DOCSLIB.ORG

2018 Natural Hazard Report 2018 Natural Hazard Report G January 2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2018 Natural Hazard Report 2018 Natural Hazard Report G January 2019 2018 Natural Hazard Report 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 Executive Summary 2018 was an eventful year worldwide. Wildfires scorched the West Coast of the United States; Hurricanes Michael and Florence battered the Gulf and East Coast. Typhoons and cyclones alike devastated the Philippines, Hong Kong, Japan and Oman. Earthquakes caused mass casualties in Indonesia, business interruption in Japan and structure damage in Alaska. Volcanoes made the news in Hawaii, expanding the island’s terrain. 1,000-year flood events (or floods that are said statistically to have a 1 in 1,000 chance of occurring) took place in Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin once again. Severe convective storms pelted Dallas, Texas, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, with large hail while a rash of tornado outbreaks, spawning 82 tornadoes in total, occurred from Western Louisiana and Arkansas all the way down to Southern Florida and up to Western Virginia. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)1, there were 11 weather and climate disaster events with losses exceeding $1 billion in the U.S. Although last year’s count of billion- dollar events is a decrease from the previous year, both 2017 and 2018 have tracked far above the 1980- 2017 annual average of $6 billion events. In this report, CoreLogic® takes stock of the 2018 events to protect homeowners and businesses from the financial devastation that often follows catastrophe. No one can stop a hurricane in its tracks or steady the ground from an earthquake, but with more information and an understanding of the risk, recovery can be accelerated and resiliency can be attained. This assessment covers an analysis of what the risk and exposure looked like, what happened during the event and the residential and commercial losses which occurred in the aftermath for each notable climatological event. All the data in this report is current to November 30, 2018, unless denoted otherwise. 1 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events © 2018 CoreLogic, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Proprietary. This material may not be reproduced in any form without express written permission. 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 Table of Contents Hurricane (Tropical Cyclone) .............................................................................................................................4 Atlantic Hurricanes ........................................................................................................................................4 Pacific Hurricanes .........................................................................................................................................6 International Events ......................................................................................................................................7 Cyclone Mekunu ......................................................................................................................................7 Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong) ...............................................................................................................8 Flood ....................................................................................................................................................................10 1,000-Year Floods Again .............................................................................................................................10 Hurricanes: A Contributing Cause to Severe Inland Flooding ..............................................................11 Factors Influencing Flood Severity ............................................................................................................12 Wind .....................................................................................................................................................................14 Thunderstorms .............................................................................................................................................16 Wildfire .................................................................................................................................................................18 Major Fires in 2018 ........................................................................................................................................20 2018 Compared to the Previous 10 Years ................................................................................................24 Earthquake ........................................................................................................................................................26 Alaska Earthquake (M7.0) ..........................................................................................................................27 Hokkaido Earthquake (M6.6) ....................................................................................................................28 Sulawesi/Palu Earthquake and Tsunami (M7.5) .......................................................................................28 Volcano ...............................................................................................................................................................29 Mt. Kilauea Volcanic Eruption ...................................................................................................................29 Hail .......................................................................................................................................................................32 2018 Compared with Previous Years ........................................................................................................32 State/Metro Areas with the Most Activity and Damage Costs..............................................................34 Tornado ...............................................................................................................................................................36 State/Metro Areas with the Most Activity and Damage Costs .............................................................36 Report Contributors ...........................................................................................................................................38 © 2018 CoreLogic, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Proprietary. This material may not be reproduced in any form without express written permission. 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 Hurricane (Tropical Cyclone) The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season saw above average storm activity, deviating from earlier projections2 at the start of hurricane season. The season ended with 15 named storms, eight of which were named hurricanes. Two of these, Hurricanes3 Florence and Michael, made landfall along the U.S. This made 2018 the third consecutive season of above-average hurricane activity in the Atlantic. Atlantic Hurricanes At its most powerful, Hurricane Florence was a Category 4 storm. It eventually made landfall as a strong yet slow-moving Category 1 hurricane off the coast of North Carolina on September 14 with wind gusts up to 105 mph. It caused significant damage in North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. In these states, approximately 700,000 residential and commercial properties experienced catastrophic flooding and wind damage. Figure 1: Hurricane Florence Wind Footprint (Source: CoreLogic, NHC) Table 1: Hurricane Florence Residential and Commercial Loss (Source: CoreLogic) 2 https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane2018/May/hurricane.shtml 3 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A1.html 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 The largest losses were a result of inland flooding as Florence eventually stalled and moved slowly inland, causing a downpour on already water-logged land. Roughly 85 percent of residential losses from flooding were uninsured. Unlike wind damage, flood is covered separately from a standard homeowners’ policy and is not mandatory to purchase outside of Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs). Weeks later, Hurricane Michael made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane along the Florida Panhandle on October 10. The maximum sustained wind speed at landfall was 155 mph, just 2 mph short of Category 5 classification. Michael is the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the Florida Panhandle since 1900 and the strongest hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. since Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Table 2: Hurricane Michael Residential and Commercial Loss (Source: CoreLogic) Unlike Florence, Michael was a compact, fast-moving storm; this mitigated the potential of widespread damage. The Florida Panhandle did not receive nearly the same rainfall totals as experienced during Florence (2018) or Harvey (2017). 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 Figure 2: Notable Category 3 Atlantic Hurricanes (Source: NHC) Pacific Hurricanes Earlier in the season, Hurricane Lane came close to the Hawaiian Islands but did not make landfall. At its strongest, it was a Category 5 hurricane, but as it skimmed along the edge of the islands, the main impact came from the outer bands' tropical storm force winds and over 50 inches of rain.4 As a result, the loss experienced from wind during this event was low. 4 https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/photos-lane-batters-hawaii-with-feet-of-rain-devastating-flooding-and- landslides/70005887 2018 Natural Hazard Report g January 2019 Figure 3: Notable Pacific Hurricanes (Source: NHC) Annually, between four and five tropical cyclones
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII
    EGU General Assembly 2020 May 6, 2020 Online 4-8 May 2020 Tropical meteorology and tropical cyclones (AS1.22) Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII Kazuhisa TSUBOKI1 Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University Hiroyuki Yamada2, Tadayasu Ohigashi3, Taro Shinoda1, Kosuke Ito2, Munehiko Yamaguchi4, Tetsuo Nakazawa4, Hisayuki Kubota5, Yukihiro Takahashi5, Nobuhiro Takahashi1, Norio Nagahama6, and Kensaku Shimizu6 1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan 2University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 3National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan 4Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan 5Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 6Meisei Electric Co. Ltd., Isesaki, Japan Violent wind and heavy rainfall associated with a typhoon cause huge disaster in East Asia including Japan. For prevention/mitigation of typhoon disaster, accurate estimation and prediction of typhoon intensity are very important as well as track forecast. However, intensity data of the intense typhoon category such as supertyphoon have large error after the US aircraft reconnaissance was terminated in 1987. Intensity prediction of typhoon also has not been improved sufficiently for the last few decades. To improve these problems, in situ observations of typhoon using an aircraft are indispensable. The main objective of the T-PARCII (Tropical cyclone-Pacific Asian Research Campaign for Improvement of Intensity estimations/forecasts) project is improvements of typhoon intensity estimations and forecasts. Violent wind and heavy rainfall associated with a typhoon cause huge disaster in East Asia including Japan. Payment of insurance due to disasters in Japan Flooding Kinu River on Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire-Modified Meteorology in a Coupled Fire–Atmosphere Model
    704 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY VOLUME 54 Fire-Modified Meteorology in a Coupled Fire–Atmosphere Model MIKA PEACE Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, and Applied Mathematics, Adelaide University, and Bureau of Meteorology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia TRENT MATTNER AND GRAHAM MILLS Applied Mathematics, Adelaide University, South Australia, Australia JEFFREY KEPERT Bureau of Meteorology, Adelaide, South Australia, and Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia LACHLAN MCCAW Department of Parks and Wildlife, Manjimup, Western Australia, Australia (Manuscript received 19 March 2014, in final form 27 November 2014) ABSTRACT The coupled fire–atmosphere model consisting of the Weather and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with the fire-spread model (SFIRE) module has been used to simulate a bushfire at D’Estrees Bay on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in December 2007. Initial conditions for the simulations were provided by two global analyses: the GFS operational analysis and ERA-Interim. For each NWP initialization, the simulations were run with and without feedback from the fire to the atmospheric model. The focus of this study was examining how the energy fluxes from the simulated fire modified the local meteorological environment. With feedback enabled, the propagation speed of the sea-breeze frontal line was faster and vertical motion in the frontal zone was enhanced. For one of the initial conditions with feedback on, a vortex developed adjacent to the head fire and remained present for over 5 h of simulation time. The vortex was not present without fire–atmosphere feedback. The results show that the energy fluxes released by a fire can effect significant changes on the surrounding mesoscale atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Nearshore Dynamics of Storm Surges and Waves Induced by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami Based on the Analysis of Video Footage Recorded on the Coasts of Wakayama, Japan Yusuke Yamanaka 1,* , Yoshinao Matsuba 1,2 , Yoshimitsu Tajima 1 , Ryotaro Shibata 1, Naohiro Hattori 1, Lianhui Wu 1 and Naoko Okami 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (N.H.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (N.O.) 2 Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 September 2019; Accepted: 11 November 2019; Published: 13 November 2019 Abstract: In this study, field surveys along the coasts of Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, were first conducted to investigate the coastal damage due to storm surges and storm-induced waves caused by the 2018 Typhoons Jebi and Trami. Special focus was placed on the characteristic behavior of nearshore waves through investigation of observed data, numerical simulations, and image analysis of video footage recorded on the coasts. The survey results indicated that inundation, wave overtopping, and drift debris caused by violent storm-induced waves were the dominant factors causing coastal damage. Results of numerical simulations showed that heights of storm-induced waves were predominantly greater than storm surge heights along the entire coast of Wakayama in both typhoons.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan's Insurance Market 2020
    Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Japan’s Insurance Market 2020 Contents Page To Our Clients Masaaki Matsunaga President and Chief Executive The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 1 1. The Risks of Increasingly Severe Typhoons How Can We Effectively Handle Typhoons? Hironori Fudeyasu, Ph.D. Professor Faculty of Education, Yokohama National University 2 2. Modeling the Insights from the 2018 and 2019 Climatological Perils in Japan Margaret Joseph Model Product Manager, RMS 14 3. Life Insurance Underwriting Trends in Japan Naoyuki Tsukada, FALU, FUWJ Chief Underwriter, Manager, Underwriting Team, Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 20 4. Trends in Japan’s Non-Life Insurance Industry Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 25 5. Trends in Japan's Life Insurance Industry Life Underwriting & Planning Department The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited 32 Company Overview 37 Supplemental Data: Results of Japanese Major Non-Life Insurance Companies for Fiscal 2019, Ended March 31, 2020 (Non-Consolidated Basis) 40 ©2020 The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. All rights reserved. The contents may be reproduced only with the written permission of The Toa Reinsurance Company, Limited. To Our Clients It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to welcome you to our brochure, ‘Japan’s Insurance Market 2020.’ It is encouraging to know that over the years our brochures have been well received even beyond our own industry’s boundaries as a source of useful, up-to-date information about Japan’s insurance market, as well as contributing to a wider interest in and understanding of our domestic market. During fiscal 2019, the year ended March 31, 2020, despite a moderate recovery trend in the first half, uncertainties concerning the world economy surged toward the end of the fiscal year, affected by the spread of COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Vortices in Wildland Fire
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Combustion Volume 2011, Article ID 984363, 14 pages doi:10.1155/2011/984363 Review Article Review of Vortices in Wildland Fire Jason M. Forthofer1 and Scott L. Goodrick2 1 Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 5775 W US Highway 10, Missoula, MT 59808, USA 2 Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Jason M. Forthofer, [email protected] Received 30 December 2010; Accepted 15 March 2011 Academic Editor: D. Morvan Copyright © 2011 J. M. Forthofer and S. L. Goodrick. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vortices are almost always present in the wildland fire environment and can sometimes interact with the fire in unpredictable ways, causing extreme fire behavior and safety concerns. In this paper, the current state of knowledge of the interaction of wildland fire and vortices is examined and reviewed. A basic introduction to vorticity is given, and the two common vortex forms in wildland fire are analyzed: fire whirls and horizontal roll vortices. Attention is given to mechanisms of formation and growth and how this information can be used by firefighters. 1. Introduction 2. Vorticity Basics Large fire whirls are often one of the more spectacular aspects Simply stated, vorticity is the measure of spin about an of fire behavior. Flames flow across the ground like water axis. That axis can be vertical, as in the case of a fire whirl, feeding into the base of the vortex, the lowest thousand feet of or horizontal for a roll vortex, or somewhere in between.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward the Establishment of a Disaster Conscious Society
    Special Feature Consecutive Disasters --Toward the Establishment of a Disaster Conscious Society-- In 2018, many disasters occurred consecutively in various parts of Japan, including earthquakes, heavy rains, and typhoons. In particular, the earthquake that hit the northern part of Osaka Prefecture on June 18, the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018 centered on West Japan starting June 28, Typhoons Jebi (1821) and Trami (1824), and the earthquake that stroke the eastern Iburi region, Hokkaido Prefecture on September 6 caused damage to a wide area throughout Japan. The damage from the disaster was further extended due to other disaster that occurred subsequently in the same areas. The consecutive occurrence of major disasters highlighted the importance of disaster prevention, disaster mitigation, and building national resilience, which will lead to preparing for natural disasters and protecting people’s lives and assets. In order to continue to maintain and improve Japan’s DRR measures into the future, it is necessary to build a "disaster conscious society" where each member of society has an awareness and a sense of responsibility for protecting their own life. The “Special Feature” of the Reiwa Era’s first White Paper on Disaster Management covers major disasters that occurred during the last year of the Heisei era. Chapter 1, Section 1 gives an overview of those that caused especially extensive damage among a series of major disasters that occurred in 2018, while also looking back at response measures taken by the government. Chapter 1, Section 2 and Chapter 2 discuss the outline of disaster prevention and mitigation measures and national resilience initiatives that the government as a whole will promote over the next years based on the lessons learned from the major disasters in 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I for Fire Managers
    United States Department of Agriculture Synthesis of Knowledge of Forest Service Pacific Northwest Extreme Fire Behavior: Research Station General Technical Volume I for Fire Managers Report PNW-GTR-854 November 2011 Paul A. Werth, Brian E. Potter, Craig B. Clements, Mark A. Finney, Scott L. Goodrick, Martin E. Alexander, Miguel G. Cruz, Jason A. Forthofer, and Sara S. McAllister A SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE FROM THE The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the national forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD).
    [Show full text]
  • Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII Project
    EGU2020-12614 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12614 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Dropsonde Observations of Intense Typhoons in 2017 and 2018 in the T-PARCII Project Kazuhisa Tsuboki1, Hiroyuki Yamada2, Tadayasu Ohigashi3, Taro Shinoda1, Kosuke Ito2, Munehiko Yamaguchi4, Tetsuo Nakazawa4, Hisayuki Kubota5, Yukihiro Takahashi5, Nobuhiro Takahashi1, Norio Nagahama6, and Kensaku Shimizu6 1Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan ([email protected]) 2Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 3National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Tsukuba, Japan 4Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan 5Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 6Meisei Electric Co. Ltd., Isesaki, Japan Typhoon is a tropical cyclone in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea. It is the most devastating weather system in East Asia. Strong winds and heavy rainfalls associated with a typhoon often cause severe disasters in these regions. There are many cases of typhoon disasters even in the recent decades in these regions. Furthermore, future projections of typhoon activity in the western North Pacific show that its maximum intensity will increase with the climate change. However, the historical data of typhoon (best track data) include large uncertainty after the US aircraft reconnaissance of typhoon was terminated in 1987. Another problem is that prediction of typhoon intensity has not been improved for the last few decades. To improve these problems, in situ observations of typhoon using an aircraft are indispensable. The T-PARCII (Tropical cyclone- Pacific Asian Research Campaign for Improvement of Intensity estimations/forecasts) project is aiming to improve estimations and forecasts of typhoon intensity as well as storm track forecasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Micrometeorological Observations of Fire-Atmosphere Interactions and Fire Behavior on a Simple Slope" (2018)
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Summer 2018 Micrometeorological Observations of Fire- Atmosphere Interactions and Fire Behavior on a Simple Slope Jonathan Marc Contezac San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Contezac, Jonathan Marc, "Micrometeorological Observations of Fire-Atmosphere Interactions and Fire Behavior on a Simple Slope" (2018). Master's Theses. 4934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.d7nc-77e4 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4934 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MICROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF FIRE-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AND FIRE BEHAVIOR ON A SIMPLE SLOPE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Meteorology and Climate Science San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Jonathan M. Contezac August 2018 © 2018 Jonathan M. Contezac ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled MICROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF FIRE-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS AND FIRE BEHAVIOR ON A SIMPLE SLOPE by Jonathan M. Contezac APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE SCIENCE SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY August 2018 Dr. Craig B. Clements Department of Meteorology and Climate Science Dr. Sen Chiao Department of Meteorology and Climate Science Dr. Neil Lareau Department of Meteorology and Climate Science ABSTRACT by Jonathan M.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Monitoring Report
    気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency Preface The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has published annual assessments under the title of Climate Change Monitoring Report since 1996 to highlight the outcomes of its activities (including monitoring and analysis of atmospheric, oceanic and global environmental conditions) and provide up-to-date information on climate change in Japan and around the world. In 2018, extreme meteorological phenomena such as heavy rainfall, droughts and heat waves occurred worldwide. Japan experienced particularly significant rainfall from its western part to the Tokai region during the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018, when overall precipitation nationwide was the highest since 1982, and extremely high temperatures subsequently persisted throughout the whole country other than the Okinawa/Amami region. Both the monthly mean temperature for July and the seasonal mean temperature for summer in eastern Japan were the highest since 1946. The increasing frequency and scale of such extreme weather events are considered to stem from global warming. JMA, in consultation with the Advisory Panel on Extreme Climatic Events, has concluded that the Heavy Rain Event of July 2018 and the subsequent heatwave may have been linked to global warming. As global warming continues, the frequency and scale of extreme events are expected to increase. The Paris Agreement will be implemented in 2020, forming a new international framework with which to combat climate change and support adaptation to its effects. With Japan’s introduction of the Climate Change Adaptation Act in December 2018, national and local governments are currently stepping up their efforts in this regard. This report is intended to provide a scientific basis for better implementation of measures relating to climate change and to raise awareness of global environmental issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I for Fire Managers Paul A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln JFSP Research Project Reports U.S. Joint Fire Science Program 2011 Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I for Fire Managers Paul A. Werth Northwest Interagency Coordination Center Brian E. Potter Forest Service Craig B. Clements San Jose State University Mark. A. Finney U.S. Department of Agriculture Scott L. Goodrick U.S. Department of Agriculture See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jfspresearch Part of the Forest Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences Commons, Sustainability Commons, and the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Werth, Paul A.; Potter, Brian E.; Clements, Craig B.; Finney, Mark. A.; Goodrick, Scott L.; Alexander, Martin E.; Cruz, Miguel G.; Forthofer, Jason A.; and McAllister, Sara S., "Synthesis of Knowledge of Extreme Fire Behavior: Volume I for Fire Managers" (2011). JFSP Research Project Reports. 75. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jfspresearch/75 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Joint Fire Science Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in JFSP Research Project Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Paul A. Werth, Brian E. Potter, Craig B. Clements, Mark. A. Finney, Scott L. Goodrick, Martin E. Alexander, Miguel G. Cruz, Jason A. Forthofer, and Sara S. McAllister This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jfspresearch/75 United States Department of Agriculture Synthesis of Knowledge of Forest Service Pacific Northwest Extreme Fire Behavior: Research Station General Technical Volume I for Fire Managers Report PNW-GTR-854 November 2011 Paul A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Limited Effect of Sub-Tropical Typhoons on Phytoplankton Dynamics
    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-310 Preprint. Discussion started: 27 August 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. A Limited Effect of Sub-Tropical Typhoons on Phytoplankton Dynamics Fei Chai1,2*, Yuntao Wang1, Xiaogang Xing1, Yunwei Yan1, Huijie Xue2,3, Mark Wells2, Emmanuel Boss2 1 State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural 5 Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China 2 School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA 3 State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China Correspondence to Fei Chai ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Typhoons are assumed to stimulate ocean primary production through the upward mixing of nutrients into the surface ocean, based largely on observations of increased surface chlorophyll concentrations following the passage of typhoons. This surface chlorophyll enhancement, seen on occasion by satellites, more often is undetected due to intense cloud coverage. Daily data from a BGC-Argo profiling float revealed the upper-ocean response to Typhoon Trami in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Temperature and chlorophyll changed rapidly, with a significant drop in sea surface temperature and surge in 15 surface chlorophyll associated with strong vertical mixing, which was only partially captured by satellite observations. However, no net increase in vertically integrated chlorophyll was observed during Typhoon Trami or in its wake. Contrary to the prevailing dogma, the results show that typhoons likely have limited effect on net ocean primary production. Observed surface chlorophyll enhancements during and immediately following typhoons in tropical and subtropical waters are more likely associated with surface entrainment of deep chlorophyll maxima.
    [Show full text]