 FIGHTING VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN AFRICA: WHAT STRATEGY? Conference 1 - Workshops 1, 2 and 3 SECOND HALF-DAY: SPACES AND RESOURCES IN AFRICA: SECURITY ISSUES 51 Conference 2 - Workshops 4, 5 and 6 THIRD HALF-DAY: MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF DEFENCE AND SECURITY 65 PLENARY 2 THE RESPONSES OF THE DEFENCE AND SECURITY FORCES TO THE NEW SECURITY CHALLENGES Conference 3 - Workshops 7, 8 and 9 THE PANEL OF HEADS OF STATE 89 REPORT ON WORK by HE Mankeur NDIAYE Speakers: HE Macky SALL, President of Senegal HE Muhammadu BUHARI, President of Nigeria HE Jorge Carlos FONSECA, President of Cape Verde Moussa EL -
Senegal's Elections: Towards Dictatorship Or Consolidating
Africa Programme Paper AFP PP 2012/02 Senegal’s Elections: Towards Dictatorship or Consolidating Democracy? Paul Melly February 2012 The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of Chatham House, its staff, associates or Council. Chatham House is independent and owes no allegiance to any government or to any political body. It does not take institutional positions on policy issues. This document is issued on the understanding that if any extract is used, the author(s)/ speaker(s) and Chatham House should be credited, preferably with the date of the publication or details of the event. Where this document refers to or reports statements made by speakers at an event every effort has been made to provide a fair representation of their views and opinions, but the ultimate responsibility for accuracy lies with this document’s author(s). The published text of speeches and presentations may differ from delivery. Senegal’s Elections: Towards Dictatorship or Consolidating Democracy? SUMMARY POINTS Senegal’s stability is being tested by President Abdoulaye Wade’s intent to run for a third term in presidential elections on 26 February 2012. A Wade victory would prompt unrest in Dakar, especially if the elections are perceived to be fraudulent. Post-election instability may force change or simply peter out, depending on reactions in other regions and cities. Abdoulaye Wade is a president of international repute, but his bid for another term has badly divided Senegalese and has created growing concern among neighbours and allies. Senegal has been regarded as a political model in West Africa and a reference for democratic constitutional order; an anchor state in a rough neighbourhood.