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Biology and Ecology of the California Halibut, Paralichthys Californicus

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Biology and Ecology of the California Halibut, Paralichthys Californicus UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Quantifying nursery habitat value for the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus : distribution, elemental fingerprinting and demographic approaches Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6ws521pk Author Fodrie, Fredrick Joel Publication Date 2006 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Quantifying nursery habitat value for the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus: distribution, elemental fingerprinting and demographic approaches A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Fredrick Joel Fodrie Committee in charge: Professor Lisa A. Levin, Chair Professor Ronald Burton Professor Joris Gieskes Professor John Hunter Professor Russ Lande Professor Enric Sala Professor Clint Winant 2006 ii Copyright: Fredrick Joel Fodrie, 2006 All rights reserved. ii iii The dissertation of Fredrick Joel Fodrie is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2006 iii iv DEDICATION In loving memory of my mother, Freda G. Fodrie, whose devotion to education and steadfast parental care, along with my father, James E. Fodrie II, provided me with the foundation to succeed. It was excellent nursery habitat. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………………………. iii Dedication Page..………………………………………………………………………. iv Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………… v List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………… viii List of Tables.…...…………………………………………………………………….. xi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………. xiii Vita…....………………………………………………………………………………. xvii Abstract of Dissertation……....……………………………………………………….. xix I. Introduction…...……………………………………………………………… 1 References…….………………………………………………………………… 8 II. Availability, usage and expected contribution of potential nursery habitats for the California halibut…………………………………………………... 10 Abstract..……………………………………………………………………... 10 Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 10 Methods..……………………………………………………………………... 12 Study Region..………………………………………………………... 12 Nursery habitat area calculations.……………………………………. 12 Distribution surveys………………………………………………….. 14 Survey data analysis………………………………………………….. 14 Distribution extrapolations and contribution estimates………………. 15 Results ……………………………………………………………………….. 15 Habitat cover…………………………………………………………. 15 Halibut surveys………………………………………………………. 15 Juvenile distributions and expected contribution (of nursery habitats) to adult stocks………………………………………………... 16 Discussion……………………………………………………………………. 17 Distribution of 0-group fish among nursery habitat alternatives…….. 17 Evaluating nursery-role concept for 0-group California halibut……... 21 Environmental influence of juvenile distributions…………………… 22 Impacts of coastal development and inlet closures…………………… 22 Utility of mapping nursery habitat availability and use……………… 23 v vi References……………………………………………………………………. 23 III. Tracking juvenile fish movement and nursery contribution within arid coastal embayments via otolith microchemistry …...…………………… 27 Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. 27 Introduction….……………………………………………………………… 28 Model Species……………………………………………………… 31 Methods…………………………………………...………………………… 32 Field Work…………………………………………………………. 32 Otolith Analyses…………………………………………………… 35 Statistical Analyses………………………………………………… 38 Results……………………………………………………………………… 40 Intra-embayment variability of otolith microchemistry…………… 41 Comparison of outplanted vs. wild-caught otolith microchemical signals to infer recent movements..………………………… 43 Nursery contribution of embayment zones………………………… 45 Discussion………………………………………………………………….. 45 Intra-embayment variability of otolith microchemistry…………… 45 Arid coastline embayments.……………………………………….. 48 Comparison of outplanted vs. wild-caught otolith microchemical signals to infer recent movements..………………………… 49 Nursery contribution of embayment zones………………………… 51 References…………………………………………………………………. 66 IV. Linking habitat utilization to population dynamics of a coastal finfish: nursery contribution, connectivity and concentration ………………… 72 Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. 72 Introduction….……………………………………………………………… 73 Methods……………...……………………………………………………… 77 Study species………………………………………………………. 77 Study region………………………………………………………… 78 Expected contribution of nurseries………………………………… 79 Realized contribution of nurseries…………………………………. 80 Data Analyses………………...……………………………………. 84 Results……………………………………………………………………… 86 Nursery habitat contribution……………………………………….. 86 Nursery-adult habitat connectivity………………………………… 89 The concentration hypothesis and population regulation…………. 90 Discussion………………………………………………………………….. 91 Nursery habitat contribution……………………………………….. 91 Nursery-adult habitat connectivity………………………………… 92 Concentration and population regulation…………………………. 94 Determining nursery habitat value to improve conservation……… 98 vi vii References…………………………………………………………………. 112 V. Consequences of nursery habitat selection for demography of California halibut populations…..……………...…………………………………… 118 Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. 118 Introduction….……………………………………………………………… 119 Methods………………………...…………………………………………… 121 Study species and sites……………………………………………… 122 Model parameterization……………………………………………. 123 Matrix population models………………………………………….. 127 λ, prospective and retrospective analyses………………………….. 129 Matrix entries weighted by nursery habitat contribution……. ……. 130 Statistics……………………………………………………………. 131 Results……………………………………………………………………… 131 Nursery-driven variation in mortality and growth..………………... 132 Nursery-driven variation in λ……………………………………… 133 Sensitivity of λ to stage-specific vital rates………………………… 134 Incorporating nursery habitat contribution into estimates of λ ……. 136 Discussion………………………………………………………………….. 136 Population growth rate as a measure of nursery value..……………. 136 Influence of mortality and growth on juvenile distributions..……… 138 Stock regulation…………………………..………………………… 140 Sensitivity of λ to stage-specific vital rates and model performance. 142 References…………………………………………………………………. 159 VI. Conclusions………………………………………………………………… 165 References…………………………………………………………………… 173 Appendix 1…..………………………………………………………………………. 174 Appendix 2…..………………………………………………………………………. 191 Appendix 3…..………………………………………………………………………. 212 vii viii LIST OF FIGURES I. Figure 1.1 Putative nursery habitats available to juvenile halibut along the southern California coastline………………………………………………….. 5 II. Figure 2.1: Map of San Diego County coastline and putative nursery habitats….. 11 Figure 2.2: Mean 0-group halibut densities in putative nurseries along San Diego County……………………………………………………………….. 15 Figure 2.3: Scatterplots of 0-group halibut density in relation to depth, temperature and salinity…………………………………………………………… 17 Figure 2.4: Regression tree analysis of 0-group halibut densities in relation to abiotic environmental characteristics………………………………………… 18 Figure 2.5: Distribution maps of 0-group halibut in putative nurseries along San Diego County………………………………………………………………… 19 Figure 2.6: Expected nursery habitat contribution from 14 sites along San Diego County………………………………………………………………… 21 III. Figure 3.1: Location of embayment zones and caging experiments in Alto and Baja California…………………………………………………………….. 54 Figure 3.2: DFA comparing otolith microchemistry of juvenile halibut collected in putative nurseries within Todos Santos Bay………………………….. 55 Figure 3.3: DFA comparing otolith microchemistry of juvenile halibut collected in putative nurseries along southern San Diego County…………………. 56 Figure 3.4: DFA comparing otolith microchemistry of juvenile halibut incubated in cages within multiple zones inside 2 coastal embayments of Alto and Baja California………………………………………………...…………… 57 viii ix Figure 3.5: Isotope ratios (X:48Ca) in otoliths of caged and wild-caught fish from multiple zones inside 2 coastal embayments………………………… 58 Figure 3.6: Nursery contribution from habitats in Todos Santos Bay………….… 59 IV. Figure 4.1: Map of San Diego County coastline and putative nursery habitats….. 101 Figure 4.2: Expected and realized contribution of putative nurseries along San Diego County……………………………………………………………….. 102 Figure 4.3: DFA comparing otolith microchemistry of juvenile halibut collected in four putative nursery types along San Diego County in 2003-2004.... 103 Figure 4.4: Nursery origin of individual 1- and 2-year-old halibut……………… 104 Figure 4.5: Trajectory of individual halibut egressing from four putative nurseries.105 Figure 4.6: Relationships between expected and realized nursery habitat contribution……………………..………………………………..……. 106 Figure 4.7: CPUE of 1- and 2-year-old halibut in relation to nursery habitat origins…………………………………………………………………. 107 Figure 4.8: Schematic diagram of population connectivity for ontogenetically migrating halibut stocks along San Diego County…………………… 108 V. Figure 5.1: Life-cycle diagram used to construct stage-based population matrix models for the California halibut…………………………………….
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