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Edited by Patricia Shanley, Alan R Pierce, Sarah a Laird and Abraham Guillén Tapping the Green Market PEOPLE AND PLANTS CONSERVATION SERIES Series Editor Martin Walters Series Originator Alan Hamilton People and Plants is a joint initiative of WWF, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants Titles in the series Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant Use and Conservation Anthony B Cunningham Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Equitable Partnerships in Practice Sarah A Laird (ed) People, Plants and Protected Areas: A Guide to In Situ Management (reissue) John Tuxill and Gary Paul Nabhan Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems (reissue) Quentin C B Cronk and Janice L Fuller Tapping the Green Market: Certification and Management of Non-Timber Forest Products Patricia Shanley, Alan R Pierce, Sarah A Laird and Abraham Guillén (eds) Uncovering the Hidden Harvest: Valuation Methods for Woodland and Forest Resources Bruce M Campbell and Martin K Luckert (eds) Forthcoming titles in the series Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual (2nd edition) Gary J Martin Tapping the Green Market Certification and Management of Non-Timber Forest Products Edited by Patricia Shanley, Alan R Pierce, Sarah A Laird and Abraham Guillén Earthscan Publications Ltd, London • Sterling, VA First published in the UK and USA in 2002 by Earthscan Publications Ltd Copyright © WWF, 2002 All rights reserved ISBN: 1 85383 810 1 paperback 1 85383 871 3 hardback Typesetting by PCS Mapping & DTP, Newcastle upon Tyne Printed and bound in the UK by ??? Cover design by Yvonne Booth Cover photo by Esther Katz/CIFOR Panda symbol © 1986 WWF ® WWF registered trademark owner For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan Publications Ltd 120 Pentonville Road London N1 9JN, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7278 0433 Fax: +44 (0)20 7278 1142 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA Earthscan is an editorially independent subsidiary of Kogan Page Ltd and publishes in association with WWF-UK and the International Institute for Environment and Development A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tapping the green market : certification and management of non-timber forest products / edited by Patricia Shanley ... [et al.]. p. cm. — (People and plants conservation series) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 1-85383-871-3 (hardback) — ISBN 1-85383-810-1 (pbk.) 1. Non-timber forest products—Certification. I. Shanley, Patricia, 1955- II. People and plants conservation series (Earthscan Publications Ltd.) SD543 .T26 2002 338.1'74987—dc21 2001006716 This book is printed on elemental chlorine-free paper Contents List of figures, tables and boxes viii About the contributors x The NTFP certification project team xiii The People and Plants initiative by Alan Hamilton xv People and Plants partners xvi Acknowledgements xvii Section I: Overview Introduction by Patricia Shanley, Sarah A Laird, Alan R Pierce and Abraham Guillén 3 1 The rise of certification, the current state of the playing field for NTFP certification programmes and future prospects by Jamison B Ervin and Patrick Mallet 7 2 The process of drafting and revising guidelines for NTFP certification by Patricia Shanley and Sarah A Laird 20 3 Summaries of the field-testing results in Mexico, Bolivia and Brazil by Abraham Guillén 28 Section II: NTFP species profiles from around the world Introduction by Patricia Shanley, Alan R Pierce, Sarah A Laird and Abraham Guillén 47 Latin America 4 Chicle (Manilkara zapota) by Peter W Alcorn 49 5 Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) by Enrique G Ortiz 61 6 Palm heart (Euterpe spp.) by Dennis Johnson 75 7 Pau d’arco (Tabebuia spp.) by M Constanza von der Pahlen 85 8 Cat’s claw (Uncaria guianensis and U. tomentosa) by Miguel N Alexiades 93 9Breu resin (Protium spp.) by Campbell Plowden 110 10 Titica vine (Heteropsis spp.) by Campbell Plowden 116 11 Amapá (Parahancornia spp. and Brosimum spp.) by Campbell Plowden 123 12 Copaíba (Copaifera spp.) by Campbell Plowden 126 13 Sangre de drago (Croton lechleri) by Miguel N Alexiades 136 Tapping the Green Market Eastern North America 14 Fiddlehead ferns (Matteucia struthiopteris) by Alan R Pierce 156 15 Maple syrup (Acer saccharum) by Alan R Pierce 162 16 American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) by Alan R Pierce 172 The Mediterranean region 17 Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus), cork oak (Quercus suber), argan (Argania spinosa), pine nut (Pinus pinea), pine resin (various spp.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) by Yorgos Moussouris and Pedro Regato 183 Sub-Saharan Africa 18 Griffonia (Griffonia simplicifolia) by Kodzo Gbewonyo 200 19 Baobab bark (Adansonia digitata) by Claudia Romero, Isla Grundy, Bruce Campbell and Anthony B Cunningham 208 20 Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) by Terry C H Sunderland, Marie-Laure Ngo-Mpeck, Zacharie Tchoundjeu and Sarah A Laird 215 Africa and Asia 21 Rattan (various spp.) by Terry C H Sunderland and John Dransfield 225 22 Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) by Ganesan Balachander 240 23 Sumatra benzoin (Styrax spp.) by Esther Katz, Carmen García and Marina Goloubinoff 246 Other initiatives 24 Sustainable harvesting of epiphytic bromeliads in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico: a pilot study by Jan H D Wolf and Cornelis J F Konings 257 25 Reducing the ecological footprint of the ‘wooden rhino’: the case for certification of Kenyan woodcarvings by Susanne F Schmitt and Anthony B Cunningham 259 Section III: The core elements of NTFP certification 26 Ecological issues by Alan R Pierce and Patricia Shanley 267 27 Social issues by Alan R Pierce 283 28 Subsistence issues by Alan R Pierce 299 Space outside the market: implications of NTFP certification for subsistence use – a northern case study from the Upper Peninsula Region, US by Marla R Emery 302 The interface of timber and non-timber resources: declining resources for subsistence livelihoods – a southern case study from Brazilian Amazonia by Patricia Shanley, Leda Luz and Margaret Cymerys 313 29 Marketing issues by Sarah A Laird and Abraham Guillén 322 30 Technical issues by Abraham Guillén, Alan R Pierce and Richard Z Donovan 337 vi Contents Section IV: Conclusions and recommendations 31 Conclusions and recommendations by Patricia Shanley, Sarah A Laird, Alan R Pierce and Abraham Guillén 353 Appendices I Generic guidelines for assessing the management of NTFPs by the NTFP certification project team 366 II Species-specific NTFP certification guidelines for the production of maple syrup by Alan R Pierce 386 III Resource directory 399 Acronyms and abbreviations 403 References 407 Index 440 vii List of figures, tables and boxes Figures 22.1 A value chain of amla fruits: from forest fruits to pickles 245 23.1 National and export markets for benzoin 254 28.1 NTFP exchange-value continuum 303 28.2 Product types and livelihood uses of Michigan NTFPs 307 28.3 1986–1995 average annual unemployment: Upper Peninsula (UP), Michigan (MI) and US rates 308 28.4 1995 unemployment fluctuations: Upper Peninsula (UP), Michigan (MI) and US rates 309 28.5 Number of species extracted by the timber industry in eastern Amazonia, Pará, Brazil 318 28.6 Fruit consumption in three Capin River communities, Pará, Brazil 318 Tables 1.1 Comparison of NTFP certification programmes 15 6.1 Commercialized Euterpe species 82 6.2 Non-commercialized Euterpe species 83 8.1 Differences between U. tomentosa and U. guianensis 96 15.1 Canadian and US production of maple syrup, 1997 and 1998 169 17.1 Annual resin production in Southern Europe, 1982 and 1997 194 20.1 Diagnostic bark characters of P. johimbe and P. macroceras 220 21.1 The rattan genera: number of species and their distribution 227 21.2 Available rattan floras by region to date 228 21.3 Some traditional uses of rattans, excluding cane 229 21.4 The major commercial species of rattan as identified for Asia by Dransfield and Manokaran (1994), and for Africa by Tuley (1995) and Sunderland (1999) 230 21.5 The growth rates of some commercial rattans in cultivation 235 21.6 Commercial-scale rattan trials and plantations 237 22.1 Estimated fruit production of amla from a south Indian forest 241 22.2 The many uses of Phyllanthus emblica 243 28.1 Motivational factors in informal and formal economies 304 28.2 Multiple uses of Michigan NTFPs 306 28.3 Medicinal tree species extracted as timber, Pará, Brazil 316 28.4 Fifteen of the most useful tree species (> 10cm dbh) to caboclos of the Capim River, Brazil, in a 1ha forest plot (200m x 50m) 317 List of figures, tables and boxes 29.1 Markets for selected NTFPs and examples of marketing limitations and opportunities afforded by certification 334 Boxes 1.1 A perspective on NTFP certification from the organic sector 12 1.2 Lessons learned from fairtrade 14 17.1 The Strofilia (Pinus pinea) forest in south-western Greece 191 26.1 Irresponsible marketing of Amazonian Viagra 269 26.2 Bows and arrows: tools for palm heart management? 273 26.3 Marketing success: ecological and social failure 279 26.4 Borneo camphor: decline of a historically important NTFP 281 27.1 Ethical and legal obligations of commercializing traditional knowledge and resources 287 27.2 Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis spp. and admixtures): appropriation and globalization of a sacred NTFP 297 29.1 An industry perspective: Shaman Botanicals’ view on the certification of NTFPs 332 30.1 Management planning requirements for certification of NTFPs 339 30.2 Steps to establish production systems for NTFPs 340 ix About the contributors Peter W Alcorn is president of Wild Things, Inc, a chewing gum manufacturer based in Gainesville, Florida. Miguel N Alexiades, PhD, is Nuffield Fellow in Ethnobotany at the Department of Anthropology, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK. Jean Allan is director of the Falls Brook Centre, an environmental organization pro- moting sustainable agriculture and forestry in New Brunswick, Canada.
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