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Aarelaid-Tart, Aili, 236, 249 Akcja Wisła Index Aarelaid-Tart, Aili, 236, 249 Baltic States, see Estonia, Latvia, Akcja Wisła (‘Vistula action’, 1947), 165, Lithuania 166, 197, 198, 199, 257 Bangerskis, General, 56 American Jewish Joint Distribution Batumi, 148, 149, 161 Committee (JDC), 7, 12 Beck, Józef, 192 American Relief for Poland, 12 Belarus, 2, 3, 93, 167, 190, 192, 199, Ani, 144 206, 213, 262 Appe, James, 74 Belarusian population, 30, 171, 188, Ararat, Mount, 146, 147, 159 189, 191, 195, 197, 198, 202, 203, Ardahan, 144–5, 158, 159 210 Arendt, Hannah, 6 Belgium, 12, 30, 53, 219 Armenia, 2, 13, 140–61 passim, 257, 260 Belsen, 4, 71 economic conditions, 143–4, 147, Beneš, Eduard, 3 152–3 Bennich-Björkman, L., 236 Church, 143, 145 Beriia, Lavrentii, 158, 226 Communist Party of, 161 Berlin, 52, 54 non-Communist parties, 142, 145, Bierut, Bolesław, 165 147, 149–50, 154, 157, 159 Bilmanis, Alfreds, 51, 60, 63 World Armenian Congress, 145 black market, 9, 156, 260 see also diaspora; repatriation Blomberg, 43 Armenian Aid Committee (HOG), 142, Bourdieu, Pierre, 102, 103 143 Brailsford, H. N., 81 Armenian General Benevolent Union Bright, John, 67 (AGBU), 142, 143, 146–7, 148, 150, Brunswick, 71, 73, 76, 81 158 Bukovina, 212 Armenian National Committee for Bulgaria, 3, 156 Homeless Armenians (ANCHA), Bytom, 214, 216, 227 145, 159 Canada, 12, 61, 234 Armenian National Council, 145 CARE International, 7 Armia Krajowa (Polish Underground Caucasus, 2, 142, 161 Army), 7, 172–3, 212–15 passim Central Asia, 3, 13, 154, 256 Assembly of Captive European Nations, Central Ukrainian Relief Bureau, 12 15 Chechnya, 215 Asvatzatourian, Babken, 148, 159 Chełm (Kholm), 167, 168, 169, 170, 185 Augsburg, 31 China, 2 Auschwitz, 214, 215, 221 cholera, 130, 149 Australia, 61, 81 Chorzów, 214, 219 Austria, 11, 25, 31, 39, 41, 57, 58, 94 Christian Aid, 8 Azerbaijan, 2, 106 Churchill, Winston, 3, 4, 238 Cirtautas, Kazys, 10, 14, 20 Bailey, Elisabeth, 75 Cold War, 11, 48, 106, 234, 265, 266 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 240 collaboration, accusations of wartime, 7, Balakian, Anny, 150 60, 90, 94, 96, 101, 105, 106, 109, Ballinger, Pamela, 15 113, 215, 223, 234, 260 269 270 Index collectivisation of agriculture, 3, 104, and moral conduct, 37–40, 64 128, 179, 234, 235 political life in, 27, 49, 53–61 passim, Council of British Societies for Relief 64, 266 Abroad (COBSRA), 71, 84 transfers between, 34 Crimean Tatars, 153 see also Displaced Persons; Quakers; Czechoslovakia, 1, 3, 193, 199 repatriation Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 222 Drogobych, 176, 179, 185 Dyczok, Marta, 28 Dachau, 94, 106, 107 dysentery, 122, 216 Dashnak Party, 142, 145, 147, 149–50, 154, 157, 159 Eder, Angelika, 12 Deasey, Mark, 68, 81 Egypt, 147, 149, 154, 157, 158 deportations, see population Einbeck, 76 displacement Eksteins, Modris, 25, 49 diaspora, 2, 9, 12–13, 15, 40, 140–61 Erding, 107 passim, 166, 210, 242, 260, 264, 266 Erzinkian, Aramais, 143 Displaced Persons (DPs), 4, 8, 10, 11, 13, Esslingen, 39, 58 31–2, 39, 70, 71, 75–6, 92, 93–4, Estonia, 2, 14, 77, 233–5, 237, 239–40, 256, 258–9, 265 242–3, 245–6, 248, 256 Armenian, 141, 145–6, 157 Communist Party of, 234, 239, 244, definition and status of, 6, 31, 49 251 ‘DP apathy’, as diagnosis, 10, 37, 259 deportation within Soviet Union, Estonian, 246 232–3, 234, 238, 245 Jewish, 10, 11 Estonians in exile abroad, 14, 25, 40, Latvian, 7, 9, 48–66 passim, 260, 264 231–54 passim Lithuanian, 9, 25–47 passim exiles’ sense of betrayal, 236–9 physical health of, 7, 12, 73, 266 ‘Forest Brethren’, 233 Polish, 11, 12, 75, 76, 77 Jewish population, 251 relations with local Germans, 12, 77 narratives of displacement, 236–49 resettlement of, 11, 27, 266 sovietisation of, 233–4, 236, 241, social composition of, 35 243–5 screening of, 28–9, 41–2 see also Displaced Persons statistics, 25, 52, 55, 191 Estonian Citizens’ Committee, 248 Ukrainian, 9, 12, 28, 31, 71, 77, 96 Estonian National Council, 242 women, 39–40, 105–6, 267 evacuation, see population displacement see also DP camps; filtration; forced Evens, Tim, 79, 81, 82 labour; Quakers; repatriation; universities District Commission for the Prosecution Fairchild, Amy, 98 of Crimes against the Polish Nation Feldman, Ilana, 73 in Katowice (OKSZpNP),´ 210, 226 Fertacz, Sylwester, 216 Donbass, 129, 169, 215 filtration procedures, 6, 7, 30, 89–116 Douglas, Mary, 118, 128, 134, 241 passim, 148, 214, 217, 265 DP Act (1948), 235 Soviet filtration camps, 92–3, 96, DP camps, 5, 6, 8–9, 15, 25–43 passim, 98–9, 259 44, 51, 54, 55, 56, 67–86 passim, 90, see also repatriation 94, 96, 105, 201, 246, 259, 260 Filtzer, Donald, 120, 122, 123 administration of, 27, 34–5, 56–8, 75 Finder, Pawel, 193 cultural life in, 9, 31, 40, 64, 77–9 Finland, 3, 98, 99, 233, 235, 238, 245, living conditions, 29, 32–6 passim 246 Index 271 First World War, 12, 48, 57, 62, 68, 140, Hamburg, 12, 35, 41 142, 147, 263 Hanau, 40 forced labour Harrell-Bond, Barbara, 74 in Nazi Germany, 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, Hart, D. W., 235 51–2, 53, 89, 91–3, 105, 107, 210; Hauerwas, Stanley, 67 see also repatriation Heath, Carl, 69 in the Soviet Union, 4, 99, 109, 194, Hirschon, Renée, 155 214–15, 222–3 Hnchak Party, 142 Foucault, Michel, 5, 102 Hogarth, W. D., 71 Friends Relief Service, see Quakers Holborn, Louise, 10, 12, 15 Fox, George, 67 Holocaust, 1, 63, 91, 188, 190, 200, 203, France, 12, 41, 140, 142, 147, 151, 154, 244, 251 157, 219 Hong Kong, 2, 5 Front National Arménienne, 148 Hughes, William, 68 Hungary, 1, 3 Galicia, 167, 168, 174, 175, 189, 212 Gaza, 73 India, 2, 267 General Fund of Lithuanian Americans Indjeyan, Lazare, 149 (BALF), 40, 42 infectious diseases, see cholera, Georgia, 2, 144, 148, 160, 215 dysentery, typhoid, typhus Germany Institute of National Remembrance, see Allied occupation zones, xii, 9, 12, 25, Upper Silesia 28, 29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, International Refugee Organisation 53, 55, 57, 71, 93, 94, 95, 190, 191, (IRO), 6, 7, 10, 26, 27, 34, 37, 42, 70 198, 201, 202 Israel, 2, 12, 191, 201, 204 Army (Wehrmacht), 25, 29, 50, 52, 56, emigration of Polish Jews to, 201, 204 212, 213, 216, 224, 234 Italy, 3, 12, 15, 25 and expellees, 4, 13, 26, 190, 213, 224 and occupation of Eastern Europe, 3, Jaworzno, 214, 218 50, 53, 59, 81, 91, 103, 168, 210, Jews, in Eastern Europe, 3, 63, 68, 119, 212, 213, 233 169, 171, 189, 191, 200–1, 203, 204, repatriation of Germans, 43 206, 209, 210, 251 see also DP camps see also Displaced Persons; Holocaust; Gimbutiene,˙ Marija, 41 Poland; refugees Girnius, Juozas, 37 Gliwice, 214, 216 Kaczi ´nski,Lech, 166 Goffman, Erving, 6, 25–6, 32, 36, 44 Kalninš, Bruno, 60, 61 Golikov, F. I., 94 Kalninš, Pauls, 60 Gomułka, Władysław, 193, 200 Kapustin, Iakov, 130 Goode, William, 71 Karelia, 3, 99, 130 Goslar, 71, 73, 78, 79 Kars, 144–5, 158, 159 Greece, 140, 147, 155, 156 Katowice, 211, 216, 217, 226 Greimas, Algirdas, 41 Kazakhstan, 210, 215, 225 ¯ Grınbergs, Teodors, Archbishop, 54 Khrushchev, Nikita, 169, 170, 186, 245 Grossman, Atina, 20–1 Kielce pogrom, 191, 200 Gulbis, Fricis, 57 Kiev, 89, 93, 106, 107, 108, 166 Kirov Factory, 124 Hacking, Ian, 6 Kirschenbaum, Lisa, 131 Hagenloh, Paul, 129 Kłodzko, 193 Halebian, Mme, 154 Knurów, 211 272 Index Konev, Ivan S., Marshal, 212 City Soviet, 122, 125, 130 Korean War, 2, 8 Extraordinary Anti-Epidemic Korotchenko, Demian, 175 Commission, 122, 127, 128 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 76 infrastructure, 120–2, 130 Kozioł, Joachim, 217 population, 123 Kraków, 177, 215 State Sanitary Inspectorate, 123–5 Krikorian, Onnik, 147 Leningradskaia Pravda, 117, 121, 123, Kronstadt, 99 131, 132 Kross, Jaan, 239 Lial’ko, Nikolai, 89, 94, 106–8, 112 Kufstein, 31, 39 Liepaja, 54 Kulischer, Eugene, 263 Lithuania, 2, 4, 20, 25, 28–30, 31, 39, Kurelis group see Latvian Central 41–2, 63, 192, 267 Council Christian Democratic Party, 40 Kursk, 106 Grand Duchy, 189 Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 130 Lithuanians in Poland, 191 see also Displaced Persons; General Laar, Mart, 248 Fund of Lithuanian Americans; Red Lagrou, Pieter, 8 Cross; refugees; repatriation Latvia, 2, 48, 50–1, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, Lithuanian Central Education and 99, 246, 247, 267 Welfare Board, 46 ethnic homogeneity, 63 Lithuanian Exile Community (LTB), forced labour in Germany, 51–2 34–5, 42 Freedom Monument, 246, 254 Lithuanian Language Society, 40 historiography, 49–50, 63 London, 50, 51 Latvian Legion, 52–3, 59 Lübeck, 56, 57, 58 Lutheran Church, 53, 54, 61 Lublin, 171, 177, 226 Nation’s Aid, 53 Lublin Accord (1944), 4, 165, 170, 171, political divisions within, 50, 56–63 175 passim Lumans, Valdis, 55 ¯ University of, 57 Lusis, Arnolds, 54–5, 60, 61, 64, 267 see also Displaced Persons; Red Cross; Luts’k (Łuck), 168, 170, 180 refugees; repatriation Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg), 169, 172, 175, Latvian Central Committee, 57–8 176, 179, 180, 195 Latvian Central Council (LCC), 50, 52, 57–8, 60 McDowell, Linda, 9 military wing (Kurelis group), 50, 54, McNeill, Margaret, 69, 75, 77, 78–9 66 Madagascar, 203 Latvia’s National Committee, 56, 57 Malkki, Liisa, 14, 72–3, 76, 118–19 Latvian National Council (LNC), 51, 56, Mardikian, George, 145 58–9, 60–3 passim Marrack, Yvonne, 71–2 League of Nations, 192 Marrus, Michael, 70 Lebanon, 81, 142, 148, 151, 153, 155, Matulionis, Jonas, 43 156, 159 Mazower, Mark, 3 Lemkos, 168, 182, 189, 191, 199, 202, Mekas, Jonas, 41 209, 210 Memel, 29, 43 Leninakan, 152, 161 memory, see population displacement Leningrad, 7, 98, 117–39 passim, 259, Mikoian, Anastas, 154 261, 262 Mikołów, 214 blockade, 117–18, 120, 121, 122, 127, Molotov, V.
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