DOCSLIB.ORG

Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami Based on the Analysis of Video Footage Recorded on the Coasts of Wakayama, Japan Yusuke Yamanaka 1,* , Yoshinao Matsuba 1,2 , Yoshimitsu Tajima 1 , Ryotaro Shibata 1, Naohiro Hattori 1, Lianhui Wu 1 and Naoko Okami 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (N.H.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (N.O.) 2 Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 11 November 2019; Published: 13 November 2019 Abstract: In this study, field surveys along the coasts of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, were first conducted to investigate the coastal damage due to storm surges and storm-induced waves caused by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami. Special focus was placed on the characteristic behavior of nearshore waves through investigation of observed data, numerical simulations, and image analysis of video footage recorded on the coasts. The survey results indicated that inundation, wave overtopping, and drift debris caused by violent storm-induced waves were the dominant factors causing coastal damage. Results of numerical simulations showed that heights of storm-induced waves were predominantly greater than storm surge heights along the entire coast of Wakayama in both typhoons. However, computed gradual alongshore variations in wave and surge heights did not explain locally-concentrated inundation and run-up heights observed along the coasts. These results indicate that complex nearshore hydrodynamics induced by local nearshore bathymetry might have played a significant role in inducing such local wave characteristics and the associated coastal damage. Analysis of video footage recorded during Typhoon Jebi, for example, clearly showed evidence of amplified infragravity wave components, which could enhance inundation and wave run-up. Keywords: post-event survey; the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami; tide gauge data; image analysis; infragravity wave 1. Introduction Tropical cyclone disasters are one of the major natural disasters in the world, as cyclone-induced winds, rain, waves, and surges cause catastrophic damage in urban areas (e.g., Hurricanes Katrina, Sandy, Irma, and Maria, and Typhoon Haiyan) [1–5]. Intense tropical cyclones, categorized into high-intensity classes (i.e., Categories 4 and 5), are expected to occur more frequently as global warming increases [6,7]. Therefore, individual damages induced by past tropical cyclones in each region should be thoroughly investigated to understand the mechanisms of damage generation and develop better disaster mitigation plans and strategies for the future. Japan has suffered major disasters induced by storms such as Typhoons Vera, Nancy, and Mireille [8–11]. Storm surges and storm-induced waves during a typhoon, as well as winds and rain, largely affect the country’s long coastlines. For example, Typhoon Vera, which crossed over the Kansai J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 413; doi:10.3390/jmse7110413 www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 413 2 of 21 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20 storm-surgeregion, the westerntyphoons part in Japan; of the mainthe maximum island of Japan, surge isheight known was as approximately one of the most 3.6 disastrous m at Nagoya storm-surge near thetyphoons head of Ise in Japan;Bay [12]. the Countermeasures maximum surge for height storm was surges approximately along the coast 3.6 m in at the Nagoya Kansai nearregion the have head beenof Ise discussed Bay [12]. using Countermeasures virtual typhoon for stormscenarios surges based along on the Typhoons coast in theVera Kansai and regionNancy have [12,13]. been Wakayamadiscussed Prefecture using virtual is one typhoon of the scenariosmost affected based areas on Typhoonsby storm surges Vera and and Nancy storm-induced [12,13]. Wakayama waves in thisPrefecture region because is one ofit has the long most coastlines affected areas facing by the storm open surges Pacific and Ocean, storm-induced extending for waves several in thishundred region kilometers.because it hasIn 2018, long coastlinestwo large facingtyphoons, the openJebi Pacificand Trami, Ocean, passed extending near forthe severalcoast of hundred Wakayama kilometers. and madeIn 2018, landfall two largeon the typhoons, prefecture Jebi and and generated Trami, passed extremely near thedamaging coast of storm Wakayama surges and and made waves landfall on the on coaststhe prefecture (Figure 1). and Many generated structures extremely and houses damaging near the storm coast surges were and inundated waves onand the damaged coasts (Figure during1 ). theseMany typhoons, structures as andreported houses by nearMori theet al. coast [13]. were The inundatedobserved heights and damaged of storm during surges theseat certain typhoons, tide gaugeas reported stations by inMori Wakayama et al. [13 ]were. The the observed highest heights in recorded of storm history surges during at certain either tide Typhoon gauge stations Jebi or in TyphoonWakayama Trami were [14,15]. the highest Consequently, in recorded these history typhoon durings and either the resulting Typhoon damages Jebi or Typhoon may have Trami been [14 the,15 ]. mostConsequently, disastrous theseevents typhoons on the andcoast the of resulting Wakayama damages in the may last have several been thedecades. most disastrousTherefore, events we investigatedon the coast coastal of Wakayama damage inin theWakayama last several induced decades. by these Therefore, two typhoons we investigated based on coastal a post-event damage fieldin Wakayama survey to inducedunderstand by thesethe overall two typhoons nearshor basede hydrodynamic on a post-event characteristics field survey induced to understand by storm the surgesoverall and nearshore storm-induced hydrodynamic waves. Additionally, characteristics in induced this study, by storm data analysis, surges and numerical storm-induced simulations, waves. andAdditionally, image analysis in this of study,the video data footage analysis, recorded numerical on the simulations, coasts were and performed image analysis to estimate of the them video duringfootage the recorded two typhons. on the coasts were performed to estimate them during the two typhons. Figure 1. Typhoon paths (indicated by lines) and surveyed locations (indicated by colored circles) in Figure 1. Typhoon paths (indicated by lines) and surveyed locations (indicated by colored circles) in Wakayama Prefecture. Red and blue indicate Typhoons Jebi and Trami, respectively. The typhoon paths Wakayama Prefecture. Red and blue indicate Typhoons Jebi and Trami, respectively. The typhoon were based on Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA [16]. The yellow squares indicate tide gauge stations paths were based on Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA [16]. The yellow squares indicate tide gauge at Kushimoto, Shirahama, Gobo, Wakayama, and Kobe from the south, and the yellow triangles indicate stations at Kushimoto, Shirahama, Gobo, Wakayama, and Kobe from the south, and the yellow Nationwide Ocean Wave information for Port and HArborS (NOWPHAS) stations at Shionomisaki, triangles indicate Nationwide Ocean Wave information for Port and HArborS (NOWPHAS) stations Komatsushima, and Kobe from the south. at Shionomisaki, Komatsushima, and Kobe from the south. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7, 413 3 of 21 2. Post-Event Surveys after the Typhoons 2.1. Damage Caused by Typhoon Jebi Typhoon Jebi passed near the coast of Wakayama during 11:00–13:00 JST (UTC + 9 h) on September 4, 2018, with a central pressure of approximately 950 hPa and the lowest central pressure dropping to 915 hPa [16] (Figure1). This typhoon caused a large disaster because of winds, rain, surges, and waves, not only on the coast of Wakayama but also along the coastal areas of Osaka Bay [13] (Figure1). Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) immediately organized a joint survey team, the 2018 Typhoon Jebi Coastal Disaster Survey Team, after the typhoon passed; this team surveyed the overall damage mainly on the coasts of Osaka, Hyogo, and Wakayama in the Kansai region [13,17]. Storm surges had a dominant influence near the inner part of Osaka Bay, with maximum inundation heights of + 4.0 and + 9.2 m, including wave run-up effects, from the mean sea level near the head of Tokyo Bay (i.e., Tokyo Peil, TP) [13]. The coasts of Wakayama were also severely damaged by storm surges and storm-induced waves during the typhoon. The authors conducted field surveys during 11 to 13 September and 19 to 21 September 2018, several weeks after the event, to determine the damage generated on the coasts. Horizontal coordinates and elevations of the observed drift-debris, destroyed structures, and witnessed watermarks, due to inundation and wave run-up, were measured by leveling from sea level and using a real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK-GPS). The authors conducted this survey as part of the JSCE joint survey team, and most of the measured heights can be found in the dataset presented by Mori et al. [13]. The findings of this field survey after Typhoon Jebi are summarized as follows. The authors visited the coasts of Kushimoto, Susami, Shirahama, Tanabe, Minabe, Inami, Gobo, Mihama, Yura, and Arida (Figure1). Tide gauge stations, operated by Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA, at Kushimoto, Shirahama, and Gobo, observed peak surge levels of TP + 1.7 m, TP + 1.6 m, and TP + 3.2 m, respectively, at these locations during Jebi [13,14]. A substantial amount of debris was deposited onshore and covered most parts of the coast for several weeks after the typhoon. Figure2 shows debris deposited on a coastal dike with a crown height of TP + 9.2 m, observed at Tonda Beach in Shirahama; large amounts of debris were also found behind the dike.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII
    EGU General Assembly 2020 May 6, 2020 Online 4-8 May 2020 Tropical meteorology and tropical cyclones (AS1.22) Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII Kazuhisa TSUBOKI1 Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University Hiroyuki Yamada2, Tadayasu Ohigashi3, Taro Shinoda1, Kosuke Ito2, Munehiko Yamaguchi4, Tetsuo Nakazawa4, Hisayuki Kubota5, Yukihiro Takahashi5, Nobuhiro Takahashi1, Norio Nagahama6, and Kensaku Shimizu6 1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan 2University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 3National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan 4Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan 5Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 6Meisei Electric Co. Ltd., Isesaki, Japan Violent wind and heavy rainfall associated with a typhoon cause huge disaster in East Asia including Japan. For prevention/mitigation of typhoon disaster, accurate estimation and prediction of typhoon intensity are very important as well as track forecast. However, intensity data of the intense typhoon category such as supertyphoon have large error after the US aircraft reconnaissance was terminated in 1987. Intensity prediction of typhoon also has not been improved sufficiently for the last few decades. To improve these problems, in situ observations of typhoon using an aircraft are indispensable. The main objective of the T-PARCII (Tropical cyclone-Pacific Asian Research Campaign for Improvement of Intensity estimations/forecasts) project is improvements of typhoon intensity estimations and forecasts. Violent wind and heavy rainfall associated with a typhoon cause huge disaster in East Asia including Japan. Payment of insurance due to disasters in Japan Flooding Kinu River on Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Natural Hazard Report 2018 Natural Hazard Report G January 2019
    2018 Natural Hazard Report 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 Executive Summary 2018 was an eventful year worldwide. Wildfires scorched the West Coast of the United States; Hurricanes Michael and Florence battered the Gulf and East Coast. Typhoons and cyclones alike devastated the Philippines, Hong Kong, Japan and Oman. Earthquakes caused mass casualties in Indonesia, business interruption in Japan and structure damage in Alaska. Volcanoes made the news in Hawaii, expanding the island’s terrain. 1,000-year flood events (or floods that are said statistically to have a 1 in 1,000 chance of occurring) took place in Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin once again. Severe convective storms pelted Dallas, Texas, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, with large hail while a rash of tornado outbreaks, spawning 82 tornadoes in total, occurred from Western Louisiana and Arkansas all the way down to Southern Florida and up to Western Virginia. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)1, there were 11 weather and climate disaster events with losses exceeding $1 billion in the U.S. Although last year’s count of billion- dollar events is a decrease from the previous year, both 2017 and 2018 have tracked far above the 1980- 2017 annual average of $6 billion events. In this report, CoreLogic® takes stock of the 2018 events to protect homeowners and businesses from the financial devastation that often follows catastrophe. No one can stop a hurricane in its tracks or steady the ground from an earthquake, but with more information and an understanding of the risk, recovery can be accelerated and resiliency can be attained.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Insurance Market 2020
    Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Contents Page To Our Clients Masaaki Matsunaga President and Chief Executive The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 1 1. The Risks of Increasingly Severe Typhoons How Can We Effectively Handle Typhoons? Hironori Fudeyasu, Ph.D. Professor Faculty of Education, Yokohama National University 2 2. Modeling the Insights from the 2018 and 2019 Climatological Perils in Japan Margaret Joseph Model Product Manager, RMS 14 3. Life Insurance Underwriting Trends in Japan Naoyuki Tsukada, FALU, FUWJ Chief Underwriter, Manager, Underwriting Team, Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 20 4. Trends in Japan’s Non-Life Insurance Industry Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 25 5. Trends in Japan's Life Insurance Industry Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 32 Company Overview 37 Supplemental Data: Results of Japanese Major Non-Life Insurance Companies for Fiscal 2019, Ended March 31, 2020 (Non-Consolidated Basis) 40 ©2020 The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. All rights reserved. The contents may be reproduced only with the written permission of The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. To Our Clients It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to welcome you to our brochure, ‘Japan’s Insurance Market 2020.’ It is encouraging to know that over the years our brochures have been well received even beyond our own industry’s boundaries as a source of useful, up-to-date information about Japan’s insurance market, as well as contributing to a wider interest in and understanding of our domestic market. During fiscal 2019, the year ended March 31, 2020, despite a moderate recovery trend in the first half, uncertainties concerning the world economy surged toward the end of the fiscal year, affected by the spread of COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward the Establishment of a Disaster Conscious Society
    Special Feature Consecutive Disasters --Toward the Establishment of a Disaster Conscious Society-- In 2018, many disasters occurred consecutively in various parts of Japan, including earthquakes, heavy rains, and typhoons. In particular, the earthquake that hit the northern part of Osaka Prefecture on June 18, the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018 centered on West Japan starting June 28, Typhoons Jebi (1821) and Trami (1824), and the earthquake that stroke the eastern Iburi region, Hokkaido Prefecture on September 6 caused damage to a wide area throughout Japan. The damage from the disaster was further extended due to other disaster that occurred subsequently in the same areas. The consecutive occurrence of major disasters highlighted the importance of disaster prevention, disaster mitigation, and building national resilience, which will lead to preparing for natural disasters and protecting people’s lives and assets. In order to continue to maintain and improve Japan’s DRR measures into the future, it is necessary to build a "disaster conscious society" where each member of society has an awareness and a sense of responsibility for protecting their own life. The “Special Feature” of the Reiwa Era’s first White Paper on Disaster Management covers major disasters that occurred during the last year of the Heisei era. Chapter 1, Section 1 gives an overview of those that caused especially extensive damage among a series of major disasters that occurred in 2018, while also looking back at response measures taken by the government. Chapter 1, Section 2 and Chapter 2 discuss the outline of disaster prevention and mitigation measures and national resilience initiatives that the government as a whole will promote over the next years based on the lessons learned from the major disasters in 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • DATA and MONITORING
    WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME DATA and MONITORING MEETING OF EXPERTS ON THE CLIMATE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (Geneva, Switzerland, 26-30 April 1999) WCDMP-No. 42 WMO-TD No. 972 * m World Meteorological Organization (Geneva, September 1999) The WCP implemented by WMO in conjunction with other international organizations consists of four major components: The World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme (WCDMP) The World Climate Applications and Services Programme (WCASP) The World Climate Impact Assessment and Response Strategies Programme (WCIRP) The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) World Meteorological Organization Case postale N° 2300 1211 Geneva Switzerland World Climate Data and Monitoring Programme Telephone: (+41-22)730 81 11 Telefax: (+41-22)730 80 42 Telex: 414199 Email : [email protected] World Wide Web:http://www.wmo.ch/web/wcp/wcdmp/wcdmp.html NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secreta­ riat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Editorial note: This report has for the greater part been produced without editorial revision by the WMO Secretariat. It is not an official publication and its distribution in this form does not imply endorsement by the Organization of the ideas expressed. MEETING OF EXPERTS ON THE CLIMATE OF THE 20TH CENTURY (Geneva, Switzerland,
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 09/24/21 02:19 PM UTC 1092 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 126
    APRIL 1998 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE 1091 Statistical Analysis of the Characteristics of Severe Typhoons Hitting the Japanese Main Islands TAKESHI FUJII General Education and Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan 5 May 1997 and 19 July 1997 ABSTRACT Characteristics of 51 severe typhoons hitting the Japanese main islands with central pressure equal to or less than 980 hPa during the period 1955±94 were analyzed by an objective method using hourly station observation during typhoon passages. Position of a typhoon center, central pressure depth Dp, and radius of the maximum wind rm, were obtained at hourly intervals after landfall on the main islands of Japan. The pressure pro®le of severe typhoons used in this analysis was chosen from formulas presented in previous papers, namely the same as one used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for hurricanes hitting Florida. Coastlines of the main islands were divided into three sections: areas A, B, and C extending from west to east. Statistical analyses of parameters were made for each area. At time of landfall, the maximum value of Dp was 83.2 hPa for area A, 85.2 hPa for area B, and 47.8 hPa for area C. The differences in return period of Dp among areas are considered to be caused by the SST distribution off the Paci®c coast. On average, typhoons making landfall in area C have larger rm and speed, and display a more eastward component of translation than those in the other two areas. The differences of speed and direction among areas and months can be explained to be caused by variation of the synoptic-scale air current at the 500-hPa level.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multimodel Intercomparison of an Intense Typhoon in Future, Warmer Climates by Four 5-Km-Mesh Models
    1AUGUST 2017 K A N A D A E T A L . 6017 A Multimodel Intercomparison of an Intense Typhoon in Future, Warmer Climates by Four 5-km-Mesh Models a b a c SACHIE KANADA, TETSUYA TAKEMI, MASAYA KATO, SHOTA YAMASAKI, c a d e HIRONORI FUDEYASU, KAZUHISA TSUBOKI, OSAMU ARAKAWA, AND IZURU TAKAYABU a Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan b Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan c Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan d University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan e Meteorological Research Institute, JMA, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Manuscript received 2 October 2016, in final form 13 February 2017) ABSTRACT Intense tropical cyclones (TCs) sometimes cause huge disasters, so it is imperative to explore the impacts of climate change on such TCs. Therefore, the authors conducted numerical simulations of the most destructive historical TC in Japanese history, Typhoon Vera (1959), in the current climate and a global warming climate. The authors used four nonhydrostatic models with a horizontal resolution of 5 km: the cloud-resolving storm simulator, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) operational nonhydrostatic mesoscale model, and the Weather Re- search and Forecasting Model. Initial and boundary conditions for the control simulation were provided by the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis dataset. Changes between the periods of 1979–2003 and 2075–99 were estimated from climate runs of a 20-km-mesh atmospheric general circulation model, and these changes were added to the initial and boundary conditions of the control simulation to produce the future climate conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII Project
    EGU2020-12614 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12614 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII Project Kazuhisa Tsuboki1, Hiroyuki Yamada2, Tadayasu Ohigashi3, Taro Shinoda1, Kosuke Ito2, Munehiko Yamaguchi4, Tetsuo Nakazawa4, Hisayuki Kubota5, Yukihiro Takahashi5, Nobuhiro Takahashi1, Norio Nagahama6, and Kensaku Shimizu6 1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ([email protected]) 2Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 3National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan 4Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan 5Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 6Meisei Electric Co. Ltd., Isesaki, Japan Typhoon is a tropical cyclone in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea. It is the most devastating weather system in East Asia. Strong winds and heavy rainfalls associated with a typhoon often cause severe disasters in these regions. There are many cases of typhoon disasters even in the recent decades in these regions. Furthermore, future projections of typhoon activity in the western North Pacific show that its maximum intensity will increase with the climate change. However, the historical data of typhoon (best track data) include large uncertainty after the US aircraft reconnaissance of typhoon was terminated in 1987. Another problem is that prediction of typhoon intensity has not been improved for the last few decades. To improve these problems, in situ observations of typhoon using an aircraft are indispensable. The T-PARCII (Tropical cyclone- Pacific Asian Research Campaign for Improvement of Intensity estimations/forecasts) project is aiming to improve estimations and forecasts of typhoon intensity as well as storm track forecasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact Assessment of Coastal Hazards Due to Future Changes of Tropical Cyclones in the North Pacific Ocean
    Weather and Climate Extremes ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Weather and Climate Extremes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wace Impact assessment of coastal hazards due to future changes of tropical cyclones in the North Pacific Ocean Nobuhito Mori n, Tetsuya Takemi Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan article info abstract Article history: Tropical cyclones generate severe hazards in the middle latitudes. A brief review and applications of Received 13 July 2015 dynamical and statistical downscaling of tropical cyclone (TC) are described targeting extreme storm Received in revised form surge and storm wave hazard assessment. First, a review of the current understanding of the changes in 10 September 2015 the characteristics of TCs in the past and in the future is shown. Then, a review and ongoing research Accepted 17 September 2015 about impact assessment of tropical cyclones both dynamical downscaling and statistical model are described for Typhoon Vera in 1959 and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Finally, several examples of impact Keywords: assessment of storm surge and extreme wave changes are presented. Changes in both TC intensity and Climate change track are linked to future changes in extreme storm surge and wave climate in middle latitude. Tropical cyclones & 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license Downscaling (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Impact assessment Coastal hazards 1. Introduction long-term projections of TCs under climate change are also im- portant. Global warming in the future is expected to affect the Tropical cyclones (TCs) are one of the major meteorological characteristics of TCs, in particular their frequency, intensity, and hazards as a cause of flooding, landslides, damaging winds, high track.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Monitoring Report
    気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency Preface The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has published annual assessments under the title of Climate Change Monitoring Report since 1996 to highlight the outcomes of its activities (including monitoring and analysis of atmospheric, oceanic and global environmental conditions) and provide up-to-date information on climate change in Japan and around the world. In 2018, extreme meteorological phenomena such as heavy rainfall, droughts and heat waves occurred worldwide. Japan experienced particularly significant rainfall from its western part to the Tokai region during the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018, when overall precipitation nationwide was the highest since 1982, and extremely high temperatures subsequently persisted throughout the whole country other than the Okinawa/Amami region. Both the monthly mean temperature for July and the seasonal mean temperature for summer in eastern Japan were the highest since 1946. The increasing frequency and scale of such extreme weather events are considered to stem from global warming. JMA, in consultation with the Advisory Panel on Extreme Climatic Events, has concluded that the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018 and the subsequent heatwave may have been linked to global warming. As global warming continues, the frequency and scale of extreme events are expected to increase. The Paris Agreement will be implemented in 2020, forming a new international framework with which to combat climate change and support adaptation to its effects. With Japan’s introduction of the Climate Change Adaptation Act in December 2018, national and local governments are currently stepping up their efforts in this regard. This report is intended to provide a scientific basis for better implementation of measures relating to climate change and to raise awareness of global environmental issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Storm Surge Inundation Analysis with Consideration of Building Shape and Layout at Ise Bay by Maximum Potential Typhoon
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Storm Surge Inundation Analysis with Consideration of Building Shape and Layout at Ise Bay by Maximum Potential Typhoon Masaki Nimura 1,*, Shuzo Nishida 2, Koji Kawasaki 1,2,3,4, Tomokazu Murakami 5 and Shinya Shimokawa 5 1 Hydro Technology Institute, Co., Ltd., Nakanoshima, Osaka 530-6126, Japan; [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Urban Design and Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan 4 Department of Civil Engineering, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan 5 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan; [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 10 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Global warming is feared to cause sea-level rise and intensification of typhoons, and these changes will lead to an increase in storm surge levels. For that reason, it is essential to predict the inundation areas for the maximum potential typhoon and evaluate the disaster mitigation effect of seawalls. In this study, we analyzed storm surge inundation of the inner part of Ise Bay (coast of Aichi and Mie Prefecture, Japan) due to the maximum potential typhoon in the future climate with global warming. In the analysis, a high-resolution topographical model was constructed considering buildings’ shape and arrangement and investigated the inundation process inside the seawall in detail. The results showed that buildings strongly influence the storm surge inundation process inside the seawall, and a high-velocity current is generated in some areas.
    [Show full text]
  • A Limited Effect of Sub-Tropical Typhoons on Phytoplankton Dynamics
    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-310 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 August 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. A Limited Effect of Sub-Tropical Typhoons on Phytoplankton Dynamics Fei Chai1,2*, Yuntao Wang1, Xiaogang Xing1, Yunwei Yan1, Huijie Xue2,3, Mark Wells2, Emmanuel Boss2 1 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural 5 Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China 2 School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA 3 State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China Correspondence to Fei Chai ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Typhoons are assumed to stimulate ocean primary production through the upward mixing of nutrients into the surface ocean, based largely on observations of increased surface chlorophyll concentrations following the passage of typhoons. This surface chlorophyll enhancement, seen on occasion by satellites, more often is undetected due to intense cloud coverage. Daily data from a BGC-Argo profiling float revealed the upper-ocean response to Typhoon Trami in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Temperature and chlorophyll changed rapidly, with a significant drop in sea surface temperature and surge in 15 surface chlorophyll associated with strong vertical mixing, which was only partially captured by satellite observations. However, no net increase in vertically integrated chlorophyll was observed during Typhoon Trami or in its wake. Contrary to the prevailing dogma, the results show that typhoons likely have limited effect on net ocean primary production. Observed surface chlorophyll enhancements during and immediately following typhoons in tropical and subtropical waters are more likely associated with surface entrainment of deep chlorophyll maxima.
    [Show full text]