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World Bank Document RESTRICTED R Report NO. EA-79 Public Disclosure Authorized This report was prepared for use within the Bank. In making it available to others, the Bank assumes no responsibility to them for the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized THE ECONOMY OF NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized April 18, 1958 Public Disclosure Authorized Department of Operations - Europe, Africa and Australasia CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Unit: West African i I West African i - L 1 Sterling - U.S. $2.80 In this report the f sign, when not otherwise identified, means the West African pound. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page BASIC STATISTICS MAPS CHARTS................................................8, 22, 23, 25, 31, 32 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................... 1 I. GENERAL BACKGROUND....................................... 3 Natural Setting.......................................... 3 Population.............................................. 3 Political Setting......................................... 5 II. STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY................................... 7 Economic Growth............................................ 7 National Accounts......................................... 8 Economic Organization.................. ........... ....... 9 III. DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR SECTORS............................... 12 Agriculture............................... ............... 12 Mining.................................................. 16 Industry................... ................. 17 Electric Power............................................. 18 Transportation ............................. ............. 19 IV. CURRENCY, BANKING AND PUBLIC FINANCE...................... 21 Currency and Banking..................................... 21 Public Finance....................... ............. 22 Public Development Plans................................... 24 Prospects for Public Finance............................... 27 Economic Coordination...................................... 28 V. BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND CREDITWORTHINESS................... 30 External Trade................................. ...... 30 Balance of Payments......... .. ....................... * ... 30 Creditworthiness...... .-... ................. .... 31 ANNEXES STATISTICAL APPENDIX BASIC STATISTICS Area: 373,250 square miles Popuilation: 34,0 million (Mid-1957 estimate) Of which: Northern Region 18.5 million Eastern Region 7.8 TI Western Region 6.6 " Southern Cameroons 0.8 " Lagos (capital) 0.3 " Domestic Prodn-t (1956/57) £807 million ($2,260 million equivalent) Per Capita Product (1956/57) About £24 ($66 equivalent) Percent of Gross Domestic Product (1956/57) Gross Capital Formation about 10% Current Federal and Regional Expenditure 8% Total Exports 16% External Trade, 1956: Exports £132.5 million Imports F152.6 million of which: of which: Palm oil and kernels 26.7% Textiles 21.4% Groundnuts 21.0% Machinery and vehicles 21.0% Cocoa 18.1% Food and beverages 1.0f% Cotton 5.h% Chemicals 5.0% Rubber 4.8% Petroleum products 4.8% Timber 2.9% Other manufactures 33.8% Tin and columbite 6.9% Other primary products 14.2% 1T0.70 100.0 Sterling Assets (Z million) March 31, 1957 Government (Federal, regional, local) 105.7 Marketing Boards 58.5 Currency Board 60.8 Development Corporations, etc. 6.9 Other semi-official 12.1 Banks (net) 22.5 Total Z266. million $746.2 million equivalent NIGERIA CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION (MILLIONS OF j.) 60 607II II 6 40 40 20 20 MARCH 31 OF EACH YEAR ENO OF QUARTER '44 '46 '48 '50 '52 '54 '56 1 II I Iv I II III iv I 11 Ill IV 1955 1956 1957 RETAIL PRICES (ALL ITEMS, IBADAN) GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (INDEX, 1953= \OO) (MILLIONS OF £) 150 1000 YEARLY QUARTERLY YEAR ENDING MARCH 31 125 750 100 - 500 75 -250 50- O '53 '54 1 11 111IV 1 11 1111V 1 II111 IV 1951 1953 1957 1955 1956 1957 STERLING BALANCES (MILLIONS OF L) 300 -300 MARCH 31 OF EACH YEAR TOTAL ......0.......:....::.......:..........: .: .- ::*:.::.:..1.::NET BANK BALANCES 250 OTHER (SEMI-OFFICIAL) REGIONAL PRODUCTION . ................ .. .................. D VELOPMENT 2002 0 O u.... 20BOARDS. ............. .. so......os... C E BOARD-:.......... NATIVE AUTHORITIES I. ..... 5.O..::.::.::.:.:..:::.5. ........ ............... 15 0 CETRAL GOVERNMENT 100 100 REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS O50 MARKETING BOARDS 0 0 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1/17/58 Staff 1316 IBRD- Economic NIGERIA FEDERAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS: REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE (MILLIONS OF J) 100 100 YEARLY CAPITAL EXPENDITURE REVENUE 75 75 EXPENDITURE 50 -50 25 -25 1951-52 1952-53 1953-54 1954-55 1955-56 1956-57 1957-58 (Est.) (Est.) VEGETABLE OIL PRODUCTS: NIGERIA'S SHARE OF THE WORLD MARKET (PERCENT OF TOTAL) 60 60 FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES PALM KERNELS 50 50 40 PALM OIL 40 TOTAL 30- 30 GROUNDNUTS 20- -20 10 10 O 0 1934-38 1952-56 1/17/58 1317 IBRD- Economic Staff NIGERIA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (PERCENT OF TOTAL) 0 10 20 30 40 I I PROJECTION OF IBRD MISSION AGR ICU LTUREI NIGERIAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MINING AND GEOLOGY ELECTRIC POWER TRADE AND INDUSTRY ROADS RAILWAYS HARBORS AND INLAND WATERWAYS AIR TRANSPORT POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS PUBLIC WORKS SOCIAL SERVICES GENERAL GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS MISCELLANEOUS 1/17/58 1318 I BRO - Economic Stoff NIGERIA TOTAL EXTERNAL TRADE (MILLIONS OF 1) 200 F-,--,1- -. r- -i-m ,mr - 200 YEARLY 175 -175 1 5MEXPORT SURPLUSZ ED IMPORT SURPLUS 150/ 115. 125 - 125 IOO00 100 EXPORTS 75- 75 IMPORTS 50 - 50 25 - 25 0"0 1913 1919 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 EXPORT AND IMPORT PRICES (INDEX, 1949-53= 100) 150 1 150O FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES YEARLY 100 100 IMPORTS / 50' 50 EXPORTS L 0 0 '24-28 '29-33 '34-38 '39-43 '44-48 '49-53'49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 TERMS OF TRADE (INDEX, 1949-53 =100) 150 IO FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES YEARLY 100 100 50 50 0 O '24-28 '29-33 '34-38 '39-43 '44-48 '49-53'49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 1/17/58 1319 IBRD- Economic Staff NIGERIA EXPORTS AND IMPORTS: VOLUME (INDEX, 1949-53= 100) 300 1 1-1 -300 FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES YEARLY 200- ____200 EXPORTS - (Principal commodities) 100 .4I100 - -,]a IMPORTS Copital goods and raw materials) 0 -_ ___IL i_1 O_I0 1913 '24-28 '29-33 '34-38 '39-43 '44-48 '49-53 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES: VOLUME (INDEX, 1949-53 = 100) 300 -300 FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES YEARLY 200 - 200 PALM OIL PALM KERNELS 100 - 100 1COCOA GROUNDNUTS (Incl. oil) 300 1300 COLUMBITE ... 200-- 200 TIN RUBBER 100 -__. __*_._ 100 ......... **'COTTON O__TTOO 1913 '24-28 '29-33 '34-38 '39-43 '44-48 '49-53 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 IMPORTS OF SELECTED COMMODITIES: VOLUME (INDEX, 1949-53 = 100) 300 3 FIVE-YEAR AVERAGES YEARLYI30 200 ____ CARS AND LORRIES- { 0 200 - 20 PETROLEUM OILS- ., COTTON AND I OO RAYON PIECE GOODS 100 1300 320 R '24-28 '29-33 '34-38 '39-43 '44-48 '49-53 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1/17/58 1320 IBROD- Economic Staff NIGERIA WORLD PRICES OF MAJOR EXPORT PRODUCTS 175 175 PALM KERNELS AND PALM OIL (c.i.f. EUROPEAN PORTS) 150-(. PER LONG TON) 1 150 125 125 \ ,(Belgian Congo, 6-7%) 100 ,\100 75 /75 50 _/ 50 25 25 ________(British West Africa) 2 25 YEARLY _ 00 _ _ I I _ _ 1934-38 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 FIVE- YEAR AVERAGE 120 120 GROUNDNUTS (ci.f. EUROPEAN PORTS) (E PER LONG TON) 100 100 80 00r80 60 - 60 40 /_ 40 20 20 YEARLY 1934-38 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 FIVE-YEAR (Jon-Oct.) AVERAGE 80 80 COCOA (ACCRA, NEW YORK) (CENTS PER LB.) 60 60 40 40 20 - 20 YEARLY 0l 1934-38 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 FIVE-YEAR lJon.-Oct.) 1/17/58 AVERAGE 1321 (R) IBRD- Economic Staff - ,. Lake \ . c h a / , I* I Sok ot o N ,- Katsin* Kaura Namoda B 0 R N U SO K 0 T A N O f-, .Maidugurl <i N ~~ F-TH R m 3 N i e KadunaN H&,_uH i •.Z A R A B A C 40 iL A T E A U 4 \ BANANAS i4 eCATTLE Makurdi COCOA .... ... ba . 60" COTTON ER GROUNDNUTS 10 RHgTME KINS Boundaries COAL KOLA NUTS International •----C Regional -- -0 "TIN PALMR60"C" Provincial ----PRDC t *Calabar Rain Forests .ootH Mean Annual NIGERIA Rainfoll 160" 60 00 100 120 140 MILES M4ntn 0 20 40 Vietori JANUARýY1958 IBRD-419 N l G E R (French). \ SOKOTO C KATSINA NGURU d KAURA KTIAN- NAMODA KANQ MAIDUGURi c ZARIA 0 la R e O- LLi OADUNA N BAUCHI J# JO 0 MINNA JEBBA YOLA ILORIN BARO Navigable Rivers LOKOJA MAKURDI Railways Proposd Bornu IBADAN (Trunk A.9)d DOGO ~Projected Roads---- ID.. Q International Boundaries LA OS BENIN / ONITSHA erBMED MAMFE A A F R I C A EsraoSWAR 0 NIGERIA Nigeria OTCALABAR .MAIN RAIL, RIVER AND HAROURT ./r ROAD COMMUNICATIONS 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 MILES VICTORIA JANUARY 1958 ID-418 SUMERY AND CONCLUSIONS 1. The Federation of Nigeria, located on the west coast of tropical Africa, is a British dependency now approaching full independence. With 34 million people, all Sftricans, it is the continent's most populous country. The popula- tion, now subdivided into four more or less autonomous Regions, including the U.N. Trust Territory of the Southern Cameroons, have widely differing tribal and religious backgrounds. Tribal loyalties are still strong and in the coming years much wLill still remain to be done to strengthen national unity. The few Europeans living in Nigeria, most of whom are temporary residents, still hold responsible positions in the Government and business, though, under the Govern- ment's policyr of "Nigerianization" an increasing number of Nigerians are now replacing th. 2. Nigeria depends on peasant agriculture to feed her growing population and to pay her way in the world. With the exception of the oil palm, all her major export products, which include cocoa, groundnuts, cotton and rubber, have been developed during the last 50 or 60 years and Nigeria has moved more and more from a basic subsistence and internal exchange economy to peasant export production. 3. The standard of living is still low. Most Nigerians are small farmers or herdsmen. The major export products are sold abroad by a Marketing Board organization controlled by the Regional Governments.
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