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Anglo-American Liberalism As a Dominant Factor in Nigerian Foreign Policy, 1960-1966

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Anglo-American Liberalism As a Dominant Factor in Nigerian Foreign Policy, 1960-1966 1x-.f 70-12,396 AKINYELE, Caleb Ibitayo, 1938- ANGLO-AMERICAN LIBERALISM AS A DOMINANT FACTOR IN NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1960-1966. The American University, Ph.D., 1969 Political Science, international law and relations I University........ Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann.. Arbor, .. Michigan I] © Copyright by Caleb Ibitayo Akinyele ! 1970 ' ANGLO-AMERICAN LIBERALISM AS A DOMINANT FACTOR IN NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1960-1966 by CALEB IBITAYO AKINYELE Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of the American University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Signatures of Committee Professor Whittle Johnson (Chairman). Professor Emmet V. Mittlebeeler Professor A Dean of the School of International Service AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Date... vDtJpooiuucxj X7U7 LIBRARY The American University Washington, D.C. NOV 51969 WASHINGTON. O. C Dedicated to my Parents Preface Great Britain started colonizing Nigeria at about the second half of the nineteenth century. From this time until October 1, I960, the date Nigeria became independent, the British introduced liberalism into the country as a political, economic and social philosophy. Although there exists a relatively large volume of (mostly scattered) literature on Nigerian foreign policy, the question of how the philosophy of liberalism, especially the Anglo-American style, has continued to influence Nigeria’s foreign (as well as domestic) policy even after independence, has not yet been investigated in an adequate chronological perspective. This largely factual, historical (and yet basically theoretical), study is meant to fill that gap. I hope the work will be found helpful particularly by students of Nigerian political affairs and in general by students of African studies. This dissertation begins with a cataloque (in Chapter I) of certain basic theories of international relations and political science which form part of the tools of analysis used in the body of the research. Then it proceeds with a brief review (Chapter II) of the origin, the different types, and the essential traits of liberalism. In Chapter III, attention is directed at an examination of the processes whereby internal variables in Nigeria conditioned the country's exter­ nal behavior. iii In order to reveal certain uniformities and similarities between the liberals1 external behaviors (described in Chapter II) and Nigerian characteristic response to international stimuli, this student (in Chapter IV), perused and analyzed all the speeches made by Nigeria's representatives in the General Assembly of the United Nations from the end of I960 up to the end of 1965.* In Chapter V, a quantitative exercise of Nigeria's relations with the East, the West, and the third world was undertaken. In addition to liberalism (the dominant factor) and domestic politics, there were other factors that influenced Nigerian foreign policy during the period under investigation. The inputs of two of these - the international system and the continent of Africa as a sub­ system in the global system - are discussed in Chapters VI and VII, respectively. In the concluding paragraphs it is inferred that, apart from the primacy and pervasiveness of liberalism, any attempt to present a cause-effect relationship among the several other factors that also shaped Nigerian foreign policy during the period probed could be as difficult and unproductive as the task of straining the mud out of the waters. Also, a few words are uttered on the future role of liberalism in Nigerian foreign policy. ^Other similarities in the foreign policies of Nigeria and the Anglo-American liberals are also indicated when necessary in sub­ sequent chapters. iv This student is indebted to his dissertation committee Chairman, Professor Whittle Johnston as a result of whose patient tutelage this student became interested, in the fall of 1967, in investigating the nature, the role, and the implications of the dominance of liberalism in Nigerian foreign (as well as domestic) policy. Dr. Johnston's devoted counsel, support, and direction at every point in this study is obviously reflected in the quantity and quality of the literature that form the ingredients of this study and also in the pertinence of the dissertation to the enterprise of international relations. I am also much grateful to the other members of the committee: Professor Emmet V. Mittlebeeler and Professor Absolom Vilakazi. Their criticisms resulted in great improvements in both the substan­ tive and stylistic presentations of my ideas in this exercise. Nevertheless, the author.is accountable for all errors, latent or apparent, in the study. v LIST OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND THE HISTORY OF LIBERALISM A. Classical Liberalism. The Age of Mercantilism. The Concepts of Natural law and the Harmony of Interests. The Harmony of Interests: Example from Economics. The Theme on Equality. The Theme on (international) law. The Liberals on War and Peace. The Theme on Moralism. B. Realistic Classical Liberals C. Why Classical Liberalism Survived D. Contemporary Liberalism 1. Twentieth Century International Millieu 2. Hie Theme on Peaceful Change 3. The Theme on International Law 4. The Theme on International Organizations INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY A. The Nigerians and Their Cultures 1. Tribes in Nigeria 2. Religions in Nigeria B. The Peaceful Change from Dependence to Independence C. Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy in Nigeria 1. Political Parties and Foreign Policy 2. The Push of Southern Radicalism 3. The Pull of Northern Conservatism D. Economics and Foreign Policy in Nigeria NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE UNITED NATIONS A. Non-Alignment and Nigerian Foreign Policy B. Idealistic Moralism and the Theme on Equality C. The Theme on International Law D. Humanitarianism and Nigerian Foreign Policy E. Independent Actions in Nigerian Foreign Policy F. The Role of Indecision in Nigerian Foreign Policy V. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY A. The Theoretical Setting B. Nigeria end the West C. Nigeria and the East D. Nigeria and the Third World E. Summary VI. THE IMPACT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM ON NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY A. New Realism: The Permanence of Conflict 1. The Permanence of Conflict: The EconomicCase 2. The Permanence of Conflict: The Political Case 3. Summary B. New Idealism: The Possibility of Peace VII. THE IMPACT OF AFRICA ON NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY A. The Quest for a Change B. Two Lap act s of African Affairs on Nigerian Foreign Policy 1. African Cultural Identity and Nigerian Foreign Policy 2. Nigerian Foreign Policy on the Place of Africa in the Global System VIII. CONCLUSION 2 T-T3T ffl? TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Nigeria: Distribution of Population According to Religions (1963 Census) 74 2. Population of Dominant Tribes in Nigeria (millions) 81 3. Offers of Loans to Nigeria from Foreign Sources During the First Two Tears (1962 and 1963) of the Nigerian National Development Plan. 107 4-. Nigerian Imports from and Exports to the United States, 1955 to 1965 169 5. United States and Nigeria: Comparison of Vital Statistics (1962-1966 averaged) 171 6. American Universities and Educators Cooperating with Nigerian Schools, 1961-1966 172 7. Population of the European Economic Community, I960 to 1976 (thousands) 180 S. Gross National Product of the EBC at Constant Market Prices, 1960-1966 (1966=100 fbillionsi) 181 9. Average Annual Growth Rates of the Gross National Product of the EEC at Constant Prices, I960 to 1966 (1966=100) 182 10. Comparison of Values of Nigerian Exports to and Imports from the UK, and the EEC, 1960-65 (pillions) 184 U . Nigerian Imports from and Exports to France, 1960-1965 (Millions) 190 12. Selected Destinations of Nigerian Exports: 1960-1965 (Smillions) 201 13. Selected Sources of Nigerian Imports 1960-1965 (^millions) 202 14. Nigerian Diplomatic Relations, January 1962 219 15. Nigerian Diplomatic Relations, 1960-1966 220 3 T.TST fig CHARTS CHART PAGE I. Nigeria: Total Annual Exports to Africa (Excluding South Africa), EEC, United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Areas, 1960-1965 (trillions) 215 XI. Nigeria* Total Annual Imports from Africa (Excluding South Africa), EEC, United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Areas, 1960-1965 (^millions) 216 III. Graphical Representation of Countries in Which Nigeria had Embassies, 1960-1966 221 LIST OF MAPS MAP PAGE I. Federation of Nigeria 68 II. Nigeria* Main Cultural Groups 71 A CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The first discovery of the researcher who enters the United Nations' library for the first time is the fact that information on the Organization itself and the individual member states is very voluminous and remains largely unarranged in any simple manner. In the circumstances, the possible ordering of any selection from the bundles of available documents constitutes the first task of the investigator. The selection below is based upon certain theories of international relations. We shall, therefore, devote this chapter to a statement of a few of the theories, hypotheses and concepts. Theories. Hypotheses, and Concepts The term "theory” has many functions only two of which are rele­ vant to this paper. Firstly, theory will provide and govern explana­ tory hypotheses, assumptions, propositions, models, postulates, or principles. For instance, since the study of actions among states presupposes the existence of both individual states as actors and an arena on which they act, react,
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