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NOTICIAS LATIN AMERICAN PROGRAM NEWSLETTER FALL 2002

Seminar Series on Mexican Politics and Society

he Woodrow Wilson Center’s Latin American Program has launched a Tnew Institute to focus atten- tion on U.S.-Mexico relations, provide in- depth analysis of political, economic, and social changes in Mexico, and foster new scholarship by both Mexican and U.S. researchers. In light of the growing importance of bilateral relations, the Institute holds seminars and conferences; sponsors an ongoing Mexico Public Policy Scholars program; and produces publications on Mexico and U.S.-Mexico relations. As part of the Mexico Institute’s activities, the Latin American Program hosted a series of seminars on the changing nature of Mexico’s politics and society during the winter and

spring of 2002. The seminar series began with Mexican congressional leader Felipe Calderón a presentation on February 7, 2002, by Felipe Calderón, the coordinator in Mexico’s pluralist democracy. He noted that Congress is Congress of the National Action Party (PAN). emerging as a key political actor and, for the Calderón stressed the immense shift in first time, assuming its role as an initiator of Mexico’s political system with the advent of a legislation. Despite predictions that a divided

Seminar Series on Mexican Politics Police Reform in 15 and Society 1-3 Assessing the Quality of Democracy Peace and Security in 3-5 in 16-17

Hispanic in the 5-6 Toward a North American Community? 17-18

Brazilian Foreign Policy 7 Foro Virtual ~ Virtual Forum 19

Agriculture and the Environment in 8-9 New Joint Scholars Program with Mexican Council on Foreign Relations 19 INSIDE Brazil @ The Wilson Center Working Group 10-12 Staff Notes 20-21 Argentina: Coping with Crisis 12-13 Recent Publications 22-23 Forums on Decentralization in Latin America 14 NOTICIAS

Congress would lead to was vital to look for a way to “Mexicanize” glob- gridlock, a great deal of leg- alization, by finding ways to link small and medi- islation has been approved, um-sized businesses in productive chains with most of it with consensus large exporting companies and by investing in among the major parties. He education and healthcare. Mexico is currently argued that this shows the experiencing a boom in its young adult popula- capacity of the parties to tion. This “demographic bonus” presents an learn how to work together opportunity to invest in human capital and seek in the new environment of strategies for re-energizing economic growth. plurality. With time, Two events focused on the conflict in the President Vicente Fox will southern state of . On May 23, 2002, Jean submit major reform legisla- Meyer of CIDE and Xochitl Leyva of CIESAS- tion to Congress, raising the Sureste, presented different perspectives on the stakes for Mexican pluralism. ongoing conflict. Meyer discussed the role of reli- On April 5, 2002, Juan gion in Chiapas and emphasized the important Molinar,Deputy Secretary of cross-fertilization between the Catholic and UNAM professor Rolando Cordera the Interior, discussed the Protestant churches. Leyva focused on the process dispersion of power in of creating new municipalities in Chiapas, which Mexico. He noted that Mexican presidents has been a major demand of the Zapatista rebels. always had enjoyed meta-constitutional powers, She noted that the municipalities that have been based on having a single party that controlled the created largely responded to the interests of the executive and legislative branches and almost all ruling party, but these have often become state governorships. This ended with President seedbeds for change within the state. Both speak- Fox’s election. Today most governors and a ers emphasized that the election of new state and majority in congress belong to a different party national governments had brought a new era of than the president. This means that the old style less violent conflict to Chiapas, although there of authoritarian rule is no longer possible and was no sign of a final resolution any time soon. Mexican politicians need to learn to operate At an August 1, 2002, seminar, Miguel under different rules. According to Molinar, Álvarez, director of Serapaz and a Public Policy power today is highly dispersed among different Scholar at the Wilson Center, presented a CD political parties and between branches of gov- containing the entire correspondence of the ernment, and Mexicans are creating new rules Chiapas peace process. The former executive sec- for this democratic era. retary of the mediation team known as CONAI, Álvarez discussed the basic lessons that can be Power today is highly dispersed among dif- drawn from a review of the process. He main- ferent political parties and between branches tained that the conflict was unlike any other pre- vious civil conflict, since the Zapatistas’ threat of government, and Mexicans are creating was more political than military. The mediation new rules for this democratic era. was also different, in that it sought broad civic engagement from a plural group of actors. He Rolando Cordera, professor at UNAM and a stressed the need to return to a peace process Public Policy Scholar at the Wilson Center, pre- with the Zapatistas, and that this should be sented his work on “Globalization without embedded within debates on building democracy Equity,” on May 30, 2002. He argued that and promoting human rights. Eric Olson, advoca- Mexico’s greater integration into the global cy director at Amnesty International, agreed with economy has not benefited the majority of Álvarez’s assessment, and noted that the causes of Mexicans and has produced a growth rate much the Chiapas conflict remain unresolved. Olson less than that which Mexico sustained from the viewed the failure of the negotiations in terms of 1950s through the 1970s. He maintained that it missed opportunities and miscalculations by the 2 FALL 2002 actors involved. The Mexican government out such factors as low thought the conflict could be resolved through inflation, steady growth in poverty alleviation, ignoring the political dimen- the 1980s and 1990s, sound sions of the conflict; the Zapatistas failed to macro-economic manage- appreciate the importance of electoral reforms; ment, and progress in and the mediation team underestimated the reforms including liberal- strength of the Mexican government. ization, privatization, and decentralization. Birdsall characterized U.S. policy as Peace and Security in Colombia “distracted and incoherent,” citing the initial failure to o-sponsored by the Latin American renew the Andean Trade C Program, the International Crisis Group, Preferences Act as well as and the U.S. Institute of Peace, with the cooper- sanctions in the drug certi- ation of the Inter-American Dialogue, a June fication law that required Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of 20, 2002, conference on Peace and Security in the United States to oppose State Lino Gutiérrez Colombia explored the security, economic, and loans from international political dimensions of conflict resolution in financial institutions. David de Ferranti, vice- Colombia. The meeting took place against three president of the World Bank for Latin America important backdrops: the May 26, 2002, first- and the Caribbean, described causal links in round presidential victory of Álvaro Uribe both directions between violence and eco- Vélez; burgeoning conflict between guerrillas, nomic performance, emphasizing that paramilitary groups, and the state in the after- inequality was diminishing between 1964 and math of failed peace processes with the largest 1982, but increased after that year. Among the guerrilla group, the FARC, as well as the small- priorities he highlighted for the incoming er ELN; and the prospect of deepening U.S. Uribe administration were to enhance security involvement in the war in support of the and reduce violence, address social needs and Colombian government. spur economic growth, including by improv- Keynote speaker Lino Gutiérrez,Principal ing the investment climate for farmers and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for households as well as larger entrepreneurs. Western Hemisphere Affairs, rooted the Eduardo Aninat, deputy managing director of Colombian conflict in the limited government the International Monetary Fund, called vio- presence in large areas of the country, the expansion of illegal drug cultivation, endemic Canadian Ambassador to Colombia violence and social inequities. He described Guillermo Rishchynski stated that despite new authorities the Bush administration is ask- ing of Congress that would recognize “the the failure of the peace process during the crosscutting relation between narcotics traf- Pastrana years, certain broad lines would ficking and terrorism.” The new authority serve as a foundation for the future. (approved by Congress over the summer) was to permit the use of counter-narcotics funds lence an “explicit development constraint” and for counter-terrorism operations against the said that economic policy should be designed FARC and ELN guerrillas and paramilitaries to boost growth and mitigate poverty and of the AUC. social dislocation as well as lay the groundwork In a panel exploring the economic aspects for the consolidation of peace. He urged the of the crisis, Nancy Birdsall,president of the incoming administration to proceed forcefully Center for Global Development, emphasized in several areas, despite Colombia’s current that the economic dimensions of peace have adverse circumstances. These included exten- been in place for 20 to 30 years. She pointed sive structural fiscal reforms, preserving exter- 3 NOTICIAS

nal competitiveness, and, in sized the relationship between military capacity the social area, the rekindling and peace, arguing that violent actors needed of employment growth. to be convinced of the futility of armed strug- Fernando Cepeda of the gle before an accord could be reached. Security Facultad de Administración, was a requirement for development, he said, Universidad de los Andes citing improvements over the last four years in decried the fragmentation the armed forces’ mobility, communications, and selectivity of national and intelligence, as well as the creation of new and international policies operational units. regarding Colombia, advo- Canadian Ambassador to Colombia cating an integrated approach Guillermo Rishchynski stated that despite the that would simultaneously failure of the peace process during the Pastrana address crises in the social, years, certain broad lines would serve as a economic, public order, and foundation for the future. These included the external relations spheres. involvement of a third party from the interna- The country’s economic tional community (the United Nations and a Security analyst Alfredo Rangel model over the last fifty years, facilitating group of friendly countries), he said, had excluded large whose role grew from passive observation to a sectors of the population, including entire more catalytic effort to keep the process from regions, providing an opening to drug traffick- collapsing. Certain illusions needed to be dis- ers. U.S. policy, meanwhile, continued to pelled before a serious future effort could get focus on certain counter-drug units of the underway, he said, including the illusion that army and police, at the expense of the institu- one could negotiate irrespective of raging tions as a whole. conflict around the talks. He said that the Security analyst Alfredo Rangel underscored demilitarized zone, created to provide the the difficulties of achieving peace at a time necessary confidence for the talks to take when the Colombian electorate had given a place, did just the opposite. Ambassador clear mandate to the President-elect to con- Rishchynski stated that the conditions for a front the guerrillas and paramilitaries. The resumption of dialogue as laid out by FARC was attempting to undermine the gov- President-elect Álvaro Uribe would not exist ernability of the country by systematic and until the military, political, and diplomatic massive attacks on the country’s economic infrastructure, and by issuing death threats to mayors and local officials throughout the country. He faulted the government for failing to design a strategy to contain paramilitary and guerrilla expansion that could put future nego- tiations on a more solid footing. Senator Rafael Pardo linked the growth in the FARC’s military capacity in the mid-1990s to the transfer of coca cultivation from Peru and to Colombia. He criticized the view held by some Colombian elites that the United States would finance the war while poor Colombians would provide the soldiers to fight it. He said that reasserting territorial control entailed pro- viding security as well as basic services to com- munities. Colombian Defense Attaché in Canadian Ambassador to Colombia Guillermo Rishchynski Washington, General Nestor Ramírez, empha- 4 FALL 2002

Hispanic Journalists in the United States

he growth of the Latino population is T changing politics and society in the United States. In an effort to promote an open forum for discussion of Latino issues and the role Latinos play in the policy process, the Latin American Program brought together prominent Hispanic journalists on June 18, 2002, to discuss both their role as Latinos who report on Latin American affairs, and their views on the role Latinos play in fostering U.S.-Latin American ties. The seminar was organized as part of a Wilson Center initiative to enhance diversity within the Center and enhance awareness of diversity issues in the policy community. Former Colombian Foreign Minister Marıa´ Emma Mejıa´ The session was moderated by Cecilia Alvear, former president of the National Association of “equilibrium” available to the parties changed, Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ), and field producer and until there were new incentives to alter for NBC , and featured Marcela Sánchez, behavior. María Emma Mejía,a participant in for the Washington Post; Alfredo peace talks with both the FARC and the ELN, Corchado, columnist for the Dallas Morning said that the failure of talks with both groups News; and Armando Trull,Managing Partner of had discredited, within Colombia and interna- the Armando Group. tionally, the very notion of a peace process. In a context of escalating conflict, both the gov- Latin American affairs are important to ernment and the FARC had increased their Latinos because the countries of the Western demands for initiating new talks, while the international war against terrorism served fur- Hemisphere are increasingly interdependent. ther to legitimize the use of force in con- fronting the insurgents. Mejía outlined several Cecilia Alvear began with the observation that essential bases for putting future negotiations in the United States, one has to define what it on a more solid footing, including the means to be Latino. In this country, Simón strengthening and modernization of the armed Bolívar’s dream of a united hemisphere is real- forces, the implementation of confidence- ized: Latinos from different countries tend to building measures such as a prisoner exchange, group together and look for common bonds that and the re-design and strengthening of the will unite them with other Latinos. President state apparatus for seeking peace. Political Vicente Fox of Mexico, in a June address to the reforms were needed at the national level to NAHJ, courted Hispanic journalists as a way to broaden democratic participation, she said, reach Mexicans residing in the U.S. Alfredo while regional expressions of the war necessi- Corchado stressed that his job as a is to tated a regional response. give a voice to those without a voice. The fact Several of the prepared presentations are that he is a Latino can help, he said, but he is a posted on the Woodrow Wilson Center’s web- reporter first. All of the panelists pointed out a site at http://wwics.si.edu/PROGRAMS/ central tension: advocates say they are not doing REGION/LAP/LAP.HTM. A rapporteur’s enough to cover positive news on Latinos, while report on the conference will be available in mainstream reporters accuse them of being lob- the Fall of 2002. byists for their ethnic constituencies because they 5 NOTICIAS

to the Latino community. Perhaps the mainstream media will soon begin to cover Latin America more. In the southwestern states, both demo- graphics and economics are driven by Mexico and the region’s relationship to Mexico. Alvear noted that NBC has just purchased Telemundo, and one hope is that NBC executives, through their new contacts, will become aware of Latin American news stories that they otherwise would not have covered. She believes that the U.S. media does not cover From left to right: Cecilia Alvear, National Association of Hispanic Journalists; Alfredo Corchado, Dallas Morning News; and Marcela Sánchez, The foreign news unless Americans are Washington Post. involved. It is still following the trend of, what was referred to decades ago do not cover enough negative news. The job of a as “Afghanistanism,”meaning that a journalist is to report the news to his or her com- does not, and should not cover news of distant munity. What is important is to be able to report places that have no effect on U.S. citizens. We are it in a balanced manner. Their goal is to bring now seeing how much of an impact distant lands into the mainstream media images of Latinos that can have on this country. It won’t be long before are not purely negative. Furthermore, many the English language media sees the importance Latino reporters do not want to cover either of this dynamic. But Armando Trull believes that Latino issues or Latin America, sometimes English media will only cover Latino issues when referred to as the “Taco Beat,”because they feel it it believes it has gained a large enough share of can “pigeonhole” them while reducing their the Latino audience. chances to grow in the journalistic field. The Internet has become a major media Marcela Sánchez believes that Latin American channel for Latinos due to its ease of access; affairs are important to Latinos because the coun- and Latinos are beginning to see it as the great tries of the Western Hemisphere are increasingly equalizer. They can obtain as much Spanish interdependent. Traditionally, Latinos have been language news as news in English. Now readers more interested in what is happening in the in Latin America can access the Washington Post United States, rather than what is happening to online and read the Washington angle on their their hemispheric neighbors. This is changing countries in their own language. Furthermore, Corchado stated, “Latinos are rapidly becom- Latinos are rapidly becoming a community ing a community without borders, increasingly without borders. sophisticated and complex.”They want a voice both in the United States and in Latin America. According to Corchado, as a Latino with the growth of globalization. A reason for the journalist in the U.S., you can’t know one side success of Spanish language media, for example, without knowing the other. is that it is the only for extensive news Panelists concluded that the growing Latino coverage of Latin America. During the Cold population is having a tremendous impact on War, journalists covered Central America due to the United States. At the time of the confer- its existence as a battleground for proxy armies. ence, more viewers tuned in to Univision to After the fall of the Soviet Union, attention watch the Mexico-Italy World Cup match than turned elsewhere, to areas considered more to one of the major English language stations to important. Yet Latin America remains important watch the basketball championship. 6 FALL 2002

Brazilian Foreign Policy president Bill Clinton was a major factor in forging a more productive bilateral relationship. s the administration of President Fernando Panelists echoed two criticisms of U.S. policy A Henrique Cardoso drew to a close, Brazil @ towards Latin America that directly affect Brazil’s the Wilson Center held a May 17, 2002, seminar ability to participate in designing a more effective to assess Brazil’s foreign policy over the last eight bilateral agenda. First, U.S. engagement in Latin years. The meeting included former Brazilian America is episodic, intensifying when a clear Minister of Foreign Affairs Luiz Felipe Lampreia. U.S. interest—particularly a security interest—is Under Cardoso, Brazilian foreign at stake. Second, U.S. policymakers policy has undergone extraordinary have traditionally held the view that changes that have given Brazil a more regional policies should be defined prominent role both globally and in in agreement with the United Latin America. Brazil has become an States. Brazilian ambitions to play a active proponent of a free market more active role independent and economy, environmental protection, multilateral role have tended to clash and non-proliferation. Furthermore, with that perspective. Brazil’s hosting of the first South A second panel including American presidential summit two Ambassadors Lampreia, Gelson Fonseca, years ago played a role in reshaping Former Minister of Foreign Brazilian Permanent Mission to the Affairs of Brazil Luiz Felipe hemispheric relations. Lampreia United Nations, and Rubens Barbosa, Cardoso benefited from having Brazilian Ambassador to the U.S., previously served as foreign affairs minister, as presented a set of insider’s views of Brazil’s foreign well as from the continuity provided by two policy. According to the panelists, Brazilian for- terms in office. Unlike previous presidents, eign policy is, for the most part, separated into Cardoso took a keen interest in foreign policy policy towards the world and policy towards the and became intensely and personally engaged, United States. Although these policies are not displaying both great knowledge of world affairs mutually exclusive, it is clear that bilateral relations as well as a robust and optimistic notion of with the United States deserve special attention. Brazil’s prospects in the world. In the multilateral arena, Brazil has taken on active Non-governmental experts including Amaury roles in disarmament initiatives and in the social de Souza, senior partner, Techne and MCM agenda including issues such as global poverty, Consultores Associados, Ambassador Anthony humanitarian causes, and the environment; Harrington,president, Stonebridge International, indeed, Brazil pursued what was described as a and Ambassador Crescencio Arcos, member of the “multilateralism of values,”i.e. engagement in the U.S. Presidential Intelligence Advisory Board, concluded that under Cardoso, Brazil projected a U.S. engagement in Latin America is episod- positive image and catalyzed domestic interest in ic, intensifying when a clear U.S. interest — foreign policy. This latter aspect is evident in the current presidential race, where issues such as the particularly a security interest — is at stake. FTAA are playing a role for the first time. A recent poll of 149 Brazilian opinion leaders showed that defense of the above issues in multilateral fashion. 74 percent believe that Brazil plays a more impor- Finally, the panel emphasized that Brazil’s foreign tant international role than ten years ago. U.S.- policy should be judged according to its continu- Brazilian relations under Cardoso improved dra- ity, professionalism and global reach, all of which matically: the United States lent strong support have been strongly influenced by President during Brazil’s 1999 financial crisis and Brazil took Cardoso. Brazil’s next president will face the a leadership role in Latin America in the aftermath extraordinary challenge of maintaining the same of September 11. Panelists agreed that the per- level of international participation that was main- sonal chemistry between Cardoso and former tained by the Cardoso administration. 7 NOTICIAS

Agriculture and the Diametrically opposed to the thrust of Environment in Brazil IBAMA’s work is the illicit trade in animal species. According to Casara, this burgeoning razil @ The Wilson Center held a number multi-billion dollar industry is responsible for Bof seminars over the past few months with the loss of over 12 million specimens per year, senior Brazilian and U.S. officials involved in and is currently the chief threat to indigenous environmental and agricultural policy. species. Brazil’s unrivaled diversity of exotic, At a January 31, 2002, meeting, Hamilton rare, and endangered species has made the Casara,president of the Brazilian Environmental country the largest source for animal smugglers. and Renewable Natural Resources Institute Additionally, illegal logging and deforestation (IBAMA), made an important announcement remain as major problems for the entire region. regarding improved enforcement against illegal In late 2001, Brazil completely suspended the deforestation and wildlife trafficking. mahogany trade after the environmental activists IBAMA is responsible for the monitoring, from Greenpeace documented the extent of preservation, enforcement, and control of the illegal logging and deforestation. In order to sustainable use of natural resources in Brazil. strengthen IBAMA’s enforcement capabilities The Institute also promotes research and conser- and to specifically counter the illegal logging of vation through several subordinate centers, mahogany, the government created a special which are focused on specific groups of species. department within the Brazilian Federal Police Research to support conservation measures are to combat environmental crimes. integrated into the larger picture of maintaining Casara emphasized the serious gap between biodiversity and ecological integrity. conservation policy and its actual implementa- tion. Although much has been accomplished in the effort to protect Brazil’s natural resources, much remains to be accomplished. Resources for environmental protection tend frequently to be diverted as a result of more compelling social demands. Despite IBAMA’s focus and dedi- caiton, environmental policy still suffers from a funding and staff shortage. On March 6, 2002, a second meeting on environmental issues featured Brazilian Minister of Agrarian Development Raul Jungmann, who spoke on land reform and the preservation of biodiversity in the Brazilian Amazon. Under Jungmann, a former president of IBAMA, the ministry has addressed agrarian development in the context of environmental protection. Jungmann designed three aspects of a strategy to accomplish both goals. First, he ini- tiated an extensive review of land titles for tracts of land in the Amazon. As a result of this pro- gram, the Ministry has cancelled various fraud- ulent title deeds for 3,065 rural properties larger than 10,000 hectares, an area totalling 93 mil- lion hectares. Second, they have revamped the

IBAMA President Hamilton Casara system for registering land in Brazil. Finally, the Ministry designated about 20.4 million hectares (an area greater than the size 8 FALL 2002 of Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New Jersey combined) as National Forests and Extractive Reserves; these areas fall under the protection of IBAMA for sustainable use. The reserves were selected for their importance in maintain- ing the biodiversity of a particular region. According to Jungmann, “this initiative will allow us to expand and consolidate the management of natural resources in public lands, making it possible to increase the supply of products from con- trolled sources, and contribute to the efforts to prevent and fight deforestation and the predatory exploitation of forest resources.” This newly assigned area cor- responds to over half (58.62 percent) of the total area of conservation zones already existing in the Amazon region. The designation of these reserves have helped to improve land distribution in Brazil improving it’s positition relative to other countries of the hemisphere. Brazilian Minister of Agrarian Development Raul Jungmann A third seminar on May 23, 2002, brought together Brazil’s Minister of to free trade. He justified recent policies subsi- Agriculture, Marcus Vinicius Pratini de Moraes, dizing U.S. farms, by comparing them with with senior officals from the USDA, the similar programs in Japan and Europe. Brazilian government, and private industry to According to Penn, the United States pledges explore U.S.-Brazil cooperation in the science $19.1 billion in the farm bill whereas Japan and technology of agribusiness. Given the and Europe spend $31 billion and $62 billion importance of agriculture for the growing respectively. world population and the need to improve From the private sector, Bill Guyton of the environmentally sustainable techniques, the American Cocoa Research Institute discussed seminar presented the latest developments in how the chocolate industry is heavily depend- U.S. and Brazilian agribusiness initiatives. ent on internationally produced cocoa, which Pratini underscored the importance of cur- generally loses one-third of total production to rent U.S.-Brazil scientific and technological disease and pests. Under the auspices of the cooperation in agriculture in the context of Institute, which acts in partnership with groups the FTAA. He stressed that for the first time, in the United States and abroad, the industry agriculture and rural development will be has stimulated many successful cooperative considered as key variables in regional integra- research initiatives resulting in positive scientif- tion initiatives. He discussed the Labex ic, social and financial impacts abroad. Program, launched in 1998 to promote a sci- Panelists also discussed prospects for more entific partnership between the USDA’s specific collaboration on important challenges, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and its including Pierce’s disease, germplasm ex- Brazilian counterpart, the Empresa Brasileira de change, and food safety. Speakers from both Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA). J. B. Penn of the countries emphasized the importance of bilat- USDA also emphasized the importance of this eral cooperation to improve research and dis- initiative, and reiterated the U.S. commitment ease-containing strategies. 9 NOTICIAS

Brazil @ The Wilson Center address the root of the issue, such as the proac- Working Group tive measures to define an ethical standard for public servants. On May 26, 1999, the adminis- he Brazil Project’s Working Group contin- tration of President Fernando Henrique T ued its regular meetings on question of Cardoso established the Public Ethics vital importance to Brazil and its relationship Committee. Its goals were to 1) interpret civil with the United States. society’s expectations regarding the conduct of At a January 30, 2002, Working Group meet- public servants; 2) establish standards for ethical ing, Dr.Albert Fishlow,executive director of the behavior for those in the highest positions of the Center for Brazilian Studies at Columbia executive branch; and 3) generalize this standard University, discussed the economic crisis in for the rest of the public administration. Argentina and its potential impact on Brazil. In 2000 a Code of Ethics was approved with Considering per capita income, Fishlow indicat- the intention of preventing as opposed to ed, Argentina dropped from 6th in the world, a repressing misconduct. The penalties for those position it held at the beginning of the last cen- who violate the code range from a public admo- tury, to 56th at the beginning of this new centu- nition to a recommendation for dismissal. The ry. No other country in the world has moved so Ethics Committee has analyzed and made rec- quickly in this fashion, he said. ommendations on government procurement Fishlow summarized the causes for the and contract disbursement as well as campaign Argentine crisis, including the mistakes of sever- reform. They are also conducting surveys to al administrations that led Argentina to accumu- determine how individuals in government per- late a fiscal deficit of close to 5 percent of GDP. ceive ethics and also how the average citizen The Argentine crisis has been devastating in evaluates public services. Argentina, but at least initially, Brazil was shield- Carneiro concluded that although the com- ed from negative ripples of the Argentine melt- mittee had achieved much in its first three down. There are three possible reasons for years, much remains to be accomplished. With Brazil’s initial resilience: first, despite the previ- Brazil’s approaching presidential election in ous strength of the Argentine economy, trade October, continuity and further progress is relations between the two nations always have anything but guaranteed. been unequal. Despite the relationship forged by Brazilian Minister of Development, Industry, Mercosur, the Brazilian economy is not consid- and Foreign Trade Sergio S.Amaral discussed for- ered dependent on Argentina’s. In contrast to eign and domestic barriers to Brazilian foreign Brazil’s 1998 economic crash, the Argentine cri- trade at a session on May 6, 2002. Historically, sis was hardly a surprise. Following its crisis, Brazil was late to adopt economic policies that Brazil had adopted numerous protective meas- characterize the developed world. Now, howev- ures to shield itself from external shocks. er, and in contrast to growing protectionism in the United States, Europe, and Japan, Brazil has At least initially, Brazil was shielded from the embarked upon an ambitious effort to increase negative ripples of the Argentine meltdown. exports and minimize domestic protectionist measures. It is quite clear, Amaral stated, that At a March 25, 2002, Working Group meet- increasing exports has become tremendously ing, Piquet Carneiro, chair of the Brazilian important for the Brazilian economy. Presidential Committee on Public Ethics, dis- Amaral outlined reforms undertaken during cussed the need to adopt effective instruments to the seven years and four months of the Cardoso fight corruption within the public sector fol- administration. The current primary surplus in lowing Brazil’s return to democracy in 1985. the public sector is the product of major struc- Most past initiatives aimed at institutional tural reforms involving deregulation or the pri- strengthening and state modernization were vatization of key sectors. These include reforms designed to produce a desired result, rather than in the banking sector and the social security sys- 10 FALL 2002 tem, as well as the refinancing of states’ debts Argentine automobile production, a number that and the adoption of a national policy built on is expected to increase in 2002. fiscal responsibility. However, Brazil continues The Working Group discussed Brazil’s to maintain a current account deficit (which is October presidential election on June 17, 2002 expected to rise to US$20.6 billion by the end and how, for the first time in Brazilian history, of 2002), a situation that has compelled Brazil to the approach of an election has generated rip- seek better export results. ples in the international financial sector. In July Amaral identified several foreign and domes- 2002 Brazil’s credit rating was downgraded due tic obstacles to increasing Brazilian exports. On to forecasts of economic turbulence, which the international front, the United States impos- many attributed to the lead held in the polls by es high a tariff on Brazilian orange juice, sugar, Luis Inácio da Silva (Lula), presidential candi- and textiles. Additionally the European Union date for the leftist Workers Party (PT). imposes sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions on beef, chicken and sugar. Japan imposes esca- Serra is perceived by the international commu- lating tariffs on sugar and soy oil, a blockade nity as better equipped to handle the domestic based on sanitary and phytosanitary restrictions for tropical fruits, high tariffs on footwear, and and international challenges of the office. tariff quotas on leather. Domestically, bureaucracy and export-related Lourdes Sola from the University of São Paulo costs are the main impediments to trade expan- discussed the weighting of factors that make for sion. The government has been streamlining reliable prediction of electoral results, the relative infrastructure and promoting legislation which importance of incumbent party candidate José would reform a tax system that currently works Serra’s electoral strategies, and the challenges that to inhibit rather than promote Brazil’s exports. a government under Lula would face. She Additionally, Amaral hopes that the administra- emphasized that although Lula is ahead by a con- tion will be able to create “a real Eximbank,” to siderable margin in the polls, the electoral scene is help finance expanded exports. still highly uncertain. This is due to the fact that Another component of Brazil’s trade strategy is the legally mandated period of television expo- to participate at “all negotiating tables,” and be sure—which has had a tremendous influence on ready to develop joint initiatives with different previous election results—had not yet begun. countries. Brazilian entrepreneurs are also taking Sola noted that the designation of Rita Camata steps to circumvent foreign trade barriers through as Serra’s candidate for vice-president brought an expanded financial and infrastructure investments extraordinary boost to Serra’s campaign, as it con- abroad. For example, Brazilian firms have recently solidated the alliance between the Partido Social bought steel mills in the United States as a way of Democrática Brasileiro (PSDB) and the Partido do avoiding U.S. barriers to steel imports. Movimento Democrática Brasileiro (PMDB). Lula’s Finally, Amaral held that Brazil has always candidacy is facing additional difficulties in light of favored the creation of the Free Trade Agreement concerns, if not hostility, expressed by some in the of the Americas (FTAA). He pointed out that the international community. By contrast, Serra is United States itself, despite its advocacy the perceived by the international community as bet- FTAA, has taken steps, including the recent tariffs ter equipped to handle the domestic and interna- on recently signed farm bill, that appear inconsis- tional challenges of the office. tent with a commitment to open trade. Amaral Riordan Roett of the Johns Hopkins University reaffirmed Brazil’s interests not only in the FTAA School of Advanced International Studies but also in Mercosur, the customs union that emphasized that the transparency of Brazil’s elec- includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and toral process was indicative of the consolidation Uruguay as well as in pursuing a free trade agree- of democratic institutions in Brazil. He under- ment between Mercosul and the European lined the significance of the upcoming election, Union. Last year, Brazil bought 60 percent of as it will shape Brazil’s foreign policy on sensitive 11 NOTICIAS

hemispheric issues, including bilateral relations met in Buenos Aires to discuss civil society in with the United States, the FTAA, Mercosul, Argentina. The results of public meetings in the Doha Round of WTO trade negotiations, Washington and excerpts of the policy debates and the Argentine crisis. will be posted on a new page of the Wilson Roett acknowledged the economic turbu- Center website, “Argentina @ the Wilson lence that the campaigns had triggered but Center.” Your comments on this endeavor are doubted how long such concerns would remain. most welcome. Roett stated that it would be in the interest of The conference, “Argentina: Finance and both Lula and Serra to offer clear indications of the Future,” held April 22, focused on the their economic intentions and respective plans causes of Argentina’s banking crisis and how for government, not only to improve their posi- the crisis might be resolved. Dr. Mario Blejer, tions in the polls, but also to reduce overall governor of Argentina’s Central Bank, empha- uncertainty in the international community. sized that the Argentine government broke an important social contract by ending convert- ibility, the peso-dollar link that had prevailed Argentina: Coping with Crisis for the past ten years. He stressed that Argentina needs to exercise fiscal and mone- .S. media and policymakers have accord- tary restraint. Other participants included: Paul Ued little attention to the crisis in Blustein, Washington Post staff writer; Joseph S. Argentina during the past year. The insuffi- Tulchin, Latin American Program director; and cient coverage that the media did devote to the Kent. H. Hughes, director of the Project on crisis often cast Argentina as a cartoon charac- America and the Global Economy. ter – the bad relative – and provided little sense During the April 29 conference, “After of the human tragedy that accompanied the Default: Argentina’s Role in World Affairs,” dry words “default” and “devaluation.” the focus shifted to foreign policy. During the Officials in Washington, meanwhile, seemed first panel discussion, Rogelio Pfirter of the callous to the situation. Argentine Foreign Relations ministry under- To help remedy this lack of concern, the lined the similarities between Argentina and Latin American Program has begun a series of the United States, including a shared notion of activities in Washington to inform the policy being “lands of opportunity.” Dr.Ana Barón,a community about the crisis in Argentina. In Clarín correspondent, argued that to build three conferences hosted recently in support for Argentina internationally, Washington, government officials, journalists Argentine political leaders must first work to and scholars from both the U.S. and Argentina inspire confidence domestically. discussed issues including Argentina’s export The second panel examined the economic strategy, banking crisis, and foreign policy. aspects of Argentina’s foreign relations. Moisés Naím, editor of Foreign Policy, said that a cheap “Our mission is to foster market access to peso would stimulate exports and the tourism industry, helping Argentina to recover from its Argentine products based on two fundamen- crisis as Russia, Thailand and Mexico previously tal pillars: a strategy for multilateral negoti- did. Arturo Valenzuela, Georgetown University ation and development of new markets.” professor, noted that strong infusions of interna- tional aid were needed in the past to help coun- Simultaneously, the Latin American Program tries like those Naím mentioned to recover from convoked a Working Group in Buenos Aires to economic crises. build confidence among those seeking policy The other participants in the conference solutions to Argentina’s crisis and to help were: Gerard Gallucci, Southern Cone director Argentines escape the political paralysis of the at the U.S. State Department; Judith Evans,of zero-sum society. In June, the Working Group JE Analítica; Pedro Lacoste, APL Consultores 12 FALL 2002 president; Robert Devlin, Deputy Manager of the Integration and Regional Programs Department, Inter-American Development Bank; and Martín Granovsky, Página 12 managing editor. The search for solutions to Argentina’s problems continued on May 29 with the conference, “Getting out of the Economic Crisis.” Participants agreed that Argentina needs to avoid economic closure and instead create a success- ful export strategy to overcome the crisis. Martín Redrado, Argentina’s Secretary of International and Economic Affairs, noted that ensuring sustainable fiscal and trade balances is also essential. Redrado commented, “Our mission is to Argentine Secretary of International and Economic Affairs Martın´ Redrado foster market access to Argentine products based on two fundamental pillars: a strategy for multilateral negotiation Oppenheimer warned that constant street and development of new markets.” Esteban protest could create a feeling of institutional Bullrich,ofGeneración 2000, suggested fatigue as in Venezuela. Joseph S. Tulchin Argentina should focus on exporting services. emphasized the lack of accountability and true Also participating in the conference were: Felipe citizenship in Argentina. de la Balze,ofthe Argentine Council for The views expressed in these public confer- International Relations; Jorge Campbell, former ences and the Working Group meeting present State Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; an image of Argentina more complex than the Sidney Weintraub,from CSIS, Héctor Marsilli, “bad relative” caricature that often appears in CEO of Cargill Argentina; Carlos Yancarelli, the United States. Argentina is a country suf- CEO of Vargas Arizu S.A.; and Patricio Furlong, fering through its most severe economic crisis Chief of Ministry Advisors for the Tierra del ever – with about half its population living in Fuego province. poverty, as Granovsky recalled. Argentina is Then, on June 26, the discussion moved to also a country of enormous resources working Buenos Aires, where the Working Group con- to boost its exports – with grain production voked by the Latin American Program met to increasing 92 percent since 1990 despite the discuss a paper about civil society by Enrique absence of industrial subsidies, according to Peruzzotti,ofthe Universidad Torcuato di Tella. Marsilli. It is the hope of the Latin American Peruzzotti’s paper argued that the cacerolazos – Program that these discussions encourage U.S. the vast mobilizations of citizens banging pots media and policymakers to devote more atten- and pans – are not a populist movement but tion to Argentina, and to have a more nuanced rather part of the process of civil society politi- and sophisticated understanding of what is cization in Argentina. happening there. For Clarín journalist Ricardo Kirschbaum, the cacerolazos express middle-class disappoint- The Peruzzotti paper and comments by Javier Corrales, ment that upward social mobility has disap- Ariel Armony, and Margaret Crahan are posted on the peared. Herald columnist Andrés Woodrow Wilson Center website. 13 NOTICIAS

Forums on Decentralization In Venezuela, a June 13 forum was hosted in Latin America by the Instituto para el Estudio Superior de la Administración (IESA) and co-sponsored by ne of the most striking political reforms the Centro para Estudios del Desarrollo (CEN- Oin Latin America over the past fifteen DES) and the Fondo Intergubernamental para years has been the increasing decentralization la Decentralización (FIDES). Panelists dis- of government in almost all countries of the cussed the lack of coordination among levels of region. The Latin American Program has government and proposed a Federal Council of joined with researchers in five countries to Government to serve as an institution for explore the linkages between decentralization negotiating and reaching consensus between and democratic governance. As part of this national and subnational governments. Other study, the Wilson Center and partner institu- panelists addressed the need for fiscal decentral- tions in Mexico, Venezuela, and the ization to allow states and municipalities to Dominican Republic (following similar events have adequate funds to perform their responsi- in Brazil, Argentina, and Guatemala) held pub- bilities. Panelists also discussed the degree to lic forums on decentralization to bring togeth- which new patterns of participation are emerg- er national and local government officials, civil ing in municipal governments and agreed that society organizations, and business leaders to this is an important trend. assess the impact of decentralization on In the Dominican Republic, la Fundación democracy in each of the countries. para la Reforma hosted a two-day forum June In Mexico, the forum focused on decentral- 18-19 with the co-sponsorship of the ization, democracy, and regional development. Federación Dominicana de Municipios Hosted and co-sponsored by the Centro de (FEDOMU), the Consorcio por la Muni- Investigación y Docencia Económica (CIDE) cipalidad, Equis-Intec, Red por la on May 21, 2002, the forum addressed the Descentralización, and FLACSO. The forum growing importance of state and municipal included presentations by experts and dialogue governments in Mexico and the future of among the participants, including local gov- decentralization reforms. Panelists included ernment officials, members of Congress, members of Congress, representatives of the scholars, civic leaders, consultants, and mem- executive branch, mayors of major cities, and bers of the private sector. Panelists and partici- scholars. They agreed that municipal and state pants noted that decentralization is relatively governments have become significant institu- weak in the Dominican Republic, but that tions, but noted that inequities in fiscal arrange- some municipalities have become important ments and the different capacity of local gov- institutions for economic and social develop- ment and have implemented innovative Panelists discussed democratic innovations approaches to citizen participation. On balance, the three forums suggest that being carried out in municipal governments, decentralization has become an important topic but they noted that these innovative experi- of debate throughout Latin America. Moreover, ences are more the exception than the rule. there are important experiences of innovative governance in local governments that have ernments have meant great disparities in the improved the relationship between citizens and degree to which they carry out their functions. the state. Nonetheless, decentralization reforms Several panelists discussed democratic innova- are generally quite limited and often include tions being carried out in municipal govern- provisions that make them highly inequitable or ments through synergies among government, restrain the ability of local governments to inno- civil society, and the private sector, but they vate. More detailed information about each of noted that these innovative experiences are these reforms is available through policy bul- more the exception than the rule. letins in the Decentralization Series. 14 FALL 2002

Police Reform in Peru Citizen Security, Democracy, and the State. In addi- tion, it publishes periodic policy bulletins which n February 28 and March 1, 2002, the suggest solutions to policy dilemmas. OLatin American Program joined with the Participating scholars and government officials Peruvian Ministry of the Interior, the Center included Joseph S.Tulchin, director of the Wilson for Development Studies in Santiago, , and Center’s Latin American Program; Hugo the Canadian Agency for International Cooperation, to host a conference on “Peruvian President Toledo as well as Deputy Interior Police Reform in Light of International Minister Gino Costa Santolalla reiterated Experiences.” The goal of the conference, held that police reform is an integral part of the in , was to share international perspectives on citizen security with Peruvians engaged in government’s efforts to create a strong police reform efforts and facilitate the debate democratic nation. over the shape and pace of reform. The princi- pal audience included approximately four hun- Frühling, director of the Center for dred members of the Peruvian National Police Development Studies at the University of Chile; (PNP), as well as Interior Ministry officials and Susana Villarán, counsel for the Peruvian Police other stakeholders in the reform process. A and member of the restructuring committee; dynamic exchange between panelists from the Raúl Benítez, Associate National Security United States, Canada, Spain, and members of Advisor to the President of Mexico; Fernando the PNP took place after each session, opening Rospigliosi, Peruvian Minister of the Interior; channels of communication helpful to the Lilian Bobea, of FLACSO-Dominican Republic; reform effort. This was the third in a series of General Rosso José Serrano, former Director meetings LAP has organized with local stake- General of the Colombian National Police; holders to advance police reform as a means to Alberto Föhrig, of the University of San Andrés enhance citizen security.The first two were held in Buenos Aires; Cristian Barbot,Police Attaché in Santiago, Chile and Santo Domingo, the at the French Embassy in Bolivia and Peru; Dominican Republic. Subsequent meetings Nubia Urueña of the University of the Andes in were held in Belo Horizonte, Brazil and Buenos Bogotá; and Claudio Beato, professor at the Aires, Argentina. The Citizen Security Project Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. has in press a volume that surveys the current In opening the conference, Roberto Dañino, condition of public security and crime in the President of the Counsel of Ministers, pledged hemisphere, Crime and Violence in Latin America: President ’s support for what he called an “essential reform process.”President To ledo himself delivered the closing remarks at the conference, underscoring the importance of police reform for the government. Toledo described two great battles faced by Peru, the battle against corruption, drug trafficking, and terrorism, and the battle against poverty. President Toledo as well as Deputy Interior Minister Gino Costa Santolalla reiterated that police reform is an integral part of the govern- ment’s efforts to create a strong democratic

From left to right: Peruvian Minister of the Interior Fernando nation. They emphasized that Peru will draw Rospigliosi; Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo; José Tisoc upon the experiences of other countries in the Lindley, General Director of the PNP; Joseph S. Tulchin, Woodrow Wilson Center Latin American Program; Hugo Frühling, Center for region in the effort to reform the forces of law Development Studies, University of Chile. and order, and emphasized the significance of the contribution made by the WWIC. 15 NOTICIAS

Assessing the Quality of Jonathan Hartlyn,professor of political sci- Democracy in Latin America ence at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, focused on the importance of free n March 7, 2002, the Latin American and fair elections in Latin America. Based on a Oprogram held a meeting assessing the methodological study of several cases, Hartlyn quality of democracy in Latin America. Kurt identified four main factors that explain elec- Weyland,professor of government at the toral outcomes in Latin America: 1) behavior University of Texas, Austin, noted that neo- of political parties and their leaders; 2) the role liberal reforms have both strengthened and of state institutions such as the judiciary; 3) the weakened democratic governance in the hemi- role of civil society and the media; and 4) the sphere. On the one hand, Weyland asserted presence of international actors whose mission that free trade has strengthened democracy due is to deter fraud and ensure transparency in the to international and local factors. Influential electoral process. nations like the United States have exerted Hartlyn found that while international moni- pressure from abroad, pushing Latin American toring has become common in Latin America nations to become more transparent and dem- and has had a positive effect on elections, elec- ocratic through trade policies that promote toral processes in general are far from consoli- openness and accountability. Locally, neo-lib- dated. Due to international and local scrutiny, eral elites have strengthened their position vis- different and more sophisticated methods of à-vis traditional groups on the left, including committing fraud have emerged. He character- labor unions. These elites have supported and ized processes of consolidation as “rapid,”“grad- promoted an incremental infusion of invest- ual,” or “incomplete.” Nations that have experi- ment by international corporations that do not enced gradual consolidation include Mexico fear the kind of backlash from organized labor, and the Dominican Republic, while those that as often happened in the past. have experienced incomplete consolidation are On the other hand, neo-liberalism has limited , Haiti, and Guyana. democracy in that governments have less latitude In his commentary, Christopher Sabatini, sen- in addressing the needs of the electorate. This is ior officer at the National Endowment for due to pressure from international agents such as Democracy, maintained that economic and corporations and international organizations, electoral factors did, indeed, help explain the including international financial institutions. weakness of Latin American democracies. Increasingly, external pressures have forced gov- However, he argued that the historical weakness ernments to satisfy the interests of business rather of state institutions and the inability of govern- ments to respond to social demands are more compelling explanations. He cited the lack of Weyland asserted that free trade has constituent representation by political parties as strengthened democracy due to inter- well as the way in which civil society increasing- national and local factors….On the other ly exists in non-political environments. hand, neo-liberalism has limited democracy Arturo Valenzuela,professor of government at in that governments have less latitude in Georgetown University, stressed the impact of recent history on Latin American democracies. addressing the needs of the electorate. Only a few years ago, much of Latin America was under dictatorship, whereas today we are than the needs of the people. Understandably, assessing the quality of democracies. It is this has led to increased cynicism from an already important to remember that many nations are distrustful populace. Overall, deregulation has only beginning to experiment with democracy weakened civil society, including unions and and are in the early stages of developing politi- political parties, all of which are important ele- cal institutions. Valenzuela concluded by saying ments of a vibrant pluralistic democracy.* that the consolidation of democracy is a long 16 FALL 2002 and arduous process. Issues concerning rule of Alejandro Moreno of the Mexican law, electoral legitimacy, and corruption still Reforma observed that Mexican public opinion need to be addressed. is strongly in favor of free trade. Attitudes toward NAFTA’s current performance are * Professor Weyland is preparing for publication a volume much more ambivalent, although young peo- titled Learning from Foreign Models in Latin American Policy ple (the “NAFTA generation”) tend to favor Reform which discusses the influence of IFIs on domestic it. Mexicans are split on whether NAFTA has reforms. The chapters in the volume originated as presen- strengthened or weakened national identity, tations at seminars conducted at WWICS. with a slightly higher percentage believing it has been positive for national identity. Mexicans are very enthusiastic about the possi- Toward a North American bility of a Free Trade Area of the Americas Community? (FTAA), which would include other countries in the hemisphere; but they feel that the n June 11, 2002, the Wilson Center’s Latin United States should remain Mexico’s princi- OAmerican Program, the Canada Institute, pal trading partner. This apparently reflects and the Project on America and the Global strong sentiment in Mexico that it should be Economy hosted the first in a series of seminars open to countries in Latin America and in on the future of North America. This seminar, North America, as well as the pragmatic belief titled “Toward North American Community?” that the United States will continue to be the was designed to generate dialogue in Washington main strategic partner. Laura MacDonald of about the future of integration in North America Carleton University in noted that and the degree to which NAFTA has had an impact on identity, sovereignty, and political While the two countries have had five practices in the three participating countries. decades of diplomatic relations, a stronger The first panel looked at Canadian, Mexican, and American attitudes towards sov- Mexico-Canada relationship has emerged ereignty and identity. Trade, political integra- since the passage of NAFTA. tion, and the nature of agreements among the three countries will largely depend on the way identities are not fixed but shifting and multi- people in these countries define themselves and ple, and that sovereignty is no longer limited their interests, and the extent to which they feel to a national territory with a state. there is something to be gained from further Nonetheless, she argued that most Canadians integration. Stephanie Golob of the City are highly patriotic and have a strong belief in University of New York suggested that eco- the benefits of the Canadian way of life. She nomic integration is not inevitable and that also noted that most Canadians live within a trade is intertwined with domestic politics and short distance of the U.S.-Canadian border. strong feelings of nationalism in the United Thus, the border with the United States plays States. She argued that Americans have two a much more significant role in Canadian contradictory feelings about power, one that is identity than it does for either Mexicans or highly nationalist and the other internationalist. Americans, most of whose population lives U.S. foreign policy revolves around conflict and further away from border areas. compromise between these contradictory The second panel looked at the emerging impulses. She suggested that future decisions on relationship between Canada and Mexico. greater integration would probably come about While the two countries have had five decades incrementally via “integration through protec- of diplomatic relations, a stronger Mexico- tionism,” in which agreements to further inte- Canada relationship has emerged since the pas- grate the three countries are coupled with sage of NAFTA. During the last decade, trade measures that protect U.S. industries. between the two countries has tripled, and 17 NOTICIAS

there are increasing governmental and aca- that three-fifths of Americans want to pull out demic exchanges. However, Isabel Studer of of NAFTA and have a negative view of free FLACSO-Mexico indicated that the Mexico- trade in general. Stokes suggested that Canada relationship still looks underdeveloped Canadians view NAFTA more favorably (two- when compared to the Mexico-U.S. and thirds support it) and that Mexicans are Canada-U.S. relationships. Canada has been ambivalent about the agreement, though gen- hesitant to support Mexican President Vicente erally supportive of free trade. However, Fox’s proposal to develop a “NAFTA plus,” building a North American Community which would include a common market, means recognizing that there are also resent- development fund, migration agreement, and ments in Canada and Mexico against the new institutions. Canada will continue to have United States and that the relationship is high- concerns about stronger trilateral ties with ly asymmetrical. Stokes cautioned that how Mexico as long as asymmetries exist between the United States deals with problems in the two nations. However, Studer argued that North America influences how the country is there is an existing trilateral agenda, which perceived as a leader in the world. He stressed includes trade and investment, education, the importance of generating public dialogue environment, and energy, and that an expand- about free trade and creating procedures for ed North American Community could citizens of the three countries to have input include issues already on the agenda. Studer into the current agreements on trade. He concluded by saying that competitive and eco- noted that when NAFTA was negotiated there nomic considerations will prevail over identity was limited public discussion about it. He fur- concerns in the development of a North ther argued that a North American conscious- American Community. ness is likely to develop out of economic rela- tionships rather than from other processes. How the United States deals with problems in Integration will be forged in the heat of con- flict over the relationship and the debate this North America influences how the country is generates, not only through rational discussion perceived as a leader in the world. and good ideas. The Wilson Center will hold a major con- Stacey Wilson-Forsberg of FOCAL indicated ference on “NAFTA at Ten” on December 9 that Canadian government officials currently and 10, 2002, at which the three former chiefs favor a “two-speeds model” of North American of state will reflect on their efforts and special- integration in which the Canada-U.S. relation- ists from all three countries will evaluate the ship would continue to develop, and Mexico experience of the last ten years and the future would be invited to join once it is on a path to of North America. modernization. Wilson-Forsberg finds this model worrisome: while she acknowledges there are many problems in Mexico, the Mexican economy continues to grow and an increasingly young, urban population means there is potential for a strong market. Carol Wise of the University of Southern California con- curred that while there are asymmetries, they are not insurmountable. Luncheon speaker Bruce Stokes of the National Journal indicated that the challenge of creating a North American Community is broader than most perceive. Polls conducted in the United States consistently demonstrate 18 FALL 2002

Foro Virtual ~ Virtual Forum

Argentina in Washington has created a Foro Virtual / Virtual Forum on the Woodrow Wilson Center website. This forum will offer differing views on issues of vital concern to Argentina. Already posted are debates on the democratic tendencies of civil society and public health policy to deal with social crises. To be posted in the course of the next few months will be debates on citizen security, macroeconomic policy, and education.

New Joint Scholars Program with Mexican Council on Foreign Relations

The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Mexican Council on Foreign Relations have launched a Joint Public Policy Scholars Program. Lee H. Hamilton, director of the Woodrow Wilson Center, and Amb. Andrés Rozental, president of the Mexican Council on Foreign Relations, announced the Scholar’s Program on September 17 at a press conference held at the Wilson Center. Both expressed their enthusiasm for the potential contributions this program could make to a better and more effective bilateral relationship. The program will invite pre-eminent Mexicans from the public and private sector, academia, the press, and nongovernmental organizations to be resident scholars at the Wilson Center and conduct research projects on Mexico and U.S.-Mexico relations.

This program marks the beginning of a close relation- “ship between the Wilson Center and the Mexican Council on Foreign Relations in order to contribute to a better flow of ideas and information between the United States and Mexico.” -Lee H. Hamilton

19 NOTICIAS

Staff Notes

We bid farewell and offer our profound thanks and congratulations to two of our col- leagues who have left to pursue advanced degrees. Program Associate Heather Golding will be attending the University of Connecticut Law School in the fall, and Program Support Assistant Luis Guevara will study international economic policy at American University. Both Heather and Luis contributed hard work and warm fellowship to the LAP.We wish them well.

We also would like to welcome our new staff members. Program Associate Meg Ruthenburg joins us from the University of Michigan, where she is a Ph.D. candidate in cultural anthropology. Meg has extensive experience teaching and translating and has lived and worked in . Her expertise is in civil society. Elizabeth Bryan is the new Program Support Assistant. Elizabeth holds a B.A. in international affairs and Spanish from Wagner College, and previously worked at the Center for National Policy, where she worked on U.S.- policy.

Interns and Researchers

We would like to thank our summer interns at the Latin American Program. Jonathan Goldberg is a recent graduate of Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Samantha Newbold is a first-year graduate student at Georgetown University, working towards a Masters in Latin American Studies. Priyanka Anand is a senior at the University of California – Berkeley where she is a B.A. candi- date in economics and political science. We also welcome Junior Scholars Carolina Fernández of the Universidad Torcuato di Tella and Giselle Cohen from the Universidad de Buenos Aires who will research U.S. – Argentine relations in collaboration with the Program and help us organize Argentina in Washington. We take this opportunity to express our sincerest gratitude to Craig Fagan, who recently earned his Masters degree at the Johns Hopkins University-SAIS in interna- tional affairs with concentrations in Latin American Studies and development eco- nomics. Craig, a former intern, served as a consultant on many LAP projects, provid- ing invaluable assistance to the Program.

20 FALL 2002

Public Policy Scholars

We were fortunate in hosting the following Public Policy Scholars from Mexico and Brazil over the past few months:

Rolando Cordera Campos, Professor, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, “Structural Change Without Equity: Social Policy in the Times of Globalization.”

Miguel Álvarez Gándara,Director, Servicios de la Paz, “Keys for a New Civic Strategy in the Chiapas Peace Process.”

Lilia Bermúdez Torres,Professor, Instituto Matías Romero, “The Governments of Vicente Fox and George W. Bush with Regard to Hemispheric Security: Consensus and Discrepancy.”

Gustavo Vega Canovas,Professor, El Colegio de México, “Dispute Settlement in NAFTA: Lessons from the First Eight Years.”

Paulo Lucena de Menezes,Lawyer, São Paulo, “Affirmative Action: The U.S. Model as a Paradigm for the Brazilian Experience.”

Diva Moreira,Former Visiting Scholar, University of Texas – Austin, anti-racist and human rights activist, “The State and Affirmative Action Policies: Differences and Similarities Between Brazil and the U.S.”

Rosana Heringer,Director for Afro-Brazilian Studies, Universidade Candido Mendes, “The Challenge of Practice: Affirmative Action and Diversity Programs in Brazil and the U.S.”

Wilson Center Fellows 2002-2003

Ariel Armony,Assistant Professor of Government, Colby College, “The Serpent’s Egg: Civil Society’s Dark Side.”

Alfonso Quiroz,Professor of History, Baruch College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, “Curbing Global Corruption: Economic and Institutional Costs of Corrupt Administration in Peru.”

Héctor Schamis, Assistant Professor of Government, Cornell University, “Democratic Capitalism and the State in Eastern Europe and Latin America.”

21 NOTICIAS Recent Publications Books

Joseph S. Tulchin with Amelia Brown, eds., Democratic Governance and Social Inequality (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001).

Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on the Americas

Joseph S. Tulchin and Heather A. Golding, eds., Environment and Security in the Amazon Basin,May 2002.

Joseph S. Tulchin, Ralph H. Espach, with Heather A. Golding, eds., Paths to Regional Integration:The Case of MERCOSUR, August 2002.

Woodrow Wilson Center Update on the Americas

Decentralization, No. 2, “Decentralization in Brazil: Urban Democratic Governance and Development,” February 2002.

Decentralization No. 3, “Decentralization in Guatemala: The Search for Participatory Democracy,” March 2002.

Decentralization No. 4, “Decentralization in Argentina: New Approaches to Municipal Governance,” March 2002.

Creating Community, No. 3, “Challenges to Creating Community in the Americas,” April 2002.

Creating Community, No. 4, “Terrorism and the Triple Frontier,” April 2002.

Creating Community, No. 5, “Arms Control and Limitation in Latin America: An Elusive Goal,” April 2002.

Creating Community, No. 6, “A New Generation of Social Reforms,” July 2002.

Mexico, No. 3, “The Fox Administration After One Year in Power,” February 2002.

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Citizen Security, No. 2, “Paths Toward Police and Judicial Reform in Latin America,” February 2002.

Citizen Security, No. 3, “Police Reform in Peru,” April 2002.

Citizen Security, No. 4, “Seguridad Ciudadana, Gobernabilidad y Control Civil Democrático en América Latina,” June 2002.

Citizen Security, No. 5, “Police Reform in Latin America: Observations and Recommendations,” July 2002.

Citizen Security, No. 6, “Community Policing in the Southern Cone: Results, Problems, and Policies,” August 2002.

Citizen Security, No. 7, “Crime and Social Policies in Latin America: Problems and Solutions,” August 2002.

Working Papers

254. José Luis Orozco, “Contemporary Political Discourse in Mexico,” February 2002.

255. Gustavo Verduzco and Kurt Unger, “The Development of Regions Experiencing High Levels of Out-Migration in Mexico: Analysis for Maximizing the Benefits of Migration for Sending Regions,” February 2002.

256. Thaís Battibugli, “Political Culture of the Cold War in Brazil, 1947-1964,” May 2002.

257. Robert R. Kaufman and Alex Segura-Ubiergo, “Globalization, Domestic Politics and Social Spending in Latin America: A Time-Series Cross-Section Analysis, 1973-1997,” May 2002.

258. Erika Pani, “La calidad de ciudadano: Past and Present: The Nature of Citizenship in Mexico and the United States. 1776-1912, (forthcoming).

259. Thaís Battibugli, Amâncio Jorge de Oliveira, Francisco Rogido Fins and João Paulo M. Peixoto, “Brazilian Ministry of Culture Public Policy Scholars, 2000- 2002,” June 2002.

260. Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, Alexandre Salem Szklo, and Mauricio Tiomno Tolmasquim, “Searching for Sustainability: The Energy Sector in Brazil,” July 2002.

23 NOTICIAS

THE WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Lee H. Hamilton, Director

BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chair; Steven Alan Bennett, Vice Chair. Public Members: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; John W. Carlin, Archivist of the United States; Bruce Cole, Chair, National Endowment for the Humanities; Roderick R. Paige, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; Colin L. Powell, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; Lawrence M. Small, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Tommy G. Thompson, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Private Citizen Members: Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Carol Cartwright, Jean L. Hennessey, Daniel L. Lamaute, Doris O. Matsui, Thomas R. Reedy, Nancy M. Zirkin

WILSON COUNCIL Steven Kotler, President. Diane Aboulafia-D'Jaen, Charles S. Ackerman, B.B. Andersen, Cyrus A. Ansary, Charles F. Barber, Lawrence E. Bathgate II, John Beinecke, Joseph C. Bell, A. Oakley Brooks, Melva Bucksbaum, Charles W. Burson, Conrad Cafritz, Nicola L. Caiola, Raoul L. Carroll, Scott Carter, Albert V. Casey, Mark Chandler, Peter B. Clark, William T. Coleman, Jr., Michael D. DiGiacomo, Sheldon Drobny, F. Samuel Eberts III, J. David Eller, Mark Epstein, Sim Farar, Susan Farber, Charles Fox, Barbara Hackman Franklin, Morton Funger, Gregory M. Gallo, Chris G. Gardiner, Eric Garfinkel, Bruce S. Gelb, Steven J. Gilbert, Alma Gildenhorn, David F. Girard-diCarlo, Michael B. Goldberg, William E. Grayson, Raymond A. Guenter, Gerald T. Halpin, Edward L. Hardin, Jr., Carla A. Hills, Eric Hotung, John L. Howard, Darrell E. Issa, Jerry Jasinowski, Brenda LaGrange Johnson, Shelly Kamins, Edward W. Kelley, Jr., Anastasia D. Kelly, Christopher J. Kennan, Michael V. Kostiw, William H. Kremer, Raymond Learsy, Abbe Lane Leff, Perry Leff, Dennis LeVett, Harold O. Levy, David Link, Frederic V. Malek, David S. Mandel, John P. Manning, Jeffrey A. Marcus, Edwin S. Marks, Jay Mazur, Robert McCarthy, Stephen G. McConahey, Donald F. McLellan, J. Kenneth Menges, Jr., Philip Merrill, Jeremiah L. Murphy, Martha T. Muse, Della Newman, John E. Osborn, Paul Hae Park, Gerald L. Parsky, Michael J. Polenske, Donald Robert Quartel, Jr., J. John L. Richardson, Margaret Milner Richardson, Larry D. Richman, Edwin Robbins, Robert G. Rogers, Otto Ruesch, B. Francis Saul, III, Alan Schwartz, Timothy R. Scully, J. Michael Shepherd, George P. Shultz, Raja W. Sidawi, Debbie Siebert, Thomas L. Siebert, Kenneth Siegel, Ron Silver, William A. Slaughter, James H. Small, Thomas F. Stephenson, Wilmer Thomas, Norma Kline Tiefel, Mark C. Treanor, Christine M. Warnke, Ruth Westheimer, Pete Wilson, Deborah Wince-Smith, Herbert S. Winokur, Jr., Paul Martin Wolff, Joseph Zappala, Richard S. Ziman

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