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Seven Ages of The COMMENT DESIGN Evolution of CONSERVATION A history of the FILM Isabella OBITUARY Jurg Tschopp, conservation practice traced WWF at 50 makes sobering Rossellini on animal immunologist who in charity logos p.287 reading p.290 behaviour p.294 changed patients’ lives p.296 ILLUSTRATION BY OLIVER MUNDAY BY ILLUSTRATION Seven ages of the PhD Scientists share memories of doing doctorates in different decades, disciplines and locations, from the hunt for the structure of DNA to deciphering the human genome. studies of the sodium salt of DNA. One of Randall was exceptional because he found RAYMOND GOSLING the highlights of my PhD was the now iconic financial backing for all the members of his photo 51, a diffraction photograph I took, lab. The only other comparable example that 1950s: The age which clearly showed the helical structure I have experienced is the work at Cold Spring of the molecule (see image). I will always Harbour Laboratory in New York directed of formality remember the moment I first saw that beau- by James Watson. These days, students are tiful double diamond pattern. not always so fortunate and have to spend Emeritus professor, University of Of my two mentors, Maurice was friendly time and energy seeking funding. London and determined but very shy. Rosalind had a My advice to would-be doctoral students more combative style and taught me the value is to seek out a dynamic, flourishing research PhD in structural analysis of DNA (King’s of being a devil’s advocate, so challenging and group. Do not start until you have agreed College London, 1954). defending our developing ideas. However, I with your supervisor on a beginning, mid- Looking back on my PhD at King’s College was unable to ease the tensions that devel- dle and an end to your project. A good PhD London, I realize that I was fortunate to oped between Maurice and Rosalind. often raises more questions than it solves, experience the feudal process of research in Randall’s biophysics unit was a wonder- so you should not be surprised if your work a large department dominated by an enthu- fully energetic place to work. However, in changes direction. siastic professor, John Randall. Although I, those days relationships between staff and The University of London’s advice to like every other student, had to register for a students were rather formal. All the men examiners states that PhD students should PhD with Randall, I was free to collaborate wore ties with their white lab coats, and the identify a distinct and new contribution to with other senior scientists in the lab. senior common room at King’s was for men science, not just a review of the literature. I worked closely with Maurice Wilkins only. However, all the women scientists, Since those rather heady days of the 1950s, and later Rosalind Franklin, under whose including Rosalind, were an integral part of I have sometimes wondered whether this direction I pursued X-ray diffraction the lab’s efforts. always happens. Some will say I was lucky 21 APRIL 2011 | VOL 472 | NATURE | 283 © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved COMMENT Curtis took me on not knowing much my PhD research seems highly esoteric. The about me, suggested the project and then work built fundamental understanding of left it to me to work out the details. This leaf-scale physiology but had no policy meant that my progress was slow and relevance. The only practical value was in sometimes painful, but also that I learned understanding why your Christmas tree for myself how to set about things and turns brown. I think how innocent we all master new techniques. Fortunately other were then, doing weird science and looking students and staff in the department were for cheap beer. encouraging and supportive. One of my After my PhD I got a tenure-track pro- most important practical lessons I learned fessorship at the University of Montana the hard way: you can never record too in Missoula, teaching tree biology. I never much detail about your experiments. I imagined being interviewed by national ARCHIVES LONDON R. GOSLING/KING’S COLLEGE was perplexed because I was suddenly get- journalists, or getting hate mail from the ting different results. I later realized that public. As a lead author for the Intergovern- Gosling’s PhD photo revealing structure of DNA. I had switched to using a different shaker mental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth to bring cells together. This changed the Assessment Report, I have now experienced to be in the right place at the right time, results completely and I hadn’t initially both. What happened? The policy relevance and I would agree, but it is also important been recording which shaker I had used. of my work is to be found at larger scales to have high standards, something I learned Nowadays, PhDs are much more struc- than my 13 trees. For example, it can apply to from Randall. tured. Students are not given as free a rein the hydrology management of a river basin. The less formal relationships between as I was, nor are they allowed to make as So what began as curiosity-driven research students and professors today probably many mistakes. There is a greater empha- into water stress on trees evolved into global improve communications. I have since sis on acquiring data. Students also often analyses of terrestrial carbon sources and directed the research of many PhD students, work with others rather than alone. These sinks. And questions in forest ecology are and have come to know them all personally, differences reflect the changes over the past now motivated by policy and economics, something that was just not possible with 40 years in the way in which research is car- including carbon credits, carbon offsetting Randall. He told me that he didn’t want to ried out, and its growing pressures. and biofuels. see my PhD until it was submitted — I can’t The modern PhD student needs to be imagine that happening nowadays. much more policy aware, because society has STEVE W. RUNNING many environmental problems to solve, and not much time. There is a huge need for bet- CHERYLL TICKLE 1970s: The age ter quantification of ecosystem services, and connecting sustainable ecosystem principles 1960s: The age of of innocence with slow-growth economics. Public outreach has become essential. independence University of Montana, Missoula Young faculty members are often devoting time to blog discussions, work that needs to Emeritus professor, University of PhD in forest ecology (Colorado State be valued better by academia. During my Bath, UK University, 1979). PhD, I had no training in public speaking, I finished my PhD in 1979, just before yet it may now be the most important thing PhD in cell biology (University of Glasgow, personal computers arrived. So it was writ- I do. Above all, I think that this next genera- 1970). ten on a typewriter, with 53 hand-drawn tion of scientists will have no choice but to As an undergraduate, I became fascinated figures. The subject of this labour of love pursue research aimed at saving the planet by the arrangement of cells and how it is was inducing water stress on 13 pine trees from catastrophe. I remind my public audi- key to understanding embryology and by cutting their leaves off and measuring ences that Earth doesn’t need us — the cock- tissue biology. So I applied to do a PhD with desiccation responses. Looking back now, roaches will gladly take over if we flame out. Adam Curtis at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. He had recognized that cell adhe- sion was central to ‘sorting out’, the process by which a mix of different cells stratifies S. RUNNING into regions of cells of the same type. The highlight of my PhD was managing, at the end, to publish a paper in the Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, with a statistician. The biggest pressure I felt during my PhD was the responsibility for the data I produced. I realized for the first time that others might base their own work on what I had found and that there was nowhere I could go and look up the ‘correct’ answers. Part of my anxiety stemmed from the fact that although I had done a lot of practical work, I had not carried out a research project during my undergraduate degree. The person who influenced me most during my doctorate was my supervisor. A far cry from hate mail: Steve Running induces water stress in pine trees in 1972. 284 | NATURE | VOL 472 | 21 APRIL 2011 © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved COMMENT ANDRAS DINNYES 1990s: The age TAO IMAGES/ALAMY TAO of revolution Professor of biotechnology, Szent Istvan University, Gödöllő, Hungary Candidate of sciences in veterinary science (1995) The year 1989 was a remarkable one for me and for Hungary. I obtained my veterinary diploma in Budapest, and my country saw the official end to four decades of Commu- nism. Free multiparty elections produced a new political system and in principle a new era in Hungarian science. I was eager to start a doctoral programme, because I had already done three years of scientific research dur- ing my veterinary studies and had become a Yao Tandong spent a month during his PhD on Glacier No. 1 in the Tianshan mountains of northwest China. recipient of the Pro Scientia Gold Medal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in the the right decision for me because I spent a first year it was awarded. YAO TANDONG whole month with him at the Glacier No.
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