Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes Americanus Stock Enhancement in New Hampshire: Developing Optimal Release Strategies

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Spring 2002

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Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus stock enhancement in New Hampshire: Developing optimal release strategies

Elizabeth Alden Fairchild

University of New Hampshire, Durham

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Recommended Citation

Fairchild, Elizabeth Alden, "Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus stock enhancement in New Hampshire: Developing optimal release strategies" (2002). Doctoral Dissertations. 62.

https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/62

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WINTER FLOUNDER Pseudopleuronectes americanus STOCK ENHANCEMENT IN

NEW HAMPSHIRE: DEVELOPING OPTIMAL RELEASE STRATEGIES
BY
ELIZABETH ALDEN FAIRCHILD
B.A., University of New Hampshire, 1991 M.S., University of New Hampshire, 1998

DISSERTATION
Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in
Zoology

May, 2002

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UMI Number 3045322

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This dissertation has been examined and approved.
Dissertation Director, Dr. W. fiuntting Howell, Professor of Zoology, University of New Hampshire

Dr. Harr^ V. Daniels, Associate Professor of Zoology, North Carolina State University

  • Dr. Richard Langan,
  • "

Adjunct Associate Professor of Zoology, University of New Hampshire

Dr. Kenneth M. Leber, Director of Center for Fisheries Enhancement, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida

Dr. Winsor H. Watson HI, Professor of Zoology University of New Hampshire

Date

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DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to Glenn C. Walker, my husband and best friend.

iii

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
There are many people who I am indebted to for their help in this research. First, I would like to thank Captains Eric Anderson, Carl Bouchard, David Goethel, and Joe Jurek who collected the winter flounder broodstock for me each spring. Many students worked on this project and without their help, these studies never would have been completed so rapidly. I am extraordinarily grateful to Sarah Abramson, Christopher Benton, Elizabeth Carver, Jennifer Fleck, Katie Reynolds, Glen Rice, Paula Rodgers, Garrison Smith, Kevin Sullivan, Marta Toran, and John Wiedenmann. Additionally, I would like to thank all current and former graduate students in the Howell and Watson labs who have lent a hand, especially Deborah Bidwell, Dr. Steve Jury, Nick King, Jennie Mandeville, Mike Morin, Dan O’Grady, James Sulikowski, and Jenna Wanat. Thank you to the Coastal Marine Laboratory and Jackson Estuarine Laboratory staff, in particular Noel Carlson, Deb Lamson, and Dave Shay, for their assistance in the lab and with the research vessels. Thank you to Dr. Ray Grizzle for help in implementing the benthic core sampling protocol, and to Amy Harmon and Dr. Larry Ward for their tutelage and assistance in analyzing sediment samples. Thank you to the Marine Program and Zoology Department staff, especially Meriel Bunker, Becky Crawshaw, Diane Lavalliere, Tammy McGlone, Barbara Millman, Nancy Richmond, and Nancy Wallingford, who made my life easier by taking care of all the critical paperwork and financial details.
Various equipment and supplies used in these studies were generously loaned from other agencies. Thank you to Drs. Tony Calabrese and Ronald Goldberg of the

iv

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National Marine Fisheries Service, Milford, Connecticut Laboratory who donated the fish cages, and to Lee Blankenship who taught me how to use coded wire tags and then loaned me the tagging equipment. Thank you to Charlie Sleeper who constructed the beam trawl and to Glenn Walker who designed and built the bird pens. I am grateful to Great Bay Aquafarms, who supplied me with many last minute microalgae, rotifer, and artemia orders when my cultures were in peril and there were many hungry mouths to feed.
I am fortunate to have a large, caring group of family and friends that have been integrally involved in my life. I am eternally thankful for their encouragement, love, and camaraderie during these years.
Finally, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my mentor, Dr. Hunt
Howell, and to the rest of my doctoral committee, Drs. Harry Daniels, Rich Langan, Ken Leber, and Win Watson. My doctoral program was enriched due to their excellent guidance and advice. I thank them all for the time they spent on this project, and for allowing me to set my own schedule and pace.
Funding for this research was provided by the UNH/UME College SeaGrant program under grant number R/FMD-158. Additional support was provided by the Center for Marine Biology, the Zoology Department, and the Graduate School.

v

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION........................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................ix

LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................xi

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................xiv

  • CHAPTER
  • PAGE

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................

1
I. PREDATOR-PREY SIZE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Pseudopleuronectes

americanus AND Carcinus maenas..................................................................................... 11

Introduction............................................................................................................................ 11

Materials and Methods.......................................................................................................... 14

Results.................................................................................................................................... 17

Discussion..............................................................................................................................24

Summary................................................................................................................................30

0. DETERMINING AN OPTIMAL RELEASE SITE FOR JUVENILE

Pseudopleuronectes americanus  IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY, NEW

HAMPSHIRE........................................................................................................................32

Introduction........................................................................................................................... 32

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  • 34
  • Materials and Methods

Results....................................................................................................................................40

Discussion..............................................................................................................................48

Summary................................................................................................................................ 54

III. DETERMINING AN OPTIMAL RELEASE SEASON FOR JUVENILE

Pseudopleuronectes americanus IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY, NEW

HAMPSHIRE........................................................................................................................55

Introduction............................................................................................................................55

Materials and Methods..........................................................................................................57

Results.................................................................................................................................... 58

Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 76

Summary................................................................................................................................ 82

IV. CONDITION OF CULTURED JUVENILE Pseudopleuronectes americanus FOR RELEASE IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.............................. 84

Introduction............................................................................................................................84

Materials and Methods.......................................................................................................... 87

Results.................................................................................................................................... 93

Discussion............................................................................................................................ 104

Summary.............................................................................................................................. 109

SYNTHESIS........................................................................................................................ 110

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APPENDIX A. PILOT-SCALE RELEASES OF CULTURED JUVENILE

Pseudopleuronectes americanus IN THE GREAT BAY ESTUARY, NEW

HAMPSHIRE IN 1999-2001.............................................................................................. 113

APPENDIX B. ANIMAL CARE AND USE APPROVAL

DOCUMENTATION..........................................................................................................127

LIST OF REFERENCES.....................................................................................................128

viii

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LIST OF TABLES

  • Title
  • Page

Table

1.1

Mean number of cultured winter flounder killed per day by greencrabs............ 18 Mean number of wild winter flounder killed per day by green crabs................. 19 Effects of crab and fish size on amount of cultured and wild winter flounder

killed........................................................................................................................20

Mean number of winter flounder killed per day by green crabs in relation to

temperature..............................................................................................................21

Biomass and numerical abundance of primary prey available to winter flounder

inside and outside of the pens................................................................................ 46

Species caught by beam and otter trawls in the three sites in Great Bay Estuary,

New Hampshire...................................................................................................... 60

Mean CPUE from beam trawls and benthic cores for 1999-2001........................61

Summary of predator cue experiment data.............................................................94

Summary of substrate preference observations of light colored, cultured winter

flounder.....................................................................................................................99

Results of chi-square analysis at each sampling interval for substrate preference of

light colored, cultured winter flounder.................................................................. 100

Summary of substrate preference observations of dark colored, cultured winter

flounder................................................................................................................... 102

1.2

1.3 1.4

2.1

3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2

4.3 4.4

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  • 4.5
  • Results of chi-square analysis at each sampling interval for substrate preference of

dark colored, cultured winter flounder..................................................................103

x

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LIST OF FIGURES

  • Title
  • Page
  • Figure

Mean percentage of winter flounder killed by crabs per day, independent of

predator size.............................................................................................................. 22

Size-related predation rate of green crabs on cultured and wild winter

1.1

1.2

1.3 1.4 flounder......................................................................................................................23 Mean percentage of winter flounder killed by crabs per day, independent of prey

size.............................................................................................................................25

Mean percentage of cultured and wild winter flounder killed by crabs per day,

independent of predator and prey size.....................................................................26

The three sites in Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire..........................................35

Flounder cages used for the experiment..................................................................37

Mean growth in length of cultured winter flounder in pens.................................. 41 Mean growth in weight of cultured winter flounder in pens................................. 42 Mean percent survival of cultured winter flounder in pens................................... 43 Mean bottom water temperature at the three sites during the experiment............ 45 Sediment composition of benthic cores taken at each of the three sites................47 Mean CPUE of araphipods, mysids, sand shrimp, green crabs, and winter flounder caught by beam trawl in all three sites during 1999-2001......................................59

2.1

2.2

2.3 2.4 2.5

2.6

2.7 3.1

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3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
Bottom water temperature at the three sites during 1999-2001 sampling

seasons.......................................................................................................................63

Mean CPUE of amphipods caught with beam trawl in Site 2 during 1999-

2001............................................................................................................................ 64

Mean CPUE of mysids caught with beam trawl in Site 2 during 1999-

2001............................................................................................................................ 65

Mean CPUE of sand shrimp caught with beam trawl in Site 2 during 1999-

2001............................................................................................................................ 67

Monthly length-frequency histograms of sand shrimp caught by beam trawl in

Site 2 during 1999-2001............................................................................................68

Mean CPUE of green crabs caught with beam trawl in Site 2 during 1999-

2001............................................................................................................................ 69

Monthly length-frequency histograms of green crabs caught by beam trawl in Site

2 during 1999-2001................................................................................................... 70

Mean CPUE of winter flounder caught with beam trawl in Site 2 during 1999-

2001............................................................................................................................ 71

3.10 Monthly length-frequency histograms of winter flounder caught by beam trawl in

Site 2 during 1999-2001............................................................................................72

3.11 Mean CPUE of sand shrimp caught with beam and otter trawls in Site 2 during

2001............................................................................................................................ 73

3.12 Mean CPUE of green crabs caught with beam and otter trawls in Site 2 during

2001............................................................................................................................ 74

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    BIOGEOGRAPHY OR WHAT HAPPENS TO FISH POPULATIONS DURING EL NIÑO OVERVIEW Students look at images of fish caught by an otter trawl net off southern California. Using fish charts provided in this activity, they identify the fish and record their geographic range. The fish were collected in May 1997, shortly after the beginning of a major El Niño event. Students see what effects the El Niño had on fish population during its early stages. CONCEPTS • In a given area fish populations can change as water conditions (e.g., temperature) change off- shore due to El Niño effects. • Effects of an El Niño occur over time, so the U.S. west coast may not show significant effects for several months after an El Niño begins developing in equatorial waters. MATERIALS • Movie of fish catch included with this activity (activity can be done without the movie) • Fish Keys (included) • “Catch of the Day” sheet (included) • Paper and pencil to record results • Atlas or map with geographical information about the U.S. west coast (if needed) PREPARATION Divide students into small groups. Make copies of Fish Key and Catch of the Day sheets, one for each group. PROCEDURE Engagement An El Niño event is thought to be triggered when steady westward blowing trade winds weaken and even reverse direction. This change in the winds allows the large mass of warm water that is normally located near Australia to move eastward along the equator until it reaches the coast of South America. It then spreads out along the western coasts of the Americas, affecting water temperatures and weather patterns.
  • Comprehensive Discards in the Groundfish Fisheries of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, 1998–2000

    Comprehensive Discards in the Groundfish Fisheries of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, 1998–2000

    Regional Information Report No. 5J10-04 Discards in the Groundfish Fisheries of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska, 1998– 2000 by Janet Smoker December 2010 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, Special Publications and the Division of Commercial Fisheries Regional Reports. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye-to-fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye-to-tail-fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright © common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co.
  • Flounders, Halibuts, Soles Capture Production by Species, Fishing Areas

    Flounders, Halibuts, Soles Capture Production by Species, Fishing Areas

    101 Flounders, halibuts, soles Capture production by species, fishing areas and countries or areas B-31 Flets, flétans, soles Captures par espèces, zones de pêche et pays ou zones Platijas, halibuts, lenguados Capturas por especies, áreas de pesca y países o áreas Species, Fishing area Espèce, Zone de pêche 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Especie, Área de pesca t t t t t t t t t t Mediterranean scaldfish Arnoglosse de Méditerranée Serrandell Arnoglossus laterna 1,83(01)001,01 MSF 34 Italy - - - - - - - 57 223 123 34 Fishing area total - - - - - - - 57 223 123 37 Italy ... ... ... ... ... ... 447 479 169 403 37 Fishing area total ... ... ... ... ... ... 447 479 169 403 Species total ... ... ... ... ... ... 447 536 392 526 Leopard flounder Rombou léopard Lenguado leopardo Bothus pantherinus 1,83(01)018,05 OUN 51 Bahrain 2 - - 1 1 4 4 F 4 F 4 F 4 F Saudi Arabia 77 80 77 75 74 83 71 79 80 F 74 51 Fishing area total 79 80 77 76 75 87 75 F 83 F 84 F 78 F Species total 79 80 77 76 75 87 75 F 83 F 84 F 78 F Lefteye flounders nei Arnoglosses, rombous nca Rodaballos, rombos, etc. nep Bothidae 1,83(01)XXX,XX LEF 21 USA 1 087 774 566 747 992 759 545 406 633 409 21 Fishing area total 1 087 774 566 747 992 759 545 406 633 409 27 Germany - - - - - - - - 0 - Portugal 136 103 143 125 105 102 87 76 84 105 Spain 134 116 96 56 29 8 12 12 6 5 27 Fishing area total 270 219 239 181 134 110 99 88 90 110 31 USA 59 38 71 45 41 128 117 133 99 102 31 Fishing area total 59 38 71 45 41 128 117 133 99 102 34 Greece - - - - - - - 71 45 - Portugal 15 46 ..