Precipitation Bands of Typhoon Vera in 1959 (Part I)*
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Contextualizing Disaster
Contextualizing Disaster This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Catastrophes in Context Series Editors: Gregory V. Button, former faculty member of University of Michigan at Ann Arbor Mark Schuller, Northern Illinois University / Université d’État d’Haïti Anthony Oliver-Smith, University of Florida Volume ͩ Contextualizing Disaster Edited by Gregory V. Button and Mark Schuller This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Contextualizing Disaster Edited by GREGORY V. BUTTON and MARK SCHULLER berghahn N E W Y O R K • O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. First published in 2016 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com ©2016 Gregory V. Button and Mark Schuller Open access ebook edition published in 2019 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Button, Gregory, editor. | Schuller, Mark, 1973– editor. Title: Contextualizing disaster / edited by Gregory V. Button and Mark Schuller. Description: New York : Berghahn Books, [2016] | Series: Catastrophes in context ; v. -
Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami Based on the Analysis of Video Footage Recorded on the Coasts of Wakayama, Japan Yusuke Yamanaka 1,* , Yoshinao Matsuba 1,2 , Yoshimitsu Tajima 1 , Ryotaro Shibata 1, Naohiro Hattori 1, Lianhui Wu 1 and Naoko Okami 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (N.H.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (N.O.) 2 Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 11 November 2019; Published: 13 November 2019 Abstract: In this study, field surveys along the coasts of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, were first conducted to investigate the coastal damage due to storm surges and storm-induced waves caused by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami. Special focus was placed on the characteristic behavior of nearshore waves through investigation of observed data, numerical simulations, and image analysis of video footage recorded on the coasts. The survey results indicated that inundation, wave overtopping, and drift debris caused by violent storm-induced waves were the dominant factors causing coastal damage. Results of numerical simulations showed that heights of storm-induced waves were predominantly greater than storm surge heights along the entire coast of Wakayama in both typhoons. -
Japan's Insurance Market 2020
Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Contents Page To Our Clients Masaaki Matsunaga President and Chief Executive The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 1 1. The Risks of Increasingly Severe Typhoons How Can We Effectively Handle Typhoons? Hironori Fudeyasu, Ph.D. Professor Faculty of Education, Yokohama National University 2 2. Modeling the Insights from the 2018 and 2019 Climatological Perils in Japan Margaret Joseph Model Product Manager, RMS 14 3. Life Insurance Underwriting Trends in Japan Naoyuki Tsukada, FALU, FUWJ Chief Underwriter, Manager, Underwriting Team, Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 20 4. Trends in Japan’s Non-Life Insurance Industry Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 25 5. Trends in Japan's Life Insurance Industry Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 32 Company Overview 37 Supplemental Data: Results of Japanese Major Non-Life Insurance Companies for Fiscal 2019, Ended March 31, 2020 (Non-Consolidated Basis) 40 ©2020 The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. All rights reserved. The contents may be reproduced only with the written permission of The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. To Our Clients It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to welcome you to our brochure, ‘Japan’s Insurance Market 2020.’ It is encouraging to know that over the years our brochures have been well received even beyond our own industry’s boundaries as a source of useful, up-to-date information about Japan’s insurance market, as well as contributing to a wider interest in and understanding of our domestic market. During fiscal 2019, the year ended March 31, 2020, despite a moderate recovery trend in the first half, uncertainties concerning the world economy surged toward the end of the fiscal year, affected by the spread of COVID-19. -
DATA and MONITORING
WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME DATA and MONITORING MEETING OF EXPERTS ON THE CLIMATE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (Geneva, Switzerland, 26-30 April 1999) WCDMP-No. 42 WMO-TD No. 972 * m World Meteorological Organization (Geneva, September 1999) The WCP implemented by WMO in conjunction with other international organizations consists of four major components: The World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) The World Climate Applications and Services Programme (WCASP) The World Climate Impact Assessment and Response Strategies Programme (WCIRP) The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) World Meteorological Organization Case postale N° 2300 1211 Geneva Switzerland World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme Telephone: (+41-22)730 81 11 Telefax: (+41-22)730 80 42 Telex: 414199 Email : [email protected] World Wide Web:http://www.wmo.ch/web/wcp/wcdmp/wcdmp.html NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secreta riat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Editorial note: This report has for the greater part been produced without editorial revision by the WMO Secretariat. It is not an official publication and its distribution in this form does not imply endorsement by the Organization of the ideas expressed. MEETING OF EXPERTS ON THE CLIMATE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (Geneva, Switzerland, -
Effects of Horizontal Resolution and Air–Sea Flux Parameterization
Effects of Horizontal Resolution and Air–Sea Flux Parameterization 已刪除: Impacts on the Intensity and Structure of simulated Typhoon Haiyan (2013) Mien-Tze Kueh1, Wen-Mei Chen1, Yang-Fan Sheng1, Simon C. Lin2, Tso-Ren Wu3, Eric Yen4, Yu-Lin Tsai3, Chuan-Yao Lin1 5 1Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 2Academia Sinica Grid Computing Centre, Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 3Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan 4Academia Sinica Grid Computing Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 10 Correspondence to: Chuan-Yao Lin ([email protected]) Abstract. This study investigates the effects of horizontal resolution and surface flux formulas on typhoon intensity and 已刪除: impacts structure simulations through the case study of Super Typhoon Haiyan (2013). Three sets of surface flux formulas in the 已刪除: the 15 Weather Research and Forecasting Model were tested using grid spacings of 1, 3, and 6 km. Increased resolution and more 35 已刪除: different 已刪除: Both i reasonable surface flux formulas can both improve typhoon intensity simulation, but their effects on storm structures differ. A combination of a decrease in momentum transfer coefficient and an increase in enthalpy transfer coefficients has greater potential to yield a stronger storm. This positive effect of more reasonable surface flux formulas can be efficiently enhanced when the grid spacing is appropriately reduced to yield an intense and contracted eyewall structure. As the resolution increases, 20 the eyewall becomes more upright and contracts inward. The size of updraft cores in the eyewall shrinks, and the region of 已刪除: ed downdraft increases; both updraft and downdraft become more intense. -
2£ Nome Nugget Oldest Newspaper in Alaska—Member Associated Press
2£ NOME NUGGET OLDEST NEWSPAPER IN ALASKA—MEMBER ASSOCIATED PRESS_. ** I VOL. LX No. 115 NOME, ALASKA, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1958 Per Copy—15^ — V- ■- — —=r U. S. Puts Weather AVA STARTS NOME MEET TODAY Supplies Reaching Quemoy Despite Satellite Red But Is That Probing AVA WILL START their three-day meet here Blockade, Feeling Into Orbit THEat 1 o’clock this afternoon, at the U. S. Court Room. Directors who have arrived to attend the By JACK KING meeting Effort Must Fail -4 ►are as follows: Massive Eventually CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla., [ffl < »- Chuck West, of Alaska Travel By JAMES CAREY — A weather probing Vanguard Lana’s To int» can be up. Daughter Bureau; Bob Ellis, Ellis Airlines; — kept TAIPEI, Formosa, OP Fresh satellite was blasted into space These are vital questions be- Everett Patton, Alaska Highway supplies poured to Quemoy’s de- today and preliminary instrumen- Remain In Custody cause American policy of contain- Tours, and president of the Board; fenders by air and sea amid tation showed the rocket’s three ing the Formosa Strait war seems Of Her Grandmother O. F. Benecke, Alaska Coastal heavy Communist artillery fire engines performed normally. now to on the Reds Airlines; Jim Binkley, Alaska hinge denying — today. That meant the huge rocket SANTA MONICA, Calif., GP> the chance to starve out Quemoy. Riverways; Frank Downey, White The buildup came as the Chi- blazed some 300 miles high in Cheryl Crane will remain in the Warships of the U. S. 7th Fleet Pass Railroad; Wm. Ferro, Skag- nese Nationalists announced an- space, probably reaching a speed custody of her maternal grand- are escorting the convoys. -
Introduction of Confidence Interval Based on Probability Limit Method
water Article Introduction of Confidence Interval Based on Probability Limit Method Test into Non-Stationary Hydrological Frequency Analysis Keita Shimizu 1,*, Tadashi Yamada 2 and Tomohito J. Yamada 3 1 Civil, Human and Environmental Engineering Course, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-3-3817-1805 Received: 15 September 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 29 September 2020 Abstract: Nonstationarity in hydrological variables has been identified throughout Japan in recent years. As a result, the reliability of designs derived from using method based on the assumption of stationary might deteriorate. Non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis is among the measures to counter this possibility. Using this method, time variations in the probable hydrological quantity can be estimated using a non-stationary extreme value distribution model with time as an explanatory variable. In this study, we build a new method for constructing the confidence interval regarding the non-stationary extreme value distribution by applying a theory of probability limit method test. Furthermore, by introducing a confidence interval based on probability limit method test into the non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis, uncertainty in design rainfall because of lack of observation information was quantified, and it is shown that assessment pertaining to both the occurrence risk of extremely heavy rainfall and changes in the trend of extreme rainfall accompanied with climate change is possible. -
Downloaded 09/24/21 02:19 PM UTC 1092 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 126
APRIL 1998 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE 1091 Statistical Analysis of the Characteristics of Severe Typhoons Hitting the Japanese Main Islands TAKESHI FUJII General Education and Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan 5 May 1997 and 19 July 1997 ABSTRACT Characteristics of 51 severe typhoons hitting the Japanese main islands with central pressure equal to or less than 980 hPa during the period 1955±94 were analyzed by an objective method using hourly station observation during typhoon passages. Position of a typhoon center, central pressure depth Dp, and radius of the maximum wind rm, were obtained at hourly intervals after landfall on the main islands of Japan. The pressure pro®le of severe typhoons used in this analysis was chosen from formulas presented in previous papers, namely the same as one used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for hurricanes hitting Florida. Coastlines of the main islands were divided into three sections: areas A, B, and C extending from west to east. Statistical analyses of parameters were made for each area. At time of landfall, the maximum value of Dp was 83.2 hPa for area A, 85.2 hPa for area B, and 47.8 hPa for area C. The differences in return period of Dp among areas are considered to be caused by the SST distribution off the Paci®c coast. On average, typhoons making landfall in area C have larger rm and speed, and display a more eastward component of translation than those in the other two areas. The differences of speed and direction among areas and months can be explained to be caused by variation of the synoptic-scale air current at the 500-hPa level. -
A Multimodel Intercomparison of an Intense Typhoon in Future, Warmer Climates by Four 5-Km-Mesh Models
1AUGUST 2017 K A N A D A E T A L . 6017 A Multimodel Intercomparison of an Intense Typhoon in Future, Warmer Climates by Four 5-km-Mesh Models a b a c SACHIE KANADA, TETSUYA TAKEMI, MASAYA KATO, SHOTA YAMASAKI, c a d e HIRONORI FUDEYASU, KAZUHISA TSUBOKI, OSAMU ARAKAWA, AND IZURU TAKAYABU a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan b Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan c Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan d University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan e Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Manuscript received 2 October 2016, in final form 13 February 2017) ABSTRACT Intense tropical cyclones (TCs) sometimes cause huge disasters, so it is imperative to explore the impacts of climate change on such TCs. Therefore, the authors conducted numerical simulations of the most destructive historical TC in Japanese history, Typhoon Vera (1959), in the current climate and a global warming climate. The authors used four nonhydrostatic models with a horizontal resolution of 5 km: the cloud-resolving storm simulator, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) operational nonhydrostatic mesoscale model, and the Weather Re- search and Forecasting Model. Initial and boundary conditions for the control simulation were provided by the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis dataset. Changes between the periods of 1979–2003 and 2075–99 were estimated from climate runs of a 20-km-mesh atmospheric general circulation model, and these changes were added to the initial and boundary conditions of the control simulation to produce the future climate conditions. -
Impact Assessment of Coastal Hazards Due to Future Changes of Tropical Cyclones in the North Pacific Ocean
Weather and Climate Extremes ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Weather and Climate Extremes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wace Impact assessment of coastal hazards due to future changes of tropical cyclones in the North Pacific Ocean Nobuhito Mori n, Tetsuya Takemi Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan article info abstract Article history: Tropical cyclones generate severe hazards in the middle latitudes. A brief review and applications of Received 13 July 2015 dynamical and statistical downscaling of tropical cyclone (TC) are described targeting extreme storm Received in revised form surge and storm wave hazard assessment. First, a review of the current understanding of the changes in 10 September 2015 the characteristics of TCs in the past and in the future is shown. Then, a review and ongoing research Accepted 17 September 2015 about impact assessment of tropical cyclones both dynamical downscaling and statistical model are described for Typhoon Vera in 1959 and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Finally, several examples of impact Keywords: assessment of storm surge and extreme wave changes are presented. Changes in both TC intensity and Climate change track are linked to future changes in extreme storm surge and wave climate in middle latitude. Tropical cyclones & 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license Downscaling (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Impact assessment Coastal hazards 1. Introduction long-term projections of TCs under climate change are also im- portant. Global warming in the future is expected to affect the Tropical cyclones (TCs) are one of the major meteorological characteristics of TCs, in particular their frequency, intensity, and hazards as a cause of flooding, landslides, damaging winds, high track. -
Storm Surge Inundation Analysis with Consideration of Building Shape and Layout at Ise Bay by Maximum Potential Typhoon
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Storm Surge Inundation Analysis with Consideration of Building Shape and Layout at Ise Bay by Maximum Potential Typhoon Masaki Nimura 1,*, Shuzo Nishida 2, Koji Kawasaki 1,2,3,4, Tomokazu Murakami 5 and Shinya Shimokawa 5 1 Hydro Technology Institute, Co., Ltd., Nakanoshima, Osaka 530-6126, Japan; [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Urban Design and Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan 4 Department of Civil Engineering, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan 5 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan; [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Global warming is feared to cause sea-level rise and intensification of typhoons, and these changes will lead to an increase in storm surge levels. For that reason, it is essential to predict the inundation areas for the maximum potential typhoon and evaluate the disaster mitigation effect of seawalls. In this study, we analyzed storm surge inundation of the inner part of Ise Bay (coast of Aichi and Mie Prefecture, Japan) due to the maximum potential typhoon in the future climate with global warming. In the analysis, a high-resolution topographical model was constructed considering buildings’ shape and arrangement and investigated the inundation process inside the seawall in detail. The results showed that buildings strongly influence the storm surge inundation process inside the seawall, and a high-velocity current is generated in some areas. -
Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900-Present
DISASTER HISTORY Signi ficant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900 - Present Prepared for the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance Agency for International Developnent Washington, D.C. 20523 Labat-Anderson Incorporated Arlington, Virginia 22201 Under Contract AID/PDC-0000-C-00-8153 INTRODUCTION The OFDA Disaster History provides information on major disasters uhich have occurred around the world since 1900. Informtion is mare complete on events since 1964 - the year the Office of Fore8jn Disaster Assistance was created - and includes details on all disasters to nhich the Office responded with assistance. No records are kept on disasters uhich occurred within the United States and its territories.* All OFDA 'declared' disasters are included - i.e., all those in uhich the Chief of the U.S. Diplmtic Mission in an affected country determined that a disaster exfsted uhich warranted U.S. govermnt response. OFDA is charged with responsibility for coordinating all USG foreign disaster relief. Significant anon-declared' disasters are also included in the History based on the following criteria: o Earthquake and volcano disasters are included if tbe mmber of people killed is at least six, or the total nmber uilled and injured is 25 or more, or at least 1,000 people art affect&, or damage is $1 million or more. o mather disasters except draught (flood, storm, cyclone, typhoon, landslide, heat wave, cold wave, etc.) are included if the drof people killed and injured totals at least 50, or 1,000 or mre are homeless or affected, or damage Is at least S1 mi 1l ion. o Drought disasters are included if the nunber affected is substantial.