DOCSLIB.ORG

View Photographs of Webs Allowed Me To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
View Photographs of Webs Allowed Me To DOES PLASTICITY IN THE WEB BUILDING BEHAVIOR OF THE WESTERN BLACK WIDOW SPIDER, LATRODECTUS HESPERUS, AFFECT FORAGING AND DEFENSE? A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Jacquelyn Zevenbergen August, 2007 DOES PLASTICITY IN THE WEB BUILDING BEHAVIOR OF THE WESTERN BLACK WIDOW SPIDER, LATRODECTUS HESPERUS, AFFECT FORAGING AND DEFENSE? Jacquelyn Zevenbergen Thesis Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Dean of College Dr. Todd Blackledge Dr. Ronald F. Levant ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Stephen C. Weeks Dr. George R. Newkome ______________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Peter Niewiarowski ______________________________ Department Chair Dr. Bruce Cushing ii ABSTRACT The black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus, constructs a three-dimensional cobweb that contains a tangled sheet held in place by supporting silk threads, and uses sticky gumfooted threads, instead of sticky spirals, to adhere to prey. Both the size of the sheet and the number of gumfooted threads may facilitate prey capture, while the supporting silk threads may enhance predator defense by surrounding the spider with silk barriers. We found that fasted L. hesperus constructed webs with more capture than support components compared to fed spiders, even though fed spiders typically invest more silk overall in webs. We hypothesize that fasted spiders spin webs with architectures that function better at prey capture while webs spun by fed spiders function better at defense. To test the foraging efficacy of the two types of webs, we allowed spiders to forage on crickets for three hours, videotaping them to record both successful and unsuccessful attempts to capture prey. We also attempted to compare the ability of the webs to protect spiders from predatory mud-dauber wasps, Chalybion caeruleum and Sceliphron caementarium. To eliminate spider motivation as a confounding factor, half of the individuals were placed on webs spun by spiders of the opposite foraging history. Our results show that, regardless of foraging motivation, spiders were 28% more likely to capture prey, and caught twice as many crickets, when foraging on webs spun by fasted spiders versus fed spiders. We were unable to collect enough data to test the anti- predation efficacy of the two different types of webs; however we never observed S. iii caementarium entering any cobweb during two months of observation. In contrast, we observed C. caeruleum entering theridiid webs and displaying prey mimic behavior on multiple occasions. Therefore, we conclude that hungry spiders invest their silk in the components of webs that best increase foraging success – while fed spiders increase their investment of silk in the non-foraging components that may protect them from predation. iv DEDICATION To my mother and son, Janice and Jud: for their understanding when I could not spend the time with them that they deserved. To my late father, Edward: for giving me confidence with his belief that I could accomplish anything that I was willing to work for. And most importantly, to my husband, John: I could not have realized my dreams without your sacrifice of my companionship and willingness to suffer through a chaotic home life while I focused on my education. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Todd Blackledge, for his support and encouragement as I have traveled my academic journey. I appreciate his patience and wonderful advice and all of the time he has spent reading, re-reading and offering numerous suggestions for my papers and presentations. The members of my committee, Dr. Stephen C. Weeks and Dr. Peter Niewiarowski, have both offered valuable perspectives on my research and shown a serious interest in my progress. I would also like to express my gratitude for the help I received from two undergraduate students, Nicki Schneider and Hannah Koppleberger. I will forever be grateful for the Biology Department office staff, Sue Robinson and Cheryl O’Dear, for their willingness to help me navigate the policies and procedures of graduate school. In addition to the staff, the faculty members of this department have been a wonderful resource; I have met almost every faculty member, and I have expanded my respect for science because of my conversations with many of them. Funding for this research project was provided by NSF, the American Arachnological Society, and the Christian Stinner Memorial Scholarship. I am grateful to Dr. Paul Martin for his investment in the Dr. Paul E. Martin Center for Field Studies and Environmental Education where I conducted most of my research and to the Crown Point Ecology Center and Hale Farm & Village where I collected wasps for my study. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………..ix LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................…...1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS………………...…………………………………….8 Experiment 1: Do webs constructed by fasted spiders function better in foraging?..................................................................................................................8 Experiment 2- Do webs constructed by fasted spiders function better in defense?..………………………………………………….………………….…..12 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………….15 III. RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………....17 Experiment #1- Foraging..………………………………………….……………17 Experiment #2- Defense……..………………………..…………………………20 IV. DISCUSSION……..………………………………………………………………....23 Experiment #1- Foraging...………………………………………………………23 Experiment #2- Defense..……………………………..…………………………31 General Discussion……………………………………..…………………..……33 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..47 vii APPENDICES………………………………………………………………….………..54 APPENDIX A. SPIDER RAW DATA.................................................................55 APPENDIX B. WEB RAW DATA..................................................................…58 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Foraging types and predator defense strategies ………………………………..……37 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Theridiid webs………….……………………………………………….……..…....38 2. Allocations of silk based on prey availability…...…………………….………....….39 3. Fed and fasted spiders construct different webs…………………………..……..….40 4. Setup for single trial of foraging experiment……………………….…………..…...40 5. Spider condition…………………………………..……………………………...….41 6. Types of silk investment…………………….……………………………….…..….42 7. Percent of trials with capture success…………………………………………..…...43 8. Frequency of number of crickets captured……...………………………………..….44 9. Time until first capture………………………….………………………………..….45 10. Comparison of number of gumfoots to the number of crickets caught……..…..…..46 11. Comparison of number of gumfoots to the time of first capture………………...….46 x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Most animals must balance selective pressures from successful foraging and predator defense (Jennions & Petrie, 1997; Lind & Cresswell, 2005; Sih et al., 2004b; Lima & Dill, 1990). Animals need to achieve a minimal amount of foraging success to provide the energy needed for survival and reproduction while successful predator defense is necessary for survival. Maximizing the fitness benefits of both foraging and defensive behaviors in the same context is seldom possible because the optimal behaviors for one trait are often counterproductive to maximizing the other (Blackledge & Wenzel, 1999; Lima, 1998; Lima & Bednekoff, 1999; Lima & Dill, 1990; Jennions & Petrie, 1997; Lind & Cresswell, 2005; Sih et al., 2004a). Behavioral plasticity allows animals to adjust their behavior as their needs for defense or foraging change (Blackledge & Wenzel, 1999; Li & Lee, 2004; Lima, 1998; Lima & Dill, 1990; Lind & Cresswell, 2005). Both internal changes, such as developmental shifts in energy needs or predation risk (Bilde et al., 2002; Eberhard, 2003; Higgins, 1992a; Rayor & Uetz, 1990; Rayor & Uetz, 1993; Schoener & Spiller, 1992), and external changes such as fluctuations in prey availability (Blackledge & Wenzel, 2001b; Craig et al., 2001; Herberstein et al., 2000; Pasquet et al., 1999) or predator density (Barnes et al., 2002; Persons et al., 2002; Walker & Rypstra, 2003; Wilder & Rypstra, 2004), can influence whether defense or foraging is 1 more important for fitness at different times. Other types of plasticity, such as morphological and physiological plasticity can evolve to deal with developmental or seasonal challenges (Ebert, 1996; Greene, 1996; Levitan, 1987; Morrison & Hero, 2003) but behavioral plasticity evolves because it allows individual animals to maximize their fitness in their current environment (Lima, 1998; Lima & Dill, 1990; Marchand & McNeil, 2004). Behavioral strategies, for example nocturnal activity, that successfully minimize the conflict between foraging and defense by temporally separating the costs and benefits of each can improve fitness (Cloudsley- Thompson, 1995). For example, if animals could meet their energy needs without foraging when prey was scarce (low benefit) and predation was high (high cost), and instead they foraged when prey was abundant (high benefit) and predation was low (low cost), they would enjoy greater fitness. One of the ways animals could deal with spatial variations is to move to the habitat
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Koexistence a Rozdělení Niky U Pavouků Rodu Philodromus
    Masarykova univerzita Přírodovědecká fakulta Ústav botaniky a zoologie Koexistence a rozdělení niky u pavouků rodu Philodromus Diplomová práce Autor: Radek Michalko Brno 2012 Vedoucí DP: doc. Mgr. Stano Pekár Ph.D. 1 Souhlasím s uloţením této diplomové práce v knihovně Ústavu botaniky a zoologie PřF MU v Brně, případně v jiné knihovně MU, s jejím veřejným půjčováním a vyuţitím pro vědecké, vzdělávací nebo jiné veřejně prospěšné účely, a to za předpokladu, ţe převzaté informace budou řádně citovány a nebudou vyuţívány komerčně. V Brně 8.1.2012 ………………………………… Podpis 2 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Zejména bych chtěl poděkovat vedoucímu mé diplomové práce panu docentu Stanu Pekárovi, ţe mi umoţnil pracovat na tomto tématu, za trpělivé vedení a uţitečné rady. Dále bych chtěl velice poděkovat mým rodičům, bez jejichţ osobní a finanční podpory by tato práce nevznikla. Rovněţ bych chtěl poděkovat Lence Sentenské, Evě Líznarové, Pavlovi Šebkovi a Stanovi Korenkovi za podporu a cenné rady všeho druhu. 3 ABSTRAKT Koexistence a rozdělení niky pavouků rodu Philodromus V této diplomové práci byl zkoumán mechanismus umoţňující koexistenci mezi Philodromus albidus, P. aureolus a P. cespitum. Studie probíhala na území významného krajinného prvku U Kříţe v Brně Starém Lískovci. Studované území se skládá ze třech typů biotopů: listnatý les, křoviny a monokultura švestek. Pavouci byli získáváni pomocí sklepávání. U zkoumaných druhů byly porovnávány různé dimenze niky. Prostorová nika byla zkoumána na základě mikro- aţ makrobiotopových preferencí. Trofická nika byla zkoumána na základě velikosti a typu přirozené kořisti a pomocí laboratorních experimentů potravních preferencí. Časová nika byla zkoumána na základě fenologie jednotlivých druhů. Studované druhy se lišily v prostorové a trofické nice.
    [Show full text]
  • Mai Po Nature Reserve Management Plan: 2019-2024
    Mai Po Nature Reserve Management Plan: 2019-2024 ©Anthony Sun June 2021 (Mid-term version) Prepared by WWF-Hong Kong Mai Po Nature Reserve Management Plan: 2019-2024 Page | 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Regional and Global Context ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Local Biodiversity and Wise Use ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Geology and Geological History ................................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Hydrology ................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.5 Climate ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Climate Change Impacts ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.7 Biodiversity ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SA Spider Checklist
    REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Web-Monitoring Tactics on the Density of Mitochondria
    JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY2t3:34t-347 (1992) Influenceof Web-MonitoringTactics on the Densityof Mitochondriain LegMuscles of theSpider Family Uloboridae BRENT D. OPELL ANo DAVID C, KONUR ni a Po t v t ec h n i c I ns t i t ut e qn d s tat e (rn iu e r si tv, Er:ff:w, {,i;: l:y; [; ;ri ABSTRACT From electron micrographs we determined the ratio of mitochon- drial to myofibril cross sectional area in cells of the first leg anterior depressor muscles of adult females of four spider species, each from a different genus. Specieswith more active web-monitoring tactics and greater tracheal supplies to their first legs have muscle cells that are better supplied with mitochondria than those with less active tactics and less well-developed tracheal systems. These results demonstrate that, even in homologous tissues of closely related species,mitochondrial supply can change to accommodate changesin metabolic activity. o 1992Wiley-Liss, Inc. Mitochondria are the sites of oxidative single monitoring line and shake the web '87a).In phosphorylation and are found in greater when a prey strikes it (Opell, both numbers in more active tissues.For example, orb-web and reduced-web spiders, the first in insects mitochondrial densitv is low in legs play an important role in web monitor- small visceral muscles and inactive fat cells ing and manipulation. (Dean '85; '68; 'ZB) et al., Smith, Sohal, and As summarized in Table 1, previous stud- high in metabolically active tissues such as ies show that these differences in web-moni- flight muscles (Chapman,'54; Edwards and toring tactics are reflected in both the web- Ruska, '55; Levenbook '56; and Williams, monitoring force expressed by a species and Smith, '62), (Smith, '68; Malpighian tubules the degree of its tracheal development (Opell, Wigglesworth and Salpeter, '62), '87a,b).
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
    MEASURING THE MASS OF SMALL ARTHROPOD MUSCLES* BY BRENT D. OPELL Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 There are balances sensitive enough to measure the masses of small arthropod muscles, but preparing and handling these tissues can be problematic. It is often difficult to remove intact muscles and, once removed, they are easily damaged. The method described in this paper can be used to determine the mass of free muscle tissue, muscles that are left attached to pieces of the exoskeleton for easier handling, and muscles within intact arthropod appendages. This method employs a spectrophotometer to measure the amount of dye released when stained muscle tissue is dissolved in sodium hydroxide. A number of biological stains may prove useful in this technique, although they must be able to withstand an extremely high pH. The example presented below uses Wilkey's doublestain, purchased from Arthropod Slidemounts, P.O. Box 185, Bluffton, IN 46714. This stain contains 5 ml of 5% aqueous acid fuchsin and 10 ml of 5% aqueous lignin pink in 100 ml of modified Essig's aphid clearing fluid (Essig 1948), consisting of 20 parts 85% lactic acid, 2 parts liquified phenol, 4 parts glacial acetic acid, and part distilled water. To test this procedure, I determined the first leg muscle masses for a developmental series of the spider Miagrammopes pinopus Chick- ering (Uloboridae) from the U.S. Virgin Islands (Opell 1987). These spiders' live weights ranged from 0.63 to 4.27 mg. I killed and pre- served them in 75% ethanol, removed their two first legs at the trochanter-femur joint, and stained these legs for 20 days at room temperature in Wilkey's stain.
    [Show full text]
  • Spidroin Profiling of Cribellate Spiders Provides Insight Into the Evolution of Spider Prey Capture Strategies
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Spidroin profling of cribellate spiders provides insight into the evolution of spider prey capture strategies Nobuaki Kono1*, Hiroyuki Nakamura2, Masaru Mori1, Masaru Tomita1 & Kazuharu Arakawa1 Orb-weaving spiders have two main methods of prey capture: cribellate spiders use dry, sticky capture threads, and ecribellate spiders use viscid glue droplets. Predation behaviour is a major evolutionary driving force, and it is important on spider phylogeny whether the cribellate and ecribellate spiders each evolved the orb architecture independently or both strategies were derived from an ancient orb web. These hypotheses have been discussed based on behavioural and morphological characteristics, with little discussion on this subject from the perspective of molecular materials of orb web, since there is little information about cribellate spider-associated spidroin genes. Here, we present in detail a spidroin catalogue of six uloborid species of cribellate orb-weaving spiders, including cribellate and pseudofagelliform spidroins, with transcriptome assembly complemented with long read sequencing, where silk composition is confrmed by proteomics. Comparative analysis across families (Araneidae and Uloboridae) shows that the gene architecture, repetitive domains, and amino acid frequencies of the orb web constituting silk proteins are similar among orb-weaving spiders regardless of the prey capture strategy. Notably, the fact that there is a diference only in the prey capture thread proteins strongly supports the monophyletic origin of the orb web. An orb-weaving spider generally has morphologically distinct types of abdominal silk glands, and each silk gland synthesizes specialized silk proteins (spidroins) and produces up to seven diferent silks with diverse mechanical properties1–4.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Spider Webs As Edna Tool for Biodiversity Assessment of Life's
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.18.209999; this version posted July 19, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Spider webs as eDNA tool for biodiversity assessment of life’s domains Matjaž Gregorič1*, Denis Kutnjak2, Katarina Bačnik2,3, Cene Gostinčar4,5, Anja Pecman2, Maja Ravnikar2, Matjaž Kuntner1,6,7,8 1Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 4Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 5Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China 6Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 7Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution, NW, Washington, DC 20560-0105, USA 8Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China *Corresponding author: Matjaž Gregorič, [email protected], [email protected]. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.18.209999; this version posted July 19, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Atowards a PHYLOGENY of ENTELEGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE)
    1999. The Journal of Arachnology 27:53-63 aTOWARDS A PHYLOGENY OF ENTELEGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE) Charles E. Griswold1, Jonathan A. Coddington2, Norman I. Platnick3 and Raymond R. Forster4: 'Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 USA; 2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, NHB-105, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA; 3Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA; 4McMasters Road, R.D. 1, Saddle Hill, Dunedin, New Zealand ABSTRACT. We propose a phylogeny for all entelegyne families with cribellate members based on a matrix of 137 characters scored for 43 exemplar taxa and analyzed under parsimony. The cladogram confirms the monophyly of Neocribellatae, Araneoclada, Entelegynae, and Orbiculariae. Lycosoidea, Amaurobiidae and some included subfamilies, Dictynoidea, and Amaurobioidea (sensu Forster & Wilton 1973) are polyphyletic. Phyxelidinae Lehtinen is raised to family level (Phyxelididae, NEW RANK). The family Zorocratidae Dahl 1913 is revalidated. A group including all entelegynes other than Eresoidea is weakly supported as the sister group of Orbiculariae. The true spiders or Araneomorphae (ara- Raven (1985) and Goloboff (1993a) for My- neae verae of Simon 1892) comprise more galomorphae (15 families); Coddington (1986, than 30,000 described species. The classifi- 1990a, b) for Orbiculariae (13 families) and cation of this group has undergone a revolu- Entelegynae; Platnick et al. (1991) on haplo- tion in the last 30 years, sparked by Lehtinen's gynes (17 families) and Araneomorphae; Gris- (1967) comprehensive reassessment of ara- wold et al. (1994, 1998) for Araneoidea (12 neomorph relationships and steered by Hen- families), and Griswold (1993) for Lycosoidea nig's phylogenetic systematics (Hennig 1966; and related families (11 families).
    [Show full text]
  • Simplifying Understory Complexity in Oil Palm Plantations Is Associated
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Received: 20 June 2017 | Revised: 24 October 2017 | Accepted: 6 December 2017 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3772 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Simplifying understory complexity in oil palm plantations is associated with a reduction in the density of a cleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes miniaceus (Araneae: Theridiidae), in host (Araneae: Nephilinae) webs Dakota M. Spear1 | William A. Foster1 | Andreas Dwi Advento2 | Mohammad Naim2 | Jean-Pierre Caliman2 | Sarah H. Luke1,3 | Jake L. Snaddon4 | Sudharto Ps2 | Edgar C. Turner1 1Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Abstract 2PT SMART Tbk, SMART Research Institute, Expansion of oil palm agriculture is currently one of the main drivers of habitat Pekan Baru, Indonesia modification in Southeast Asia. Habitat modification can have significant effects on 3Durrell Institute of Conservation and biodiversity, ecosystem function, and interactions between species by altering species Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, abundances or the available resources in an ecosystem. Increasing complexity within UK modified habitats has the potential to maintain biodiversity and preserve species inter- 4Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK actions. We investigated trophic interactions between Argyrodes miniaceus, a clep- toparasitic spider, and its Nephila spp. spider hosts in mature oil palm plantations in Correspondence Dakota M. Spear, Department of Zoology, Sumatra, Indonesia. A. miniaceus co- occupy the webs of Nephila spp. females and sur- University of Cambridge, Downing Street, vive by stealing prey items caught in the web. We examined the effects of experimen- Cambridge, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Ecology of Spiders in Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park a World Heritage Site in Gujarat
    DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDERS IN CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN GUJARAT CONCISE SUMMARY OF Ph.D. THESIS DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA VADODARA-390002 AUGUST, 2019 ARCHANA YADAV Table of Contents Introduction………………………. ................................................................ 4 Review of literature ......................................................................................... 8 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 9 Results………… ............................................................................................12 Discussion………. .........................................................................................25 Conclusion……. ............................................................................................26 References……… ..........................................................................................28 List of Figures Figure 1 Crossopriza lyoni carrying their eggs ................................................................ 7 Figure 2 Eye arrangement of typical spider ........................................................................ 7 Figure 3 Enlarged view of female epigynum ...................................................................... 7 Figure 4 Pavagadh............................................................................................................. 11 Figure 5 Pitfall
    [Show full text]
  • Spiders of Gujarat: a Preliminary Checklist
    OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa fs dedfcated to bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally by publfshfng peer-revfewed arfcles onlfne every month at a reasonably rapfd rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org . All arfcles publfshed fn JoTT are regfstered under Creafve Commons Atrfbufon 4.0 Internafonal Lfcense unless otherwfse menfoned. JoTT allows unrestrfcted use of arfcles fn any medfum, reproducfon, and dfstrfbufon by provfdfng adequate credft to the authors and the source of publfcafon. Journal of Threatened Taxa Bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Short Communfcatfon Spfders of Gujarat: a prelfmfnary checklfst Archana Yadav, Reshma Solankf, Manju Sflfwal & Dolly Kumar 26 September 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 9 | Pp. 10697–10716 10.11609/jot. 3042 .9. 9. 10697–10716 For Focus, Scope, Afms, Polfcfes and Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/About_JoTT For Arfcle Submfssfon Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdelfnes For Polfcfes agafnst Scfenffc Mfsconduct vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT_Polfcy_agafnst_Scfenffc_Mfsconduct For reprfnts contact <[email protected]> Publfsher/Host Partner Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2017 | 9(9): 10697–10716 Spiders of Gujarat: a preliminary checklist Archana Yadav 1, Reshma Solanki 2, Manju Siliwal 3 & Dolly Kumar 4 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) 1,2,4 Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda Baroda,
    [Show full text]
  • Su Yong Chao Dissertation.Ready to Submit0517
    A gang of thieves — evolution of cooperative kleptoparasitism in the subfamily Argyrodinae (Araneae: Theridiidae). By Yong-Chao Su University of Kansas, 2012 Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson : Deborah R. Smith ________________________________ Member : Rafe M. Brown ________________________________ Member : Bruce Cutler ________________________________ Member : Mark T. Holder ________________________________ Member : Paul A. Selden ________________________________ Member : Matthew Buechner Date Defended : May 14th , 2012 The Dissertation Committee for Yong-Chao Su certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: A gang of thieves — evolution of cooperative kleptoparasitism in the subfamily Argyrodinae (Araneae: Theridiidae). ________________________________ Chairperson : Deborah R. Smith Date approved: May 16th, 2012 ii Abstract This is the first comprehensive study of group-living behavior in kleptoparasitic Argyrodinae, and the first species level molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Argyrodinae (Araneae: Theridiidae). I included four research chapters in this dissertation. In Chapter 2, I showed the first empirical study of cooperative kleptoparasitism in Argyrodes miniaceus. The results showed that, at least at the level of foraging, group- living behavior has adaptive
    [Show full text]