Index

Aarelaid-Tart, Aili, 236, 249 Baltic States, see Estonia, Latvia, Akcja Wisła (‘Vistula action’, 1947), 165, Lithuania 166, 197, 198, 199, 257 Bangerskis, General, 56 American Jewish Joint Distribution Batumi, 148, 149, 161 Committee (JDC), 7, 12 Beck, Józef, 192 American Relief for , 12 Belarus, 2, 3, 93, 167, 190, 192, 199, Ani, 144 206, 213, 262 Appe, James, 74 Belarusian population, 30, 171, 188, Ararat, Mount, 146, 147, 159 189, 191, 195, 197, 198, 202, 203, Ardahan, 144–5, 158, 159 210 Arendt, Hannah, 6 , 12, 30, 53, 219 Armenia, 2, 13, 140–61 passim, 257, 260 Belsen, 4, 71 economic conditions, 143–4, 147, Beneš, Eduard, 3 152–3 Bennich-Björkman, L., 236 Church, 143, 145 Beriia, Lavrentii, 158, 226 Communist Party of, 161 Berlin, 52, 54 non-Communist parties, 142, 145, Bierut, Bolesław, 165 147, 149–50, 154, 157, 159 Bilmanis, Alfreds, 51, 60, 63 World Armenian Congress, 145 black market, 9, 156, 260 see also diaspora; Blomberg, 43 Armenian Aid Committee (HOG), 142, Bourdieu, Pierre, 102, 103 143 Brailsford, H. N., 81 Armenian General Benevolent Union Bright, John, 67 (AGBU), 142, 143, 146–7, 148, 150, Brunswick, 71, 73, 76, 81 158 Bukovina, 212 Armenian National Committee for Bulgaria, 3, 156 Homeless Armenians (ANCHA), Bytom, 214, 216, 227 145, 159 Canada, 12, 61, 234 Armenian National Council, 145 CARE International, 7 Armia Krajowa (Polish Underground Caucasus, 2, 142, 161 Army), 7, 172–3, 212–15 passim Central Asia, 3, 13, 154, 256 Assembly of Captive European Nations, Central Ukrainian Relief Bureau, 12 15 Chechnya, 215 Asvatzatourian, Babken, 148, 159 Chełm (Kholm), 167, 168, 169, 170, 185 Augsburg, 31 China, 2 Auschwitz, 214, 215, 221 cholera, 130, 149 Australia, 61, 81 Chorzów, 214, 219 Austria, 11, 25, 31, 39, 41, 57, 58, 94 Christian Aid, 8 Azerbaijan, 2, 106 Churchill, Winston, 3, 4, 238 Cirtautas, Kazys, 10, 14, 20 Bailey, Elisabeth, 75 Cold War, 11, 48, 106, 234, 265, 266 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 240 collaboration, accusations of wartime, 7, Balakian, Anny, 150 60, 90, 94, 96, 101, 105, 106, 109, Ballinger, Pamela, 15 113, 215, 223, 234, 260

269 270 Index collectivisation of agriculture, 3, 104, and moral conduct, 37–40, 64 128, 179, 234, 235 political life in, 27, 49, 53–61 passim, Council of British Societies for Relief 64, 266 Abroad (COBSRA), 71, 84 transfers between, 34 Crimean Tatars, 153 see also Displaced Persons; Quakers; Czechoslovakia, 1, 3, 193, 199 repatriation Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 222 Drogobych, 176, 179, 185 Dyczok, Marta, 28 Dachau, 94, 106, 107 dysentery, 122, 216 Dashnak Party, 142, 145, 147, 149–50, 154, 157, 159 Eder, Angelika, 12 Deasey, Mark, 68, 81 Egypt, 147, 149, 154, 157, 158 deportations, see population Einbeck, 76 displacement Eksteins, Modris, 25, 49 diaspora, 2, 9, 12–13, 15, 40, 140–61 Erding, 107 passim, 166, 210, 242, 260, 264, 266 Erzinkian, Aramais, 143 Displaced Persons (DPs), 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, Esslingen, 39, 58 31–2, 39, 70, 71, 75–6, 92, 93–4, Estonia, 2, 14, 77, 233–5, 237, 239–40, 256, 258–9, 265 242–3, 245–6, 248, 256 Armenian, 141, 145–6, 157 Communist Party of, 234, 239, 244, definition and status of, 6, 31, 49 251 ‘DP apathy’, as diagnosis, 10, 37, 259 deportation within , Estonian, 246 232–3, 234, 238, 245 Jewish, 10, 11 Estonians in exile abroad, 14, 25, 40, Latvian, 7, 9, 48–66 passim, 260, 264 231–54 passim Lithuanian, 9, 25–47 passim exiles’ sense of betrayal, 236–9 physical health of, 7, 12, 73, 266 ‘Forest Brethren’, 233 Polish, 11, 12, 75, 76, 77 Jewish population, 251 relations with local Germans, 12, 77 narratives of displacement, 236–49 resettlement of, 11, 27, 266 sovietisation of, 233–4, 236, 241, social composition of, 35 243–5 screening of, 28–9, 41–2 see also Displaced Persons statistics, 25, 52, 55, 191 Estonian Citizens’ Committee, 248 Ukrainian, 9, 12, 28, 31, 71, 77, 96 Estonian National Council, 242 women, 39–40, 105–6, 267 evacuation, see population displacement see also DP camps; filtration; forced Evens, Tim, 79, 81, 82 labour; Quakers; repatriation; universities District Commission for the Prosecution Fairchild, Amy, 98 of Crimes against the Polish Nation Feldman, Ilana, 73 in Katowice (OKSZpNP),´ 210, 226 Fertacz, Sylwester, 216 Donbass, 129, 169, 215 filtration procedures, 6, 7, 30, 89–116 Douglas, Mary, 118, 128, 134, 241 passim, 148, 214, 217, 265 DP Act (1948), 235 Soviet filtration camps, 92–3, 96, DP camps, 5, 6, 8–9, 15, 25–43 passim, 98–9, 259 44, 51, 54, 55, 56, 67–86 passim, 90, see also repatriation 94, 96, 105, 201, 246, 259, 260 Filtzer, Donald, 120, 122, 123 administration of, 27, 34–5, 56–8, 75 Finder, Pawel, 193 cultural life in, 9, 31, 40, 64, 77–9 , 3, 98, 99, 233, 235, 238, 245, living conditions, 29, 32–6 passim 246 Index 271

First World War, 12, 48, 57, 62, 68, 140, Hamburg, 12, 35, 41 142, 147, 263 Hanau, 40 forced labour Harrell-Bond, Barbara, 74 in , 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, Hart, D. W., 235 51–2, 53, 89, 91–3, 105, 107, 210; Hauerwas, Stanley, 67 see also repatriation Heath, Carl, 69 in the Soviet Union, 4, 99, 109, 194, Hirschon, Renée, 155 214–15, 222–3 Hnchak Party, 142 Foucault, Michel, 5, 102 Hogarth, W. D., 71 Friends Relief Service, see Quakers Holborn, Louise, 10, 12, 15 Fox, George, 67 Holocaust, 1, 63, 91, 188, 190, 200, 203, , 12, 41, 140, 142, 147, 151, 154, 244, 251 157, 219 Hong Kong, 2, 5 Front National Arménienne, 148 Hughes, William, 68 Hungary, 1, 3 , 167, 168, 174, 175, 189, 212 Gaza, 73 India, 2, 267 General Fund of Lithuanian Americans Indjeyan, Lazare, 149 (BALF), 40, 42 infectious diseases, see cholera, Georgia, 2, 144, 148, 160, 215 dysentery, typhoid, typhus Germany Institute of National Remembrance, see Allied occupation zones, xii, 9, 12, 25, Upper Silesia 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, International Refugee Organisation 53, 55, 57, 71, 93, 94, 95, 190, 191, (IRO), 6, 7, 10, 26, 27, 34, 37, 42, 70 198, 201, 202 Israel, 2, 12, 191, 201, 204 Army (Wehrmacht), 25, 29, 50, 52, 56, emigration of Polish Jews to, 201, 204 212, 213, 216, 224, 234 , 3, 12, 15, 25 and expellees, 4, 13, 26, 190, 213, 224 and occupation of Eastern Europe, 3, Jaworzno, 214, 218 50, 53, 59, 81, 91, 103, 168, 210, Jews, in Eastern Europe, 3, 63, 68, 119, 212, 213, 233 169, 171, 189, 191, 200–1, 203, 204, repatriation of Germans, 43 206, 209, 210, 251 see also DP camps see also Displaced Persons; Holocaust; Gimbutiene,˙ Marija, 41 Poland; refugees Girnius, Juozas, 37 Gliwice, 214, 216 Kaczi ´nski,Lech, 166 Goffman, Erving, 6, 25–6, 32, 36, 44 Kalninš, Bruno, 60, 61 Golikov, F. I., 94 Kalninš, Pauls, 60 Gomułka, Władysław, 193, 200 Kapustin, Iakov, 130 Goode, William, 71 Karelia, 3, 99, 130 Goslar, 71, 73, 78, 79 Kars, 144–5, 158, 159 Greece, 140, 147, 155, 156 Katowice, 211, 216, 217, 226 Greimas, Algirdas, 41 Kazakhstan, 210, 215, 225 ¯ Grınbergs, Teodors, Archbishop, 54 Khrushchev, Nikita, 169, 170, 186, 245 Grossman, Atina, 20–1 Kielce pogrom, 191, 200 Gulbis, Fricis, 57 Kiev, 89, 93, 106, 107, 108, 166 Kirov Factory, 124 Hacking, Ian, 6 Kirschenbaum, Lisa, 131 Hagenloh, Paul, 129 Kłodzko, 193 Halebian, Mme, 154 Knurów, 211 272 Index

Konev, Ivan S., Marshal, 212 City Soviet, 122, 125, 130 Korean War, 2, 8 Extraordinary Anti-Epidemic Korotchenko, Demian, 175 Commission, 122, 127, 128 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 76 infrastructure, 120–2, 130 Kozioł, Joachim, 217 population, 123 Kraków, 177, 215 State Sanitary Inspectorate, 123–5 Krikorian, Onnik, 147 Leningradskaia Pravda, 117, 121, 123, Kronstadt, 99 131, 132 Kross, Jaan, 239 Lial’ko, Nikolai, 89, 94, 106–8, 112 Kufstein, 31, 39 Liepaja, 54 Kulischer, Eugene, 263 Lithuania, 2, 4, 20, 25, 28–30, 31, 39, Kurelis group see Latvian Central 41–2, 63, 192, 267 Council Christian Democratic Party, 40 Kursk, 106 Grand Duchy, 189 Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 130 Lithuanians in Poland, 191 see also Displaced Persons; General Laar, Mart, 248 Fund of Lithuanian Americans; Red Lagrou, Pieter, 8 Cross; refugees; repatriation Latvia, 2, 48, 50–1, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, Lithuanian Central Education and 99, 246, 247, 267 Welfare Board, 46 ethnic homogeneity, 63 Lithuanian Exile Community (LTB), forced labour in Germany, 51–2 34–5, 42 Freedom Monument, 246, 254 Lithuanian Language Society, 40 historiography, 49–50, 63 London, 50, 51 Latvian Legion, 52–3, 59 Lübeck, 56, 57, 58 Lutheran Church, 53, 54, 61 Lublin, 171, 177, 226 Nation’s Aid, 53 Lublin Accord (1944), 4, 165, 170, 171, political divisions within, 50, 56–63 175 passim Lumans, Valdis, 55 ¯ University of, 57 Lusis, Arnolds, 54–5, 60, 61, 64, 267 see also Displaced Persons; Red Cross; Luts’k (Łuck), 168, 170, 180 refugees; repatriation Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg), 169, 172, 175, Latvian Central Committee, 57–8 176, 179, 180, 195 Latvian Central Council (LCC), 50, 52, 57–8, 60 McDowell, Linda, 9 military wing (Kurelis group), 50, 54, McNeill, Margaret, 69, 75, 77, 78–9 66 Madagascar, 203 Latvia’s National Committee, 56, 57 Malkki, Liisa, 14, 72–3, 76, 118–19 Latvian National Council (LNC), 51, 56, Mardikian, George, 145 58–9, 60–3 passim Marrack, Yvonne, 71–2 League of Nations, 192 Marrus, Michael, 70 Lebanon, 81, 142, 148, 151, 153, 155, Matulionis, Jonas, 43 156, 159 Mazower, Mark, 3 Lemkos, 168, 182, 189, 191, 199, 202, Mekas, Jonas, 41 209, 210 Memel, 29, 43 Leninakan, 152, 161 memory, see population displacement Leningrad, 7, 98, 117–39 passim, 259, Mikoian, Anastas, 154 261, 262 Mikołów, 214 blockade, 117–18, 120, 121, 122, 127, Molotov, V. M., 144 130–1, 132, 134 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 233 Index 273

Moscow, 144, 145, 221, 222, 239, 262 Constitution (1952), 192 Mouradian, Claire, 153 ethnic minorities, 188–209 passim expulsion of German population National Catholic Welfare Conference, 7 from, 190, 194, 224, 257 Nesaule, Agate, 49 government-in-exile, 170 Netherlands, 30, 54 Jewish population of, 2, 171, 178, 189, Nikolaenko, M. M., 100–1 190, 191, 193, 195, 199–201, 206, NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat of 210 Internal Affairs), 4, 7, 31, 89, 92, migration from Western Europe, 219 171, 184, 212, 213–14, 215, 218, Polish–Soviet Agreement (1951), 165 226 and population transfer, 165–87 non-governmental organisations passim, 188–209 passim (NGOs), 5, 7, 68, 80, 82, 256, 266, ‘regained lands’, 13, 15, 190–1, 194–6, 268 201, 202, 209, 210, 220, 256, 263, Nuremburg War Trials, 57 265 ¯ Nyka-Niliunas, Alfonsas, 36, 41 State Office of Repatriation (PUR), 264 Ukrainian population of, 169–70, 171, Oppeln, 205, 212, 213, 216, 217, 226, 173–5, 177, 181, 189, 190, 197 227 see also Displaced Persons; Armia oral history, 96, 120, 126, 232, 256 Krajowa; repatriation; Upper Silesia Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists Polian, Pavel, 105, 106 (Orhanizatsiia Ukrains’kikh Polish American Immigration and Relief Natsionalistiv, OUN), 166, 170, 172, Committee, 12 173, 182, 184 Polish Citizens’ Militia, 213 Osóbka-Morawski, Eduard, 170 Polish Committee of National Osis, Roberts, 56 , 167, 170, 226 Oxfam, 8 Polish Peasant Party, 193 Polish Western Union (PZZ), 222 Pakistan, 2 Polish Workers’ Party (Polska Partia Palestine, 11, 157, 191, 201, 203 Robotnicza, PPR), 193, 197, 200, 208, Panossian, Razmik, 140, 150, 160 212, 221 partisans, 51, 96, 197, 198, 233, 235, 257 Pomerania, 189, 190, 195, 213, 218 passports, 31, 60, 96, 102, 119, 125, 127–9, 196 Popkov, Petr, 130 Pattie, Susan, 140, 145, 147, 153 population displacement, 1–2, 3, 8, 9, Pawlas, Franciszek, 214–15 11, 62, 73, 82, 90, 92, 106, 125–6, Pawlokoma, 166 141, 166, 181, 203, 212, 257–8 Penn, William, 67 deportations, Soviet era, 154, 210, Petersoo, P., 242 213–20, 225, 234, 236 Petrograd, see Leningrad evacuation and return of Soviet Pikin, I., 117 civilians, 3, 13, 117–39 passim Piłsudski, Józef, 192 magnitude, in Eastern Europe, 165, Podlachia (Podlasie), 167, 168, 185 210, 216–17 Poland, 2, 3, 4, 100, 188–209 passim, memory and commemoration of, 13, 210–28 passim, 256 15, 211, 214, 224, 264–5 borders redrawn, 1, 96, 167–8, 175, narratives of, 14, 63, 106–8, 168–9, 190, 210, 212, 257 176, 178–9, 224, 231–3, 236–49, 264 Catholic Church, 180, 197, 201, 222 see also Displaced Persons; filtration Communist Party, see Polish Workers’ procedures; population transfers Party and expulsions; refugees; returnees 274 Index population transfers and expulsions, 1, Lithuanian, 25, 30, 31, 35, 36, 41–2 3–4, 7, 26, 165–87 passim, 210, 213, Polish, 191, 201 258 Russian, 2 see also Germany, expellees; Lublin Ukrainian, 28 Accord; Poland, recovered lands; see also Displaced Persons population displacement, ‘rehabilitation’, discourse and practice deportations; Ukraine of, 67, 68, 74, 80, 100, 190, 205, Potsdam, 3, 51, 56, 57 213, 217, 223, 256, 267 prisoners of war, 4, 8, 52–3, 58, 61, 62, see also UNRRA 92, 94, 106, 115, 126, 141, 212, 217, repatriation 218–19, 222 of Armenians to Soviet Union, 13, 15, Proudfoot, Malcolm, 70 140–61 passim, 260 Przemy´sl(Sanshchina), 167 consequences of, 105–8, 148–53 of Latvians to Soviet Union, 52–3, 55 Quakers (Society of Friends), 7, 8, 67–86 of Lithuanians to Soviet Union, 29, passim, 259, 264 30–1 American Friends Service Committee, resistance and avoidance, 31, 55, 96, 73, 75, 81 141 Friends Ambulance Unit, 71 Soviet efforts to promote, 4–5, 27, Friends Relief Service (FRS), 69–81 29–30, 94–5, 97–8, 104, 113, 146 passim from Soviet Union to Poland, 191, Friends War Victims Relief 192, 218, 222–3, 264 Committee, 70–1 statistics, 115, 140, 156–7 FRS teams in Germany, 69, 71, 72–3, to USSR, 6, 7, 11, 28, 71–2, 74, 76, 91, 77, 78, 79, 84 92, 96, 105, 106, 112, 264 International Centres, 69 see also Displaced Persons; filtration; nationalism and, 75–80 passim returnees Quaker Peace and Social Witness, 80, returnees, Soviet, 7, 89–116 passim 82–3 statistics, 105, 112–13, 115 see also filtration; repatriation; Soviet Raag, R., 242 Union, evacuation and Rahi-Tamm, Aigi, 237 re-evacuation Ramkavar Party, 142 Riga, 54, 56, 246 Rancans,¯ J., 61 Treaty of (1921), 167 Raun, Toivo, 242 Rokossovskii, Konstantin, Marshal, 221 , 3, 4, 51, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, Roma, 189, 199 104, 105, 112, 165, 168, 212, 213, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 80, 238 214, 220, 221, 233, 235, 243, 257, Rose, Nikolas, 8 267 Rovno, 176 Red Cross, 7, 59, 71, 227 Rudnicki, Mikolaj, 13 Latvian, 53, 54, 56, 57 Russian Empire, 2, 76, 167 Lithuanian, 36, 40 Russian Liberation Army, 94, 107 refugees, 2, 3, 8, 10–11, 12, 14, 16, 25–6, Ruthenians, 168, 171, 177, 203 29, 73–4, 76, 97, 258, 266 Armenian, 142 Salnais, Voldemars,¯ 51, 60 Estonian, 77, 241 San River, 167, 184 Jewish, 2 Saratov, 168 Karelian, 99 Sarkissian, Jean and Lucie, 146 Latvian, 48–9, 52, 54–5, 56, 57, 59, 60, Sarv, E., 238 64 Save the Children Fund, 7 Index 275

Schechtman, Joseph, 15 Supreme Headquarters Allied Scheinfeld, 35 Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), 4, 6, Scott, James, 258 73 screening, see filtration procedures Surmelian, Leon, 145 Second World War, 1, 3, 13, 62, 69, Sverdlovsk, 126 91–2, 99, 119, 143, 188, 210, 238, Sweden, 14, 51, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 234, 257, 266 236, 237, 238, 242, 243, 246, 247 Seedorf, 35 Switzerland, 41, 59, 239 Syria, 147, 151, 155, 156, 159 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 144 Shevchenko, Taras, 179 Shils, Edward, 10 Taiwan, 2 Tallinn, 233, 243, 245, 247 Siberia, 7, 29, 175, 210, 225, 232, 234, Tarasova, N., 128 236, 237, 240, 245, 256 Tashkent, 120 Sikorski, General Władysław, 76 Tatossian, Maurice, 147 Škema,˙ Antanas, 9 Ter Minassian, Anahide, 146 Snieckus, Antanas, 4 Ternopil, 176, 179, 182 Society of Friends, see Quakers Tololyan, Khachig, 145 Society of Silesian Tragedy, see Upper Tomashevsk, 169 Silesia Touryantz, H. J., 153, 156 Soviet Union, 2, 6–7, 51, 62, 89–116 Trieste, 9 passim, 117–39 passim, 140–61 tuberculosis, 93, 122, 227 passim, 256 Tübingen, 29 Communist Party, 91, 105, 106 Turkey, 3, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 158 evacuation and re-evacuation of Turkmenia, 215 civilians, 3, 126–7, 131 typhoid, 122, 156, 216 and public health, 124–30 typhus, 93, 98, 119, 122–3, 125, 127, Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, 128, 129, 130, 219, 227, 261 3, 31, 32, 50, 51, 56, 65, 218, 233, 235 Uehling, Greta, 153, 155 see also Displaced Persons; Leningrad; Ukraine, 1, 2, 3, 12, 29, 89, 92, 94, 96, NKVD; Red Army; repatriation; 129, 165–6, 256, 266 returnees borders, 96, 166–67 Spekke, Arnolds, 63–4 Communist Party of, 96, 169, 171–2, Stachura, Rajmund, 223 175 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 9, 109, 140, 158, 167, economic conditions, 175–6 170, 173, 186, 193, 198, 201, 222, German occupation, 103, 167, 168 233 and Nazi forced labour, 1, 91 Stanislaviv, 176 partisans, 96, 168 and population transfers, 4, 7, 165–87 Stawiarski, Henryk, 214 passim, 210, 257 Stefansson, Anders, 153 see also collaboration, accusations of; Stettin, 93 Displaced Persons; Organisation of Stockholm, 242 Ukrainian Nationalists; Poland; Stupak, Anna Prokopovna, 101 repatriation; Ukrainian Insurgent Stupak, Anna Stepanovna, 93, 101, Army 103–4 (Ukrains’ka Stupak, Mikhail, 101 Povstans’ka Armiya, UPA), 7, 168, Sullivan, Elizabeth, 79 170, 172, 173, 184, 198, 257 Suny, Ronald G., 153, 158 Ulmanis, Karlis,¯ 50, 59, 60, 62 276 Index

Union of Baltic Women, 39 Vlodawsk, 169 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, see , 166, 167, 168, 170, 176, 190, Soviet Union 212 United Kingdom, 7, 61, 144, 175 Vyshinskii, A. Ia., 144 United Nations, 6, 59, 60, 72–3, 80, 144, 192, 266 Washington, 50, 51 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Wat, Alexander, 89, 90 Administration (UNRRA), 6, 7, 10, Weindling, Paul, 119, 128 25, 26, 27, 28–31 passim, 34, 35, 37, Weiner, Amir, 128 38, 42, 44, 70, 71, 72, 80, 258 Wieczorek, Jan, Bishop, 222 employees, 34, 70 Williams, Eryl Hall, 69, 80–1 United States, 51, 61, 94, 98, 107, 149, Wilson, Roger, 69, 70, 72 151, 175, 235, 237 women, 11, 106, 132, 152, 214, 219, Institute of Peace, 82 220, 227, 259 universities, 235 deportation of, 179, 215 DPs and refugees 9, 41, 64, 153 as DPs, 35, 39–40, 64, 105–6, 267 Upper Silesia, 4, 100, 189, 190, 192, rape of, 93, 212 210–28 passim, 257, 262 World Council of Churches, 8, 10 Central Directorate of Mining Industry World Refugee Year, 266 (CZPW), 218–19, 221, 222, 227 World Vision, 8 deportations from, 213–18 World War One, see First World War economic and social conditions, World War Two, see Second World War 218–20, 221 Wrocław, 15, 20, 22, 195 Institute of National Remembrance Wyman, Mark, 70 (IPN), 211, 227 repatriation to, 218, 222–3 Society of Silesian Tragedy 1945, 214, Yalta Agreement (1945), 3, 6, 112, 167, 217, 223 226 Union of Silesian Insurgents, 222 Yerevan, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, see also Poland; Polish Western Union 155, 161, 262 Uustalu, Evald, 242 Yugoslavia, 3, 15 Uzbekistan, 153 Zabrze, 216, 228 Valdmanis, Alfreds,¯ 59, 60, 66 Zamo´s´c, 169, 210 Valters, Mikelis, 65 Zarinš, Karlis,¯ 51, 60 verification, see filtration Zawadka Morochowska, 166 Vernant, Jacques, 10, 15, 70 Zawadzki, Aleksander, 195, 212, 221, Versailles, Peace Treaty, 192 222 Vilde, Eduard, 252 Zbruch River, 167, 170 Vilnius (Vilno, Wilno), 4 Zhdanov, Andrei, 130 ‘Vistula action’, see Akcja Wisła Zie˛tek, Jerzy, 221 Vlasov, A. A., 94, 107 Zubkova, Elena, 92, 94, 105, 158