YUDESI PRIMARY SCHOOL P.6 S.ST LESSON NOTES TERM 1, 2020 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (1967 -1977)

1. The East African Community was a common market which united the three East African countries. 2. What is a common market? • This is an economic grouping formed by countries to promote common interest especially trade among member states. • A group of countries that have accepted to work together with the major aim of promoting trade. • N.B: Another name for a common market is Regional Economic Grouping. 3. Organizations that existed before the East African Community. a) The East African High Commission formed in 1948. -The East African Common Services Organization formed in 1961 to replace the East African -High Commission. 4. The headquarters of the East African High Commission were at Nairobi. 5. The countries that formed the East African Community in 1967 were;. -Uganda -Kenya -Tanzania MAP OF EAC COUNTRIES 1967

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6. The Presidents of East Africa who formed the East African Community in 1967. • H.E. Dr. Apollo Milton Obote of Uganda. • H.E. Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya. • H.E. Julius Kambarage Nyerere of Tanzania.

7. The headquarters of the East African Community were based in Arusha-Tanzania. 8. The headquarters were transferred from Kenya to Arusha-Tanzania based on the complaints from Uganda and Tanzania that Kenya was over benefiting than the other East African countries.

OBJECTIVES/AIMS/REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY IN 1967 • To have a common tax on imports and exports. • To promote unity/co-operation among member countries. • To create market forum for goods and services in member states. • To allow free movement of goods and services in the region.. • To promote transport and communication for easy flow of trade..

HOW DID THE COUNTRIES OF EAST AFRICA BENEFIT FROM THE EAC BEFORE IT COLLAPSED IN 1967? 1. Member countries paid reduced taxes on goods. 2. There was free movement of goods and people among member countries. 3. Member countries got goods they didn’t produce. 4. Member countries got ready market for their goods. 5. There was unity and co-operation among member countries.

SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE E.A.C. (1967-77) a. Banking through the East African Development Bank. b. Communication through the East African posts and Telecommunications. c. Education through the inter-university council, school of library and information science. d. Transport through the East African railways and harbours.

DEPARTMENTS/CORPORATIONS OF THE FORMER EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (EAC) 1. The East African Development Bank (EADB) with headquarters at Kampala. Page 2

2. The East African Civil Aviation school (Soroti) 3. The East African Examination Council – EAEC. 4. The East African Inter-University Council. 5. The East African Railways and Harbours. 6. The East African Airways. (Nairobi. 7. East African Court of Appeal. 8. East African income tax department. 9. East African Customs and Excise. 10. East African Meteorological Department. 11. East African Try Ponosomiasis Research. 12. East African Literature Bureau. 13. The East African Legislative Assembly. (EALA) (Arusha)

Problems faced by the East African Community. a) Political differences among member states. b) Lack of a common currency. c) Shortage of funds to provide services to the peoples.

Reasons for the collapse/decline/disintergration of the east African community (1977) 1. Shortage of funds. 2. Misunderstandings among the presidents of East Africa e.g. Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Iddi Amin Dada of Uganda. 3. Differences in political ideologies among member countries e.g. Kenya and Uganda were capitalists while Tanzania was a socialist state. 4. Lack of good will among leaders. 5. Product duplication in the region.

N.B. Capitalism is a system of government where individuals are allowed to own their personal property while socialism is a system where most property and business are owned by the government. (Use the example of UJAMA villages where we had communal ownership of property) 6. Uganda and Tanzania thought that Kenya was benefitting more. 7. There was lack of a common currency.

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Revival of the East African Community. V The EAC was revived on the 4th March 1996. V List the heads of state that revived the EAC. -President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni of Uganda. -President Daniel Arap Moi of Kenya. -President Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania. Name the current members of EAC. • Uganda • Kenya • Tanzania • Rwanda • Burundi Why the East African community was revived in 1996 • To have a common tax on imports and exports. • To promote unity/co-operation among member countries. • To create market forum for goods and services in member states. • To allow free movement of goods and services in the region.. • To promote transport and communication for easy flow of trade.. To strengthen the existing institutions of the E.A.C e.g the EADB . N.B: In January 2001, the existing heads of state of East Africa signed a treaty re- establishing the East African Community.

LOCATION OF THEE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY COUNTRIES TODAY (map)

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Departments of the former East African Community that still exist today

1. The East African Development Bank (Kampala). 2. The East African school of Library and Information Science. at (Makerere) 3. The East African Legislative Assembly. 4. The East African Civil Aviation School.

Departments that replaced the former departments of the EAC.

1. Uganda Revenue Authority – replaced East African Income Tax department. 2. Air Tanzania, Kenya Airlines, Air Uganda replaced the East African Airways. 3. UNEB replaced the East African Examinations Council.

Institutions/organs of the East African Community 1. The Summit V This is the main body of the EAC. V It is made up of the heads of state of member states. V Role: To direct the general activities of the organization.

2. The council of ministers. V It consists of the foreign affairs ministers from member states. V Its major role is to make decisions on behalf of the summit.

3. The Secretariat V It is headed by the Secretary General. V The Secretary General is the overall executive officer of the EAC. V The secretariat runs the day to day activities of the EAC Qn; who was the first Secretary General of the revived EAC? Francis Mathura from Kenya. Qn; Who is the current Secretary General of the EAC? Ambassador Dr. Richard Sezibera from Rwanda. Qn; Who is the current chairman of the EAC? H.E. Pierre Nkurunziza from Burundi. 4. The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA)

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V This is the Parliament of East African Community. V It is made up of nine members from each member state. 5. The East African Court of Justice (EACJ) V It consists of respectable judges from member states. V It ensures justice in member countries.

SYMBOLS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE PRESENT EAC.

• National flag. • National Anthem • National Court of Arms • National constitution. • Parliament • National Emblem.

DRAWINGS OF SOME SYMBOLS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE PRESENT EAC

SYMBOLS OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY. There are two major symbols of the EAC. 1. The East African Community flag. 2. The East African Community Court of Arms.

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Diagrams

OTHER REGIONAL ECONOMIC GROUPINGS IN AFRICA. 1. COMESA – Common market for East and Southern Africa. 2. ECOWAS – Economic Community of West African states. 3. SADC – South African Development Community. 4. OPEC – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Problems faced by the EAC and other regional economic groupings. 1. Shortage of funds. 2. Interference from developed countries. 3. Disagreements among some member countries. 4. Lack of a common currency. 5. Civil wars in some countries.

SOLUTIONS 1. Through getting loans from world banks. 2. By having peace talks to solve misunderstandings.

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3. By getting a common currency.

ROUND UP EXERCISE. 1. Write EAC in full. 2. Why was the EAC formed? 3. How have the East African countries benefited from the existence of EAC? 4. Which organization was transformed into EAC? 5. Mention any two problems faced by EAC. 6. Why did the EAC collapse in 1977? 7. What were the functions of East African Development Bank? 8. East African Post and Telecommunication 9. What were the functions of the East African Examination Council? 10. Which African countries have recently joined the EAC? 11. Why did the above countries join the East African Community? 12. Name these officials in the East African Community. a. Secretary General - b. Chairman - 13. Why is Tanzania not a member of COMESA? 14. Mention any two services provided by the EAC. 15. Name any two departments that survived after the collapse of the EAC in 1977. 16. Give any two organs of the EAC. 17. Where were/are the headquarters of the EAC? 18. Give any two symbols of the EAC. 19. A part from the East African community, write down ay three other common markets. 20. Which department provided currency during the defunct EAC? 21. Which department of the East African Community is responsible for training pilots? 22. Where are the headquarters of the East African Development Bank? 23. Write down any three functions of UNEB. 24. State the motto of EAC. 25. Fill the table below about the EAC leaders.

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Country Founder President who President revived

1.

2.

3.

Conditions necessary for the success of a common market/ regional economic grouping a. Countries should be geographically close to another. b. All member countries should have political stability and harmony. c. All member countries should be ready to respect/honour the treaties of the common market. d. Countries should respect the territorial boundaries of the neighbouring countries

Characteristics of common markets. a. There are common taxes charged on imports and exports among member countries. b. There is free movement of goods among member countries. c. There is free movement of labour among member countries. d. There is market forum for goods produced in member states.

LOCATION OF COUNTRIES OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY

• The East African Community is made up of five member countries namely; V Uganda V Kenya V Tanzania V Rwanda V Burundi • The East African region is made up of three countries and these are;

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V Uganda V Kenya V Tanzania • Rwanda and Burundi are geographically located in central Africa. NB: Rwanda and Burundi are members of the East African Community but not geographically located in the East African region.

• East Africa lies between lines of latitude 41/20N to about 121/20S of the Equator and lines of longitude 290E to 420E of the Greenwich meridian. • East Africa includes islands in the Indian Ocean namely. V Zanzibar V Pemba V Mafia

EAST AFRICA AND HER NEIGHBOURS

Study the map above and answer the following questions.

1. Name East Africa’s neighbours in the following directions. a. North i) South Sudan ii) Ethiopia b. South i) Mozambique ii) Malawi

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c. East Indian Ocean d. North East Somalia e. West i) Democratic Republic of Congo ii) Rwanda iii) Burundi f. South West Zambia

2. Give the capital city of each of the following neighbours of East Africa. i) South Sudan – Juba. ii) Ethiopia – Addis Ababa iii) Somalia – Mogadishu iv) Mozambique – Maputo v) Malawi – Lilongwe vi) Zambia – Lusaka vii) Rwanda – Kigali viii) Burundi – Bujumbura ix) D.R.C – Kinshasa

3. Name the major islands that are found at the coast of East Africa. • Zambia • Pemba • Mafia

LAND LOCKED COUNTRIES Land locked countries are countries which have no seaport/or coastline.

Examples of Land locked countries in East Africa and the neighbourhood. a) South Sudan b) Rwanda c) Burundi d) Zambia e) Malawi

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f) Ethiopia g) Uganda Seaports which Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi use to import and export their goods. Mombasa Dar-es-salaam

Guiding questions

1. How is port Mombasa important in the economic development of Uganda? ∫ It is used to handle Uganda’s imports and exports. 2. List the problems faced by landlocked countries. ∫ High taxes are charged on imports and exports ∫ High transport costs on imports and exports. ∫ Goods delay in transit/on the way. 3. How can Uganda solve her problem of being a landlocked country? ∫ Through maintaining a good relationship with neighbours that have seaports. ∫ Joining common markets. ∫ Developing air transport. 4. Which independent African countries were created from ∫ Ethiopia – Eritrea ∫ Sudan – South Sudan 5. How did Ethiopia become a landlocked country? By creating Eritrea as an independent country.

LOCATION OF PLACES USING LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE (GRID REFERENCES) 1) Give the meaning of the following terms: a. Lines of latitude: These are imaginary lines drawn on a map running from East to west. b. Lines of Longitude: These are imaginary lines drawn on a map running from North to South. c. Latitude: The distance North or South of the Equator in degrees. d. Longitude: The distance East or West of the Greenwich meridian. e. Grid reference: The method/process of locating places on a map using lines of latitude and longitude.

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2) How are lines of latitude and longitude important to a map reader? They are used to locate places on a map.

MAJOR LINES OF LATITUDE ∑ The major line of latitude on the globe is known as the Equator. it is marked 00. The Equator divides the Earth into two equal parts known as hemispheres i.e. a. Northern hemisphere b. Southern hemisphere c. Draw the globe and indicate the Northern and Southern hemisphere.

1 0 1 0 Arctic Circle 66 /2 N 66 /2 N

231/ 0 N 1 0 2 23 /2 N Tropic of Cancer Equator 00 00

1 0 23 /2 S 231/ 0 S Tropic of Capricorn 2 1 0 661/ 0 S Antarctic Circle 66 /2 S 2

Other important lines of Latitude. a. The Arctic Circle 661/20N b. The Tropic of Cancer 231/20N c. The Tropic of Capricorn 231/20S d. The Antarctic Circle 66.50S

Importance of the Equator. a. It is used to locate places on a map. b. It determines the climate of an area. Why the Equator is marked zero (00) degrees It’s starting point for measuring lines of Latitude North or South.

African countries crossed by the Equator. ‹ Gabon ‹ Congo Brazaville ‹ Democratic Republic of Congo.

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‹ Uganda ‹ Kenya ‹ Somalia

MAJOR LINES OF LONGITUDE

∑ The major line of longitude on the globe is the Greenwich meridian/Prime meridian. (marked 00) ∑ The Greenwich meridian is called so because it crosses a town called Greenwich in England. NB: The capital city in Africa crossed by the Greenwich Meridian is Accra in Ghana. ∑ The Prime meridian divides the Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres. Draw the globe to show the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

∑ Apart from the Greenwich meridian another major line of longitude is the International Dateline (marked 1800E/W) of the Greenwich.

Importance of Longitudes a. The Greenwich/meridian/ prime meridian. i) To locate places on a map. ii) It is used to tell international time. b. The International Dateline:- i) To determine dates ii) To separate one day from another. Why the Prime meridian is marked 00? • It is the starting point for measuring lines of longitude East or West.

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• It is a centre line on a globe. Importance of lines of longitude on a map. a. They enable to tell time. b. They enable to determine time zones. c. They enable in location of places on the map. Similarity between lines of latitude and longitude. • Both are used to locate places on a map. • Both are imaginary lines drawn on a map. Difference between lines of latitude and longitude. • Lines of latitude are imaginary lines drawn on a map running from East to West while longitudes ere imaginary lines drawn on the map running from North to South. The African countries crossed by the Greenwich meridian are: ∑ Ghana ∑ Burkina Faso ∑ Mali ∑ Algeria

TIME ZONES

∑ What are time zones? These are places on the globe with the same standard time. ∑ Each time zone is made up of 150 of longitude. ∑ Every 150 of longitude, the sun advances for an hour.

Calculating time using time zones i) Every time zone (150) East wards, we gain/ add an hour because the sun rises from the East while every time zone (150W) westwards we lose (subtract) an hour.

Example 1. If it is 5.00 a.m. at Greenwich what time is it in East Africa is 450E of the Greenwich?

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WORKING GMT = 5.00 A.M 150 = 1 HR 450 E = 45 3hrs 15 5.00 am + 3.00 hrs 8.00 am It is 8:00 a.m. in East Africa.

2. IT IS 6:00 P.M in Accra Ghana. What time is it at a place X which is 300N of the Greenwich? GMT = 6:00 pm 150 = 1 hr (1.00 hr) 300W = 300 15 15 = 2.00 hrs = 6.00 p.m. = 2.00 hrs = 4.00 p.m

It is 4:00 p.m at place x.

3. If it is 7:00 a.m. at Greenwich meridian what time is it at place y which is 600E at the Greenwich meridian? GMT = 7:30 a.m. 150 = 1hr (1:00hr) 600E = 60 4:00 hrs 15 = 7:30 + 4:00 hrs 11:30 a.m.

It is 11:30 a.m. at place y. 4. If it is 9:00p.m. In London, what time is it at place x which 0is 45 W of the Greenwich meridian?

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GMT = 9:00 pm. 150 = 1 hr 450 = 450 3 15 = 3:00 hrs = 9:00 p.m It is 6:00 p.m. at place x

ROUND UP EXERCISE.

1. In which geographical region Africa is Uganda found? 2. Which country neighbours East Africa in the North East? 3. Mention one neighbours of East Africa that is landlocked. 4. State any two problems faced by landlocked countries. 5. How is Mombasa important in the economic development of Rwanda? 6. Why the Greenwich meridian is called so? 7. Which line of longitude is used to determine dates? 8. Mention two African countries crossed by the Equator apart from Uganda and Rwanda. 9. Give two countries in Africa which are crossed by the Greenwich meridian. 10. Mention two capital cities on the globe crossed by the Greenwich meridian. 11. Which cash crop is mainly grown on the Zanzibar and Pemba islands? 12. Mention the biggest country among the East African countries. 13. How did Ethiopia become a landlocked country? 14. Name the newly independent neighbour of East Africa. 15. State three common problems faced in the cities of East Africa.

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THEME 2: THE PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA THE CRADLE LAND OF THE PEOPLE OF EAST AFRICA.

History History is the study of the past events in relationship to the present events. We learn about the history of East Africa through different sources.

SOURCES OF AFRICAN HISTORY

1. ORAL TRADITION – This is the history that is passed out by word of mouth from the older generation to the younger generation.. 2. WRITTEN RECORDS This is the type of history gathered by reading written material e.g. books, diaries, newspapers, magazines. 3. ANTHROPOLOGY – This is the study of cultures of different people in societies e.g. way of dressing, dances, ceremonies, food, etc. 4. LINGUISTICS – This is the study of languages spoken by different tribal groups. 5. ARCHAELOLOGY – This is the study of the remains of the early man. The remains of the early man are known as fossils. - People who study about fossils/early man’s remains are called archaeologists. - The process of digging up fossils is called excavation.

ACTIVITY 1. Give the meaning of the following terms: a. Archaeology b.Archaeologist c.fossils 2. Mention any archaeological site known to you.

ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN EAST AFRICA These are people who study about fossils.

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Major archaeologists in East Africa. 1. DR. LOUIS S.B. LEAKEY Dr. L.S.B Leakey and his wife Mrs. Mary Leakey discovered the oldest skull of early man at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. 2. Dr. Merrick Ponansky – He dealt with the excavation of the Chwezi Empire. 3. J.S. Kirk man and Neville Chitick worked at the East African coast.

Note: • The dug up fossils are kept in the museums. • A museum is a place where things of historical importance are kept. • Examples of museums in East Africa. a. Uganda – Uganda Museum - Kabale Museum b. Kenya – Nairobi Museum - Kisumu Museum - Fort Jesus Museum in Mombasa, etc. c. Tanzania – Dar-es- salaam museum - Arusha museum

• Importance of Museums in the development of East Africa. a. They attract tourists who bring in income. b. They provide employment to people. c. They promote research/source of historical information.

ACTIVITY 1. Of what economic importance is Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania? 2. Other than archaeological sites, mention any other tourist sites in E.Africa.

THE STONE AGE PERIOD Stone Age period is the time when man used most tools made of stones. Examples of stone tools. a. Stone knives /hand axe. b. Spears. c. Cleavers d. Bolas

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Stages of the Stone Age period The Stone Age period was divided into three stages. a. Old / Early stone age b. Middle stone age c. New/late stone age

THE OLD/EARLY STONE AGE (Paleolithic period)

∑ During this period, man lived a very simple life. Ways early man used to get food. a. Through hunting b. By gathering wild fruits and honey. c. Through fishing.

Places where the early man lived. -(shelter of early in caves, under trees, in bushes) ∑ The early man had strong teeth and jaws to enable him grind hard food e.g. roots and berries. ∑ During the Old Stone Age, the early man moved naked but later started covering himself with leaves and animals skins.

Important discovery of early man during Old Stone Age.

The discovery of fire. It should therefore be noted that the discovery of fire led to the end of the Old Stone Age and the beginning of the Middle Stone Age.

MIDDLE STONE AGE (Metheolithic period)

∑ During this period early man started making sharper stone tools. ∑ People learnt to fix stone tools on wooden handles. ∑ People made better hunting tools like bows and arrows. ∑ The most important discovery of man during this period was Farming.

The discovery of farming marked the end of the Middle Stone Age and the beginning of the New Stone Age period.

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NEW STONE AGE PERIOD (Neolithic Period) 1) People started living a settled life. 2) People started living in simple huts.

‹ The New Stone Age period ended with the discovery of Iron. The discovery of iron marked the end of the Stone Age period in the history of human nature.

IRON AGE ∑ The discovery of iron marked the end of the Stone Age period. ∑ During this period, man learnt how to make tools out of iron. ∑ How the discovery of Iron improved the early man’s way of living a. He made better hunting tool and farm tools. b. He made better weapons for protection. c. The early man was able to build permanent houses. d. Food production increased which minimized famine.

Problems faced by the early man. Lack of better tools and weapons. Eating raw food. The early man had no clothes. (walked naked)

How fire was useful to the early man. ∑ It enabled him eat roasted food. ∑ It enabled him to warm himself during cold days and nights. ∑ It scared away wild animals stopping them from attacking the people. ∑ It enabled him to stay in caves.

How did the discovery of fire enabled the early man to live in caves. • It provided light and warmth in the cave • It scared wild animals and insects from the caves. Why the early man settled along the river banks. ‹ He wanted to easily trap animals that went to rivers to drink water. ‹ He wanted to get water easily for irrigation and home use. ‹ He wanted to use the fertile soils for farming.

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How farming was useful to the early man. ∑ It enabled man to get a constant supply of food. ∑ It enabled man to live a settled life since he was to stay near his farm to guard his crops from wild animals. ∑ It enabled to the invention of the first calendar.

STONE AGE SITES These were the settlement areas of early man/places where early man used to live.

Importance of Stone Age Sites to the development of East Africa. They attract tourists who bring in income. They are used for research. They provide employment to people.

Important points to note i) Largest /oldest stone age site – Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania ii) Known for rock painting – Nyero Stone Age site, Kondoa in Tanzania.

MAP SHOWING STONE AGE SITES IN EAST AFRICA.

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MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS IN EAST AFRICA An ethnic group is a group of people who share the same origin and speak related languages. The major ethnic groups in East Africa include: i) Cushites / Hamites. ii) Bantu iii) Nilotes iv) Sudanic Different ethnic groups originated from different homelands into East Africa.

Ethnic group Cradle land a. Cushites/Hamites Ethiopian highlands b. Bantu Cameroon highlands c. River – LakeNilotes Bar -el- Ghazel d. Plain Nilotes/high land Nilotes Ethiopian Highlands e. Sudanic South Sudan

GENERAL CAUSES OF TRIBAL MIGRATIONS IN EAST AFRICA ∑ Internal conflicts among the group. ∑ Wars in the cradle land. ∑ Population increase which led to land shortage. ∑ Lack of enough water and pasture as for the case of nomads. ∑ Harsh climate. ∑ Expansionism GENERAL PROBLEMS FACED BY EARLY MIGRANTS V Resistance from indigenous people they found on the way and in places they settled. V Difficulty in movements which caused a lot of fatique. V Attacks by wild animals and diseases. V Difficult terrain. V Food and water shortage. V Harsh climate. EFFECTS OF EARLY MIGRATIONS

• They led to population increase where they settled.

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• New cultures were introduced in the areas where they settled e.g. new languages, • New skills of iron working and farming were introduced. • They led to displacement of the Bushmen. • Led to inter-marriages leading to formation of new races

THE CUSHITES ‹ This was the first tribal group to migrate into East Africa. ‹ The Cushites are believed to have originated from the Ethiopian highlands. ‹ Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa together with Djibouti Eritrea and Somalia. ‹ Examples of cushite tribes in East Africa

Uganda Kenya Tanzania - Bahima -Galla -Iraqw - Batutsi / Tutsi -Somali -Sandawe - Somali -Boran Bunguni - -Rendille 5. The Cushites introduced the idea of iron working in East Africa while Uganda, the idea was introduce by the Bachwezi. 6. The major occupation of the Cushites was and is still pastoralism.

Effects of the cushites in East Africa. a. They introduced the idea of iron smelting. b. They introduced new crops in East Africa e.g. G.nuts, and finger millet. c. They brought in livestock e.g. cattle, sheep and goats.

BANTU ‹ The Bantu are the largest ethnic group in East Africa. ‹ They are a group of people who speak a common language with a suffix “ntu” while referring to a person / human being (omuntu) ‹ The Bantu originated from Cameroon highlands. Other places where the Bantu are believed to have come from include: Around R. Congo in D.R.C. between R. Niger and Benue in Nigeria ‹ The Bantu are sub-divided into four groups: a. Western Bantu- These Bantu tribes entered East Africa through the North Western route e.g. Basoga, Baganda

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b. The Southern Bantu- These used the southern route to enter East Africa – e.g. Ngoni, Hehe. c. The Central Bantu- They used the central route to enter East Africa e.g. The Mjikenda, Polomo d. The Highland Bantu. – These tribes settled around highland areas e.g. – Kikuyu, Embu, Meru (in Kenya), Chagga in Tanzania & Bagisu in Uganda. ‹ Why did the Bantu mainly settle in the interlacustrine region of East Africa? - Due to presence of fertile soils for farming. - Due to presence of reliable rainfall for farming. - To carryout fishing. What do you understand by the term interlacustrine region? ∫ This refers to the area located amidst the great lakes of East Africa.

NB: Ngoni were the last group of the Bantu to migrate to East Africa. This was because of the Shaka Zulu’s civil wars in East Africa. ACTIVITY 1. Name the great lakes of E. Africa. ∫ Lake Victoria ∫ Lake Kyoga ∫ Lake Albert ∫ Lake Edward ∫ Lake George ∫ Lake Eyasi ∫ Lake Naivasha ∫ Lake Turkana

2. Why did the Cushites migrate from their homeland? 3. Give two examples of the Cushites from each E.African country ∫ Uganda ∫ Kenya ∫ c.Tanzania 4. Identify the major skill introduced by the Cushites in E.Africa.

NILOTES/ NILOTIC

1. The Nilotes are the second largest ethnic group in E. Africa.

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2. They are divided into three sub groups; a. The River-lake Nilotes/ Luo speakers b. The Plain Nilotes / Nilo – Hamites c. Highland Nilotes. THE RIVER- LAKE NILOTES ∑ These are people who migrated from Bahr-el- Ghazel in South Sudan. ∑ Their main occupation was pastoralism and fishing. ∑ Examples of River – lake Nilotes

Uganda Kenya Tanzania Acholi Ja-luo Luo Alur Japadhola Langi

∑ When the River –lake Nilotes migrated into Uganda, they first settled at Pubungu (present day Pakwach). ∑ The Nilotic tribe which settled in eastern Uganda is Japadhola. ∑ The River – lake Nilotes who settled in Western Kenya are the Jaluo. ∑ The Nilotic tribe that invaded Bunyoro-Kitara formed the Luo-Babiito dynasty. ∑ The founder of the Luo-Babiito dynasty was Isingoma Rukidi Mpuga.

PLAIN NILOTES 1. They migrated from Ethiopian highlands. 2. Their original occupation was Pastoralism. 3. They are called so because they settled on plains of East Africa.

Tribes under plain Nilotes in East Africa are Uganda Kenya Tanzania Karimojong Masai Masai Iteso Turkana Jie Samburu Kumam

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NB: The Plain Nilotes tribe found in both Kenya and Tanzania is Masai.

THE HIGHLAND NILOTES ‹ They originated from Ethiopian highlands ‹ They are called so because they settled in highland areas e.g. around Mt. Elgon.

Examples of highland Nilotes are;

Uganda Kenya Tanzania Sabiny /sebei Nandi Dadog Pokot Marakweti kipsigis

Map showing the settlement of tribes from different ethnic groups /tribal groups

ROUND UP EXERCISE 1. Mention any one source of history known to you.

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2. During which stone age period was fire discovered? 3. What name was given to the earliest man in East Africa? 4. What role was played by Dr. L.S.B Leakey in the history of East Africa? 5. How is Olduvai Gorge important to the economic development of Tanzania? 6. Why was early man referred to as stone age man? 7. Which new stone age discovery helped early man to live a settled life? 8. How did the discovery of iron smelting help to improve early man’s way of living? 9. How did early man get his food? 10. How is Bigobyamugenyi economically important to our country? 11. Who is an archaeologist? 12. What is an ethnic group? 13. Give the meaning of a tribe. 14. Give the cradleland of the following tribal groups. i) Bantu ii) Nilo-Hamites iii) Cushites iv) River – lake nilotes. 15. Why did the tribal groups migrate from their homeland? 16. Give two tribes that belong to the Sudanic ethnic group in Uganda. 17. What was the first tribal group to migrate into East Africa? 18. Name the Nilotic tribe that migrated and settled in Kenya. 19. Give one tribe that belongs to the highland Bantu in the following countries: a. They settled in areas with fertile soils for farming. b. Presence of reliable rainfall for crop growing. c. They were influenced by their neighbour the Bantu who were crop farmers. d. Their cattle died due to diseases. 20. What problems were faced by the early migrants into East Africa?

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POLITICAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANISATION STRUCUTE OF LONG AGO AND TODAY.

POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS. • Before the coming of colonialists the people of East Africa were organized in; ∑ Kingdoms (under kings) ∑ Chiefdoms (under chiefs) ∑ Clans (under clan heads/council of elders)

KINGDOMS IN EAST AFRICA (CENTRALISED SOCIETIES) ‹ Kingdoms were centralized societies led by kings.

Examples of kingdoms in East Africa.

Uganda Kenya Tanzania Buganda Wanga Karagwe Bunyoro Ankole Tooro

‹ Characteristics of kingdoms V They have hereditary leaders. V They have royal regalia (E.G. royal throne, crown, drum, royal spear, stool) NB: Royal regalia are special objects designed for the king/traditional leaders. V They have centralized administration with one supreme leader called king. V Kingdoms have well established cultural institutions. V People are divided into classes i.e. the royal class and the commoners. V They have special titles given to their kings. V Kingdoms expand by raiding the neigbouring kingdoms.

Advantages of kingdoms ∑ They promote peace and unity. ∑ Kingdoms promote culture. ∑ They promote morals in society. ∑ They mobilise people for development.

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DISADVANTAGES OF KINGDOMS. ∑ Kingdoms promote dictatorship. ∑ They promote tribalism/sectarianism. ∑ They mainly favour members of the royal family over the commoners.

SOME PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETIES AND TITLES OF THEIR LEADERS

LEADERS TITLE OF LEADER Baganda Kabaka Banyoro Omukama Batooro Omukama Banyankore Omugabe Luhya Nabongo Basoga Kyabazinga Nyamwezie Ntemi Iteso Emorimor Acholi Rwot

NB: The people /tribe of Karagwe kingdom are called the Haya/Abahaya.

THE EMPIRE OF BUNYORO KITARA V An empire is a large area of land controlled by one ruler. V Bunyoro- Kitara Empire was the earliest empire to be established in East Africa. It was founded by Ruhanga and his brother Nkya. V The people who founded Bunyoro Kitara empire were the Batembuzi V The Batembuzi were believed to be demi-gods because they could perform miracles. V Isaza was the last king of the Batembuzi. V The Tembuzi dynasty came to an end when king Isaza was locked in the underground by king Nyamiyonga.

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THE BACHWEZI The Bachwezi succeeded the Batembuzi when they disappeared in Bunyoro-Kitara. ∑ The Bachwezi formed an empire known as the Chwezi Empire in Bunyoro Kitara. They also formed a ruling dynasty known as the Chwezi dynasty. ∑ King Ndahura was the first ruler of the Chwezi dynasty and king Wamala was the last of the Chwezi rulers. How iron working strengthened the Chwezi Empire. ° They made strong iron weapons for expansion. ° They made strong iron tools for growing crops. ° It led to increased food production.

∑ The headquarters of the Bachwezi was Bigobyamugenyi. ∑ The Bachwezi introduced royal regalia like royal drums, royal spears, royal arrows, royal Shield, royal chairs. NB Royal regalia are symbols or emblems of the kingdom.

Contributions of the Bachwezi

Economic contributions ∫ They introduced the knowledge of iron smelting. ∫ They introduced long horned cattle into East Africa. ∫ They started coffee cultivation. ∫ They started salt mining on Lake Katwe. ∫ They introduced pottery.

Political contributions. ∫ They introduced centralized monarchy. ∫ They introduced the building of reed palaces for their kings. ∫ They introduced royal regalia. ∫ They introduced hierarchy of officials in their kingdom.

Social contributions

∫ They introduced Mweso games(local chess). ∫ They introduced the building of gross thatched huts. ∫ They introduced the idea of digging ditches to provide animals with water.

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Reasons for the collapse of the Chwezi dynasty. ∫ The Luo invasion. ∫ The empire became too large to be ruled by one leader. ∫ Constant civil wars. ∫ The invasion of human and animal diseases. ∫ Drought and famine. ∫ Disunity among the people. ∫ The death of their beloved cow (Bihogo) made the Bachwezi believe that they had to leave the kingdom.

THE NYAMWEZI EMPIRE ∑ The word “Nyamwezi’ mean people of the moon. ∑ Nyamwezi empire was situated south of Lake Victoria. ∑ The name Nyamwezi was given to them by the coastal dwellers because they came from the Western direction from where the new moon is first seen. ∑ The rulers of the Nyamwezi had “Ntemi” as their special title. Ntemi was assisted by elders, priests ,councils ,and herdsmen. Famous rulers of the Nyamwezi

MIRAMBO

° Mirambo started as the ruler of a small chiefdom known as Ugowe. ° He expanded his territory by attacking neigbouring chiefdoms. ° Mirambo had his headquarters at Urambo. Mirambos ambitions were to create a large empire with wealth and military power. ° The major trade routes to the coast passed through his empire. ° Urambo,Miramboscapital became a major trading centre. ° Mirambo got involved in trade wars with the Arabs because; -The Ruga-Rugas were well traied and strong warriors. -The Arabs agreed to Mirambos demands and opened the major trade routs.

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Reasons for Mirambo’s success.

∑ Mirambo was very and hard working. ∑ His ability to absorb conquered soldiers and recruit into his army. ∑ Mirambo had well trained army called Ruga Ruga. ∑ His acquisition of guns from the Long distance trade. ∑ His courage and personality of leading his troops into battle and commanding them in the battle field. Factors for the down fall of Mirambo’s empire.

V The death of Mirambo led to the collapse of his empire. V There was no unifying force. V The retention of much power by the local chiefs. V The Ruga Ruga would sell their services to any one who pays them. V The empire became too large to be controlled by one leader. V The coming of weak leaders like Mpandashola ,Mirambo’s brother.

NYUNGU YA MAWE

∑ Nyungu ya Mawe is a praise name meaning “Pot of Stone”. ∑ Nyungu ya Mawe was one of the greatest rulers of the Nyamwezi. ∑ The headquarters of Nyungu ya Mawe was at Kiwele. ∑ Just like Mirambo, Nyungu ya Mawe also has the Ruga Ruga as his army.

Reasons for the success of nyungu ya mawe. • He raided caravans off their items. • He sold slaves and ivory. • He had full control over the main routes. Note -Nyungu ya Mawe’s empire collapsed when the Germans occupied his capital Kiwele in 1985.

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BUNYORO KINGDOM

∑ The kingdom of Bunyoro should nat be confused with Bunyoro Kitara empire. The kingdom of Bunyoro was founded by the Luo- Babito. ∑ The kings of Bunyoro ore given the title”Omukama”. ∑ The kingdom of Bunyoro was founded by Isingoma Rukidi Mpuga and his twin brother Kato kimera. Factors for the growth of Bunyoro kingdom V The kingdom had able leaders like Omukama Kabalega. V The kingdom had strong soldiers like Abarusura. V The people of Bunyoro were united.

BUGANDA KINGDOM ‹ It is believed that Buganda kingdom was founded by either Kintu or Kato Kimera. ‹ In the beginning , it was a small state made up of three counties namely; Busiro Mawokota Kyadondo ‹ Buganda expanded mainly by attacking her neighbours especially Bunyoro. ‹ By the time of the coming o the colonialists, Buganda was the most powerful kingdom in the interlacustrine region.

FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF BUGANDA KINGDOM. ‹ Buganda had enough food due to presence of fertile soils. ‹ Buganda has a well organized centralized system of administration. ‹ Buganda acquired guns from foreigners which they used to expand the kingdom. ‹ The coming of the British helped Buganda to acquire more land from Bunyoro. ‹ Buganda’s strategic location near L. Victoria provided a natural defence against the enemies. ‹ Buganda participated in the Long distance trade which enabled her to gain more wealth.

NB: The capital/headquarters of Buganda were at Mengo.

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WANGA KINGDOM Wanga kingdom was the only Bantu kingdom located in Kenya. The Bantu tribe that formed this kingdom were the Abaluhya. ‹ The title given to the kings of Wanga kingdom is Nabongo. ‹ Wanga kingdom acquired it’s name from one of It’s chief known as Wanga. ‹ Nabongo Mumias was a king of Wanga who collaborated with the British. ‹ Wanga kingdom came to an end when the British government rejected their king/chief. KARAGWE KINGDOM o Karagwe kingdom was located in Tanzania south of Lake Victoria. It was ruled by the Sita clan whose last ruler was Nono. Ruhinda led the Chwezi migrants from the North and deposited Nono the son of Malya and founded the Hinda dynasty. o The kingdom of Karagwe comprised of both pastoralists and agriculturalists. o King Rumanika was one of the famous kings of Karagwe. He helped James Grant when he fell sick. Reasons for the collapse of Karagwe kingdom ‹ External conflicts. ‹ The coming of the Germans into Tanganyika.

THE ROLE OF KINGS IN KINGDOMS a. They served as supreme judges. b. They served as commanders in chief of the army. c. They were responsible for appointing and dismissing senior officials in the kingdom.

DECENTRALISED SOCIETIES ∑ These were societies where political power was not given to a single individual. ∑ Examples of decentralized societies in East Africa.

Uganda Kenya Tanzania Busoga Nandi Chagga Iteso Masai Hehe Acholi Gusi Sukuma

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CHIEFDOMS IN EAST AFRICA

A Chiefdom is a territorial area ruled by a chief. Characteristics of Chiefdoms. ∑ They are ruled by a chief. ∑ They are ruled in small communities. ∑ The communities are ruled by warriors, medicine men, chiefs, clan heads etc. ∑ Leaders can be changed according to the choice of the community. ∑ In times of war communities join together and fight a common enemy. The Bantu tribes who did not form kingdoms

Uganda Kenya Tanzania Bagisu Kikuyu Chagga Bakiga Kamba Yoo Basoga

The non-Bantu tribes who did not form kingdoms Acholi, Masai, Alur, Iteso, Karimojog, Lugbara, Madi, Turkana,Kipsigis.

Reasons why some tribes did not form kingdoms. ‹ They did not in settled communities. ‹ They were not united. ‹ They were not organized. Reasons why some tribes formed kingdoms ‹ They lived in settled communities. ‹ They were not united. ‹ They were not organized.

SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND CULTURE

∑ Social organization of people refers to the language they speak, their food, religion, education and their beliefs. ∑ The people of East Africa were socially organized in clans under clan heads.

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How different societies organized themselves socially. ‹ According to the age-sets. ‹ Through initiation ceremonies. ‹ Through traditional education. ‹ Through traditional practices. Traditional education ∫ This is also called informal education or indigenous education. It is the type of education acquired from African traditional societies. Characteristics of traditional education. ∑ It is taught from home. (There were no schools) ∑ Children are taught by parents and elders. ∑ It is provided for free. ∑ It has no syllabus. ∑ It is more practical. Instructions received during traditional education. ‹ Table manners. ‹ Respect for the elderly members of the society. ‹ General good behavior in the society. ‹ How to use language e.g. avoid careless talking and rudeness. ‹ Good morals. Skills taught to girls. - Cooking - Washing utensils and clothes. - Collecting fire wood and fetching water. - Taking care of young members of the family. - Taking care of the husband. Skills taught to boys. -wrestling - Hunting -Iron working. - Digging -Raiding other animals. - Looking after cattle. - Fighting How boys and girls were taught. - Through stories. - Though riddles. - Through proverbs. - Through songs. Page 37

Importance of traditional organization. ‹ Training of boys and girls brought op responsible members of the society. ‹ It promotes unity among the people. ‹ Skills of iron working were passed over to the young generation. ‹ Taboos and customs helped to raise god morals among the people. ‹ Age –sets helped in training leaders. CUSTOMS These are the accepted ways of behavior in a society. Examples of customs a) Kneeling of girls while greeting among the Baganda. b) Women not eating chicken/grass hoppers (food taboos) d)Decent dressing

CULTURE Culture is people’s way of life in any given society. Examples of culture in our society. a- Language b- Way of dressing c- Food d- Religion e- Funerals f- Initiation ceremonies g- Marriage ceremonies Types of culture a. Material culture e.g. clothes, crafts, weapons, food etc. b. Non material culture e.g. religion, mode of conduct, taboos, security, language, name etc.

Importance of culture in our society. a- It promotes morals b- It promotes peace among people. c- It promotes unity among education. d- Culture promotes informal education.

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ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF ETHINIC GROUPS. Economic organization: Refers to ways things are connected with trade, industry and development of wealth in a society.

Economic activities: are activities carried out in order to earn a living or money.

Examples of economic activities carried out by ethnic groups. -Crop growing. -Fishing -Pastrolism -Trade -Iron smelting -Pottery -Trade -Salt mining etc.

TRADE Trade is the buying and selling of goods and services.

Barter trade.

Barter trade is the exchange of goods for goods and services for services.

- Advantages of barter trade. It enabled people get goods they couldn’t produce. - It promotes unity/friendship among people. - It does not involve the use of money.. - It promotes chances of employment. Disadvantages of barter trade. - There is double coincidence of wants. - There is no standard measure of value for goods. - It is difficult to move with goods over long distances. - It is difficult to get a trade partner. - It was difficult to balance the value the items.

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Note Barter trade was replaced by monitory trade. Monitory trade is the use of money as a medium of exchange. ‹ Cowries shells was the first type of money to be introduced to East Africa by the Arabs. ‹ Rupees was the second type of money to be introduced to East Africa by the Indians. ‹ Local trade is the type of trade carried out within the country. ‹ Bilateral trade is the type of trade carried out between two countries.

Money is a medium of exchange.

Qualities of a good money. - It should be portable. - It should be divisible - It should be acceptable in settling debts. - Should be durable. - It should act as a standard value.

ACTIVITY

1. How were ethnic groups organized? a. Politically – kingdoms, clans/ chiefdoms. b. Socially – They were in clans/believed in ATR had common languages, cultural activities like customary marriage, funerals, etc. c. Economically – Farming, cattle keeping, trading (barter trade) 2. Mention the factors that led to the decline of Bunyoro – Kitara. 3. State contributions of Bunyoro Kitara/Chwezi Empire to the development of E. Africa.

ROUND UP EXERCISE

1. What is meant by interlacustrine kingdoms of East Africa? These were the kingdoms that were located around the great lakes of East Africa. 2. What was the earliest kingdom in the interlacustrine region? Bunyoro Kitara kingdom

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3. Why were the Bantu able to form kingdoms in East Africa? They were settled since they were farmers. They were organized and united. 4. Why didn’t some tribes like the Masai form kingdoms? They were not settled. 5. What title was given to the traditional leaders of the following societies? a- Wanga b- Nyamwezi c- Busoga d- Acholi 6. How can traditional leaders promote economic development in a country? Through mobilizing people for national development. By encouraging people to grow cash crops. 7. How did the coming of the Arabs help in the growth and expansion of Buganda kingdom? 8. Mention any two characteristics of kingdoms. 9. How can kingdoms be disadvantageous in a country? 10. What is culture? 11. Identify one value of culture in a society. 12. Mention two ways the Western world has influenced the African culture. a- The way of worship in modern/religion/Christianity. b- Introduction of foreign languages e.g. English 13. Name the Bantu kingdoms that existed in each of the following; a- Kenya b- Tanzania 14. Mention three factors that led to the decline of Bunyoro-Kitara Empire. a- The invasion /coming of the Luo. b- There was prolonged drought and famine. c- The empire was too big to be led by one leader / king. d- Misfortunes like the death of their cow Bihogo. e- Internal conflicts f- Epidemic diseases 15. What name was given to Mirambo’s army/warriors in Nyamwezi Empire? The RugaRuga 16. Who was the founder of the Nyamwezi Empire in central Tanzania? Chief Mirambo

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17. A part from Mirambo mention any other famous ruler of the Nyamwezi Empire. Nyungu ya Mawe. 18. Who was the famous king of Karagwe kingdom that directed John Speke and James Grant to Buganda? King Rumanika 19. Name the first and last king of the Bachwezi. a. First b. Last 20. How did the Bachwezi contribute to the development of East Africa? a. Economic contributions. - They introduced iron smelting. - They introduced long horned cattle - They introduced bark cloth making. - They introduced coffee cultivation. - They introduced the idea of salt mining around L. Katwe. - They introduced the idea of pottery.

b. Social contributions. - They introduced wooden sandals. - They introduced local chess/omweso/board game. - They introduced the idea of bark cloth making. c. Political contribution - They introduced centralized system of governance / leadership. - They introduced royal regalia. - They introduced palace building out of reeds.

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THE EARLY VISITORS TO EAST AFRICA & THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS.

THE ARAB TRADERS IN EAST AFRICA.

∑ The first foreigners to come to East Africa were the Arabs from Saudi Arabia in Asia.

∑ The Arab traders sailed across the Indian Ocean to the coast of East Africa in special boats known as dhows. ∑ The dhows were driven by the monsoon winds across the Indian Ocean to and from the coast of East Africa.

∑ REASONS FOR THE COMING OF ARABS. i) They came to carryout trade. ii) To spread Islamic religion. iii) To seek political refuge/ as political refugees

EFFECTS OF THE ARAB TRADERS IN EAST AFRICA 1. They introduced Islam as a religion in East Africa. 2. They introduced the Zebu cattle 3. They led to introduction of Swahili culture through intermarriages between the Arabs and the coastal Bantu. 4. They developed coastal towns e.g. Kilwa. 5. They introduced new crops e.g. rice, cloves. 6. They introduced slave trade leading to loss of lives. 7. They introduced new items of trade e.g. guns .

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THE ZENJ EMPIRE ‹ The Arabs found the East African coast occupied by black people whom they called the Zenj Meaning black people.

Zenj Empire - Zenj empire refers to the land of the black people ‹ The Arabs referred the East African coast as the Zenj Empire because it was occupied by black people. ‹ The title was given to the chiefs/ leaders of the coastal towns in the Zenj Empire was Sultan ‹ It was not correct for the Arabs to call the coast of East Africa Zenj because each coastal state was independent with its own leader.

THE LONG DISTANCE TRADE.

∑ What was Long distance trade? - This was the trade that was carried out in East Africa between the people of the interior of and those at the coast covering long distances. The long distance trade was carried out in caravan form. ∑ The long distance trade was called so because It involved traders moving long distances from the coast to the interior of East Africa.

Tribes that participated in Long distance trade. - Nyamwezi of Tanzania. - Yao of Tanzania. - Baganda of Uganda. - Kamba of Kenya. - Banyoro of Uganda. - Kikuyu of Kenya - Ngoni of Tanzania. The foreigners who took part in the Long distance trade were; The Arabs and Indians. The major trading centres were; Zanzibar, Kilwa, Bagamoyo in the Interior.

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The goods taken by Africans to the Arabs were; Ivory, Slaves, Salt, Copper, Hides and skins, Iron ore, Wax and Rhinoceros horns.

The goods brought by the Arabs and Indians to the Africans were; Guns, Clothes, Glass, Cups, Plates, and Mirrors.

Famous / Notorious traders during long distance trade. a- Tippu Tip b- Msiri c- Mirambo

Long distance was conducted along three main routes: i) The Southern route ii) The Central route iii) The Northern route

NB: Bagamoyo was the main entry point to early visitors / foreigners into East Africa.

Effects of the long distance trade.

Positive effects. ‹ Kings and chiefs became rich and strong. ‹ Towns developed in East Africa. ‹ New products were brought to East Africa. ‹ It led to intermarriages between Africans ad the Arabs. ‹ It led to introduction of Islam as a religion into East Africa. ‹ New language was introduced due to the intermarriages between the Arabs and the Coastal Bantu. ‹ It led to the introduction of new crops into the region of E.Africa. Negative effects. ‹ Slave trade was introduced with its effects. ‹ Valuable resources were over exploited e.g. Elephants for Ivory. ‹ It led to loss of culture and identity. ‹ There was tribal wars and hatred among people. ‹ It led to foreign influence which later led to colonization. ‹ Introduction of guns led to the collapse of some societies as they were raided.

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MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING LONG DISTANCE TRADE ROUTES

SLAVE TRADE ∑ Slave trade is the buying and selling of human beings.

∑ Slave trade was part of the long distance trade in E. Africa. ∑ It was introduced by the Arabs.

How were slaves acquired / got during long distance trade. a- Through raiding / ambushing villages. b- Through inter-tribal wars thus selling war captives. c- Through buying them from slave trade marchants.

Slave market centres in East Africa. a- Tabora – main inland slave market b- Zanzibar – main slave market in East Africa at the coast and Central Africa. c- Kilwa d- Mombasa e- Malindi

Note The Gore Island in Senegal was the main slave trade market in West Africa. Why the early foreigners / visitors to East Africa first report to the Sultan of Zanzibar. a- To get porters

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b- To get interpreters c- To get guides d- To get permission from the Sultan

ACTIVITY 1. Why did slave trade take long to end in East Africa? - It was supported by the kings and chiefs. - The African kings and chiefs were benefiting. 2. Why did the African kings support slave trade in East Africa? - They were gaining a lot of wealth from it. (gifts e.g. guns) 3. Why was slave trade abolished in East Africa? a- It was inhuman according to Christianity. b- Due to the industrial revolution in Europe / machines replaced human labour as a result of the industrial revolution.

STEPS TAKEN TO ABOLISH SLAVE TRADE ∫ In 1807, the British Parliament stopped all the British from carrying out slave trade. ∫ It became illegal to own slaves in England. ∫ The Moresby treaty was signed in 1822 to stop slave trade. ∫ In 1833, all slaves living in the British Empire were set free.

Who was the British Parliamentarian that spearheaded the abolition of slave trade? - Sir William Wilberforce. - TREATIES SIGNED TO STOP SLAVE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA a. The Moreshby treaty (1822) ii. It was signed between captain Fairfax Moreshby and Sultan Seyyid Said. iii. The Hamerton treaty (1845) This was signed between Colonel Seyyid Said. iv. TheFrere treaty. This was signed between Sir Bartle Frere and Sultan Barghash.

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EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE/ LONG DISTANCE TRADE IN EAST AFRICA 1. It led to death of people. 2. It led to separation of families. 3. It lead to shortage of labour. 4. It led to development of coastal towns like Kilwa and Mombasa. 5. It led to destruction of property. 6. It led to famine. 7. It led to displacement of people. 8. It led to inter-tribal wars.

POPULATION IN EAST AFRICA - Population is the total number of people living in an area at a given time. Population of each East African country

Country Number of people Uganda Kenya Tanzania

∑ Tanzania has the highest population in East Africa. This is because It is the biggest country in East Africa. ∑ Rwanda and Burundi are countries of the East African Community with the smallest population

IMPORTANT TERMS (VOCABULARY) RELATED TO POPULATION

1- Population distribution. This is the way people are spread in an area. 2- Population structure This refers to the number of people living in an area according to age and sex. 3- Population explosion. This is the rapid / sudden increase in the number of people living in an area. - Factors that lead to population explosion. - Immigration

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- Natural hazards such as landslides. - Industrial development. 4- Over-population _This is when the number of people living in an area is more than the available resources. 5- Under-population – This is when the number of people living in an area is less than the available resources. 6- Optimum population – This is the number of people living in an area who can be supported by the available resources. 7- Dense-population – This is when the number of people living in an area is higher than the size of land. 8- Sparse – population – This is when the number of people living in an area is less than the size of land. 9- Population density – This is the average number of people living in an area per square kilometer. 10- Even population_ This is when the number of people living in an area per square kilometer is almost the same. 11- Moderate population_ This is there not many or few people in an areas. 12- Population growth_ This is the increase in number of people living in an area.

POPULATION GROWTH The increase in the number of people living in an area.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE /LEAD TO POPULATION GROWTH 1) Improved medical care 2) High fertility rate in women 3) Improved nutrition. 4) Early marriages 5) Polygamy 6) High migration rates. 7) High birth rates and low death rates. 8) Cultural beliefs e.g. having many children is pride. 9) Biblical teachings that encourage people to produce and fill the world.

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POPULATION DISTRIBUTION This is the way people are spread in an area.

Factors that influence population distribution. ∫ Good climate. ∫ Fertility of the soil. ∫ Availability of jobs. ∫ Good security. ∫ Presence of good social services. ∫ Urbanization. ∫ Good infrastructures. Negative factors. ∫ Natural disasters like floods. ∫ Insecurity in an area. ∫ Outbreak of epidemics. ∫ Infertility of the soil. ∫ Remoteness of the area. ∫ Shortage of jobs in an area. ∫ Poor provision of social services. ∫ Existence of pests and diseases.

There are two major types of population distribution. a- Dense population / thick population b- Sparse population /thin population

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE A DENSE POPULATION.

1. Presence of employment. 2. Improved security. 3. Improved transport and communication 4. Improved medical care.

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5. High rainfall in an area. 6. Disease free area 7. Presence of fertile soils.

FACTORS INFLUENCING SPARSE 1- Lack of employment opportunities. 2- Insecurity in an area. 3- Poor transport and communication. 4- Poor medical care. 5- Dryness of an area. 6- Presence of disease vectors. 7- Poor soils in an area. FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND HOW NATURAL FACTORS 1. Climate How? Areas with high rainfall and cool temperatures are densely populated while areas which have little rainfall and are hot, are sparsely populated. 2. Soil fertility/ Nature of soils. How? Areas with fertile soils attract a high population unlike areas with infertile soils. 3. Relief/Altitude How? Highlands attract a dense population since they have cool climate while very low lying areas have a sparse population due to high temperatures. - Highland areas are well drained and receive much rainfall which attracts dense population while low lying areas are water logged discouraging settlement. - Very steep areas discourage settlement due to soil erosion while gentle slopes encourage settlement.

4. Drainage Areas with water bodies attract more people than areas with few water bodies. 5. Birth and death rate: Areas with high birth rate and low death rate have high population while areas with low birth rate and a high death rate have low population. 6. Nature of vegetation Areas with thick vegetation have sparse population while areas with savanna vegetation have a high population.

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ARTIFICIAL FACTORS 1- Political stability / security. 2- Availability of jobs. 3- Good transport and communication network. 4- Immigration/migration. 5- Good hospitals, schools, in an area. 6- Social amenities in an area e.g. electricity.

ACTIVITY Give two reasons why highland areas attract many people for settlement. Give two reasons why areas with thick vegetation have sparse population.

∫ Due to presence of disease vectors eg mosquitoes. ∫ Due to fear of being attacked by wild animals. ∫ They are hiding places for wrong doers/ law breakers.

POPULATION CENSUS Population census is the general counting of people in an area. National population census This is the general counting of people in a country. Terms used in population census. a- Enumerators- these are officials who count people during a population census. b- Census night – the night before the population census. NB: Demography is the study of population. Reasons for conducting a population census. a- To know the number of people living in an area/country. b- To plan for people’s services. c- To get population information. d- To know the birth and death rate. e- To determine the rate population growth . ° Why is a population census carried out after ten years? a- It is very expensive to conduct it on a yearly basis.

° Problems faced during population census.

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a- Bad weather. b- Remoteness of some areas/ some areas cannot be easily accessed. c- Negative attitude from some people who give wrong information. d- Shortage of skilled enumerators.

ADVANTAGES OF LOW POPULATION 1- The government can easily provide social services to the people. 2- There are many chances of employment. 3- There is little pressure on natural resources. 4- There is enough land for settlement. 5- There are low crime rates.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOW POPULATION DENSITY. 1. There is a low labour force. 2. There is low market for goods. 3. There is low labour for security 4. Under utilization of resources. 5. There is low tax collection. 6.It discourages investment.

ADVANTAGES OF A HIGH POPULATION 1. There is a wide market for goods. 2. There is a wide tax collected by the government.. 3. It encourages investment. 4. There is cheap labour. 5. There is enough labour for security.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH POPULATION DENSITY. 1- Land fragmentation/ shortage of land 2- Deforestation 3- Unemployment 4- Poor sanitation 5- High crime rate/ insecurity 6- Development of slums. 7- Leads to high government expenditure.

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Give the solutions to the above problems. 1. By resettling people to areas with low population. 2. By encouraging re-afforestation. 3. By encouraging people to set up small scale industries. 4. By educating people about dangers of poor sanitation. 5. By improving on security in an area.

MIGRATION 1. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for settlement. TYPES OF MIGRATION 1- Rural –urban migration 2- Urban – rural migration 3- Urban – urban migration 4- Rural – rural migration 5- Emigration 6- Immigration RURAL – URBAN MIGRATION The movement of people from villages to towns for settlement.

CAUSES OF RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION. 1- Looking for better employment opportunities 2- Looking for better medical care. 3- Looking for better education services. 4- Looking for secure areas. 5- Looking for better entertainment. 6- Looking better trading opportunities. 7- Escape from crimes.

EFFECTS OF RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION TO PEOPLE IN TOWN a- It leads to over-population. b- It leads to unemployment c- It creates high crime rate. d- It leads to development of slums. e- It leads to easy spread of diseases. f- It leads to high food prices in towns.

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EFFECTS OF RURAL –URBAN MIGRATION TO PEOPLE IN VILLAGES. a- It leads to low food production. b- It leads to distortion of culture. c- It leads to shortage of labour.

1. Give the meaning of the following; a. Urban –rural – the movement of people from towns to villages for settlement.

Causes of urban – rural migration. i) Loss of jobs. ii) Change of job iii) Transfers of work place. iv) Retirement. b. Urban – urban migration This is the movement of people from one town to another for settlement. c. Rural to rural migration This is the movement of people from one village to another for settlement. Causes of rural - rural migration i) Looking for fertile soils. ii) Looking for areas with reliable rainfall. iii) Running away from natural disasters. iv) Running away from epidemic diseases. v) Insecurity d. Emigration This is the movement of people out of the country to another for settlement. e. Immigration This is the movement of people into the country from another country. Causes of Emigration /Immigration. a. Insecurity /wars b. Looking for better jobs. c. Representing a country as an ambassador / High commissioner. d. Running away from natural disasters. e. Looking for political asylum. f. Joining their families.

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P.6 SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON NOTES TERM 2 - 2020

LIVING TOGETHER IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY

MAJOR RESOURCES OF EAST AFRICA.

A resource is anything in the environment that we use to meet our needs. Examples of resources in East Africa.

- Land

- Minerals

- People

- Forests(plants)

- Water

- Animals

- Time.

- Money.

TYPES OF RESOURCES. 1. Renewable resources.

2. Non renewable resources.

Renewable resources:

These are resources that cannot get exhausted at all. Examples of renewable resources.

- The sun

- Land

- Air (wind)

- Water.

Non renewable resources: These are resources that can get exhausted if over exploited.

Examples of non renewable resources.

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- Minerals

- Sand

- Animals

LAND AS A RESOURCE:

Land is the most useful resource to man. Uses of land in EA:

- For growing crops.

- For farming (growing crops or rearing animals)

- For transport network.

- For human settlement

- For industrialization

- For tourism

- For burying the dead

- For mining

- For recreation

- For urbanization.

Problems affecting land.

- Soil erosion especially in hilly areas.

- Soil exhaustion due to poor farming methods.

- Land pollution e.g. polythene papers, bush burning.

- Mining Most fertile areas in EA.

- Lake shores e.g. L. Victoria

- Mountain slopes e.g. Mt. Elgon, kirimanjaro e.t.c.

- Delta areas around rivers.

MINERALS. Minerals are chemical substances found in the ground.

Mining is the process of extracting minerals from under ground.

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Examples of metallic minerals.

- Iron

- Manganese

- Bauxide

- Copper ore

- Mercury

- Silver

- Tin

- Gold

- Zinc

Non metallic minerals These are minerals which are not hard solid that doesn’t require smelting.

Examples of non minerals.

- Lime stone

- Phosphates

- Salt

- Sand.

Fuel minerals These are minerals that produce heat or power burnt/energy.

Examples of fuel minerals.

- Coal

- Natural gas

- Crude oil

- Ignite.

METHODS OF MINING MINERALS.

- Open cast mining (traditional)

- Underground mining/shaft mining (modern/deep)

- Drift mining

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- Alluvial mining. Importance of mining.

- Mining increases the chances of employment to the people of EA.

- Mining earns foreign exchange through export trade.

- Mining promotes the growth of infrastructures e.g. roads, airports, industries.

- Mining leads to industrialization.

- Mining leads to the construction of dams to supply power to the dams. Why mining industry in not well development EA.

- Lack of capital to finance the mining industry.

- Some minerals are not economically valuable.

- Shortage of skilled labour in mining industry.

- Some minerals lying between national boundaries of countries of EA.

- Some minerals deposits are not large enough to provide commercial mining.

- Some minerals deposits are scattered.

- Some minerals deposits are found in remote areas e.g. mountainous regions.

- Lack of political will to exploit some of these minerals.

- Rampant civil wars that hinder mining industry.

NB: Map of East Africa showing mineral distribution

The sure success Bk 6 SST pg63

MINERALS LOCATION USES

Diamond Mwadui at Make jewels shinyanga in Tanzania To cut metals.

copper Kilembe at Kasese Make electricity wire

Nyanzi province of To make jewels Kenya To make bullets

Sodium carbonate L.magadi – Kenya Make salt

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L.Katwe in Uganda Make chemicals

Gold Kakamega of Kenya Make jewels Kabale, Karamoja Make ornaments

Lime stone At Tororo, Kasese Making cement

Athi river in Kenya

Mombasa

Mica At Bagamoyo Used as insulator in electrical tools. Mbeya -Tanzania

Crude oil L. Albert Make fuels

Make chemicals

Phosphates At Tororo Making fertilizers

Coal L.Malawi Produce fuel in industry

Cobalt At Kasese Make electric wires

Make utensils

Soda Ash At L. Magadi in Make glasses Kenya

Salt L. Katwe Human food

L. Magadi Chemical industry

Tin At Kabale Make steal painting

To make alloys

Wolframite Bukoba, kabale and Use for steal painting, tools mwanza , rode drills

Disadvantages of mining in E.Africa

- Mining leads to environmental degradation.

- Mining pollutes, air, water and land.

- Mining leads to displacement of people.

- Mining is expensive to carry out. Factors responsible for distribution of minerals deposit.

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- Volcanicity activities.

- Rock formation.

LABOUR

Labour refers to people who do the work i.e. workers.

Types of work. 1. Skilled labour (trained personels)

2. Un skilled labour (un trained personels)

Problems affecting labourers 1. Poor pay

2. Poor working conditions.

3. Corruption

4. Tribalism 5. Diseases

6. Irrelevant education.

Note: Trained personels who are hired as skilled labouerers are known as expatriates. PLANTS (FORESTS) RESOURCES:

A forest is a large area of land covered with trees and other forms undergrowth.

Forests in East Africa.

The forests in East Africa include; a. Equatorial rain forests.

b. Mangrove forests.

Equatorial rain forests in East Africa.

- Equatorial rain forests are common in areas that receive high rainfall throughout the year.

- They grow in Equatorial type of climate.

- Equatorial rain forests in East Africa are located along the shores of L.Victoria.

- In western Uganda.

- Around central highlands of Kenya. Page 61

- Southern Tanzania. Characteristics of trees in equatorial rainforests.

- Trees are ever green.

- Tress grow in layers known as canopies.

- Trees have hard wood timber.

- Tress grow very tall looking for sunshine.

- Many tree spices grow in equatorial rain forests.

- Trees have buttress roots.

Spices of trees in Equatorial forests.

- Mahogany trees.

- Ebony tress.

- Iron wood trees.

- Green heart trees NB: Equatorial rain forest trees produce hard wood timber.

Structure of rain forests. (Tr. Will draw)

Economic importance of forests.

- Forests are source of fuel e.g. charcoal,firewood.

- Forests are sources of timber for furniture, building.

- Forests are source of poles.

- Forests act as wind breaks.

- Forests are source of fruits.

- Forests modify climate conditions through transpiration.

- Forests are source of herbal medicine.

- Forest preserve content in the soil.

- Forests are habitats of wild animals Economic activities carried out in Equatorial rain forests.

- Tourism

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- Lumbering/the cutting of mature trees for timber.

- Farming

- Fruit gathering.

- Hunting Problems faced by Equatorial rain forests.

- Deforestation.

- Human encroachment.

- Un controlled bush burning.

- Un controlled lumbering. Problems faced by people living in rain forests.

- Difficulty in road constructing leading to poor road network facilities.

- People being attacked by wild animals.

- Attacks by disease vectors e..g. mosquitoes.-

- Lightning

Why are people destroying Equatorial forests.

- To get land for settlement.

- To get land for farming.

- To create land for industrialization.

- To get fuel e.g. charcoal, firewood e.t.c.

- To get timber for furniture and pulp industry e.t.c.

Effects of misusing forests in E.A

- Prolonged drought.

- Famine due to erosion.

- Promotes soil erosion.

- Destruction of animal habitats.

- Displacement of animals

Human activities that lead to deforestation.

- Charcoal burning

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- Lumbering

- Firewood gathering.

- Industrialization.

- Shift cultivation.

- Poor farming methods.

Ways of protecting forests in EA.

- Carry out afforestation.

- People should practice agro-forestry.

- People should practice re-afforestation.

- Government should establish forest reserves.

- Government should educate people on improving forests.

- Employ trained forest rangers to guard against de-afforestation. NB: NFA - NATIONAL FOREST AUTHORITY

This body protects forests in Uganda.

MANGROVE FORESTS IN EAST AFRICA.

- Mangrove forests grow on the salty water along the coast of East Africa.

- Mangrove forests are also known as swamp forests.

Characteristics of mangrove forests.

- Trees have hard wood timber.

- Trees are ever green.

- Trees grow in salty water places.

- The trees have shallow roots. NB: Mangrove forests produce hard wood timber for ship building.

PLANTATION FORESTS.

Plantation forests are planted by man. Characteristics of planted forests.

- Trees mature at the same time.

- Trees have soft wood timber.

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- Trees are grown on rows.

- One tree species is planted.

- Trees do not form canopy.

Examples of trees in planted forests.

- Pine trees.

- Cypress trees.

- Eucalyptus trees.

- Cedar trees.

- Fir trees Uses of soft wood trees.

Soft wood timber is used for making;

- paper.

- Match sticks.

- Plywood and soft board.

- Pencils. Examples of plantation forests in E.A.

- Nyabyeya plantation forests in Uganda.

- Lendu plantation forest in Uganda.

- Magaga

- Namanve CASH CROPS OF EASTAFRICA.

Cash crops are grown mainly for sale. Types of cash crops grown in East Africa

a. Traditional cash crops.

These are crops originally grown for sale.

Traditional cash crops were introduced by the foreigners. Examples of traditional cash crops in East Africa.

- Sisal

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- Coffee

- Cloves

- Tea

- Wattle

- Sugar cane

- Pyrethrum

- Oil Palm

- Tobacco

- Vanilla e.t.c.

Why the colonial rulers introduced cash crops in East Africa.

- In order for people to earn income to pay taxes.

- To provide agriculture raw materials for their home industries. Non-traditional cash crops (current cash crops)

These are crops originally grown for food but today can be sold for income.

Examples of non traditional cash crops.

- Rice

- Beans

- Millet

- Banana

- Cassava e.t.c

- THE MAIN CASH CROPS GROWN IN EAST AFRICA.

a. Coffee:

It is the major export crop in E.ast Africa.

Types of coffee. a. Arabica coffee.

- It is grown well on volcanic fertile soils.

- It is grown mostly on highlands.

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- It is grown on slopes of Mt. Elgon, Mt. Kenya, Mt. Kilimanjaro, Mau ranges, and Taita hills. b. Robusta coffee.

-it was introduced by the Bantu.

- It is grown on plateau lands.

- It can grow well in dry conditions mainly in central and western region of Uganda, Bukoba and Mwanza in Tanzania.

c. Clonal coffee:

- It is the newly introduced breed of coffee in East Africa.

- It is an improved breed of Robusta and Arabica coffee

Advantages of Clonal coffee over other types of coffee.

- It is more resistant to coffee diseases than Arabica coffee.

- It matures more quickly than other types.

- It produces higher yields than others.

Conditions that favour coffee growing in East Africa.

- Coffee requires high temperatures between 19c – 23oc.

- Requires reliable rainfall for proper growth.

- Requires volcanic soils for growth.

NB: Coffee is harvested by hand picking of ripe coffee berries.

The UCDA is responsible for; - marketing coffee in Uganda,

-improves coffee quality and coffee production.

TEA:

Tea is one of the major cash crops in East Africa

Tea is a beverage crop.

Kenya is the largest tea producer in East Africa and the 3rd largest producer in the world.

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Areas where Tea is grown in Kenya.

- At Kakamega

- At meru

- At Kericho

- At Embu

- Kenyan highlands

In Tanzania.

- At Tanga

- At Iringa

- At Mbeya

In Uganda

- At Mukono

- At Bundibugyo

- Mubende

- Bushenyi

- Masindi

- Buikwe Conditions favoring Tea growing.

- Well drained soil.

- Warm temperatures.

- Rich volcanic soils.

- High altitude areas.

- Fairly heavy rainfall. NB: Tea is harvested by plucking tea leaves.

SISAL

- It was introduced in East Africa by the Germans.

- Kenya and Tanzania are the leading producers of sisal in East Africa.

USES OF SISAL.

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- It is used to make sacks, rope, bags, carpets, sofa sets chairs.

- It is source of jobs

- It is a source of income.

Conditions favoring sisal growing.

- High temperatures.

- Well drained loam soils.

- Requires hot, dry climate (semi Arid) SUGAR CANE.

- Sugar cane is a raw material for sugar industry.

- Sugar cane was introduced to East Africa by the Asians.

- Sugar cane is harvested by cutting mature stems. Areas where sugarcane is grown in East Africa.

a. In Uganda

- Lugazi

- Kakira

- Kinyara b. In Tanzania

- Around R.Rufiji

- Around Kilombero valley

- Around R.Pangani c. In Kenya

-Mumias

-Kakamega -Nzoia

PYRETHRUM

- It is a white flowering plant which has a chemical substance used in making insecticides.

- It’s grown in Kenyan highlands and Tanzania

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- It is grown at Mbeya in Tanzania. it is also grown at Kabale highlands/Kisoro in Uganda. NB: Kenya is the largest producer of Pyrethrum in East Africa.

COCOA.

Cocoa is got from cocoa trees.

Cocoa is a beverage tree. Conditions favoring cocoa growing.

- Well drained porus soils.

- Heavy rainfall through out the year.

- Shelter for proper growth. Products from Cocoa

- Cocoa butter

- Chocolate sweets

- Cocoa biscuits

NB In Uganda, cocoa is mainly grown in Mukono/Buikwe district. Importance of cocoa growing.

- Source of income.

- Creates jobs for people.

- Cocoa is eaten as food.

- Cocoa trees are used as fuel.

TOBACCO. Tobacco is mainly grown in the west Nile region.

The districts of Arua, Masindi, Nebbi, Moyo and Rukungiri.

Markets tobacco. Methods of curing tobacco.

• Flue curing: Where heat is used from the furnace

• Air curing: Where tobacco leaves dry by help of sunshine.

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• Fire curing: This is where fire is used to dry tobacco leaves. NB: Fire curing of tobacco promotes deforestation and causes air pollution.

Importance of tobacco.

- For making cigarettes.

- Creates job for people.

- source of income.

- For smoking and sniffing.

Dangers of tobacco growing.

• Tobacco smoking causes lung diseases.

• Tobacco growing promotes deforestation.

• Promotes soil erosion and exhaustion.

WATTLE:

- Wattle trees grows in Kabale district.

- The bark of wattle trees is used to make chemical Tannin for leather industry OIL PALM

It has been introduced in Kalangala/Buvuma districts.

Oil palm trees are used for making cooking oil, soap. NON-TRADITIONAL CASH CROPS.

Bananas:

Bananas are planted by suckers. Bananas are grown mainly in central, western (Mbarara, Bushenyi and Rukungiri) and the slopes of Mt. Elgon. Cassava:

It is planted by use of cuttings.

It is tolerant to dry climate.

T

Importance of farming.

- Farming provides raw materials to agro based industries.

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- Farming provides food to people.

- It is a source of income.

- Farming provides employment.

Problems faced by farmers.

- Shortage of capital.

- Poor methods of farming.

- Pests and diseases.

- Lack of ready market.

- Climatic change

- Poor quality seeds.

- Poor roads.

- Land fragmentation.

- Lack of modern storage facilities

Types of farming: a. Market gardening:

This is the growing of vegetables and fruits near towns for sale.

Advantage of market gardening:

1. There is ready market. 2. Transport to the market is easy.

3. It is easy to access garden tools and seeds.

HORTICULTURE: This is the growing of fruits and vegetables.

Floriculture:

This is the growing of flowers for sale.

This type of farming is not commonly practiced in East Africa due to lack of ready market for flowers and its expensive.

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Agro forestry. This is the growing of crops together with trees.

Advantages of agro-forestry.

1. The trees provide shade for plants e.g. vanilla, cocoa. 2. Trees support climbing plants.

3. It helps to control soil erosion.

4. Trees act as wind brakes.

5. Trees help in the formation of rainfall. Plantation farming.

This is the growing of one perennial crop on a large scale for sale.

Examples of plantation crops. -Sugarcanes

-Tea

-Sisal

-Oil Palm -Coffee

-cocoa

-Rubber -Bananas

Arable farming:

This is the growing of annual crops on large scale for commercial purposes.

Arable/annual crops include:

• Maize

• Beans

• Groundnuts etc

Subsistence farming.

This is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for home consumption but the surplus can be sold for income.

It is commonly carried out in East Africa because;

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- it is cheap,

- simple tools are used,

- labour is provided by family members

- it doesn’t require much land. Disadvantages of subsistence farming to the economies of East Africa

-The country does not earn much income

-it denies agro based industries to get the required raw materials

-it does not encourage diversification -similar crops are grown

Mixed farming

This is the growing of crops, rearing of animals or birds on the same piece of land.

Advantages of mixed farming.

1. Farmers get double income. 2. Animal wastes act as manure.

3. The plant leaves act as food for animals.

N.B: Discuss disadvantages of mixed farming. VITI-CULTURE FARMING.

This is the growing of grapes for wine making.

AQUA – CULTURE FARMING

This is the rearing of fish in ponds, aquarium or in captivity.

SERI-CULTURE FARMING. This is the breeding of silk worms.

N.B: Mullbery is the plant from which the raw material for making silk is got.

IRRIGATION FARMING IN EAST AFRICA.

This is the growing of crops by supplying of water on land to support plants growth.

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This type of farming is mainly carried out in areas of East Africa that receive inadequate rainfall.

Advantages of irrigation farming.

- Crops are grown through out the year.

- Desert climate land can be turned into farm land.

- Farmers don’t wait for rainfall season to plant crops.

- Crops grow well without being affected by drought. Disadvantages of irrigation farming.

- It is very expensive to set up.

- It requires skilled labour.

- It needs permanent source of water.

- It needs large land.

- Promotes soil erosion.

- Leads to soil leaching.

IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN EAST AFRICA.

These are gazzetted areas of land where farming is carried using artificial means. Major irrigation schemes in East Africa.

Name Source of water Crops grown

Uganda

1. Doho River Manafa Rice and cotton

2. Tilda River Kibimba Rice

3. Mubuku River Mubuku Cotton and fruits

4. Kiige Citrus fruits

5. Ongom River Achwa Citrus fruits

6. Kakira sugar works Lake Victoria Sugar canes

Kenya

1. Mwea – Tebere River Thiba Rice

2. Ahero pilot scheme River Nyando Rice, maize, millet and beans

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3. Galore River Tana Cotton, g/nuts & sugar canes

4. West Kano scheme Lake Victoria Rice and sugar canes

Tanzania

1. Kilombero River Rufiji & river Sugar canes Kilombero

ANIMALS IN EAST AFRICA. DOMESTIC ANIMALS:

These are commonly kept at home.

Examples of domestic animals.

- Cows

- Goat

- Pigs

- Sheep

- Donkey

- Cats

- Dogs

Uses of Domestic animals:

- They are source of meat.

- They are used for transport e.g. donkey.

- They are used for ploughing.

- Source of income.

WILD ANIMALS:

These are animals that live in the bush.

Examples of wild animals in East Africa.

• Giraffe

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• Leopard

• Lion

• Elephant

• Snakes

• Monkeys e.t.c.

Uses of wild animals:

- They attract tourists who bring foreign exchange.

- They are source of income through tourists.

- They are source of raw materials for industries. NATIONAL GAME PARKS IN EAST AFRICA.

These are large areas of land gazzetted by the government to preserve wildlife (wild animals) GAME RESERVE:

This is an area of land set a side by the local authority to preserve wild life.

A zoo: This is a place where some animals and birds are kept for public viewing. MARINE PARK: This is a place where marine animals and birds are kept.

BIRDS SANCTUARY:

These are gazzetted places for keeping birds.

Examples of birds Sanctuaries in East Africa.

- L. Nakuru for flamingo birds.

- L. Bunyonyi for varieties of birds.

- Lake Mburo for variety of birds

- Karamoja region for ostriches Economic importance of game parks.

- Add foreign exchange through tourism.

- Source of jobs for people.

- Promote crafts industry.

- Promotes development of infrastructure.

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- Act as a national heritage of a country. Problems facing game parks.

- Wild bush fire out break.

- Poaching of wildlife

- Prolonged drought.

- Out break of animal diseases.

- Encroachment on game park land.

- Insecurity in the game parks.

NB: Poaching is the illegal hunting of animals in the game park. Reasons for poaching in East Africa.

- To get raw materials from animals.

- To get meat as food.

- To get hides and skins Solutions to the problems facing game parks.

- Maintain regional peace security.

- Improve on the veterinary services in the game park.

- Government should build valley dams as source of water.

- Strict laws against encroachment on game park land e.t.c. Disadvantages of game parks.

- Game parks occupy land for farming.

- Animals displace people.

- Wildlife may escape to kill and destroy property. Ways of improving game parks.

- By building good infrastructures e.g. roads, hotels.

- By stopping poaching.

- Introduce new spices to the game parks.

- Deploy game wardens to stop poachers and encroachment.

- Introduce veterinary services in game parks.

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EXAMPLES OF GAME PARKS, RESERVES IN E.A UGANDA

1. Murchison falls national game park

- It is the largest game park found in Uganda

- It is famous for crocodiles

2. Queen Elizabeth national game park

• It is famous for hippopotamus

3. Kidepo valley game park

- It is located in the North eastern Uganda. (Karamoja region)

- It is famous for ostriches - No crocodiles are kept there because it lies in a semi desert with scarce water bodies

4. Lake Mburo game park 5. Bwindi Impenetrable game park

- It is known for the mountain gorillas

6. Mgahinga national game park - It has the highest number of mountain gorillas in Uganda.

KENYA

1. Tsavo national game park

- It is the largest game park in Kenya and second largest in East Africa. - It is famous for lions

2. Amboseli national park

- It is the second game park in Kenya 3. Aberdare national park.

4. Nairobi national park

5. Mountain Kenya national park

6. Nakuru national park - It is known for flamingo birds

TANZANIA

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1. Serengeti game park - It is the largest game park in East Africa.

2. Mt. Kirimanjaro game park

3. Tarangire national game park 4. Ugalla game park

5. Iringa game park

NB: Serengeti National game park is the largest in East Africa.

- Tsavo N.G park is known for lions.

- Mgahinga and Bwindi N.G.P known for Mountain gorillas. TOURISM:

- Tourism is the act of traveling for pleasure to visit new and interesting places for research and learning purposes.

- Tourism is referred as an industry because it earns foreign exchange to the government and creates jobs for the people.

- Promotes growth of infrastructures in East Africa. Major tourism attractions centres in East Africa.

- Wild life

- Beautiful sceneries (physical features)

- Historical sites.

- Stone age sites.

- Cultural diversity e.g. dances, dress e.t.c.

- Beaches.

- Museums, industries, dams e.t.c. Why tourism is known as invisible export.

- It does not involve physical exchange of visible goods yet income is earned.

Examples of invisible exports in East Africa.

- Electricity

- Education. Importance of tourism in East Africa.

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- Tourism is source of income.

- Tourism creates employment to people.

- Creates market for crafts industry.

- Promotes good relationship among people of East Africa

- Promotes growth of infrastructures in East Africa.

Problems facing tourism industry in East Africa

- Poaching.

- Encroachment on game park land.

- Out break of wild fire.

- Poor transport in wild life areas.

- Lack of enough accommodation for tourists.

- National game parks being located in remote areas.

- Lack of enough advertisement on international media

Ways of improving tourism industry in East Africa

- By building good infrastructure.

- Enforce laws against poaching.

- Evict encroachers.

- Advertise tourism attraction centers.

- Public should be educated about the economic importance of wildlife e.t.c. Why tourism industry is not developed in East Africa.

- East Africa does not have well developed infrastructure.

- Rampant civil wars in parts of East Africa.

- Poor advertisements of tourism centers.

- Poaching of endangered spices.

- Political instabilities.

WATER SOURCES IN EAST AFRICA.

Water sources include lakes, rivers, oceans, swamps e.t.c.

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Importance of water as a resource.

- Water from rivers is used to generate electricity.

- Water from water bodies is used for domestic use.

- Water bodies are used for navigation.

- Water bodies are fishing grounds.

- Water bodies influence climate of an area through formation of rainfall.

- Water from water bodies is used for industrial purposes. DRAINAGE:

Drainage is the presence of water found underground or on the land surface.

Vocabularies; a. Inlets: Theses are tributaries of rivers.

b. Outlets: These are distributaries of rivers.

c. Ports: Ports are towns near large water bodies for building harbour. d. Harbour: Habour are areas built near water bodies for the ships to dock e.g.

Port Mombasa port dar - es - salaam.

An Estuary: A large opening of a river at the mouth.

A delta: A delta is where a river divides into several streams at its mouth. River confluence: is a point at which two or more rivers meet to form one river.

Mouth of a river: This is the point where a river ends.

Source of a river: This is the point where a river begins from. Water falls: This is where water flows over rock from a higher place to a lower point.

Uses of water falls to the countries of East Africa.

- They are used for generating HEP

- Used for sports activities.

- They attract tourists.

- Contribute to formation of convention rain fall.

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Formation and types of lakes in East Africa:

Types of lakes Formation examples

BASIN LAKE By down warping Lake Victoria, L. kyoga, L. Bisina

L. Opeta, L. Kwania, L. Kijanebaroja L. kachira, L. Wamala

FAULT LAKES Formed by faulting L. Albert, L. Tanganyika, L. Malawi.

L. Rudolf, L. Kivu, L. Magadi

OX-BOW LAKES Formed by deposition L. Ruizi, L. Semliki

CRATER LAKES Formed by volcanicity L. Katwe, L. Nyungu, L. Sera on Mt. Elgon, L. Nyamununka

LAGOON LAKES Formed by deposition L. Nabugabo

GLACIAL LAKES Formed by glaciations L. Teleki, L. Speke on mt. Rwenzori.

MAN MADE LAKES By the man’s activity Valley dams, Aquarium, Ponds, Kabaka’s lake

LAVA DAMMED Formed by volcanicity. L. Mutanda, L. Bunyonyi, L. Mulere, LAKES L. mulehe

Economic importance of lakes to East Africa.

- Act as fishing ground.

- Source of food e.g. fish.

- Tourism attractions.

- Modify climate through formation of rainfall

- Centre for recreational ground.

- Source of minerals e.g. salt and sand.

- Centre for sports e.g. boat race, swimming and diving.

- Source of water for irrigation farming.

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Problems faced by lakes.

- Pollution of lake water by wastes.

- Presence of water hyacinth, (weeds that suffocates fish).

- Over fishing in lakes.

- Clearing vegetation along lake shore.

- Prolonged drought reducing water levels.

- Silting Problems caused by lakes to man in East Africa.

- May flood due to heavy rainfall.

- Harbour dangerous animals like hippos and snakes.

- Lakes act as breeding places for vectors.

- Lake water occupy land which would have been used for farming.

Ways of protecting lake water in East Africa.

- Strict laws against pollution of lakes.

- Sensitize people about dangers of deforestation along lake shores.

- Teach people about values of lakes.

- Farming along shores should be discouraged. NB: Man made lakes provide/source of water for irrigation farming in dry climate areas of East Africa and provide water for animals to the nomadic pastoralist farmers.

Characteristics of -;

a. Fault/rift valley lakes:

- They have salty water as they are formed on salty rock.

- They are very deep.

- They have no major inlet or outlet.

- Formed by faulting process.

- They are deep and long.

b. Depression lakes/fresh water/basin lakes.

- They are shallow.

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- They are swampy because they are shallow.

- Have fresh water.

- They are shape less.

- They are large.

- They have fertile basins/shores.

Major ports in East Africa.

Coastal ports: These are towns built near large water bodies at the coast for building a harbour.

Examples of coastal ports in East Africa

- Port Mombasa

- Port Dar – es – salaam.

- Port Tanga

- Port Mogadishu Economic importance of ports to East Africa.

- Handle imports, exports goods of East Africa.

- Links hinterlands to the coast for trade. Inlands ports on the lakes of EA

Inland ports are areas developed along the lakes within East African countries to handle import and export goods. A port is a place where ships dock to load and offload goods.

Examples of inland ports of East Africa.

UGANDA KENYA TANZANIA

Port Bell / Luzira Port Kisumu Port Mwanza

Port Jinja Port Asembo Port musoma Port Bukakata Port homabei Port Bukoba

Port Butiaba Port karungu

Masindi port

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Economic activities at the ports of E.A

- Trade

- Tourism industry.

- Mining minerals e.g. limestone at Mombasa.

RIVERS OF EAST AFRICA. A river is a long channel of water flowing from its source to its mouth.

Types of rivers.

a. Permanent rivers: These are rivers that flow through out the year. They are also called perennial rivers.

Examples of permanent rivers in EA

- River Nile

- River Kagera

- River Tana

- River Ruvuma

- River Pangani SEASONAL RIVERS IN E.A

Seasonal rivers are rivers that flow during wet (rainy) seasons and dry up during hot season.

Examples of seasonal rivers in E.A.

- River Mpogo

- River Agago

- River Longhorn

- River Turkwel

- River pager

STAGES/COURSE OF A RIVER

A well developed river has three courses namely;- a. Upper course/torrential course of a river.

- It is the stage where a river begins from.

- It flows very fast.

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- Its where water falls are formed. Economic importance of the upper course.

- They have water falls where dams are built to generate H.E.P

- Tourism attraction centre.

Middle course of a river/mature stage.

- Valleys are formed at this stage.

- Forms gorges.

- Not good for navigation.

- A lot of flooding occurs. Lower course/senile course.

- Water flows slowly.

- Forms ox-bow lakes through deposition.

- The bank of the river at the senile course is fertile due to deposition of substance.

Economic importance of lower course of rivers to East Africa.

- Have fertile soils for farming.

- Water flows slowly enabling navigation.

- Source of water for irrigation farming.

- Tourism attraction centre. Rivers in East Africa that end in Delta form.

- River Nile

- River Nyando

- River Rufiji Rivers of East Africa that end in Estuary form.

- River Semliki Why some rivers of E.A are not navigable

- They have waterfalls that obstruct navigation.

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- Presence of water weeds e.g. hyacinth.

- Presence of floating sudds.

- Presence of cataracts, valleys, e.t.c.

- Rapids on rivers.

- Presence of big rocks.

RIVER TANA: It starts form the Eastern plateau of Kenya and flows eastwards where it pours its water into the Indian ocean. Its where the seven folk dam is located.

RIVER RUFIJI:

It starts from the Eastern plateau in Tanzania and flows eastwards and pour its water in Indian ocean.

RIVER RUVUMA:

Pours its water into Indian ocean It forms a natural boundary between Tanzania and Mozambique.

RIVER KAGERA:

It originates from Kivu in Rwanda and pours its water into L. Victoria.

River Kagera forms a natural boundary between Tanzania and Uganda. Note: Other important rivers of E.A are:

River Pangani

River Galana. RIVER NILE:

- It’s the longest river in Africa.

- The source of the River Nile is L. Victoria and its mouth is at the Mediterranean sea.

- River Nile is divided into 3 parts mainly;-

- Victoria Nile (L. Victoria to Albert)

- Albert Nile (L. Albert to Nimule)

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- White (Nimule to Mediterranean sea) Multi purpose dams.

These are dams built for more than one purpose (use) i.e. to generate HEP and provide water for irrigation e.g. Pangani dam, Seven forks dam.

DAMS BUILT ON RIVERS OF EAST AFRICA.

River Nile - Owen falls dam - Nalubaale dam

- Aswan high dam in Egypt.

- Sennar dam in Sudan

- Jabel dam River: Dam\

Seven fork dam

R. Tana (Kenya) - Masinga dam - Kindaruma dam

- Gitaru dam

- Kiambere

River Pangani (Tanzania) - Hale dam - Nyumba ya mungu dam.

Uses/value of dams:

1. Dams are used to generate hydro electric power. 2. Dams store water for irrigation.

3. Dams attract tourists.

4. Dams are a source of employment.

5. Dams store water for industrial and domestic use. 6. Dams control floods on rivers.

Why some parts of River Nile are not navigable?

- Presence of water falls along Victoria Nile.

- Presence of sudds along Albert Nile.

- Some parts are shallow and narrow.

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- Presence of water vegetation (water hyacinth) Dangers of sudds:

- They make navigation difficult.

- Sudds reduce the speed of flowing water.

- River Nile drains into the following lakes;

- L. Kyoga

- L. Albert

- L. Victoria.

River Nile has the following tributaries.

- River Achwa in Uganda.

- River Bahr – el-ghazel in south sudan.

- River Sobat from Ethiopia.

- River Atbara from Ethiopia.

- The blue Nile from Tana in Ehtiopia.

Problems faced by the rivers. 1. Water hyacinth

2. Prolonged drought which reduces water level.

3. Deforestation along the banks of the rivers.

4. Soil erosion that can make a river to change its cource. 5. Pollution of rivers by man.

How man can protect rivers.

1. Putting up strict laws on people who construct industries near rivers. 2. Security personels should be put up to arrest people who poison fish.

3. Government should evict people who live near river banks.

4. Government should sensitize people about the values of rivers.

5. Mechanical control of weeds should be re-inforced.

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FISHING IN EA

Fishing is the catching of fish for food, commercial or sporting purposes.

Fish as a resource: Fish is an important resource in the East African community, it is used for’

- Export.

- Source of raw materials for fertilizers

- Fishing activity is a source of employment.

- Source of food

TYPES OF FISH CAUGHT IN EA

1. Nile perch 2. Tilapia fish

3. Cat fish

4. Lung fish

5. Mud fish 6. Salmon fish

The fishing grounds in East Africa are lakes, rivers, oceans, swamps pond e.t.c.

Note: The largest fish caught in EA is Nile perch. The commonest type of fish caught in East Africa is Tilapia.

Methods of fishing:

a. Traditional methods.

- Use of plug baskets.

- Use of fishing traps.

- Use of hooks.

- Use of spears. b. Modern methods:

- Trawling method.

- Seining method.

- Drifting method.

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Fish Preservation: This is the way of keeping fish from getting bad.

Methods of fish preservation.

a. Traditional methods

- Smoking

- Sun drying

- Salting.

b. Modern methods.

- Freezing

- Cunning/tinning N.B: Smoking is the commonly used method of fish preservation.

Importance of fish / fishing industry.

- Fish is a source of food for human consumption.

- Fish is used to make animal feeds.

- Fish sporting attracts tourists.

- Fish is a source of foreign exchange.

- Fishing activity is a source of employment.

- Oil from fish is used to make soap, cosmetics, medicine

Fishing processing factories in E.A. 1. Gomba fishing processing factory.

2. Masese fishing processing factory.

3. Kasenyi fishing processing factory.

4. Katunguru fishing processing factory. NB: UFEL - Uganda Fish Enterprises Limited.

TUFMAC - The Uganda Fish Marketing Company.

Roles of UFEL and TUFMAC

- Promote fish marketing in Uganda.

- Promote hygiene in fish processing industry.

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Problems faced by fishing industry; 1. Shortage of capital.

2. Limited market.

3. Competition with other fish exporting countries. 4. Price fluctuation in the world wide market.

5. Poor transport network.

6. Water hyacinth

7. Water pollution 8. Over fishing

9. Poor fishing tools / equipments

Problems caused by the fishing industry to the environment; 1. Fish mongers carry out deforestation to get fire wood for smoking fish.

2. Fishermen cut forests to get timber for building boats.

3. Fish smoking pollutes the air.

4. Use of poison pollutes water resource. 5. Poor fishing methods like over fishing leads to fish extinction.

Possible solutions to the problems of fishing.

1. Enforcing laws on poor fishing methods. 2. Sensitizing people by giving fishing lessons to fishermen. TOPIC II: TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION:

Communication:

Definition: Communication is the sending and receiving of messages from one person to another.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: 1. Verbal communication: This is the communication involving production of sound or talking by the mouth to deliver the messages.

Advantages of Verbal communication:

- It favours both the illiterate and literate.

- It does not involve the use of money.

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- It is commonly used by the majority in the society.

- It creates friendship among people 2. Non- Verbal communication:

- Non-verbal communication is the use of signs, gestures or actions to deliver messages.

- NB: Non – verbal communication is not commonly used because some signs are not easy to intepret.

MEANS/TYPES OF COMMUNICATION IN EAST AFRICA.

Traditional means of communication. Traditional communication is the communication that was used by the people of long time ago. Means of traditional communication.

- Drums.

- Alarm.

- Animal horns.

- Smoke.

- Trumpets.

- Whistles.

- Signals. MASS MEDIA COMMUNICATION:

Mass media communication is the system of communication where many people receive the information at the same time. Examples of mass media communication.

- By use of radios.

- By use of televisions.

- By use of news paper and magazines

- By use of computers

RADIO COMMUNICATION:

- This is an activity of broadcasting programs to people to listen.

- Radio communication is the widely used in EA. Page 94

- It is also the cheapest means of communication used in EA. Radio stations in Uganda.

- Uganda Broadcasting Corporation – UBC This is the national radio station.

- Bukedde fm

- Top fm

- Super fm

- Radio one.

ACTIVITIES / FUNCTIONS OF THE RADIO:

- Radios inform people through news, advertisements, and announcements.

- Radios entertain people through music, stories and plays.

- Radios educate people through educational programs.

ADAVANTAGES OF USING RADIO COMMUNICATION:

- Radio communication covers a wider area.

- It caters for many people in many languages.

- It benefits blind people.

- It cares for the illiterate people by broadcasting in the local languages.

- It is very fast.

- It is a source of entertainment.

Disadvantages of radio communication:

- Radio communication does not cater for the deaf.

- Commercial programs are expensive.

- Some radio programs teach immoral behaviors.

- Information is not stored for reference by the receiver.

- Broadcasting of false information

TELEVISION COMMUNICATION: A television is an electrical appliance which provides audio – visual information. Advantages of using television.

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- Television produce sound and show pictures in the communication.

- They send information immediately when sent.

- It caters for the deaf and the illiterate.

- It is a source of entertainment.

- It is used for advertising.

- T. V stations are source of employment. Disadvantages of TV communication:

- Television sets are expensive to buy.

- They have programs that show pornographic pictures.

- They need electricity for effective use.

- TV commercial programs are expensive. THE PRINT MEDIA:

The print media communication is composed of the printed newspaper and magazines.

Government owned News papers:

- The New Vision news paper.

- Sister News papers of the New Vision news paper: o Bukedde News paper printed in Luganda

o Etop News paper printed in Ateso language.

o Rupiny News paper printed in Luo language.

o Orumuri News paper printed in Runya-kitara. INDEPENDENT NEWS PAPERS IN EAST AFRICA.

- The monitor

- The observer

- The Red pepper

- The Kampala sun.

- The daily nation.

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Functions of News papers.

- News papers inform people through news announcement and advertisements.

- News papers entertain people through pictures stories.

- News papers educate people e.t.c.

- Newspapers sensitize people about national program. Advantages of News papers to EA.

- They store information for a long time.

- News paper are produced in different languages.

- News papers have both local and distant coverage.

- They educate people through interesting messages.

Disadvantages of News papers in EA.

- They are expensive to buy.

- They don’t cater for the illiterate people.

- They expose people’s secretes.

- Benefit urban communities.

- Take long to reach rural areas.

TELEPHONES/MOBILE PHONES:

Telecom system of communication involves telefax and telegrams e.g. telephones or cellular phones.

Telephones: This is the quick means of communication where by people speak to each other through telephone receivers (phones)

Graham Bell: Is the man who first invented the use of telephone in the world. Major telephone companies/service provides in EA.

- Mobile telephone network.

- Airtel company(Zain)

- Orange company

- Uganda telecom

- Smile telecom

- Voda com – Tanzania

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- Safari com – Kenya. Advantages of using Telephone communication:

- It is fast for communication on long distance.

- It is fast and relatively cheap on long distance.

- Saves money and time on long distance.

- Gives immediate reply.

- Eliminates movements of people to deliver the messages.

Disadvantages of Television communication:

- It is expensive over long distance/continents.

- It requires electricity to charge batteries.

- Unreliable telephone network.

- Eliminated physical contact of people. E.t.c. Problems faced by the postal runners of long ago:

- They were eaten by wild animals.

- They drowned in waters.

- Bad weather disrupted their movements.

UGANDA POSTS LIMTED: This is a government parastatal (organization) under the ministry of works, Transport and communication. The main head office of the Uganda is the General post office (GPO), located in Kampala city. Functions of the Uganda Post office.

- Issues postage stamps to people.

- Delivers local and international letters/parcels.

- Registers news paper companies.

LETTERS: Letters are written messages and sent to concerned people or destination. Letters can be sent by hand or through post office.

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Advantages of letter communication:

- It is a cheap means of communication.

- They have detailed information.

- Letters act as records for future use.

- It involves illustrations, pictures for communications. Disadvantages of letter means of communication:

• Letters cater for the literate people.

• They are not recommended for urgent messages.

• It doesn’t have immediate reply ,

• Letter communication is slow on long distance.

Challenges affecting communication:

- Political differences.

- Difference in education levels.

- Language differences.

- Religions differences.

- Job differences e.t.c.

Advantages of communication in EA

- Promotes trade in EA.

- Links people in the EA.

- Promotes security in EA

- Promotes provision of social services easy. Disadvantages of the traditional communication:

- It is slow.

- Does not cover wider area.

- Information is sometimes distorted.

- Information is not stored.

- It if affected by bad weather.

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b. Modern Communication Means: - Post office

- Telegrams

- E-mails - Telephones

- Mobile phones

- Internet

- Notice board - Television

- Radios

- Magazines - News paper

- Neon signals

- Bill boards

- Faxes. NB: E-mails: This is the sending of messages to other places/people using computers connected in a network. Tele fax: This is the system of sending messages using a fax machine.

Telegram: This is a message sent by a telegraph.

Telephone: This is the communication between long distance through wires, radios or signals.

Mobile phones/cell phones/cellular phones:

This is the communication that does not have wires but works by radio signals. Faxes: are letters /messages sent by a fax machine.

Bill board: are large boards used for advertising.

Neon signs: are bright signs from neon gas after electricity is passed through them.

TRANSPORT IN EAST AFRICA.

Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to another.

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TYPES OF TRANSPORT:

- Road transport.

- Water transport

- Railway transport.

- Air transport.

- Pipeline transport.

MEANS OF TRADITIONAL TRANSPORT.

• Canoes

• Dhows

• Rafts

• Footing

• Animal portage

• Human portage

Modern means of transport.

- Train .

- Buses

- Taxis

- Aeroplanes

- Pipes.

Importance of Transport to EA.

- Transport promotes trade in the region.

- Transport provides job opportunities.

- Transport promotes industrialization in the region.

- Promotes agriculture in the region.

Factors considered when choosing a means of transport in East Africa in trade.

- The coast of the means of transport.

- The nature of the goods.

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- The size of the goods.

- The distance of goods to the destination.

- The value of the goods transported.

- Flexibility of the system of transport.

- Speed and urgency of the transport means.

NB: Coast of transporting goods to destination should be cheaper than the costs of goods.

• Perishable goods should be transported by fast means of transport on long distance e.g. news paper, flowers, fresh fruits and vegetables.

• Bulky good (too large in size) should be transported by cheap cost means of railway transport to get profit.

• Valuable goods should be transported by air transport to avoid robbers.

• Fast means of transport is needed for perishable goods.

Hills are where telephone masts are erected to boost the telecommunication waves.

ROAD TRANSPORT: Road transport is the commonest type of transport used in E.Africa.

Means of road transport used in EA.

- Human head porters.

- Wheel barrows

- Cars

- Buses

- Lorries

- Pick ups

- Bicycles

- Footing..e.t.c.

TYPES OF ROADS. a. Feeder roads: They are smaller road network system in rural linking the urban centres. Page 102

b. Murram roads: They are also known as seasonal roads because the are not used through out the year.

c. Tarmac roads: These are known as the permanent roads because they are used through out the year. They promote trade, and export trade.

d. Main road system in EA/Africa. The trans- African highway starts from port Mombasa through countries in Africa and ends in Lagos in Nigeria. It promotes security, trade, cooperation among African countries.

e. The great North road: It runs from Cape Town in Republic of South Africa and ends in Cairo of Egypt running through some African countries. It promotes trade, security, peace and cooperation.

Advantages of road transport:

- It is cheaper over short distances.

- It is flexible means of transport.

- Easily available in East Africa.

- Roads are cheaper to construct than other means.

- It is faster over short distances.

Disadvantages of road transport.

- It is affected by bad weather e.g. floods e.t.c.

- It has higher rate of accidents.

- It is expensive over long distances.

- It is un reliable since it doesn’t have time table.

- It is highly affected by robbers.

- It needs regular maintenance

- It is affected by traffic congestion.

Problems experienced in road transport.

- It is expensive and difficult to build over high or mountainous land forms.

- Presence of deep rivers make road building difficult.\

- Lack of enough capital to build roads.

- Presence of thick equatorial forests that complicate road building.

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ROAD ACCIDENTS: An accident is any sudden happening that can cause injury, death, and destroy property. Causes of road accidents:

- Using dangerous mechanical condition vehicles.

- Over speeding on roads.

- Careless driving on roads.

- Bad roads with pot holes.

- Driving under influence of Alcohol/drank redness.

- Loitering animals on the roads.

- Over loading of vehicles.

- Failure to follow road signs by un trained drivers.

UNRA is - Uganda National Road Authority

- It is responsible for protecting road reserves. ROAD SAFETY

Road safety is a measure put in place to reduce road accidents.

How to promote/avoid/control/road accidents.

- To use trained and experienced drivers.

- Not to allow DMV to use on roads.

- Put road signs for effective road use.

- For drivers to learn use road signs.

- Not to drive under drugs / alcohol influence.

- Create and fix speed limited for drivers/vehicles. Importance of Road safety education:

- Reduce on road accidents.

- Saves time in road use.

- Promotes good discipline in road use.

- Promotes the use of the road signs / discipline.

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ROAD SIGNS (REF: TO ROAD SIGNS MK BK6 PAGE) HUMAN PORTAGE:

Human portage is a form of road transport where human beings are use to carry goods. A person involved is known as a porter.

Human portage is the oldest means of transport still used today in East Africa/Africa/world.

Disadvantages of Human portage means of transport.

- It is slow.

- It is tire some

- It is expensive. AIR TRANSPORT:

- Air transport is the quickest means of transport in East Africa.

- Air transport was began when the brothers Wilber Wright and Orvil Wrights invented or made the 1st plane in USA.

- Air transport is the most comfortable modern means of transport.

Means of Air transport.

- Aero plane

- Helicopters

- Balloons

- Parachutes

- Planes

• The international Civil Aviation organization promotes air transport in the world.

• East Africa ways, promotes air transport in EA.

Advantages of air transport to East Africa.

- Carry perishable goods to destination.

- It is the fastest means of transport.

- Carry valuable goods for long distance.

- Promotes international trade

- Use to rescue people. Page 105

Disadvantages of air transport in East Africa.

- It is expensive means of transport.

- It is expensive to maintain.

- Needs skilled labour to operate.

- No good means of transport in bad weather. Problems faced by air transport.

- Bad weather that cause planes crush/accident.

- Lack of enough skilled labour.

- Poor air port facilities.

- Aero plane crush / accident killing people.

- The threat of plane hijackers/terrorists . INTERNATIONAL AIR PORTS IN EAST AFRICA.

a. In Uganda:

- Entebbe international air port

- Other fields in Uganda include , Kololo air field.

b. In Kenya:

- Embakasi air port.

- Mombasa air port.

- Nairobi airport.

c. In Tanzania:

- Zanzibar air port.

- Dare-salaam airport.

- Mt. Kilimanjaro airport.

PIPELINE TRANSPORT:

Pipeline transport is where pipes are used to transport goods/people from one place to another.

Pipeline means of transport is recommended for liquids e.g petroleum products (oil) e.g. Pipeline means of transport to transport petroleum from port Mombasa to Nairobi, Eldoret e.t.c. it is cheap means of transport.

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Advantages of Pipeline transport:

- It is cheap in transporting petroleum products.

- It reduces transport jam.

- It is easier and quicker than railway transport.

- Requires less labour. Disadvantages of pipeline transport:

- It is expensive to buy and install for use.

- They are not flexible as they are fixed in one place.

- May leak if not noticed.

- They are very costly to repair.

WATER TRANSPORT. Water transport is the cheapest from of transport to carry bulky goods on long distance.

Water transport link international trade. Water transport is recommended for fragile goods.

Vessels used in water transport.

- Ocean liners

- Steamers

- Ferries

- Boats

- Oil tankers

- Canoes

- Motor boats. COASTAL PORTS.

These are developed towns / structures along the coast of EA where ship load and offload.

Coastal ports are also known as hinterland ports.

Examples of the coastal ports of East Africa.

- Port Mombasa in Kenya.

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- Port Dares-salaam in Tanzania.

- Tanga port in Tanzania.

- Port Lamu in Kenya

Economic importance of the coastal ports.

- Handles import and export goods of EA.

- Link hinterlands of EA to the coast for trade.

- Source of jobs to people of EA.

- Promotes trade in EA.

INLAND PORTS: These are developed areas along lakes for ship loading and un loading.

Examples of inland ports in EA.

- Port mwanza

- Port bukakata.

- Port Kisumu NB: They handle internal trade.

Promote trade with in the region.

HARBOURS: A harbour is an area of a natural water at the coast protected from sea, where ships can shelter ports.

RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN EAST AFRICA.

Railway transport involves the use of train to transport goods/people.

Advantages of railway transport to EA.

- Carry bulky goods on long distance cheaply.

- It has fewer risks of accidents.

- Railway transport has no traffic jam.

- It is not expensive since their rail.

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Disadvantages of railway transport.

- It is slow and wastes time.

- Rails are expensive to build.

- They require skilled labour o build or manage.

- It doesn’t take people / goods to destination.

- It does work on time table.

Why the colonial rulers introduced / built railway transport in EA.

- To link interior of Africa (EA) to the coast for trade.

- To carry the agricultural raw materials to the coast for export.

- To abolish slave trade in EA.

- To move colonial soldiers to stop rebellions.

- To spread Christianity in EA.

- To develop agricultural sectors of EA.

- To trade.

NB: Tanga – Korogwe was the first railway line in East Africa in Tanganyika by the Germans colonial rule.

Why is railway line transport is not well developed in EA.

- Due to high competition of other transport system.

- Building and maintaining railway system being expensive.

- The collapse of agricultural cash crops e.g. cotton, coffee, tobacco in EA.

- Due to the modernization of road system in EA.

- Because of plundering of the rails by robbers for steel scrap industry.

- Because of insecurity in parts of EA. MAJOR RAILWAY LINE IN EAST AFRICA.

- Tanga – Korogwe railway line built in 1893-1902.

- Central railway line.

- Uganda railway line built in 1896-1901.

- Tazara railway line built in 1970-1975.

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NB: These major railway lines have railway line terminals that link many parts of EA for trade.

THE UGANDA RAILWAY LINE 1896-1902.

- Sir William Mackinnon a British trader suggested the building of the Uganda railway line.

- It was called the Uganda railway line because it was built to link Uganda to the coast for trade and to develop Uganda economically. why ws Uganda railway line built?

- To develop Uganda.

- For British to easily colonize and rule Uganda.

- To link Uganda to the coast of East Africa for trade.

- To transport missionaries in EA.

Note: The construction started in 1896 at Mombasa. Labour was at first provided by the natives, but later they refused to work on the Uganda railway line building.

Why did the natives refuse to work on the Uganda railway line building?

Africans in East Africa (at the coast) did not want to leave their families behind.

Africans lacked the skills of building it.

THE INDIAN COOLIES (CRIMINALS) Sir George white house imported (brought) the Indian coolies to work on the Uganda railway line building. THE PIONEERS DURING THE UGANDA R/W LINE BUILDING.

a. Sir William Mackinnon:

He suggested the building of the Uganda railway line.

b. Sir George White house: He brought the Indian coolies to work on the Uganda railway line building.

c. Captain JRL. MacDonald

He was the surveyor during the Uganda R/W line building. d. Colonel Petterson

He killed lions/man eaters at TSavo N.G Park that were eating / killing the Indian coolies.

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e. Sir Guildford Moles worth: He inspected the built Uganda railway line for use.

Problems faced during the Uganda railway building:

At Mombasa:

- Lack of labour as Africans refused to work.

- Arabs rebellion at Mombasa opposing the Uganda railway line.

- Tropical diseases that attacked the Indian coolies leading to death.

- The man eaters at Tsavo N.G park delayed the work.

- The difficult land form e.g. highlands e.t.c. that made the work difficult e.g. the Eastern rift valley arm.

- Lack of enough building materials slowing the work.

- Hostile tribes e.g. Nandi, Masai who did not want the railway line to pass via their homeland.

- Poor communication between the workers and the engineers.

- Lack of supplies e.g. food, medicine e.t.c. to the workers. Solutions to these problems.

- Indian coolies were imported to work on the building.

- The Arab rebellion at Mombasa by the Mubarak was defeated by the British force.

- Colonel Patterson was brought to EA to kill the lions at Tsavo N.G park.

- Skilled engineers were brought to build a bridge across the Eastern rift valley arm.

- An agreement was signed between the chiefs of Nandi and the Masai to stop hostiles.

Good effects of the Uganda railway line.

- Uganda landlocked country was linked top the coast of EA for international trade.

- Improvement of communication in EA.

- Transport was made easy in EA.

- Trade started.

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- Slave trade was abolished.

- Easy and quick movements of missionaries and colonial soldiers with in East Africa.

- Indian coolies remained in EA and stared trade.

- Encouraged the coming of the white settlers in Kenya.

BAD EFFECTS OF THE BUILDING OF THE UGANJDA RAILWAY.

- Raw materials of EA was exploited.

- Africans resistance to colonial rule was defeated.

- People were displaced leaving land to the building of the R/W line.

- Death of Indian coolies .e.t.c.

- East African countries were colonized.

UGANDA RAILWAY LINES TERMINALS /REASONS FOR BUILDING. a. Nakuru- Kampala Railway:

- To promote trade between Uganda and Kenya.

- To transport agricultural raw materials for export.

- To ease colonial rule in Uganda. b. Jinja – Namasagali railway line (Busoga)

- To transport cotton grown in Northern Uganda to port Jinja for export via L. Victoria.

c. Kampala – Port bell railway line terminal.

- To export agricultural raw materials (cash crops) via L. Victoria through port bell.

d. Kampala – Jinja – Kasese railway line.

- To transport the heavy bulky copper oil to Jinja for smelting.

- To transport agricultural raw materials for export. e. Tororo – Pakwach railway line:

- To transport tobacco and cotton from west Nile region to Kampala for export.

- To link west Nile region to Kampala.

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- To transport animals and their products to Kampala. Teacher draw the-;

a. Uganda railway line b. Tazara

THE TAZARA/TANZAM RAILWYA LINE.

It was built by the Chinese engineers from port Dare-salaam to Lusaka city in Zambia. This was financed by Tanzania and Zambia government.

Why was he Tazara built?

- To link Zambia landlocked country to the coast of East Africa.

- For Zambia to export copper.

- To develop southern highlands of Tanzania for agriculture. Advantages of the Tazara to Zambia / Tanzania.

- Created jobs for the people.

- Promoted developments in parts of EA.

- Agriculture has been opened in the southern highlands of Tanzania.

- Zambia is exporting copper through port Dares-salaam.

- Transport has been improved between Zambia and EA.

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P.6 S.ST LESSON NOTES TM 3 - 2020 THE COMING OF EUROPEANS TO EAST AFRICA

1. Identify the different groups of Europeans that came to East Africa in their order. V Explorers V Missionaries V European traders V Administrators/colonialists.

2. Why did the Europeans refer to Africa as a dark continent? Little was known about its interior. 3. General reasons for the coming of Europeans to East Africa. V They wanted to find the source of R. Nile. V They wanted to learn more about the physical features in East Africa. V To spread Christianity. V To teach people how to read and write. V To promote legitimate trade. V To invest their surplus capital. V To find market for their finished goods. V To get raw materials for their home industries.

THE COMING OF THE PORTUGUESE IN EAST AFRICA 1. Who are the Portuguese? These are people from European country called Portugal. 2. Reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to East Africa. V They mainly came to find a sea route to India. V To spread Christianity. V To control the coastal trade. V To find market for their finished goods. V They wanted to get new trade items such as spices, gold, ivory and silk. V They wanted to break the Muslim domination at the coast. V They wanted a colonial empire at the coast of East Africa. ° PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR 1. Who was Prince Henry the navigator? He was Portuguese/navigator at port sagress.

2. Who is a navigator? Any person who sails across a water body. Qn. Why did Prince Henry start a school of navigators? He wanted to find a sea route to India. NB:

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From Henry’s school a number of navigators were sent to find a sea route to India and these include: V Deniz Diaz V Bartholomew Diaz V Vasco Da Gama

4. Write short notes about each of the above navigators. i) Deniz Diaz V He was the first Portuguese sailor to attempt to find a sea route to India. V He moved from Lisbon the capital of Portugal to Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic Ocean and went back to Portugal. ii) Bartholomew Diaz He also tried to find a sea route to India and he stopped at present day Cape town where he was disturbed by storms and he named it Cape of storms. iii) Vasco Da Gama V He started his journey at Lisbon in 1497. V He was the first Portuguese explorer to reach the coast of East Africa. V He became the first successful Portuguese to find a sea route to India. Qn: why was Natal named so by Vasco Da Gama? He reached this place on 25th December, 1497 a Christmas day also known as “Natalis” in Portuguese language hence the name Natal. Qn: Name the Arab trader who helped Vasco Da Gama to reach India from the East African Coast. Ahmed Bin Majid

VASCO DA GAMA’S JOURNEY.

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Qn) why wasn’t Vasco Da Gama not welcomed by the Arabs at the coast of East Africa? V They never wanted the Portuguese to take part in the coastal trade V They never wanted the introduction of Christianity in East Africa

THE PORTUGUESE RULE AT THE COAST OF EAST AFRICA. 1. Name the leader of the Portuguese soldiers who conquered all towns along the coast of East Africa. Francisco D’almeida 2. The head quarters of the Portuguese at the coast of East Africa was Mombasa . 3. The Portuguese built fort Jesus at Mombasa along the coast of East Africa

Qn) why was fort Jesus built by the Portuguese at the coast of East Africa? • For protection . For storing ammunitions Qn: How is fort Jesus important to the economic development of Kenya? V It attracts tourists who bring income V It provides employment /jobs to people of Kenya

REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF PORTUGUESE RULE IN EAST AFRICA. V The Portuguese had superior/stronger weapons V The Portuguese had well trained soldiers V Portuguese had better fighting skills than Arabs. V The Portuguese made surprise attacks to the Arabs.

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE PORTUGUESE AT THE EAST AFRICAN COAST V Constant rebellions from the Arabs and the Africans V They had corrupt officers V They were too far from Portugal for the military support V Poor transport and communication V They faced a problem of tropical diseases e.g. malaria

EFFECTS OF THE PORTUGUESE RULE IN EAST AFRICA Positive Results V They spread Christianity V They built fort Jesus at Mombasa V They introduced new crops such as maize, pawpaw, cassava, guavas, pineapples and ground nuts V They added new words to Kiswahili language. V They established trade links between East Africa and India V They developed coastal towns like Mombasa.

Negative results V Heavy taxes were imposed on Africans and Arab traders. V They created constant wars which led to destruction of coastal towns

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V Lack of total peace at the coast disturbed trade\ V They imposed harsh administration at the coast of East Africa

DECLINE OF THE PORTUGUESE RULE AT THE COAST OF EAST AFRICA V The Portuguese used harsh administration which made people hate them V They had corrupt officials V The coming of their rivals the British and the French weakened them V Shortage of labour/man power V Regular attacks from tropical diseases e.g malaria and dysentery V Constant rebellions from the Arabs and the Africans

EXPLORERS IN EAST AFRICA 1. Who is an explorer? An explorer is a person who travels to un known land with an aim of knowing more about it

2. Examples of explores who came to East Africa V John Speke V Sir Samuel Baker V Henry Morton Stanley V Dr. David Livingstone V Joseph Thompson V Dr. Fisher V Count Teleki V Jacob Erhardt V Ludwig Krapf V Johan Rebman V James Bruce 3. Which organization sent most explorers to East Africa? The Royal Geographical Society 4. How important was the Royal Geographical Society to the early explorers? V They funded/sponsored their journeys to East Africa V They provided them with supplies e.g. food ,water and medical supplies V They provided them with security

Reasons why the explorers came to East Africa

V To find the source of River Nile. V They had love for adventure. V They wanted to discover areas of trade. V For prestige /fame and have their names written in the books of history.

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John Speke and Richard Burton

V John Speke and Richard Burton were the first explorers to travel into the interior of East Africa. V They were sent by the Royal Geographical society [R.G.S]. V They were sent to East Africa to find the source of River Nile. V In 1856, they arrived in Zanzibar and set off for Bagamoyo in 1857, taking the route through Tabora. V In, 1858, Speke and Burton reached L. Tanganyika but realised it wasn't connected to River Nile. V They returned to Tabora where Burton fell sick. V Speke travelled northwards to Mwanza and found a big lake. V He named it Lake Victoria after Britain's Queen Victoria. V Speke joined Burton at Tabora and returned to England.

John Speke and James Grant V Speke returned to E.Africa in 1860 with his old friend, James Grant. V They wanted to prove whether L. Victoria was the true source of the Nile. V They led a caravan of 217 men using the same route he used with Burton. V They got to Karagwe with difficulty where King Rumanika welcomed them and helped them on their way to Buganda to meet Muteesa I. V Grant fell sick in Karagwe and was unable to continue with the journey in 1862. V Speke was later joined by Grant in Buganda. V Speke travelled Eastwards . V Speke saw the source of the Nile in 1862 on lake Victoria and also found a water fall at the point where River Nile separates from L.Victoria and named it the Rippon falls after president of Royal Geographical society (R.G.S) Lord Rippon by then. V Speke and Grant moved northwards and met Sir Samuel Baker with his-wife at Gondokoro in Sudan on their way to Uganda. V They returned to England through Egypt in 1863. V Speke and Grant were the first European to reach Karagwe, Buganda and Bunyoro kingdoms.

Sir Samuel Baker V They set off from Egypt following the southern route. V The Bakers were interested in finding the source of the Nile. V They reached Bunyoro in 1864 and saw lake Mwitanzigye (Albert) which he named L.Albert after Queen Victoria's husband. V They saw and named murchison falls after the president of R.G.S, Sir Roderick V Murchison. V They returned to England in 1885. V They were the first Europeans to use the Nile route into East Africa from the north.

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Henry Morton Stanley V He came to Africa on three different occasions. V On his first journey (1871 - 1872) he was sent to look for Dr. David Livingstone. V Stanley returned to England and left Livingstone to continue his explorations in 1872. V He was sponsored by the Daily Telegraph of England and the New York Herald of America. V He returned to E.Africa in 1874 to complete the work of Dr. David Livingstone. V He circumnavigated L.Victoria with a canoe he named Lady Alice to confirm Speke's V views that L. Victoria was the source of the Nile. V On his second journey, he visited Muteesa I palace in 1875 and requested him to write a letter England inviting missionaries to Uganda. V It is believed that a Frenchman Lenant De Belle Fonds took the letter to England. V The letter was published in the Daily Telegraph of London and bore fruits and led to the coming of missionaries to E.Africa. V In 1878, Stanley was sent to East Africa for the third time to rescue Emin Pasha in Madhist revolt in Sudan. V He saw and named mountains of the moon (Mt. Rwenzori), L. George and L. Edward.

Dr. David Livingstone V He is regarded as the greatest of African's explorers. He made several journeys until his death in 1873. ii. What was the purpose of his coming to Africa. V To spread Christianity. V To stop slave trade. V He was a medical doctor, missionary and explorer. V He was sponsored by the R.G.S V He was interested in solving the puzzle of the source of the Nile. V He doubted both Baker and Speke's conclusion about the source of the Nile. V He was persuaded to return to Europe but he refused with the hope of finding the source of the Nile. V He thought that R. Nile was linked to L-Tanganyika or R. Lualaba but he was proved wrong by H.M- Stanley. V He was the first European to see L. Malawi, L. Mweru, L Bagwelu, R. Limpopo, R. Zambezi and Victoria falls. V He died in 1873 at Chitambo's village near the swamps of L. Bagwelu in Zambia. V His royal servants Chuma and Susi carried his body to the coast where it was sent to Britain. V He was buried at West Minister Abbey in Britain in honour of his work in Africa.

Joseph Thompson V He was the first European to find a direct route from the coast to L.Victoria. V He became the first explorer to cross the Masai land successfully.

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V His mission was to observe people, rocks, animals and plants of the areas he passed through. V He was the first European to see L. Nakuru ,L Baringo ,L.Elementaita, and Mt. Elgon.

Dr. Fischer V He was a German scientist who reached L.Naivasha in 1872- V He spent little time in East Africa due to fear of hostile tribes.

Count Teleki V He was the first white man to see lake Turkana (Rudolf) V He named lake Stephanie in Ethiopia.

James Bruce V He was the first European to see the Blue Nile and L.Tana.

Map showing European exploration in East Africa

Results of European exploration in East Africa V They made East Africa known to the rest of the world. V They drew the map of Africa with more details. V Explorers like Dr. Livingstone exposed the evils of slave trade in East Africa. V Explorers paved a way for colonialists and missionaries to East Africa. V They renamed physical features. V The source of R. Nile was discovered.

Problems faced by the explorers V Wild animals could attack them. V Poor transport due to thick forests. V Hostile tribes e.g Masai and Nandi. V Tropical diseases e.g Malaria and sleeping sickness. Page 120

V Shortage of supplies e.g food, medicine, e.tc V Language barrier since they could not communicate in local languages. European missionaries 1. A missionary is a person who moves to a foreign land to spread the word of God. Missionary groups which came to East Africa ' 1. Church Missionary Society(C.M.S) V This was the first missionary group to come to East Africa. V These protestant missionaries came from England and were led by Shergold Smith and Reverend C.T.Wilson in 1877. V In 1878, Alexander Mackay arrived in Uganda.

Qtn: Why was Alexander Mackav chosen to be the head of the protestant missionaries in Uganda? He was a very practical man. i. The White Fathers V This was a group of Catholic missionaries from France. V They arrived in Uganda in 1879 led by Father Simon Loudel and Brother Amans. V They established a mission station at Rubaga

Other groups of missionaries include. V The Mill Hill Fathers V The Verona Fathers V The Holy Ghost Fathers V The London Missionary Society LMS V The methodologist Fathers.

Reasons for the coming of the missionaries to East Africa V They wanted to spread Christianity. V They wanted to spread western education through formal education. V They wanted to stop slave trade.

Dr. Ludwig Krapf ' V He was a German missionary who belonged to the CMS. V He was the first missionary to visit East Africa in the 19th Century. V He established the first mission station at Rabai Mpya near Mombasa in 1846. V He wrote the first Swahili dictionary and grammar book. V He translated the New Testament into Kiswahili language. V He became the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849

Johan Rebman and Jacob Erhardt V Krapf was joined at Mombasa by two other German missionaries to help him with his work.

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V Rebman was the first missionary to go into the interior of East Africa. He influenced the lives of the Chagga who liked him for his kindness. He was the first European to see Mt. Kilimanjaro in 1848. V Krapf and Rebman had many problems such as bad climate and tropical diseases. They often fell sick. V Krapf returned home in 1853 due to sickness but Rebman stayed until 1873 when he became blind. V Jacob Erhardt attempted to draw the first sketch map of East Africa though it wasn't accurate. Erhardt went back to Europe in 1855 after experiencing health problems.

Achievements of the missionaries Positive achievements V They spread Christianity. V They stopped slave trade. V They built schools e.g. Namilyango, Buddo, Gayaza, e.t.c V They introduced formal education. V They built hospitals e.g Mengo, Rubaga, e.t.c V They built churches e.g Namirembe, Rubaga, e.t.c V They introduced new crops e.g. cotton by Kenneth Borup.

Negative achievements V They undermined the African culture. V Their activities led to religious wars in East Africa. V They paved a way to colonialism thus loss of independence.

Problems faced by the missionaries V Tropical diseases e.g malaria. V Hostile tribes e.g Nandi and Masai. V Wild animals e.g lions attacked them. V Lack of easy means of transport. V They lacked enough funds to run their activities. V Hostile climate. V Language difficulty.

European trading companies V The third group of missionaries to come to East Africa were the traders. V European traders came to East Africa to carryout legitimate trade. V They also wanted to invest their surplus capital. V In order for the traders to perform their major work effectively, they had to form trading companies, these trading companies included.

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° IBE AC o ° GE AC o

The Imperial British East Africa Company V It was formed in 1888 by sir William Mackinnon. • V Its original name was British East Africa Association in 1887 and later changed to V Imperial British East Africa company. V Its first headquarters were at Mombasa but later transferred to Machakos

Aims of IBEACo V To stop slave trade and promote legitmate trade. V To protect the missionaries. V To promote and establish British rule in East Africa.

Achievements of IBEACo V Controlled slave trade at the coast. V Promoted peace in Uganda by stopping religious wars. V Promoted the construction of the Uganda Railway.

Failures of the IBEACo V It failed to raise enough money to complete the Uganda railway. V Slave trade wasn't fully stopped.

Qtn: Why did IBEACo run bankrupt? V Spent a lot of money in fighting and stopping religious wars. V A lot of money was spent on constructing the Uganda railway. V A lot of money was used to pay the Sudanese soldiers who kept order in the area. V The company had corrupt and-extravagant officials. V It lacked a reliable source of income.

Captain Fredrick Lugard V He was sent to Uganda in 1890's as the representative of I.B.E.A.Co. V He was declared the first British administrator in Uganda. V He began his work by building a fort in old Kampala. V He signed treaties with Kabaka Mwanga ofBuganda. V He restored peace by bringing the Sudanese soldiers. V He restored Omukama Kasagama to his throne. V He stopped religious wars in Buganda.

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Qtn: Why did captain F.P Lugard bring the Sudanese soldiers? V To protect the missionaries. V To protect Omukama Kasagama ofToro against Kabalega. V To maintain peace in Buganda.

Qtn: Why did the I.B.E.A.Co fail in her operations in Uganda? V Involvement in constant civil wars. V Bankruptcy/ Shortage of funds. V Shortage of man power.

Qtn: Why did capt Fredrick Lugard remain in Uganda after the collapse of IBEACo? V To complete his treaties. V To protect the missionaries. V To protect Kasagama whom he had restored to the throne.

Qtn: Whv was Sir Gerald Portal sent to Uganda in 1892? V To study the political situation and recommend if it was profitable for Britain to colonise Uganda. V Sir Gerald Portal recommended Uganda to be declared a British Protectorate. V He raised the Union Jack.

The German East Africa Company. The German traders came to East Africa to; V Carryout legitimate trade. V To get raw materials for their home industries. V To promote German administration in Tanganyika.

Carl Peters V He was the leader of the German colonialist in Tanganyika. V He was the founder of G.E.A.Co. V He signed treaties with local chiefs - He was the first European to sign a treaty with kabaka Mwanga. V He set up a protectorate over Witu and Kilimanjaro area. NB: Germany was the first European country to show interest in colonizing Uganda.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN EAST AFRICA Colonialism involves control of a weaker country by a powerful country.

Countries that colonized east Africa Britain – Uganda and Kenya Germany – Tanganyika (Tanzania) NB: Rwanda and Burundi were colonized by Germany. Other countries which also struggled for colonies in East Africa but were forced away and so they dominated E. Africa’s neighbors include; Belgium - congo Italy - Somalia Portugal - Mozambique France, Spain, e.t.c

African countries which were not colonised Liberia and Ethiopia NB: - Liberia was set aside for freed slaves from America. Ethiopia - had strong leaders / strong army / had mountains which made transport for Italians difficult,

The scramble and partition of East Africa Scramble - This refers to the struggle of European countries to get colonies in Africa. Partition - This refers to me peaceful division and sharing of African territories among the European countries.

Reasons for the scramble and partition of East Africa 1. The European super powers struggled to acquire colonies in East Africa due to the following reasons. V To get raw materials for their home industries. V They wanted to get market for their finished goods. V They wanted to get cheap labour from Africa. V They wanted to invest their surplus capital. V They wanted to get land to settle their surplus capital. V Some wanted to get political pride.

Names given to East African territories after European domination V Uganda - British protectorate V Kenya — British East Africa V Tanzania – German East Africa.

NB i) A protectorate is an inferior country controlled by superior country for economic exploitation.

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i) A colony An inferior country controlled by a superior country for permanent settlement.

The Berlin Conference 1. This was the conference held in 1884 to discuss the peaceful means of dividing up African states among the European countries. 2. It was held in Berlin (City Of Germany) and chaired by Otto Von Bismack. Some European countries that were involved in the Berlin conference of 1884 V Germany, V Britain, V France V Italy V Spain V Belgium V Portugal

Effects of the Berlin Conference V Colonial masters had to stop slave trade in their colonies. V Colonial masters had to draw boundaries over their spheres of influence. V Each colonial power had to develop their colonies politically and socially. V Any European country was free and claim land in Africa. V No European country would extend its sphere of influence without informing other V colonial powers. NB: The greatest effect of the Berlin Conference was that it led to the partition of Africa.

The process of partition After going through scramble, the European powers agreed to divide and share African territories peacefully. Methods used by European powers to partition Africa. V Getting information from European explorers especially the geography of EastAfrica. . V ii signing agreements V Using violence.

Treaties signed during the partition process V The Anglo - German agreement of 1886. V The Anglo - German agreement of 1890 (Heligoland treaty)

The Anglo German agreement of 1886 The spheres of influence under this agreement. V The sultan was given Zanzibar, Pemba and other islands plus a strip of land along the coast of East Africa, V The-British took over Kenya. V The Germans got the Witu land (coastal area)

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The Anglo German agreement of 1890 (Heligo Land) Spheres of influence under this agreement. V Uganda became a British protectorate. V Britain surrendered the Heligo land Island in the north sea to the Germans. V Zanzibar and Pemba became British protectorate.

Results of scramble and partition of East Africa. V Loss of independence of African states. V Loss of some African culture. V New boundaries of East Africa were drawn. V There was economic development e.g road construction, industrialization, e.t.c V Slavery was abolished.

Revision exercise 1. Why did the British take long to establish their rule outside Buganda? V They feared some hostile tribes. V There was a problem of poor transport and communication in some areas. 2. What was the main effect brought by the Berlin conference to the African continent? V It led to the partition of Africa. 3. Which agreement finally divided up E.A between Germany and Britain? V The Heligo land treaty - Anglo German agreement of 1890. 4. Give a reason why Rwanda, Tanzania and Burundi were taken away from Germany. V To punish Germany from starting the first World war. 5. Mention two methods used by colonialists to establish colonial rule in East Africa. V Signing treaties V Using force where they found resistance.

6. Outline two methods used by colonialists to administer Uganda V Direct rule V Indirect rule

7. Why did the British use indirect rule? V It was cheap. V To prevent rebellions. V To solve the problem of language barrier

8. Outline two problems faced by Europeans who used direct rule. V Constant rebellions. V Higher costs of administration

9. Identify two countries in Africa that were not colonized. V Ethiopia V Liberia Page 127

10. What do you understand by the following terms? Scramble - Struggle of European countries to gain colonies in Africa. Partition - Peaceful division of African territories among the European countries.

11. Mention two colonialists who participated in the scramble for colonies in East Africa. V Sir Gerald Portal – Britain, Carl Peters — Germany 12. Give a reason why the Anglo -German agreement of 1890 was called Heligo land treaty. V Britain handed over Heligo land Island to Germany in exchange for Uganda.

13. Under what group of Europeans was each of the following people? V Sir Gerald Portal - colonialist V Joseph Thompson - Explorer V Kenneth Borup - missionary V Carl Peters – colonialists V William Mackinnon - Trader V Dr. Fischer – explorer

14. Suggest any one contribution made by each of the following British governors V Sir Andrew Cohen - The owen falls dam was completed during his term of office. V Sir Walter Coutts - He was the last British governor in Uganda. Uganda attained independence during his regime.

Colonial administration in Uganda V Uganda was declared a British protectorate in 1894 by Lord Roseberry (British foreign secretary for colonies by then). V When Uganda was made a British protectorate. Henry Colville was made the first British commissioner. V The second British commissioner was sir Harry Johnstone. V In 1905, the title of commissioner was changed to governor. V The first British governor in Uganda was sir Hesketh Bell. V All the British governors were based in Entebbe which was the colonial capital of Uganda at that time. V The executive council and Legco were also located at Entebbe. The Legislative council V It was formed in 1921 by sir Robert Coryndon. Its major role was to make laws. V In 1945, the first Ugandans joined Legco. V They included; V Kawalya Kaggwa - from central region — Buganda V Yekonia Zirabamuzaale - from East - Busoga V Petero Nyangabyaki Akiiki - from west -Bunyoro

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Qtn: Who was the British governor who allowed the first Ugandans to the LEGCO John Hathon Hall

Qtn: How did the Africans join LEGCO? Through nomination NB: In 1946, Yekosofati Innyon was nominated to the legco to represent the northern part of Uganda. Qtn: How are members of parliament acquired in Uganda today? Through elections. What is an election? An act of giving people a chance of choosing leaders of their own choice. A democratic way of choosing leaders Agreement signed to extend British rule in Uganda. V Toro Agreement of 1901 V Ankole agreement of 1902 V Buganda Agreement of 1900.

The Buganda agreement of 1900 It was signed by Sir Harry Johnston on behalf of the British and sir Apollo Kaggwa on behalf of the Buganda kingdom. Terms of the 1900 Buganda Agreement. V Land V Taxation V Governance.

Provisions/ recommendations of the Buganda agreement V Hut and gun taxes were to be introduced - economic V Buganda land was to be divided into crown and mailo land V Kabaka's powers were to be reduced - political V Buganda's boundaries were to be fixed — political.

Results of the Buganda agreement V Kabaka's powers reduced and the Lukiiko's powers were increased. V Hut and gun taxes were introduced. V Land in Buganda was divided into crown: and mailo land. V Buganda's boundaries were fixed. NB. The Kabaka (Daudi Chwa II was not able to sign this agreement on behalf of his kingdom because he was an infant. V Instead, he was assisted by his regents to run the kingdom. V Regents are people who rule a kingdom on behalf of a young king.

Qtn: Name the regents of Kabaka Chwa II V Sir Apollo Kaggwa

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V Stanslas Mugwanya V Zakaria Kisingiri

d) Why didn’t Kabaka Mwanga II sign the 1900 Buganda agreement? Kabaka Mwanga, Daudi Chwa's father had been exiled into the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean. Qtn: Why was Kabaka Mwanga exiled by the British administrators He resisted British rule. Qtn: Why did Mwanga resist British rule? He did not want to lose his political power. The British undermined the African culture.

Colonial administration in Kenya V Kenya was declared a British protectorate in 1895 as well as a colony. V The head of the Kenyan colony was a commissioner. V In 1906, the title of commissioner was changed to governor. V The first British commissioner in Kenya was called Sir Charles Eliot. V The first governor in Kenya was sir James Sadler and the last was MC Mackdonald. . V The first African representative to be appointed to the Legco in Kenya was Eluid Mathu in 1944.

Questions a) When was the Legco in Kenya formed? V 1906 Legco members promoted the interests of the white settlers because Lord Delamere was one of the members. Colonial administration in Tanzania, Tanganyika V Tanganyika was declared a Germany colony in 1890. V The Akidas and Jumbes were appointed to replace the local chiefs. V After the 1st world war in 1914- 1918, German East Africa - Tanganyika was taken over by the British. V Tanganyika was given to the British by the League of Nations a mandate state. V This meant that Tanganyika was being ruled by the British on behalf of the League of Nations.

Colonial rule in Rwanda and Burundi V Rwanda and Burundi were both colonized by Germany V Like in Tanzania, the Germans used direct system to administer their rule in Rwanda and Burundi. V Having lost in the 1st world war. Germany lost all her colonies to the League of Nations as well as Rwanda and Burundi. V Rwanda and Burundi were handed over to Belgium as Mandate territories and finally to the United Nations to prepare them for independence.

Qn; What is a Mandate territory/state?

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These were the former colonies of Germany which were ruled by other countries on behalf of the League of Nations. Qn; What is a trusteeship? These were the former colonies of Germany which were ruled by other countries on behalf of the United Nations. NB. Tanganyika was taken away from the Germany to punish them for causing the 1st world war.

Qtn: Why did Tanganyika attain independence earlier than Uganda? V The people of Tanzania were more united during the struggle for independence than Ugandans. V The last governor Richard Turn Bull cooperated well with the people of Tanganyika. V Tanganyika was a mandate territory. Qtn: Outline any three economic policies during colonial rule in East Africa V Cash crop growing was encouraged. V Hut and gun taxes were introduced. V In Kenya, land was given to white settlers while in Uganda land was divided into Crown and Mailo land. African reactions towards colonial rule in East Africa Some Africans cooperated with colonialists (Collaborators/Agents) while others resisted them. (Resistors).

Collaborators There are African who accepted and cooperated with the British.

The collaborators in Uganda include; V Sir Apollo Kaggwa V Nuwa Mbaguta V Semei Kakungulu

Semei Kakungulu Major contributions of Semei Kakungulu V He helped the British to capture Mwanga and Kabalega who had resisted British rule. V He spread British rule in Eastern Uganda. V He built feeder roads in Eastern Uganda. V He signed treaties with local chiefs in Eastern Uganda. V He built administrative posts in Eastern Uganda. V He planted Mvule Trees in Eastern Uganda.

Qtn: How did Semei Kakungulu help the British to establish their rule in Eastern Uganda? V He encouraged the building of feeder roads which eased transport. V He promoted the signing of treaties with local chiefs.

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V He promoted the building of administrative headquarters. V He helped in the capturing on Mwanga and Kabalega who were resisting British rule.

Nuwa Mbaguta V He extended British rule-in western Uganda, V He promoted education in western Uganda. V He promoted the building of feeder roads in western Uganda. V He planted trees in Mbarara town

Mutesa I V He invited the European missionaries to come to Uganda.

Omukama Kasagama of Toro He collaborated with the British because; V He wanted to get protection against Kabalega. V He wanted to get guns for his soldiers to maintain peace in the kingdom. How useful was captain F.D Lugard to Kasagama of Toro? V He helped omukama Kasagama to retain his throne from kabalega.

Resistance of colonial rule. Qn. How did the people of East Africa resist colonial administration? V By staging rebellions V Through Riots and Demonstrations V By boycotting European goods

Resistors in Uganda V Chief Awich ofPayera V Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda V Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro

Mwanga's revolt of 1897 V Although Mwanga had collaborated with the British at first, he finally rose against them. V He even signed treaties with captain Lugard to show collaboration. V When the British undermined his interests, he resisted them. V He even reached an extent of ordering for the death of the Uganda martyrs with the help of his chief prosecutor Mukajanga, V Because of resistance he was exiled to Seychelles Island, making Daudi Chwa II the king of Buganda at that time. Qtn: Identify two effects of Mwanga resistance

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V He lost his powers. V He was exiled to Seychelles Islands in the Indian ocean. Qtn: Why do you think Kabaka Mwanga was unable to sign the Buganda agreement? V He was in exile at that time.

Nyangire Rebellion V It was staged in Bunyoro to oppose the British system of using Baganda chiefs to rule Bunyoro. V The Banyoro fought to chase away all the Baganda chiefs from Bunyoro. V After one month of the rebellion, the British were able to defeat the Banyoro Qtn: Point out two reasons why Kabalega staged resistance in 1894. V He wanted to protect Bunyoro's independence. V He did not want to lose his powers.

The Lamogi rebellion V It was staged under the leadership of chief Awich of Payera. V It aimed at resisting the forceful registration of guns by the British.

Resistance in Kenya The Nandi rebellion V The Nandi people staged this rebellion because they did not want the British to take away their land. The Mau mau rebellion V Mau - Mau in full is Mzungu Arudi Ulaya Mwafrika Apate Uhuru. V This means that let the Europeans go back to Europe so that the Africans get independence. V The Mau Mau rebellion was spearheaded by the three Kenyan nationalists. V Mzee Jomo Kenyatta-Political leader V Dedan Kimathi — A military leader V General China V The Mau Mau rebellion was mainly staged by the Kikuyu tribe.

Causes of the MAU MAU rebellion in Kenva V The Kenyans wanted to be allowed to grow cash crops of their own. V Kenyan's wanted a fair representation to the LEGCO. V They wanted to have their fertile land from the British. V Kenyans wanted to have independence from the British. V They also wanted the Kipande policy to be removed.

Effects of the Man Mau rebellion V Loss of lives. V Destruction of property. V Displacement of people.

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V Outbreak of famine because most people were involved in the rebellion and also feared to stay alone in isolated gardens. V The military leader Dedan Kimathi was arrested and executed.

Rebellion that took place in Tanganyika V Abushiri rebellion V Hehe rebellion V Maji Maji rebellion

Abushiri rebellion of 1888. V It was carried out by the people of Pangani led by Abushiri Bin Salim and Bwana Heri.

Causes of Abushiri rebellion V High taxes on commodities; V The Germans were not respecting the Islamic religion. V Forced labour. V Desire to stop slave trade V Germans took over control of trade and restricted the people of Tanganyika.

Effects of the Abushiri rebellion V Destruction of property. V Wide spread of famine. V Loss of lives V Abushiri Bin Salim was hanged.

The Hehe rebellion V It was staged by the hehe people led by chief Mkwawa. V It started a long the Tabora - Bagamoyo route. V It was fought by 1000 men and all were defeated.

Causes of the Hehe rebellion V High taxes which were charged on trade caravans. V The killing of chief Mkwawa’s peace mission

Effects of the Hehe rebellion V Loss of lives V Massive famine V Destruction of property. V Chief Mkwawa was beheaded and shipped to German.

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V It was staged by the people of Tanganyika against German rule. V It was called the Maji Maji because of the magic water which was believed to turn German bullets into water. V This gave the Tanganyikans braverly and courage. V This rebellion involved people of Pogoro, Gindo, lindi, Matumbi, Zaramo, Bena, Ngoni, Mbuga and Luguru. V The leader of the Maji Maji rebellion was Kinje kitile Ngwale

Causes of the maji maji rebellion V Forced labour. V High taxes charged. ; V Harsh rules from the Germans. V The ruthlessness of the Akidas and Jumbees V Low wages despite their hardwork.

Effects of the Maji Maji rebellion V Loss of lives. V Destruction of property. V Outbreak of famine V The spirit of African nationalism was raised. V Displacement of people

Characteristics of German rule in E.Africa The German rule in Tanganyika was unpopular because of the following characteristics. V Forced labour. V High taxation V Harshness by the Jumbes and Akidas V Low wages despite handwork.

Role played by different people in the struggle for independence in East Africa. These people played different roles especially spearheading activities like; V Formation of political parties. V Mobilizing people to fight from forests. V Campaigning against colonial laws. V Leading demonstrations.

Remarkable personalities in Uganda A. Sir Edward Muteesa II V Born in 1924 V King at 18 years in 1948. V Exiled to England in 1953 because he demanded for independence of Buganda from colonial rule.

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V He was allowed to return in 1955 after accepting that his office will take part in politics. V He formed an alliance with Uganda's People's Congress. V He became the first president of independent Uganda and head of state in 1963 replacing the Queen of England who had remained a ceremonial head of Uganda after independence in 1962. V In 1966 he fled to London after a military attack from Dr. Milton Obote. V He died in 1969 in exile.

Kabaka Mutesa II’ s Challenges V He did not want Buganda to remain part of Uganda after independence. V He wanted independence for his kingdom only. Ignatius Kangave Musaazi V He formed Uganda National Congress (the first political party in Uganda)

This party aimed at: V Uniting all Ugandans V Acquiring independence for Uganda. V Improving the standards of living of Africans V Fighting for human rights for all the people of Africa. NB. The UNC party led the struggle for the return of Kabaka Muteesa II from exile in Britain.

Musaazi's Challenges V His party was hated by the British colonial government because it was gaining strength in the whole country. V Its aims were not liked by the Lukiiko because it involved uniting all Ugandans in one country. V Most of its leadership came from Buganda thus creating opposition from non Baganda.

Dr. Apollo Milton Obote V He was the first executive prime minister. V He led Uganda to independence in 1962. V Abolished kingdoms in 1966. V He declared Uganda a republic in 1967. V He became the first executive president of Uganda. V He was overthrown by Idd Amin Dada in 1971.

Obote's challenges V Over coming the forces of tribalism and traditionalism. V Failure to maintain some of his objectives e.g respecting hereditary rulers. V Failure to maintain discipline in the army which later overthrew him, V Failure to conduct general elections from 1962 up to 1971. NB: He became president again in 1980 but was overthrown again in 1985 by General Tito Okello Lutwa.

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Benedict Kiwanuka V He was the first chief minister of Uganda / Chief justice. V He struggled for the independence of Uganda. V He made D.P a national party. First prime minister of Uganda. V As the head of D.P, he won the 1961 general elections that made Uganda attain self rule.

Qtn: What do you understand by the Kabaka's crisis? V It was a period of time when Kabaka Muteesa II was in exile and the Baganda were demanding for his return. V The Namirembe conference was held to discuss the return of Kabaka Muteesa II. V It was called so because it was held at Namirembe. V Michael Kintu signed the Namirembe agreement on behalf of the Baganda while Keith V Hancock signed on behalf of the British.

Question 1. Name the first African trade union to be formed m Uganda. V Uganda African Farmer's Union 2. Why were political parties formed in early 1950,s? V To demand for independence. 3. Why was Muteesa II deported by Sir Andrew Cohen? V He refused to send representatives to the LEGCO. V He wanted Buganda to be an independent state. 4. Which political party won the first general elections in l961? V Democratic Party. 5. Which political party won the 1962 general elections? V Uganda People's Congress. 6. How did the Kabaka Yekka party help Milton Obote to become the first executive prime minister? V They made an alliance with U.P.C and won the general elections which made Obote the first executive prime minister. 7. What led to the second kabaka crisis in 1966? V Disagreements in sharing of power between the constitutional president and the executive prime minister by that time. 8. Why was Kabaka Muteesa II called a ceremonial president? V He had no executive powers. 9. What is a republic? • It is a state ruled by a president The struggle for independence in Tanganyika; Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere V He was one of the founders of the Tanganyika African Association which aimed at fighting for independence.

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V He changed TAA to TANU - Tanganyika African National Union. V He became a member of the Legislative council of Tanganyika in 1957. V He became the first prime minister of Tanganyika when TANU won the general V elections in 1960. V In 1961, Tanganyika became independent and Nyerere became the first executive prime minister. V Tanganyika was made a republic in 1961 and Nyerere was elected president. V He aimed at creating a united country so encouraged the leaders of Zanzibar-to join Tanganyika and formed one nation called Tanzania. Nyerere's challenges V He was disliked by the British colonial government. V He was disliked by the foreign investors because he tried to make Tanzania a socialist country.

Qtn: What is a socialist country? V A country where the government owns most of the big companies. Qtn: Why did the British colonial government hate Julius Nyerere? V He used to make strong remarks against the British colonial government during the United Nations Trusteeship Council (UNTC) NB: U.N.T.C was the body which supervised over Britain's rule in Tanganyika. Osca Kambona V He was the secretary general of the Tanganyika African National Union (T.A.N.U) V He worked hard with Julius Nyerere to gain more members for the party V He worked with T.A.N.U until 1967 when he left the country. Abeid Karume V He was the head of the Zanzibar Afro- Shirazi party which was formed in 1957 (ZAS) V Him with the Zanzibar National party demanded for independence. V With Nyerere, Abeid Karume discussed the joining of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form one nation (Tanzania) V He became the first vice president of Tanzania with Rashid Kawawa as the second vice president from Tanganyika main land. Qtn: State the date when Tanganyika attained independence Richard Turnbull V He was the British governor who granted independence to Tanganyika. V He did this because he did not want Tanganyika to have the same experience he had witnessed in Kenya during the MAU MAU rebellion.

The struggle for independence in Kenya. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta V He was one of the founders of Kikuyu central association (K.C.A) formed in 1920. Aims of the Kikuyu Central Association V To make sure that Africans are allowed to grow cash crops. V To force the colonial government to translate the colonial laws into kikuyu language for people to understand. V To fight for the return of the fertile land which had been given to the white settlers.

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V Jomo Kenyatta owned a newspaper called Mwiguithania (unity) through which he spread the ideas of the KCA. V In 1946, he became the chairman of the Kenya African Union (KAU) which he later changed to Kenya African National Union (KANU) V He was the political leader of the Mau Mau rebellion V He was arrested and imprisoned from 1952 - 1961. V In 1963, General elections were held in Kenya between KANU and KADU where KANU won making Jomo Kenyatta the first prime minister of Kenya. (12th December 1963) Kenya attained independence. V He worked hard to create one united country with peace and prosperity. He became president in 1964 when Kenya became republic- V He died in 1978 and was replaced by Daniel Arap Moi as president of Kenya.

Harry Thuku V He formed the young kikuyu association which was later changed to East African Association (EAA) to allow members out of the kikuyu tribe to join. V He protested about the way British were governing Kenya. V He was imprisoned from 1922 — 1931. V When he was released, he joined KASA, KAU and KANU. V He died in 1970. Tom Mboya V He was a member of the Trade Union Movement in Kenya. V He founded the Kenya Local Government Worker's Union (KLGWU) V He was also one of the founders of the K.A.N.U. V In 1953, he united all the trade unions into a united Kenya federation of labour (K.F.L) V In 1957, he became the representative of Nairobi to the Legco. V After independence, he became the minister of economic planning. V He was assassinated in July 1969.

Oginga Odinga V In 1945, he founded the Luo Thrift and Trading corporation which helped African small business. V He founded the Luo Union. V As an elect to the legco in 1957, he worked with Mboya to have Kenyatta released from prison. V He was the vice president of K.A.N.U and became Kenya's vice president after independence. V He founded the Kenya People's Union in 1967 which opposed KANU the party in government so he was imprisoned for 2 years. V In 1992, he was elected to parliament and became the leader of the Ford Kenya Party.

Ronald Ngala V He helped to start the Mijikenda union in 1994. V He was elected to the legco in 1957.

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V He founded the Kenya African Democratic Union (K.A.D.U) but did not last long since its members joined K.A.N.U in 1964. V He was a minister in independent Kenya until he died in a car accident in 1972.

Dedan Kimathi V He was one of the military leaders of the Mau Mau rebellion . V He fought as a guerrilla in the forest of the Aberdares from 1952 to 1956. V He was captures by the British forces in 1956 and was executed on the 151 February, 1957 Warihiu Itote V He was commonly known as General China. V He was one of the most important military leaders of the Mau Mau rebellion. V He was captured by the colonialists, tried and sentenced to death.

James Gichuru V He was among the founder members of the Kenya African Union (K..A.U) and became its chairman in 1945. V He also became the president of K.A.N.U after its formation. V He was elected to parliament in 1957. V He was one of the founder members of K.A.N.U who became minister in the K.A.N.U government. V He became the vice president in 1967. V When Jomo Kenyatta died, Arap Moi became the president in 1978. V He made K.A.N.U the only political party in Kenya and banned other parties. V He was elected as president in 1983, 88, 92 and 1998. Qtn: Write short notes about: V Richard Turnbull V He was British governor who granted independence to Tanzania. 2. List any four contributions of Julius Nyerere to Tanganyika V He led Tanganyika to independence. V He united Tanganyika and Zanzibar to form Tanzania. V He was the founder of Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) V He made Kiswahili a national language of Tanzania. V He was one of the founder members of EAC and OAU. NB He retired from being a president of Tanzania in 1995 and was replaced by Ali Hassan Mwinyi Then Benjamin Mkapa, Jakaya Kikwete. Qtn: Identify only one failure of Julius Nyerere V He promoted Ujamaa villages which led to massive poverty. Qtn: What do you know about Arusha declaration? Qtn: Results of the Arusha declaration V The government took over banks and private business. V People were put in Ujama villages. Qtn: How did the policy of Ujama come to an end?

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Qtn: How is the presence of white settlers affecting the Kenyans? V They took their fertile land. V They undermined their cultures. Qtn: Why did the white settlers dominate the Kenyan highlands? V Presence of fertile soils and reliable rainfall for farming. Qtn: Why did the people of Kenya fight for independence? V To regain their fertile land. V They were over taxed by the colonialists. V Their culture was undermined by the British. V They wanted to regain their economic strength. Qtn: State two problems the Africans faced during their fight for independence. V Loss of lives. V Destruction of property. V Imprisonment of their leaders. Qtn:- Write the following in fall KANU KAU LEGCO TANU D.P U.P.C UNC KADU TAA Qtn: Why were each of the following rebellions called by their specific names? V Mau Mau V Maji Maji V Nyangire Complete the table below; country Colonial master Date of independence 1st president Uganda Britain 9th October, 1962 Kenya Britain 12th December, 1963 Tanzania Germany 10th December, 1961 Rwanda Germany 1962 Burundi Germany 1962

Struggle for independence in Rwanda and Burundi V By the time the colonialists came, Rwanda -Burundi was ruled by the Tutsi Monarchy. V They were largely supported by the Germans and later by the Belgium colonialists. V This brought great hatred between the two tribes i.e Tutsis and Hutus. V In an effort to end this dominance in 1956 Gregory Kayibanda founded the party called PARMEHUTU which led the Hutu emancipation movement. V In reaction, in 1959 the Tutsi also formed a party called UNAR to counter fight the PARMEHUTU. V When the Tutsi Mwami (king) Mutara III Charles died, some Tutsi thought that he had been just assassinated and he was replaced by his half brother Mwami Kigeli V. V In November 1959, Tutsi tried to assassinate Kayibanda and the death of Dominique Mbonyumutwa sparked off violent retaliation called the “wind of destruction". V Between 20,000 to 100,000 Tutsi were killed by the Hutu and this caused an increase of Tutsi refugees in the neighboring countries.

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V The Tutsi Monarchy came to an end in 1960 when the Belgian government agreed to hold democratic municipal elections in Rwanda- Burundi were the Hutu majority elected the Hutu representatives. V At the urging of the UN, the Belgian government divided Rwanda Burundi into two separate countries ie Rwanda and Burundi 1961. V On 1st July 1962, Belgium with UN's oversight granted full independence to the two countries. V Kayibanda became the first Rwanda's elected president. V Today, Rwanda is ruled by the Tutsi majority following the Genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994 that left thousands of the people dead.

Current political parties in Uganda. Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi.

COUNTRY POLITICAL PARTIES UGANDA NRM, CP, FDC, DP, JEMA, PPP, UPC, Federal Alliance KENYA TANZANIA RWANDA Rwanda Patriotic Front BURUNDI

Challenge of post independent East Africa. V Constant civil wars V Struggle for power V High rates of corruption V Poor roads V Low levels of technology V Low life expectance V Many outbreaks of epidemic diseases. V Dependence on loans V famine qtn: what is a republic? V A country ruled by a president.

Impacts/effects/results/outcomes of colonialism in East Africa Positive effects V They built hospitals eg Entebbe hospital V They built schools V They built factories and industries. V They built roads. V They built administrative centres. V They encouraged cash crop growing. V They fixed political boundaries. V They introduce new systems of administrations eg direct and indirect rule. Page 142

V They stopped slave trade. Negative effects V It led to rebellions in East Africa V The East African states lost their independence. V The African Kings and Chiefs lost their powers V They imposed harsh administration on Africans. V They imposed heavy taxes on Africans. V They undermined the African culture. V Tribes were separated

DEMOCRATIC RULE IN EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES 1. What do you understand by the term democracy? V Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people. V Democracy is the type of government that allows all people to participate in the political affairs of their country. 2. Mention the different ways democracy is exercised in the countries of East Africa. V Through elections of the leaders. V Through freedom of press. V Through freedom of movement. V Through freedom of speech. V Through freedom of association. V Through freedom of owning property. V Through freedom of worship. V Through freedom of expression.

DEMOCRATIC PROCESS AND ELECTIONS IN EAST AFRICA 1. What is an election? " V An election is an act of giving people a chance of choosing leaders of their own choice. 2. What is the minimum age at which one should participate in a National election? V At 18 years of age. 3. Define the following terms as used during elections. Ballot paper V This is a special paper that is used during elections. Ballot box V This is a special box where voters cast their votes. Polling station V Is a place where voters go for elections / a place where voters go to cast their votes. Presiding officer V Is a person who heads all the election activities at a polling station. Returning officer V Is the title that is given to the person who heads the election exercise in a division / district. Electoral college

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V This is where a- special group of people is chosen, to represent others during- an election Universal Adult suffrage V This is an election where all voters in an area are allowed to participate. 4. What are the qualities / characteristics of a good voter? V Should be 18 years and above. V Should be a citizen of that area / country. V Should be a registered voter. 5. Which body is responsible for organizing elections in a country V The electoral Commission. 6. Under which ministry in Uganda is the electoral commission? V Ministry of Justice and Constitutional affairs. THE ELECTORAL COMMISION V This is the body that is responsible for organizing elections in a country. 2. Who is the chairman of the electoral commission in Uganda? V Eng. Badru Kiggundu 3. Why should a country have regular elections? V To promote peaceful change of leadership. V To promote democracy in a country. Mention the duties of the electoral commission. V To organize and conduct free and fair elections. V To conduct civic education. V To provide election materials. V To declare the election results. V To register voters. V To demarcate constituencies.

1. What is a referendum? V This is an election that is held for people to decide on a particular issue in a country. 2. What was the purpose of the recently concluded referendum in southern Sudan? V They wanted to determine the independence of Southern Sudan from Northern Sudan, 3. What is a by-election? V A by-election is an election that is carried out to fill a vacant post. Under what conditions can a by-election be conducted in a country? V When an elected leader has died. V When an elected leader has resigned. V When an elected leader has run mad / insane. V When an elected leader has been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment. V When the election results have been nullified by courts of law. What is a re-run as used during elections? V This is an election that is repeated after the winning presidential candidate failing to meet the required number of votes by law. NB: Only the winning presidential candidate and his run-up stand for this kind of election. Identify some political groups of leaders who acquire offices through elections in Uganda.

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V The Local Council executive committee chairman. V The members of parliament. V The youths council representatives V The president. V When did Ugandans participate in their first National elections / general elections? V In 1961. V What was the purpose of the first general elections in Uganda? V They wanted to choose the leader of self-government. Which political parties participated in the first general elections in Uganda? V Democratic party led by Ben Kiwanuka. V Uganda People's Congress led by Dr. A.M Obote. V Kabaka Yekka led by Sir Edward Muteesa II. Mention some of the current political parties in Uganda. V National Resistance Movement (N.R.M.) V Democratic party (D.P) V Uganda People's Congress (U.P.C) V Forum for Democratic Change (F.D.C) V Conservative party (C.P) V Social Democratic Party (S.D.P) V People's Progressive Party (P.P.P) V People's Development Party (P.D.P) Mention the special groups of people represented in parliament. V The Army-U.P.D.F V The youths. V People with disabilities. V The workers. V The Women 17. Identify the types of elections in Uganda. V Presidential elections. V Parliamentary elections. V By-elections, V Local council elections. V Referendum. V Discuss open voting, voting by proxy and voting by secret ballot. V The above are the three methods of voting in East Africa. POLITICAL AND CIVIC EDUCATION 1. What is Civic education? V This is the process of sensitizing the electorates on what to do during the voting exercise. 2. What is the importance of Civic education in a country? V To help voters to elect wisely. V To minimize / reduce the number of invalid ballot papers. V To know the candidates in the race of elections. V To know-when the elections will take place.

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3. Identify some of the organizations that help to conduct Civic education in Uganda. V The Electoral Commission- V Uganda Joint Christian Council - UJCC. V Uganda Watch V Citizen Coalition on Electoral Democracy - CCED. V Uganda Human Rights Commission. V Inter Religious Council. 4. Mention some of the challenges of the electoral process in East Africa. V Lack of enough funds. V Electoral violence in some areas. V Some candidate present false documents during registration. V Bribing voters by some candidates. V Imbalance of featuring all candidates by the media. V Rigging of elections. V Interference by central government / The electoral commission is not independent enough. V Use of abusive language during campaigns. V Lack of enough Civic education. V Irregularities during registration of voters.

SOLUTIONS TO THE ABOVE CHALLENGES V The government should provide enough funds before time of elections. V The government should improve on security during elections. V National council of higher education should improve on the way of verifying academic papers. V The E.C should provide enough sensitization / Civic education to the electorates. V The media should feature all candidates evenly. V By enforcing strict laws against rigging of elections. V The electoral commission should be fully independent from central government. V The electoral commission should get enough machinery and time for proper registration.

CITIZENSHIP 1. Who is a citizen? V A citizen is a person who belongs to a particular country and enjoys full constitutional rights. 2. Identify the types of citizenship in Uganda. V Citizenship by birth. V Citizenship by Adoption. V Citizenship by descent. V Citizenship by registration. V Citizenship by naturalization. 3. What do you understand by each of the following types of citizenship? By birth V This refers to the person who is born in a particular country. By adoption

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V This is when children of not more than five years found in Uganda and whose parents are unknown become Ugandans by adoption. By descent V This refers to a person who "was born in another country but whose ancestors are Ugandans. By registration V This refers to a person who acquires citizenship by registering with the immigration department in the country. By naturalization V This refers to a situation where a country declares a certain group of people who are foreigners as citizens. This type of citizenship is caused due to change of international boundaries. 4. How can one loose his / her citizenship in Uganda? V By spying the government of Uganda for other countries. V By joining an army of an enemy country to Uganda. V By becoming a citizen in another country. NB: The Uganda constitution prohibits dual citizenship. n2. What do you understand by each of the above types of citizens. V A good citizen: This is one who is law abiding, honest and hardworking. V Good citizens work for the promotion of their lives and others for the advancement and betterment of their country. V Bad citizens: These are law breakers such as the increases number of corrupt officials. V The passive citizens: These are citizens who are carefree, they are neither good or bad e.g under multi-party system of government they don't belong to any political party. BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS 1. What are human rights? V These are natural freedoms that every person must enjoy. 2. Mention some examples of human rights in East Africa. V A right to life. V A right to own property. V A right to government of their choice. V Freedom of speech. V Freedom of association. V Freedom of press. V Freedom of movement V Freedom of assembly

Identify some of the organizations that help to promote and protect people's rights in Uganda. V Uganda Human rights commission. V Federation of Uganda Women's Lawyers. V Amnesty International. V Slum Aid project and responsibilities. Mention the duties of a good citizen V To pay taxes in time.

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V To help to keep law and order. V To take their children to school. V To be law abiding citizens. V To promote and respect other people's rights. V To create and protect a clean and health environment. V To participate during National elections. V To respect National attributes. V To be patriotic and loyal to Uganda and to promote its well being. V To foster National unity and to live in harmony with others.

RESPONSIBLE LIVING IN THE EAST AFRICAN ENVIRONMENT Vocabulary V Environment, conservation, degradation, modification, reclamation, draining, drainage, surroundings, waste, recycling, reuse, dispose responsibility, irresponsibility, pollutants, extinction, impurities. Our Environment. V Environment are the things around people. V People live in either the natural environment or man made environment. V Natural environment is the type of environment that exists by itself while manmade environment is the environment that is made by people. V Natural environment include land, vegetation, drainage features, relief features, animals, the atmosphere or space and all its components. V Manmade environment includes things that people have put in place to aid their life e.g roads, schools, hospitals, gardens, homes, industries, factories, e.t.c. Importance of the environment V Different types of environment have different values. V Under the topic natural resources, we discussed the importance of different types of resources which make the environment of people. Question: 1. Outline any three importance of each of the following environment of people. V Water bodies V Air V Relief features V Swamps- V Vegetation V Land V Animals Environmental practices V In trying to use or exploit the environment, people have practiced various activities that have either modified, maintained or degraded the environment. Environmental degradation V Environmental degradation are practices that lead to the damage, waste or loss of the environment. OR

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V The over use or misuse of the environment.

Practices that lead to environmental degradation 1. They are categorized into two:- V Natural practices V Man made practices Natural practices that lead to environmental degradation Earthquake- They happen so suddenly without any warning. It is not easy to guard against them but only to minimize the damages caused. V Volcanic eruptions V Droughts V Lightning V Floods V Landslides V Strong winds (storms)

Manmade practices that lead to environmental degradation 1 De-vegetation: This is the destruction of plant life & in an area. De-vegetation can be done through, deforestation, bush burning, swamps drainage, overgrazing. 2) Soil degradation which can be done through; land fragmentation, mining, brick making, poor farming methods. 3. Wetland degradation where wetlands like lakes, rivers or swamps are destroyed through dumping wastes, soil into them. 4. Poaching which is the illegal hunting of animals from a reserved area. ( a gamepark or a game reserve) 5. Air pollution where people contaminate space, water or land with smoke, poisonous fumes and noise. , 6. Silting of water bodies the washing of soil into a water body by erosion.

Effects of environmental degradation - V Soil exhaustion / deterioration. V Death of animals and crop failure V Soil erosion V Drought and famine V Silting of water — the washing of soil into water bodies by erosion- NB: Silting destroys water catchment. V It leads to creation of shallow lakes V Reduces the lifespan of water bodies. V Leads to floods of the surrounding areas. V Loss of wildlife living in wetlands and on land (extinction) V Shortage of fish in water bodies.

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Qtn: What is pollution? When the environment is made unclean / contaminated with impurities that affect the quality of air. Qtn: Identify any three types of pollution. V 'Water pollution V Air pollution V Noise pollution V Soil pollution Qtn: How is the environment polluted? V Through depositing wastes into water bodies. V Through extracting industrial or mechanical fumes into the environment. V Releasing raw human wastes into the environment. V Disposing rubbish into the environment. Qtn: How can we control pollution? V Planting vegetation to avoid dusty environment V Recycle plastics, glass and metallic materials. ^ V Use manure instead of artificial fertilizers. V Avoid bush burning. V Make proper garbage and sewage disposal. Qtn: What are the effects of pollution? V Noise pollution leads to stress and permanent damage to the hearing system. V Water pollution leads to water borne diseases. Proper use of the environment/ Environmental conservation V Environmental conservation is the proper use / management of the environment in order to protect V it from destruction. V It is the protection of the environment from damage, waste or loss. Ways of conserving the environment i) The environment can be conserved through the following ways. V Vegetation V Afforestation V Re-afforestation V Gazetting forests V Use of alternative sources of energy. Fish V Restock over fished areas. . V Enforce laws against catching immature fish. V Protecting fishing areas. V Practice fish fanning. V Control water pollution which kills fish. Soil V Planting cover crops. V Terracing in hilly areas. V Mulching

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V Contour ploughing V Crop rotation Wildlife V Fencing endangered species V Banning the hunting of wild animals. V Enforcing laws against trade in wild animal products. V By establishing more game reserves. Water V Protecting water sources from pollution. V Planting trees in catchment areas to sustain water supply. V By controlling soil erosion on river banks to avoid silting. V By recycling waste water to make it safe for reuse Proper management of waste in the environment V This means making good use of waste materials. How do we put waste material into use V By recycling material like plastic, glass and metals to make new products. V Waste material that can decompose should be turned into composite manure which improves on soil fertility. V Animal dung can. be used as manure. V Animal dung can also be used in biogas production. V Sawdust, wood shaving and coffee husks can be used as fuel.

TOPICAL QUESTIONS ENVIRONMENT 1. Give the meaning of “Environment”. V Environment refers to people and their surrounding. 2. Give four human activities which have destroyed the environment. V Deforestation V Bush burning V Swamp drainage V Over grazing due to over stocking 3. How does over fishing affect lakes? V It leads to exhaustion of fish in water bodies. 4. What is environmental conservation? V To make peoples surrounding better for settlement. 5. Give three effects of deforestation. V Leads to drought / desertification / reduction in rainfall. V Leads to soil erosion V Leads to displacement of animals. 6. Suggest any three ways of managing the waste materials in our home. V By using dustbins / waste paper baskets V By dumping waste materials in rubbish pits

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V By picking / sweeping and burning rubbish. 7. How can we keep our school environment clean? V By sweeping / picking / mopping, by using dust bins. 8. Give three effects of bush burning. V It leads to soil erosion V It leads to destruction of animal habitat V It leads to air pollution 9. (a) Give danger of plastic materials to our environment. V It leads to soil degradation / leads to soil exhaustion V It reduces water infiltration. (b) How can people prevent the danger caused by plastic materials in our environment? V By recycling used plastic materials. 10. State three ways of controlling soil erosion in hilly areas. V By terracing V By contour ploughing V By trip cropping V By planting trees 11. (a) How is soil erosion controlled in low land areas? V By mulching (b) Why is soil erosion not common in the central region of Uganda? V It is not hilly and mountainous. 12. Give two reasons why soil erosion should be controlled. V To maintain soil fertility V To increase on crop yields // to control silting 13. Suggest two ways of controlling deforestation for wood fuel. V By enforcing strict laws against deforestation V Through rural electrification V By using other alternative sources of power other than wood. 14. State three effects of brick making to the environment. V It leads to soil erosion. // Breed ground for disease vectors V It leads to destruction of natural habitat V It leads to land degradation. 15. (a) What are wetlands? V Wetlands are water logged areas with vegetation (b) Identify three ways in which people have destroy wetland. V By brick making V Through swamp drainage V Dumping of waste products 16. Give three reasons why people destroy wetlands. V To get land for farming V To construct roads V To mine sand V To get land for settlement

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17. (a) What are the effects of destroying wetlands? V It leads to flooding (b) Give two dangers of settling in wetland. V You can be attacked by dangerous marine animals V Tropical diseases 18. Mention three crops which do not destroy wetlands. V Yams V Sugar cane V Rice 19. How does industrial development contribute to environmental destruction? V Vegetation is cleared to set up industries 20. Mention any three poor farming practices in East Africa. V Mono cropping V Over grazing V Over cultivation 21. What are the effects of rapid population growth to the environment? V It leads to land fragmentation V More vegetation is cleared to get land for farming / settlement 22. Suggest one way of controlling industrial air pollution. V By recycling the wastes 23. Why is trace passing discouraged in compounds? V To maintain the green environment / to control theft 24. What is re-a forestation? V Is the planting of trees where they have been cut down. 25. How does rural-electrification reduce deforestation? V Electricity will be used for cooking instead of firewood. 26. Write NEMA in full. V National Environment Management Authority 27. Give two functions of NEMA. V To conserve the environment. V To sensitize the people one the dangers of destroying the environment. V To evict people who settle on wetlands 28. How can people help NEMA in its function? V By reporting people who encroach on wetlands V By no settling on wetlands 29. How can children keep their classroom environment clean? V By picking rubbish / by sweeping the compound V By mopping the classroom. 30. Give the importance of a sweeping roster in a classroom. V It helps the children to know when they are to sweep the class. 31. State one danger of stone mining in the environment. V It leads to noise pollution V High risk of accident

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32. Mention two energy resources that can replace wood fuel. V Solar energy V Electricity 33. Give one effect of overgrazing. V It leads to soil erosion V It leads to soil exhaustion 34. Why are people discouraged from settling in wetlands? V It is a source of fish V to prevent floods V To prevent drought V they have disease vectors. 35. Give any three uses of trees in a school compound. V Trees act as wind break V Trees add beauty to the school. V Trees control soil erosion V Trees provide shade. 36. Mention the weather disasters which destroy the environment. V Heavy rains V strong winds V Landslides 37. Which two districts in Uganda are mostly affected by landslides? V Bududa V Manafa V Mbale 38. What are the effects of landslides? V It leads to displacement of people V It leads to destruction of property V Loss of lives 39. Suggest any two ways in which landslides victims can be helped. V By relocating them to flat areas V By giving them support e.g. shelter, food, medicine etc 40. What causes mudslides / landslides? V Heavy rains V Mining V earth quackes 41. What causes floods? V Heavy rains V swamp drainage 42. Give two ways of controlling floods. V Planting grass, trees V By controlled grazing 43. What are the effects of floods? V It cause drowning and death of animals// it leads to destruction of crops

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44. (a) Write in full NFA. V National Forestry Authority (b) Give one function of NFA. V To conserve Natural forests 45. (a) What causes desertification? V Deforestation (b) How can desertification be controlled in Uganda? V By practicing re-afforestation 46. (a) What is drought? V Drought is a long dry season with out rain (b) What causes drought? V Deforestation, industrialization, over grazing ( c) What are the effects of drought? V It hinders farming V it leads to destruction of vegetation (d) Suggest two ways of controlling drought. V By practising Agro- forestry V By practising afforestation 47. (a) Which ministry in Uganda is responsible for disasters? V Ministry of Relief Disaster Preparedness and Refugees (b) How does the above ministry help people affected by drought? V By resettling them in safe areas V by giving them material support 48. (a) Which ministry in Uganda is responsible for environment? V Ministry of water and environment (b) How is the above ministry trying to protect the environment? V By enforcing strict laws against environmental degradation. 49. (a) Which body in Uganda is responsible for supplying water to people? V National water and sewerage co-operation. (b) Mention one other activity done by the organization above. V They collect and treat sewage. 50. How is rubbish managed at school? V By collecting and burning it in one place. 51. (a) Give two causes of land fragmentation. V over population V land tenure system (b) Give two effects of land fragmentation. V Development of slums. V It leads to land degradation.

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