OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 41 NO. 2 SPRING 1991

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included 1992 President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. 1992 Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 BACK ISSUES 1992 Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 6.00 1992 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 1992 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 OH 43068, (614)861-0673 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 5.00 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 5.00 1992 Immediate Past Pres. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office for prices and availability.

BUSINESS MANAGER Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road NE, Pleasantville, OH ASO CHAPTERS 43148, (614) 536-7855 or (800) 736-7815. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: John M. Rose, R.D. #1, Box 12, Chester, WV TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH President: John C. McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 45662, (614) 354-1454 (work) Blue Jacket Chapter 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Box 1, Seaman, OH President: Jacque F. Stahler, 115 S. Mill Street, DeGraff, OH 45679, (513)386-2375 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., ML Vernon, OH President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High Street, Mantua, OH 43050,(614)393-2314 Flint Ridge Chapter 1994 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, President: James E. Hahn, 770 S. 2nd Street, Heath, OH (614)297-2641 (work), (614) 846-7640 (home) 1994 Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, OH 43221, Fort Salem Chapter President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, ML Orab, OH (614)459-0808 1994 Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH 43130, Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ashland, OH (614)653-6642 1994 S. A. (Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH King Beaver Chapter President: Ronald Richman, Box 23, Clay Street, Edinburg, PA 43085,(614)885-0665 1994 Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Road NW, Lake County Chapter Pickerington, OH 43147, (614) 837-7088 President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Will Storey, 1820 Dexter, Portsmouth, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter President: Raymond E. Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Joe Johnson, 108 Erwin Avenue, Follansbee, WV Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Sandusky Bay Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, Sandusky Valley Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: James E. Milum, 17306 CH 113, Harpster, OH

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NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONE NUMBER 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE Shadow from the Past: The Gray (or Timber) Wolf It's a gratifying feeling knowing that so many people of so many by Phillip R. Shriver 4 diverse backgrounds are active members of our Society. I'm en­ Cincinnati Museum of Natural History Receives couraged that the spirit of cooperation and sharing exists at such Archeological Collections from the Cincinnati Art Museum high levels throughout the organization. This of course, creates the by Robert A. Genheimer 13 bond for which the Society was founded and through which it has continued to grow, exist and prosper. This is the trend of the A Button Base Dovetail from Brown's Island with Collected 1990's and there is no better feeling than to attend a meeting filled Thoughts on the Archaic in the Upper Ohio Valley with friends and acquaintances, no matter what one's background by Brian DaRe & Keith Waters 14 or level of experience. A Basal Notched Point from the Indian Creek Valley Soon we will be approaching summer, and that means summer by Phillip R. Shriver 23 meetings. Summer meetings are planned and organized by our chapters. Our chapters, as you know, put a lot of time and energy A Ross County Chisel by Michael W. Seymour 24 into the planning and logistics of these meetings and they are well The First Joint Ohio-West Virginia Archeological Society worth attending. In addition, you may well travel to a place you've Meeting 24 never seen or been to previously. You'll be receiving your advance Birdstones by William Tiell 4 notice of these meetings in the mail soon, so please mark your calendars. A Stone Human Effigy by TerriNash Wesson 27 Lastly, I would like to address the subject of fakes at our State A Possible Fourth Millenium B.C. Component at 33W0372 meetings. This is an extremely delicate subject for both buyer and by Jonathan E. Bowen 29 seller. Often times, a bogus piece is sold as genuine because the Flint Tools from Harrison County, Indiana seller didn't know the difference. The same principle also applies by Elaine Holzapfel 31 to the buyer. However, I'm deeply concerned about a seller who may be unscrupulous in his dealings and sells a piece that he Western Basin Late Woodland Faunal Remains in Ohio knows is fraudulent. Due to the enormous number of artifacts at by Jonathan E. Bowen 33 our meetings, it is impossible to police each and every item brought into our building. A Jefferson County Cache by Charles F. Henderson 36 You should be advised that under our Constitution and By-Laws The Gorget in the Driveway by Elaine Holzapfel 37 "Upon the sale of any artifact at a Society meeting, the buyer must An Unusual Hopewell Pipe Form byD.R. Gehlbach 38 notify the seller within 10 days that the artifact is questionable. If the seller does not feel the buyer is justified in his opinion, the arti­ An Artifact Inventory from the William Swartz Site: A Multi- fact in question may be judged on by the Fraudulent Artifacts Component Habitation on the Auglaize-Logan County Line Committee no later than the next Society meeting. The buyer has by Claude Britt, Jr. 39 30 days to return any questionable artifact to the seller after the An Engraved Stone from Ohio by Charles F. Henderson 42 date of purchase or date of authenticity determination by the Fraudulent Artifacts Committee to receive a refund of the purchase H.B. 274 and the Newly Proposed Cemeteries Law 44 price. The article must be in the original condition as purchased Get Involved! 44 when returned." Fraudulent material will not, under any circumstances, be toler­ Your Help is Needed 44 ated at our meetings. Frauds undermine, and corrode our image The Rocks All Melt in the Sun by Davids. Brose 45 and membership, they discourage veteran members and frighten 2nd Annual Indian Relic Show 48 new members. Therefore, it is clear that we need to increase our New Cleveland Area Chapter of the Archeological Society knowledge by reading, attending seminars, and networking with of Ohio 48 knowledgeable people. Let's work together on this grave problem. Cooperate with the Fraudulent Committee, they're not spending Announcements 48 their time to hurt, but to help our whole organization. Please get in­ volved before this situation gets out of reach and out of control. Before I sound too negative, I should point out that the bulk of our membership is made up of solid, good, honest people who deal the same way that they like to be treated, that is openly and fairly. We can't make things perfect, but we can clean things up to a point where we can return confidence and dignity to our society.

Best regards.

James G. Hovan President

Front Cover A human effigy made of limestone, this remarkable artifact is part of the collection recently given to the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History by the Cincinnati Art Museum. Originally collected by Thomas Cleneay in the late 1800's, this rare sculpture is similar to other human head effigies found with Intrusive Mound burials in Ohio. Its provenience is listed as Tennessee.

Back Cover One of the largest Coshocton flint blades known, this magnificent blade was also in the Cincinnati Art Museum collection. It is over 14 inches long and its provenience is probably southwestern Ohio.

3 SHADOW FROM THE PAST: THE GRAY (OR TIMBER) WOLF by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

A recent full-page advertisement in the Volume 59, 1674: 168-169.) Even today, disaster. This belated recognition of the im­ January-February 1991 issue of Archa­ as reported in a recent Associated Press portance of wolves in Nature's ecosystems eology says it best: "Learn about the peo­ release carried in the April 4,1991 issue of just may assure their ultimate survival. ple who celebrated Earth Day, every day, the Cincinnati Enquirer, the Abenakis of Because of this overdue recognition of for over 10,000 years." Vermont still evidently regard the wolf as a their environmental significance and be­ The message is clear. From an environ­ tribal religious symbol. (See Figure 1.) cause of their near or complete extermina­ mental point of view, our Planet Earth is in In stark contrast, in the heritage of the tion in many areas, including Ohio, wolves an advanced state of distress, beset as it European, the wolf has long been viewed have had a growing fascination for many is by such problems as over-population, as something evil, sinister, dangerous, Americans. Witness the recent spate of ar­ pollution of sea and air, global warming, threatening. Popular references to the wolf ticles about them: Ted Williams's "Bringing and even the ultimate endangerment of reflect this: "the wolf in sheep's clothing" Back the Beast of Lore", in Modern life itself. Maybe, just maybe, we all might (a person who hides evil intent); "the wolf Maturity; "Returning Wolves Carry a learn from those peoples and cultures at the door" (the prospect of privation); Message," in Insight; and Carolyn Piatt's who preceded us, those we have called "cry wolf" (a false alarm); "that wolf" (a ref­ "Man's Best Enemy, The Wolf", in Timeline. Indians or Native Americans who, from an erence to a philanderer). The list goes on Recall as well such recent books as Wolves environmental point of view, did indeed and on. To the European, the only good of Minong, by Durward Allen; The Wolf in celebrate Earth Day, every day, for 10,000 wolf was the dead one. Until very recently, the Southwest, by David Brown; Wolf years and more. the policy of our federal and state govern­ Country, by Ewan Clarkson; The Soul of the Wolf, by Michael Fox; In Praise of A good place for us to begin would be a ments respecting wolves could be sum­ Wolves, by R.D. Lawrence; Of Wolves and reassessment of our attitudes respecting marized in one word: eradication. Men, by Barry Holstun Lopez; The Wolf, by all the species of life on this planet, includ­ Here in North America distinctions can L. David Mech; Dance of the Wolves, by ing some that are now on the endangered be drawn between the diminutive red wolf, Roger Peters; The World of the Wolf, by list and perilously close to extinction. One once found in great numbers across the Russell J. Rutter and Douglas H. Pimlott; of those species has been maligned by southern and southeastern United States Wolves, by Candace S. Savage; and The most of us for as long as we can remem­ but now reduced to a total population of Last of the Loners, by Stanley P. Young. ber: the Canis lupus, or wolf, that wild only 135 (see Cincinnati Enquirer, April 11, flesh-eating mammal which at one time 1991); the prairie wolf (or coyote), concen­ Nor is it mere coincidence that one of was widely distributed throughout the trated in the Great Plains westward to the the most popular films produced in Northern Hemisphere but now is to be Pacific Coast but now beginning to infil­ Hollywood in recent memory bears the ti­ found only in scattered pockets of North trate lands east of the Mississippi; and the tle "Dances with Wolves." Already hon­ America, Europe and Asia. gray or timber wolf, which once flourished ored with more Academy Award nomina­ Here in America, in the tradition of the from as far south as Mexico to as far north tions than any other film produced in the Indian of prehistory and history, the wolf as the Arctic Circle but has now disap­ past twelve months, it premiered at the was a kindred soul, an example of peared from about 99% of its original Smithsonian Institution in Washington as strength and courage, something to be North American habitat, including the Ohio one of the first attractions of the new admired, even emulated. His role as a country. (See Piatt, 1986: 26.) Museum of the American Indian. Directed predator was seen as necessarily integral Still the best known of these several by Kevin Costner, who also plays the to the balance of nature. Consequently, no North American varieties, even though lead role of Lt. John Dunbar, "Dances examples of the wanton destruction of now nearly eradicated, the gray wolf re­ With Wolves" is the nickname given the wolves by Indians have been found, at sembles a large lean, long-legged dog. young lieutenant by a Lakota Sioux band least none of which this writer is aware. Measuring approximately 5 1/2 feet in which befriends him. (See Newberry Rather, the reverse has been true. length, from its long nose to the tip of its Library, 1991:3-4.) As early as 1636, the Jesuit missionary thick, bushy tail, the gray wolf has wide Consider as well that the wolf has be­ Jean de Brebeuf, working with the Hurons head, sharp muzzle, and stand-up ears. come one of the principal attractions at of western Ontario, reported a legend (See Figure 2.) It lives in dens in hollow one of the nation's most spectacular among them which involved wolves in the logs, between rocks, or in holes dug in the wilderness preserves, the Denali National helpful resuscitation of a "good Hunter" ground. There the female bears its litters Park in Alaska. who had been feared mortally wounded. of 7 or 8 cubs. In summer months gray "Denali," an Athabaskan Indian word (See the Jesuit Relations, Volume 10, wolves hunt their prey (such as rabbits, meaning "the great one," is exactly that. 1636: 177.) In 1671, another Jesuit, Father squirrels, birds, field mice) alone or in Larger than the state of Massachusetts, Henri Nouvel, serving in the Mission of pairs. In the winter they hunt in packs, of­ nearly a quarter the size of the entire Sainte Marie Du Sault (now Sault Ste. ten targeting larger animals such a deer, state of Ohio, Denali extends across Marie, Michigan), observed that certain elk, moose, caribou, and even horses and some 6,000,000 acres of Alaskan tundra Ottawas "smitten with disease" would cattle. Because their successes are usually and spruce forest. Its central feature is "acknowledge no other divinities than the over the weak and the infirm, predators the awesome Mount McKinley, at 20,320 Moon and the wolf." ("Que la Lune et le such a wolves have served an essential feet North America's highest peak. loup." See the Jesuit Relations, Volume 56, role over the centuries in assuring the sur­ Highlighting my own first visit to Denali in 1671:112-113.) The celebrated French ex­ vival of the fittest among the rest of the summer of 1990 were unforgettable plorer, Father Jacques Marquette, re­ Nature's animals. In some respects, the sightings of moose, caribou, Dall sheep, ported three years later that among the wolf has been the champion predator of grizzly bears, and eagles, all in their own Illinois the wolf was also seen as a "mani- them all. The eradication of the wolf in wild, natural habitat. But it was the wolf tou" or Great Spirit and attested that he many areas of the Northern Hemisphere which proved the most challenging, the had personally witnessed an Illinois "feast has only recently come to be viewed by most elusive, the most frustrating, the to a wolfskin." (See the Jesuit Relations, many environmentalists as an ecological most difficult to see.

4 In all, it is estimated that there are no 1830, while he, with two companions, restoration of fragments revealed one more than 173 wolves living in 16 separate '... walked from Cleveland some 18 miles nearly complete wolf cranium and part of packs in the 6,000,000 acres of the Denali on the state road westward. The place of a second specimen. Both crania show National Park. Largest of the packs is that destination was not reached until late in marked signs of preparation such as cut­ of the East Fork, which includes 27 wolves. the evening, when conversation became ting, breaking, grinding, scraping, and It is also the most visible since it hunts not difficult from the incessant howling of drilled perforations; bony eminences are far from the 89-mile long park road. (See wolves.'" Hutchins has also recalled the nearly obliterated. The complete artifact Hardesty, 1990.) Clearly, the pack is the Great Hinckley Hunt of December 24, clearly indicates that it had been cut from "central core" of the wolf's life. Particularly 1818, when 300 deer, 21 bears, and 17 the cranium of a young, adult wolf... The in winter, it is the means by which larger, wolves were killed near that Medina deliberate and careful preparation of the stronger animals, such as the caribou, can County village in an all-day hunt by 600 artifact suggests that it was worn as part be brought down. (See Peer, 1990.) men and boys. By 1848, after the state of a mask-headdress, placed against the Yet across the entire state of Alaska, all had established a bounty for wolf scalps forehead and resting on the bridge of the 570,833 square miles of it (14 times the in response to the demands of sheep nose. (See Figure 4.) The drilled perfora­ size of the state of Ohio), only some 6,000 growers, it was reported that wolves had tions were probably used to secure the ar­ wolves still persist (in contrast to 10,000 a finally become virtually extinct in Ohio. tifact to the wolfs kin. . . . This is the first decade ago). Another 1,200 remain in (See Hutchins, 1979: 10-13.) record of an animal mask-headdress for northern Minnesota, no more than 50 in The gray or timber wolf was also an im­ the Glacial Kame Culture, and probably northern Michigan and Wisconsin, while portant part of the ecosystem of prehistoric the earliest evidence of ceremonialism and only 12 can still be counted on Isle Royale Ohio. This is borne out in the frequency of the use of such masks in the Ohio Valley." in Lake Superior. As Williams has noted, encounter of wolf bones and teeth in hu­ Baby, 1961:119-120.) "For centuries we trapped them, poi­ man burial sites and in village refuse mid­ Robert N. Converse subsequently ampli­ soned them, shot them, and burned their dens of Archaic (including Glacial Kame), fied this report, noting that burial number 7 pups alive in their dens. In 1905 we even Woodland, and Mississippian cultures. was that of "an adult male deposited in a tried biological warfare, infecting them [Whether it was also a part of the earlier circular pit, with arms folded and the knees with mange. Ten years later Congress environment of the Palaeo-lndian is a mat­ under the chin. Lying on the right shoulder passed a law requiring their elimination ter of conjecture inasmuch as Palaeo man was the skull of a wolf which had been al­ from federal lands. We had cleansed left no burials and had no fixed habitation tered and cut to fit the human head. (See Yellowstone Park by 1926. It hasn't been sites in Ohio. However, H.M. Wormington Figure 5.) Obviously a mask or headdress, easy, but finally we have won against the has reported the presence of wolf remains it was the first indisputable evidence of wolf." (See Williams, 1988: 44.) in known Palaeo sites in other parts of the ceremonialism found in situ with Glacial Though Western livestock ranchers "re­ country. For example, she has reported Kame. The grave, which had been liberally main adamantly opposed to wolf reintro- the presence of Clovis cultural implements sprinkled with red ocher, also contained duction in any form," many scientists have in association with pieces of worked bone two bone awls." (Converse, n.d.: 92.) been calling for the restoration of the wolf in in the Sandia Cave at the northern end of Martha Potter Otto has observed the ecosystem of the Northern Rockies, the Sandia Mountains in Las Huertas ".. . the environment apparently played an particularly in the Yellowstone wilderness, Canyon, New Mexico. Included were bone important role in the religious beliefs of to help "cull and rejuvenate the overgrown fragments from the prehistoric horse, Glacial Kame people and probably all elk herd." After more than 24,000 wolves camel, bison, mammoth, ground sloth, other Indian groups. Archaeologists have had been "poisoned, shot, trapped, or oth­ and the wolf. (1957: 86.) She has already found masks made from skulls of wolves erwise eliminated," the federal wolf eradica­ reported (1957:228) the discovery of a hu­ and bears in Glacial Kame sites that may tion program was finally terminated. Then, man tibia, a wolf bone, and a sloth bone at have been worn on ceremonial occasions in 1975, the Fish and Wildlife Service pre­ the Vero Site in Florida some 30 miles by shamans (medicine men). Some pared a wolf recovery plan. The results have from Melbourne, and has noted that Indians believed that most elements in na­ been meager, though possibly, just possi­ Frederick B. Loomis in 1923 found arti­ ture — animals, plants, bodies of water, bly, a corner has been turned. As an article facts in the same horizon with bones of the moon, rain, and wind — had spirits in on page 24 in Insight for May 29,1989, has extinct animals including the mammoth the same way that humans do. Some­ noted: "In late 1985 a pack of 12 gray and mastodon.] times individuals felt a particularly close wolves, like battered revenants, moved Clearly by Late Archaic time the wolf was relationship to a certain spirit, perhaps a south from Canada into the northwest cor­ an integral component of the ecology of the bird or animal, and believed that the spirit ner of Glacier National Park in Montana for Ohio country as attested by the discovery could help them cure illness, foretell the the winter. The following spring one of the in 1955 during sand and gravel operations future, or bring good luck. By wearing a females in the pack produced a litter — 'the on the Clifford M. Williams farm, less than a costume made of the animal's skin, the first documented incidence in 50 years of mile southwest of Russell's Point at Indian person could summon the spirit for help. It wild gray wolves breeding in the western Lake, Logan County, Ohio, of a Glacial is likely that the carefully made wolf and United States,' according to a National Kame wolf mask-headdress. (See Figure 3.) bear masks found in Glacial Kame sites Audubon Society report." Reported by Raymond S. Baby, then are the only remnants of such costumes." Interestingly, the gray or timber wolf was Curator of Archaeology of the Ohio (Otto, 1979:266.) a significant part of the ecosystem of early Historical Society, the Williams Site re­ Among the subsequent mound-building historic Ohio. Hutchins has written vealed as many as 75 to 90 Glacial Kame Adena Culture of Early Woodland tradition (1979:10) that "timber wolves were so burials accompanied by freshwater shell the use of animal masks (including those abundant and well distributed when Ohio spoons, disc-shaped beads, circular and of the wolf) was further refined. William S. was being settled that at least 28 streams sub-rectangular shell gorgets, birdstones, Webb and Raymond S. Baby reported in have been named for them. Ohio has one atlatl weights, copper beads, and bone 1957 the presence of seven worked jaw 'Wolf Ditch,' 15 'Wolf Creeks,' and 12 awls. However, it was the wolf mask-head­ fragments of wolf, cougar, and bear in 'Wolf Runs.' Norton S. Townshend, [who dress that elicited the most interest. As re­ Adena sites in both Kentucky and Ohio, later became] first professor of agriculture, ported by Baby: "In one of the burials (No. suggesting their ceremonial usage by botany, and veterinary science at The 7) recovered by Williams were found frag­ shamen or medicine men. The presence Ohio State University, wrote about 'mis­ ments of two artifacts fashioned from wolf of a spatula-shaped artifact cut from the chievous animals' encountered May 1, skulls. Careful sorting, cleaning and upper jaw of a wolf (with all the prominent

5 canine teeth anterior to the first premolar of the Mound City Group, Ephraim Squier claws of the gray wolf as features of their in place) in the mouth cavity of a large and Edwin Davis noted the presence personal ornamentation. Shown in Figure adult human male from whose upper jaw among a variety of effigy forms of a pipe 10 are the canine teeth of a black bear, a all the front teeth had been removed to bowl fragment in the shape of the head of gray wolf, and a dog, all perforated for permit the entry and retention of the spat­ a wolf. (Squier and Davis, 1848: 271.) suspension in a necklace and all found in ula-shaped cut wolf jaw, suggested to Subsequently, two complete wolf effigy a cluster on a house floor by Dr. Stanley Webb and Baby that the burial was that of pipes (among some 200 total pipes) found G. Copeland in the course of his explo­ an Adena shaman, "his head covered with by Squier and Davis at Mound Number 8 ration of the Feurt Site, a classic Fort the wolf head and the skin extending over of Mound City ended up at the British Ancient village site on the east side of the his body. Protruding from the shaman's Museum. (See Barnhart, 1985: 2-17.) Scioto River just north of Portsmouth in mouth below the upper face of the wolf Fortunately, the 60 Hopewell effigy Scioto County, Ohio. (See Copeland, head [was] the cut jaw fragment with the pipes (from a total cache of 136) un­ 1959:50-51.) wolf's prominent canine teeth in full dis­ earthed by William C. Mills and Henry C. Historic Indians, too, looked upon the play." (Webb and Baby, 1957: 61-71.) Shetrone at the Tremper Mound in 1915 gray wolf as an integral and highly impor­ To this report from Webb and Baby, and are still here in Ohio, at the Ohio Historical tant part of their environment. Martha Otto its photographs and analyses of cut wolf Society in Columbus. As noted by Martha has written that "Anthropologists have jaws in Adena animal masks found in the P. Otto (1984: 22-23), "the Tremper effigies found that historic Indians of the south­ Wright Mounds of Montgomery County, represent a wide range of bird, mammal, eastern United States identified particular Kentucky, the Ayers Mound of Owen and amphibian forms. Several species ap­ animals with clans — that is, groups of County, Kentucky, and the Wolford Mound pear on more than one pipe: six owls, five people who recognize their common de­ of Pickaway County, Ohio, was added the hawks, five squirrels, five otters, four rac­ scent from a single, sometimes mythical report of Ernest R. Sutton in 1966 con­ coons, three mountain lions, three bears, ancestor. The animals associated with the cerning the discovery of cut upper jaws three turtles, three wolves, two wildcats, clans were considered totems, or em­ and teeth of wolves (see Figure 6) during and two ducks. The porcupine, opossum, blems, of these groups. Frequently such the course of his investigation of the beaver, dog, rabbit, mink, deer, fox, great animals were treated in special ways and Johnson-Thompson Mound, an Adena site blue heron, sandhill crane, crow, quail, were assigned supernatural powers. Bear, 1/2 miles west of the Hocking River in Troy toad, blue jay, kingfisher, and songbird beaver, deer, and wolf clans occur most Township, Athens County, Ohio. Conject­ each appear on a single pipe." widely among the southeastern linguistic uring association with the burial of an Certainly one of the most impressive of groups, with hawk, porcupine, turtle, otter, Adena shaman, Sutton reported that the the Tremper "masterworks in pipestone," raccoon, panther, wildcat, toad and dog cut wolf jaws were part of a cache contain­ as Otto has described them, is the effigy clans occurring in some groups . . . ."(See ing 3 Adena spears of Flint Ridge material; representation of the gray wolf shown here Otto, 1984:23.) 8 bone awls; a fine-grained sandstone in Figure 7. Three-and-a-half-inches long Here in the Ohio country, historic tribes quadriconcave gorget; and a bone atlatl and two-and-a-half inches high, it reflects such as the Miami also followed the clan handle. (See Sutton, 1966: 80-84.) the skill of its Hopewell craftsman in shap­ system, with each clan group in a village Though Webb and Baby had also en­ ing a truly remarkable representation of the having its own chief. According to Bert countered cut and worked jaws of wolf, animal which played such an important role Anson, "Clan chiefs were the most impor­ cougar, and bear in Hopewell investiga­ in Hopewell culture. (See Otto, 1984:29.) tant members of the village council, and tions in the Ohio Valley, the only concrete Wolf effigy pipes were not limited to one of their number was elected civil evidence of the use of a ceremonial mask those produced by the Hopewell people. chief. . . .Miami clan membership involved among that Middle Woodland people was Among the Mississippian cultures the kinship system. . . . Marriage into a mask-headdress shaped from part of a (Sandusky, Whittlesey, and Fort Ancient) one's own clan was forbidden." Included human skull. (Webb and Baby, 1957: 71.) which followed the Hopewell in the late among the Miami clans were the Crane, In his exploration of the Hopewellian prehistoric era, the gray wolf continued to Eagle, Turtle, Elk, Wolf, Loon, Buzzard, Mound City Group in the Scioto Valley near make its impact. From Preble County, Ohio, Panther, Turkey, Raccoon, Duck, Fox, Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio, William came the compact hardstone effigy pipe Bear, Deer, Acorn, and Fish. (See Anson, C. Mills reported that "necklaces of the ca­ shown in Figure 8, a pipe in the collection 1970:17.) nine teeth of the wolf, bear, and mountain of H. C. Wachtel at the time it was featured Among the Shawnees a system of lion were much in evidence, particularly in in a 1957 article he authored for this maga­ twelve patrilineal clans existed: Snake, association with cremated remains, in zine. A more publicized effigy pipe (see Turtle, Raccoon, Turkey, Hawk, Deer, Bear, which case they were mostly consumed by Converse, 1977: 11) of compact siltstone Wolf, Great Lynx, Elk, Buffalo, and Tree. fire. Numbers of perforated fossil sharks' was one in the collection of the late Dr. (See Trowbridge, 1939: 16-17. Cited in teeth were found, usually associated with Gordon F. Meuser of Columbus. Of Fort Callender, 1973: 626.) Among the Ottawas small shell beads, in connection with Ancient cultural origin, it was found near twelve patrilineal totemic descent groups which they doubtless had formed neck­ Deavertown in Morgan County, Ohio, and also were enumerated: Bear, Pike, laces. A similar use of the claws of the displays an unusual mixture of elements of Henhawk, Sparrow Hawk, Forked Tree, bear and the gray wolf was indicated. Fully two animals, the wolf and the deer. The Gull, Wolf, Eagle, Beaver, Panther, 10,000 beads of various kinds were taken teeth and ears are those evidently of the Panther's Foot, and Panther's Track. (See from the Mound City Group by our survey, wolf. The depiction of antlers behind the Feest and Feest, 1978: 782.) After the showing that the use of beads as neck­ ears and along the neck suggest the deer. Delawares migrated to the upper Ohio laces, bangles and for attachment to cloth­ (See Figure 9.) Yet another wolf effigy pipe Valley in the mid-eighteenth century, they ing and ceremonial garments was very of Mississippian tradition, again a bowl of were "organized into three phratries, each pronounced." (Mills, 1922: 556.) stone which required a reed or other hollow with a chief living in a separate village. Even more impressive evidence of the stem for smoking, was one from Williams These were the Turkey, Turtle, and Wolf impact of the gray wolf on Hopewell County, Ohio, which was featured by Don groups, sometimes called clans." (See artistry is seen in its representation in ef­ R. Gehlbach in an article in this magazine in Goddard, 1978: 222.) When remnant figy on the bowls of platform pipes, partic­ the spring issue of 1977. bands of Hurons settled in northwestern ularly those found at Mound City and at Like their Archaic and Woodland prede­ Ohio in the late seventeenth and early the Tremper Mound in Scioto County. As cessors, late prehistoric Mississippian eighteenth centuries, there to be called early as 1848, following their investigation peoples also used the canine teeth and "Wyandots" by the English, they brought

6 with them a matrilineal clan system Predation is a natural phenomenon. If it Fox, Michael W. involving eight groupings: Turtle, Wolf, cannot be accomplished one way, it will 1980 The Soul of the Wolf. Little Brown, Boston. Bear, Beaver, Deer, Hawk, Porcupine, and be in another. One is prone to question Feest, Johanna E. and Christian F. Feest Snake. (See Heidenreich, 1978: 370-371.) what the future of the coyote will be in the 1978 "Ottawa." In Volume 15, Northeast, edited It seems to this writer more than mere state of Ohio. by Bruce G. Trigger, of the Handbook of coincidence — indeed, I find it highly sig­ North American Indians, William C. nificant — that the only animal, bird, or Acknowledgements Sturtevant, General Editor, Smithsonian reptile bearing a clan name for all five of To Christopher S. Duckworth and Institution, Washington. the principal historic Indian tribes of Ohio William G. Keener, editor and publisher of Gehlbach, Don R. was the wolf! The strong bond between Timeline; to Robert N. Converse, editor of 1977 "Ohio Small Effigy Pipe Forms From Fort the Indian and the wolf has been well ex­ the Ohio Archaeologist; to Gary Meszaros; Ancient and Mississippian Aspects." Ohio plained by Carolyn V. Piatt: "American to Ron Keil, photographer with the Archaeologist, 27(2): 20. Indians viewed wolves with awe, but sel­ Division of Wildlife of the Ohio Department Goddard, Ives dom with Europeans' unreasoning fear of Natural Resources; to Wide World 1978 "Delaware." In Volume 15, Northeast, and hate. They thought of wolves as Photos; and to the Audio Visual Service of edited by Bruce G. Trigger, of the brothers because wolves lived lives like Miami University, go my profound thanks Handbook of North American Indians, theirs. Both stalked the large grazers that for photographs illustrative of components William C. Sturtevant, General Editor, browsed in eastern woodlands and of this article. Smithsonian Institution, Washington. surged across the western grasslands, Hardesty, Todd and both of their lives involved skill, en­ References 1990 Alaska's Denali Park. Alaska Video durance, and risk-taking. Hunting large, Allen, Durward L Postcards, Inc., Anchorage. dangerous animals required cooperation 1979 The Wolves of Minong: Their Vital Role in Heidenreich, Conrad E. and loyalty to the tribe or pack — neither a Wild Community. Houghton Mifflin, New 1978 "Huron." In Volume 15, Northeast, edited brave nor wolf could normally kill a bison York. by Bruce G. Trigger, of the Handbook of alone. Indians thought of wolves as a fam­ Anson, Bert North American Indians, William C. ily parallel to the human one, as sharers of 1970 The Miami Indians. University of Sturtevant, General Editor, Smithsonian a generally harmonious natural order. The Oklahoma Press, Norman. Institution, Washington. wolf-qualities of strength, endurance, and Baby, Raymond S. Hutchins, Edward F. stealth were, to them, worthy of emulation 1961 "A Glacial Kame Wolf Mask-Headdress." 1979 "The Ohio Country." In Michael B. Lafferty, and reverence. Many Indian stories told of American Antiquity, 26(4). Reprinted in editor, Ohio's Natural Heritage. The Ohio wolves that sheltered men and women Ohio Archaeologists, 11 (4): 119-122. Academy of Science, Columbus. lost or driven out of their tribes, that Barnhart, Terry A. Laub, Kenneth and Sherman L. Frost, Ruth W. taught them medicine ways, and that in­ 1985 "An American Menagerie: The Cabinet of Melvin spired warrior cults. Warriors emulated the Squier and Davis." Timeline, 2(6): 2-17. 1979 "Changing Land Use." In Michael B. strength and formidable fighting skills of Bekoff, Marc, editor Lafferty, Editor, Ohio's Natural Resources. the wild wolves of the woods and plains 1978 Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and The Ohio Academy of Science, Columbus. and imitated their soulful howls in songs Management. Academic Press, New York. Lawrence, R.D. and chants. Significantly, these same men Brandenburg, Jim 1986 In Praise of Wolves. Henry Holt, New York. viewed servile camp dogs with disdain 1988 White Wolf: Living with an Arctic Legend. Lopez, Barry H. and never made pets of them." (See Piatt, Edited by James S. Thornton. North 1978 Of Wolves and Men. Charles Scribner's 1986:29.) Press, Minocqua, Wisconsin. Sons, New York. Yet today, as has been true since mid- Brown, David E. Martin, Richard nineteenth century, the gray wolf is only a 1983 The Wolf in the Southwest. University of 1989 "Returning Wolves Carry a Message." shadow of the past as far as Ohio and Arizona, Tucson. Insight, May 29,1989:24. Ohioans are concerned. While federal pol­ Burkitt, Miles Mech, L. David icy toward the wolf, in keeping with the 1963 The Old Stone Age. Atheneum, New York. 1966 The Wolves of Isle Royale. U.S. new enthusiasm for environmentalism, has Callender, Charles Government Printing Office, Washington. switched from eradication to restoration, it 1978 "Shawnee." In Volume 15, Northeast, 1970 The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an appears highly unlikely, due to absence of edited by Bruce G. Trigger, of the Endangered Species. The Natural History suitable habitat, that we shall ever witness Handbook of North American Indians, Press, Garden City, New York. the return of the gray wolf to our area. William C. Sturtevant, General Editor, Mills, William C. But paradox of paradoxes Even as it Smithsonian Institution, Washington. 1922 "Exploration of the Mound City Group." appears highly unlikely that we shall ever Cincinnati Enquirer Ohio Archaeological and Historical see the reestablishment of the gray wolf in 1991 "Kiss From a Freed Wolf." (April 11) Society Publications, Columbus. Ohio, we are witnessing the arrival in sev­ 1991 "Surviving Vulture Released to the Wild. Murie, Adolph eral areas of our state of increasing num­ Poisoned Carcass Left Out to Kill 1944 The Wolves of Mount McKinley. National bers of prairie wolves, or coyotes, a much Coyotes." (April 5) Park Service. U.S. Government Printing smaller version though distant cousin of 1991 "Wolf No. 323 Might Be Carrying No. Office, Washington. the gray wolf. (See Figure 11.) As farmers, 136." (April 11) Newberry Library particularly sheep growers, across south­ Clarkson, Ewan 1991 "Film Note: Dances with Wolves." In ern Ohio can attest, the coyote has moved 1975 Wolf Country: A Wilderness Pilgrimage. Meeting Ground, No. 24, D'Arcy McNickle into the vacuum created by the elimination E.P. Dutton & Company, New York. Center for the History of the American of the wolf. The coyote, an animal with no Converse, Robert N. Indian, Newberry Library, Chicago. prior history in Ohio, has been making its 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately pub­ Olsen, Stanley J. presence felt right here in Butler County. In lished, Plain City, Ohio, 1985 Origin of the Domestic Dog: The Fossil Oxford Township, no less than five have n.d. 7he Glacial Kame Indians. The Record. University of Arizona Press. been shot or trapped in recent years. In Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus. Otto, Martha Potter the county-seat, Hamilton, one was even Copeland, Stanley G. 1979 "The First Ohioans." In Michael B. Lafferty, cornered recently in a doorway not far 1959 "Feurt Village Site Specimens." Ohio Editor, Ohio's Natural Resources, The from the courthouse! Archaeologist, 9(2): 50-51. Ohio Academy of Science, Columbus.

7 1984 "Masterworks in Pipestone: Treasure From Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis Wachtel, H.C. Tremper Mound." Timeline, 1(1): 18-33. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 1957 "Two Interesting Artifacts." Ohio Peer, Kevin A. Valley. The Smithsonian Institution, Archaeologist, 7(2): 74-75. 1990 Denali Wilderness. Produced by Tom Washington. Webb, William S. and Raymond S. Baby Kleiman for the National Park Service, Sutton, Ernest R. 1957 The Adena People - No. 2. The Ohio Department of the Interior, Washington. 1966 "Exploration of an Adena Mound, Athens Historical Society, Columbus. Peters, Roger County, Ohio." Ohio Archaeologist, 16(3): Williams, Ted 1985 Dance of the Wolves. McGraw-Hill, New 80-84. 1988 "Bringing Back the Beast of Lore." York. Thwaites, Reuben G., editor Modern Maturity, June-July, 45-51. Peterson, Rolf Olin 1896-1901 The Jesuit Relations and Allied Wolves in American Culture Committee 1977 Wolf Ecology and Prey Relationships on Documents. (73 volumes) Burrows 1986 Wolf! NorthWord, Ashland, Wisconsin. Isle Royale. National Park Service, U.S. Brothers, Cleveland. Wormington, H.M. Government Printing Office, Washington. Tooker, Elizabeth 1957 Ancient Man in North America. Fourth Piatt, Carolyn V. 1978 "Wyandot." In Volume 15, Northeast, Edition. Denver Museum of Natural 1986 "Man's Best Enemy: The Wolf." Timeline, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, of the History. 3(1): 26-37. Handbook of North American Indians, Young, Stanley Paul Rutter, Russell J. and Douglas H. Pimlott William C. Sturtevant, General Editor, 1946 The Wolf in North American History. 1968 The World of the Wolf. Lippincott, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho. Philadelphia. Trowbridge, Charles C. 1970 The Last of the Loners. The Macmillan Savage, Candace S. 1939 "Shawnee Traditions." In Vernon Kinietz and Company, New York. 1988 Wolves. Sierra Club Books, San Erminie W. Voegelin, editors, University of Francisco. Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Occasional Contributions 9, Ann Arbor.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Captioned "Kiss from a Freed Wolf," perhaps no picture published in the national news media in recent years has so well dramatized the bond between the Native American and the wolf (in contrast to the perception by the Euro-American of the wolf as an evil being) as this photograph taken by Alden Pellett. It shows David Hill, a member of the Abenaki Tribe of Vermont, getting a kiss from Legend, a tribal wolf, following its release from custody on April 2, 1991. The release was ordered by a Vermont judge, who ruled that the wolf was indeed a religious symbol of the Abenaki Tribe after the town of Swanton had ordered the animal destroyed because of the perception that it was a threat to humans. APIWide World Photos.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Close-up of a gray (or timber) wolf, showing characteristic wide head, sharp muzzle, and stand-up ears. Photograph by Gary Meszaros, reproduced here with his permission.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Glacial Kame wolf mask-headdress found in 1955 on the Clifford M. Williams farm near Indian Lake, Logan County, Ohio. Reproduced here from the photograph appearing on page 95, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse, with permission of the author.

8 Fig. 4 (Shriver) Probable manner in which a Glacial Kame shaman wore the wolf mask-headdress. Reproduced here from the photograph on page 32 of The Glacial Kame Indians by Robert N. Converse, after Raymond S. Baby, 1961, with permission from the author.

Fig. 5 (Shriver) Burial Number 7 at the Williams Site, showing the flexed remains of an adult male Glacial Kame Indian with a wolf mask-headdress on the right shoulder. Reproduced here from the photograph on page 33 of The Glacial Kame Indians by Robert N. Converse, with permission of the author.

Fig. 6 (Shriver) Cut upper jaws of wolves found by Ernest R. Sutton at the Johnson- Thompson Mound, an Adena site in the Hocking Valley of Athens County, Ohio. Photograph by Raymond S. Baby is reproduced here from the July 1966 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist.

9 Fig. 7 (Shriver) Hopewell gray wolf effigy pipe excavated by William C. Mills and Henry C. Shetrone in 1915 at the Tremper Mound in Scioto County, Ohio. One of the "masterworks in pipestone" highlighted by Martha Otto in a 1984 issue of Timeline, ft is reproduced here courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society; W.G. Keener & C.S. Duckworth, Photographers.

Fig. 8 (Shriver) From a site in Preble County in southwestern Ohio came the artifact illustrated here in right and left side views. Believed by H.C. Wachtel to have been a pipe in the shape of a wolf's head, it is reproduced here from the April 1957 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist.

10 1 ^0^^^

'

"

^ J-*1" i5J

; f^^HII Fig. 9 (Shriver) A Fort Ancient effigy pipe from Morgan County in southeastern Ohio, this artifact combines an unusual mixture of elements of two animals, the wolf and the deer. The photograph reproduced here is from The Meuser Collection by Robert N. Converse, with permission from the author.

Fig. 10 (Shriver) Shown here for purposes of contrast are the canine teeth (left to right) of a black bear, a gray wolf, and a dog. Perforated for suspension as part of a necklace, they were found by Stanley G. Copeland at the Feurt Site of Fort Ancient Culture in Scioto County. The photograph shown here is a detail from an illustration which appeared in an article by Copeland in the April 1959 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist.

Fig. 11 (Shriver) The coyote, or American prairie wolf (Canis latrans), used to be found only in the trans-Mississippi west. Now its range has extended into the eastern United States. The one shown in this picture is a native Ohio coyote. Approximately four feet in length, it is somewhat smaller than the gray wolf. The coyote has a yellowish gray coat and a bushy tail. Photograph by Ronald J. Kelt, Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources.

11 Cumberland Point This outstanding Cumberland point is made of Indiana hornstone and is 5 1/2 inches long. It is part of the Thomas Cleneay collection (see article in this issue) once in the Cincinnati Art Museum but recently donated to the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. Although the data on this point is given as Missouri, this provenience is more likely Kentucky.

1 2 CINCINNATI MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY RECEIVES ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS FROM THE CINCINNATI ART MUSEUM by Robert A. Genheimer Archaeological Collections Manager Cincinnati Museum of Natural History

The Cincinnati Art Museum transferred that he obtained his artifacts from both per­ University has indicated that the Riggs their vast prehistoric Eastern North American sonal collecting from ancient sites and the Collection contains an extraordinary group­ Indian artifact collection to the Cincinnati acquisition of other local and regional col­ ing of protohistoric ceramics that will be of Museum of Natural History in December lections. Of the more than 20,000 pieces in great interest to scholars conducting re­ 1990. The collection, which is comprised of the Cleneay Collection, most originated in search in the Lower Mississippi Valley. nearly 50,000 items, consists of stone tools, Ohio or Kentucky; however, additional ma­ A large portion of the Art Museum collec­ flint projectiles, ceramic vessels, and slate, terials were gathered from Indiana, West tion was most likely gathered from the sur­ bone, and shell ornaments and implements. Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, Massachusetts, face of archaeological sites disturbed by Over 500 items from the collection were on Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. Ohio speci­ agricultural activities, but much was un­ display in 1976 at the Art Museum's "Art of mens include artifacts from Athens, doubtedly obtained through nineteenth cen­ the First Americans" Exhibit. According to Belmont, Brown, Butler, Clermont, Gallia, tury excavation of mounds and village sites Dr. C. Wesley Cowan, Curator of Archa­ Hamilton, Highland, Jackson, Pike, Ross, in the Ohio valley. In many cases, the origin eology at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural Scioto, and Warren counties. At least a por­ of the artifacts is marked; however, in most History, "The Art Museum collection repre­ tion of Cleneay's collection originated from instances where provenience is indicated, it sents one of the finest institutional collec­ Cincinnati's own Dorfeuille's Museum oper­ is only general in nature. Fortunately, quite a tions in the state of Ohio." ated by Joseph Dorfeuille after 1823. This few artifacts are marked from local sites in­ The collection includes portions of at least museum was undoubtedly the successor cluding Madisonville, Turpin, and Fort several large private nineteenth century ar­ of the Western Museum, generally re­ Ancient. chaeological collections. These materials garded as one of the first (ca. 1820) scien­ Needless to say, the Art Museum prehis­ were amassed during the period when little tific or natural history museums in the toric collection will be an invaluable addition was known of the prehistory of the region, United States. Cleneay's large gift was be­ to the Cincinnati Museum of Natural although numerous institutions were begin­ yond the capacity of the fledgling Art History's archaeological collections. It con­ ning to sponsor excavations and research. Museum in 1887, and an inventory was tains an outstanding assemblage of nearly The early private collections include exam­ not completed until 50 years later. all identified temporal periods, and will pro­ ples of the finest craftsmanship, and in par­ Other material was given to the Art vide investigators with a comprehensive ticular, they illustrate a selection for large and Museum by Judge Joseph Cox of view of Ohio Valley prehistory. It is also a unblemished items, suggesting that the Cincinnati in 1881 and 1889. Cox held a unique collection, in that the majority of arti­ specimens were assembled as art objects deep interest in the archaeology of the Ohio facts are from this portion of the Ohio Valley, and not as informative pieces. The quality Valley and was an associate of Dr. Charles and indeed, a good portion of the material is and craftsmanship of many of the speci­ Metz of the Madisonville Literary and from sites that the Museum is currently re­ mens is outstanding. Some of the pieces are Scientific Society. The Society, along with searching. Perhaps of most importance, the probably unique, and are not duplicated in the Peabody Museum of Harvard, spon­ depth and quality of the collection will pro­ any existing Ohio museum collections. sored numerous excavations at the vide the Museum with an almost unlimited These sentiments are echoed by Robert Madisonville site and other sites in the Little range of exhibit opportunities for a planned Converse, 20 year editor for the Ohio Miami Valley. In 1888, Dr. Metz also pre­ archaeology mall at the new Museum Center Archaeologist, and author of numerous arti­ sented materials to the Art Museum from R. at Union Terminal. cles on prehistoric artifacts of the state. "The O. Collis, a fellow member of the Society. The collection is currently being invento­ Art Museum collection contains some of the Additional artifacts, including some ried and a two year program of cataloguing, finest chipped stone artifacts in institutional Madisonville site material, were given to the analysis, sorting, and permanent curation or private hands in the state of Ohio. Unlike Art Museum by General Manning Ferguson has been planned. One of the main goals of many of the collections that were amassed Force in 1894. Force was a Cincinnati the transfer has been to make the collection in the 19th century, the Art Museum's has re­ lawyer and judge, and was the first Director more accessible to qualified researchers. In mained intact. It's really unique from that of the Cincinnati Historical Society. order to facilitate that goal, the Museum is standpoint." A large collection of Arkansas pottery was actively advertising the collection and its re­ Both collection documents and numerous deposited at the Art Museum by C. W. Riggs search potential. A closer look at the collec­ "marked" specimens indicate that the arti­ in 1888. Riggs, who was an antiquities tion will be undertaken at an upcoming Ohio facts were bought or traded, and in the case dealer from Chicago and later New York, ap­ Archaeological Council meeting. of one of the largest donations in the Art parently utilized the Art Museum as a reposi­ Funds for the permanent curation of the Museum collection, it was assembled from tory for some of his finer specimens. Art Museum Collection have been pro­ numerous smaller regional collections. Fortunately, over 650 of his vessels were vided to the Cincinnati Museum of Natural The Cincinnati Art Museum acquired the purchased for the Art Museum in 1937 by Dr. History by a $72,000 grant from the collection through gifts and bequests be­ S. C. Heighway. This collection provides an National Science Foundation. This grant tween 1881 and 1938. Little is known of the invaluable assemblage of late prehistoric ce­ has allowed the Museum of Natural major donors, although many were local ramics from both the Ohio and Mississippi History to purchase state-of-the-art cabi­ successful businessmen, who were devo­ valleys. Riggs gathered much of the pottery netry to house the collection as well as tees of antiquities. Perhaps the most promi­ from Crittenden, St. Francis, and Pointsette supplies to computerize and properly cu­ nent of the nineteenth century collectors is counties in Arkansas. Additional ceramics rate the specimens. Funds from the grant Thomas Cleneay of Cincinnati. Cleneay lived from Cleneay and other donors originated have also enabled the Museum to hire in the Queen City between 1851 and his from local sites as well. Dr. Stephen Williams, several University of Cincinnati students to death in 1887, and numerous painstakingly former Director of the Peabody Museum of assist the Archaeology Division staff in marked specimens in his collection indicate Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard processing the artifacts.

13 A BUTTON BASE DOVETAIL FROM BROWN'S ISLAND WITH COLLECTED THOUGHTS ON THE ARCHAIC IN THE UPPER OHIO VALLEY by Brian DaRe Keith Waters 58561 Sharon Blvd. & 3620 Hanlin Way Rayland, OH 43943 Weirton, WV 26062

ABSTRACT DISCUSSION Archaic was represented by the East The Waters' Dovetail (Figure 1) repre­ Much of the knowledge of the Archaic Steubenville site (46BR31) with its projec­ sents a scantily reported Archaic mani­ in the Upper Ohio Valley has been at­ tile points ('Steubenville Stemmed' and festation in the Upper Ohio Valley. A col­ tributed to the works of Mayer-Oakes 'Steubenville Lanceolate') as being the lection of related Archaeological literature and Dragoo. Mayer-Oakes (1955a:25) ac­ connecting link between the Archaic and will be evaluated in order to not only ac­ knowledged a fairly continuous occupa­ the Paleo Hunter. He further implied that cess the period placement of this artifact tion from Archaic times while Dragoo this panhandle material may have been a but also to create a preliminary chrono­ (1959:215) developed a more cultural ap­ 'carryover' from the Late Paleo Indian logical update of the Archaic manifesta­ proach in his theorization that the Upper stemmed Scottsbluff and stemmed Rock tions in the Upper Ohio Valley. A collec­ Ohio Valley had been a natural gateway Lanceolate (Mayer-Oakes 1955b:20). tion gathered on Brown's Island during and the most direct route for movements Mayer-Oakes was the first to give a the 1960's will be discussed in order to of many peoples from the Upper Ohio good working description of the location place this material into the growing pool Valley into the Northeast. for the 'Panhandle Archaic' sites. of collected artifacts from this site. With the excavation of a number of im­ In the Upper Ohio Valley, sites portant Archaic sites along the Upper of this type have been INTRODUCTION Ohio, patterns into the life of the Archaic recorded and described as Brown's Island (46HK6), an Ohio River Hunter has become clearer. The sites at members of the Panhandle site (Figure 2) in the Unglaciated East Steubenville (46BR31), Globe Hill Archaic complex. Small, thinly Allegheny plateau, is located about six (46HK34-1), McKees Rocks (36AL16), deposited shell heaps situated miles north of Steubenville, Ohio in Half-Moon (46BR29), Watson Farm on bluffs or high ridges near Hancock County, W.Va. (46HK34), New Cumberland (46HK1), The the mussel shoals are charac­ The area of the Upper Ohio Wheeling College site (460H22), Gay teristic. The site locations are Valley, as we define it, consists Shriver (36GR11), Sproat (36GR16), unusually high above the Ohio of all territory draining into the Cross Creek Village (36WH293), site River and often a type of place Ohio River basin up-stream (36BV22), site (36BV52), site (36BV30), not likely to be used by later from New Martinsville, W. Va. Bonnie Brook (36BT43), Wylie site groups. This choice of site lo­ (Mayer-Oakes 1955a:36). (36WH274), Blaw-Knox (36AL19), site cation may indicate a relation­ This region of the Upper Ohio Valley (46HK9), and the Rockshelters of ship with the habits of the pre­ could be described as a plateau with ele­ Meadowcroft (36WH297), Dixon (46PR6) ceding hunting stage when vations mostly higher than 1200 feet and Rohr (46MG9) produced a chronol­ such a vantage point was of­ above sea-level. Valleys are steep sided, ogy of different Archaic manifestations. ten selected as an ideal camp site (Mayer-Oakes 1955a:207). narrow and with indefinite trend. The The works of Mayer-Oakes and Dragoo Dragoo (1959:213-214), on the other streams leading into the river basin form in the 1950's identified the 'Panhandle hand, contended that the earliest Archaic a classic dendritic pattern of winding di­ Archaic' and the Laurentian manifestation in the Upper Ohio Valley were peoples vides without consistent trend. Even for the Upper Ohio Valley. It is now ac­ possessing a Laurentian-like culture. This though this area is best described as 'hill cepted that certain conclusions are now manifestation was found in the lower lev­ country' it does have some flat areas that considered to be obsolete. However, the els of the Rohr and Dixon shelters and at occur as broad upland divides or flood- purpose of the discussion of their work is a number of other surface sites scattered plain deposits in the major stream valleys threefold. First, for those readers who about the Ohio Valley proper. The basic (Mayer-Oakes 1955a:36). have accepted either of those two writers tools of the Laurentian included the ex- The present owner of Brown's Island is as the 'gospel', the discussion of Mayer- panded-stem, bifurcated, and small Weirton Steel. Prior to the construction of Oakes and Dragoo will help place their notched points, a variety of end-scrap­ the Coke Oven Battery, the island had contributions in the proper perspective. ers, plain adzes, full-grooved axes, bar been a popular recreational retreat for Second, the number of published reports atlatl weights, hammerstones, and bipit- boaters, campers, and fishermen. It was on the Archaic in the Eastern Ohio area ted stones. during this period that the dovetail had has been sparse when compared to been found and ownership passed to its other parts of Ohio. It will be a review of The 'Panhandle Archaic' manifestation present owner. their most useful findings in a very limited is explained by Dragoo in the following The river as we view it today is vastly arena of published literature. Third, the manner. different from the one that the Archaic discussion is needed in order to develop In the Upper Ohio Valley proper Hunters experienced. Much of this is due a chronology for the various Archaic at the late Archaic level, new in part to the construction of locks and manifestations along the Upper Ohio. peoples using broad-stemmed dams on the Upper Ohio such as the Both Mayer-Oakes and Dragoo ac­ blades, lanceolate blades, ones at Hannibal, Pike Island and New cepted the existence of the 'Panhandle grooved adzes, and crescent Cumberland. The present river level con­ Archaic'. However, they differed in regard bannerstones mingled with stitutes a major navigational system to the period placement of this manifes­ resident Laurentian-like groups when compared to the river level during tation. to form the 'Panhandle Archaic', the various Archaic manifestations. Mayer-Oakes (1955a:207) clearly which in turn appears to be the stated in lieu of a radiocarbon date for base upon which the Early the 'Panhandle Archaic' that the Early Woodland (particularly Adena)

14 developed in the area. The dis­ shell heap, received a C-14 date of 2170 the haft element is smoothed tribution of objects and sites B.C.+-200 years from deer bone refuse with heavily ground facets be­ associated with the 'Panhandle (Murphy 1977). Both 'Steubenville ing characteristic of the basal Archaic' closely follows the dis­ Stemmed' and 'Steubenville Lanceolate' edge. The notches are broad tribution of Early Woodland and were found at Globe Hill. Fitzgibbons and parallel-sided, directed in­ materials of both complexes (1982:102,109) reported on four ward at a slight upward angle, are commonly found on the Steubenville Stemmed-like points from and are commonly squared at same sites. Although the major the Meadowcroft Rockshelter (36WH297) the notch terminus (Justice occupation of the 'Panhandle and four Steubenville Stemmed points 1987:57). Archaic' occurs in the Ohio from the Mungai Farm Site Complex. The Waters' point is classed as one of Valley proper, several sites in Chronological placement with the style points in the Thebes Cluster. the Beaver River drainage show Late Archaic manifestations of Justice (1987:57), Waldorf (1987:76), a mixture with Early Woodland the Upper Ohio Valley is con­ Converse (1973:44) denote this style as materials (Dragoo 1959:214). gruous for the terminal stages St. Charles, Button Base Dovetail, and As a result of the acceptance of of the Archaic ca. 2000 B.C. Dovetail. Dragoo's placement of the Laurentian (Herbstritt 1981:22). Waldorf's description of the Button predating the 'Panhandle Archaic', the Utilization of the Cross Creek drainage Base Dovetail (see Waldorf 1987:76 fig. corresponding radiocarbon dates for the and the Meadowcroft Rockshelter through­ 152) seems to be a carbon copy of the Archaic sites in the Upper Ohio Valley not out the duration of the Archaic is attested Waters' dovetail. Both points are made only has significant importance in the pe­ to by the recovery of the following projectile from Flint Ridge Chalcedony with a W/T riod placement of the Waters' Dovetail forms: ratio of 5/1. The Waters' dovetail mea­ but also in the chronological placement Normanskill-like, Hansford- sures 4 15/16" with a button base of of the various Archaic manifestations that Notched-like, Meron and 15/16 inch in width. Heavy basal and have surfaced in recent writings. Trimble-like. Also present are notch grinding is present. The point is The Laurentian culture, which was several Late Archaic stemmed very well made with refined percussion manifested at the Rohr and Dixon shel­ varieties including Buffalo and pressure flaking. This pristine blade ters, the Wheeling College site, and the Straight Stemmed, Buffalo form is excurvate and biconvex in cross Gay Shriver site had a close correlation Expanding Stemmed... Cotaco- section. Most points of this style are with the Laurentian of New York which Creek-like and Perkiomen-like. made from Flint Ridge Chalcedony while had a radiocarbon date of around 3500 Other Late Archaic diagnostics the balance are made from Coshocton B.C. (Ritchie 1955). In some cases tool include two types which span flint or Carter Cave chert. assemblage were the bases for this com­ the terminal Archaic/Early It is suggested that since their leaf- parison. The fact that the lower levels of Woodland boundary: Forest- shaped blades provided a large cutting the Rohr shelter had received a C-14 of Notched and Dry Brook-like edge while the heavily ground and deeply 3352 B.C. (Dragoo 1961:44) seems to (Adovasio, Donahue, Gunn, and notched bases provided a stable haft to support this assumption. Stuckenrath 1982:260). which a short, heavy handle could be fit­ With Fryman's (1982:63) placement of Fryman (1982:64) concludes the late ted, dovetails were nothing more than the Late Archaic at 4000-1700 B.C. or Archaic at 1700 B.C. and lists the well designed survival knives (Waldorf 5950-3650 B.R, The Laurentian traditions Transitional from 1700-1100 B.C. 1987:75). along with the 'Panhandle Archaic' are The Susquehanna Broad (Figure 3 a-c) Klippel (1971:22,27-28) reported on considered part of this period. are forms that have been compared to two C-14 dates of 7530 B.C.-400 and Nearly contemporary to the Rohr shel­ the Perkiomen Broad Spear and 7340 B.C.+-300 for a level in Zone IV at ter was the Brewerton component of the Ashtabula (Converse 1973:48). According Graham Cave containing a Thebes and a Laurentian at the Zawatski Site in the to Witthoft (1953:17), the Perkiomen St. Charles type point. A date of about Upper Allegheny which received a C-14 Broad Spear is common on Transitional 7500 B.C. was reported from the lower date of 3680 B.C. (Miller 1975:9). Period sites in Eastern Pennsylvania. Kirk levels at Ice House Bottoms in The Bonnie Brook site (36BT43) had a Tennessee (J. Chapman:1976). Luchter­ Brewerton-like (Ritchie 1961:18-19) com­ WATERS' DOVETAIL hand (1970:12) gives a suggested age ponent as its most frequent Late Archaic The Thebes Cluster projectile points range for this form from about 8000 to artifact. (Winters 1963,1967; Luchterhand 1970; 6000 B.C. These dates reflect an Early These points are typified by Perino 1971), also termed Cache Archaic placement for this form. A vary­ their unique 'stubby' broad- Diagonal Notched (Winters 1963,1967) ing opinion is given by Waldorf who con­ blade appearance and their are medium to large-sized darts or knives tends that this type is a product of the boldly percussion chipped sur­ with pronounced diagonal or side Late-Early and the Early-Middle Archaic face (Herbstritt 1981:21). notches. (6500 to 5000 B.R). However, it should The entire Brewerton series was uti­ In general, members of the Thebes be observed that he does not state a col­ lized at Meadowcroft and in the Cross Cluster possess a number of the follow­ laborating radiocarbon date or other cri­ Creek drainage. They included the ing qualities. teria as the base for his opinion. Brewerton Corner-Notched, Brewerton The blades are broadly trian­ It should be noted that Brown's Island Side-Notched, and Brewerton Eared- gular in form with straight to falls well within the accepted distribution Notched (Adovasio, Donahue, Gunn and convex edges. Recurved range (Figure 4) for this form. Stuckenrath 1982:260). edges occur on resharpened The late Archaic placement for the specimens and serration is OTHER UPPER OHIO VALLEY 'Panhandle Archaic' is supported by the common. Cross sections are DOVETAILS C-14 date of 2262 B.C.+-500 years from rhomboidal in reworked state. An O.R.S. project reported a Thebes the East Steubenville site (46BR31) The beveled edge is com­ Cluster dovetail (numerical type .101) (George 1971:9). The New Cumberland monly placed on the left side from Brown's Island (46HK6). Its maxi­ site (46HK1) produced 55.5% 'Steuben­ of the blade. Basal edges vary mum length given at 70.2 cm with a max. ville Stemmed' type points. Another Ohio from straight to slightly con­ width at 32.2 cm (R. L. Maslowski, per­ River hilltop site, the Globe Hill (46HK34-1) cave or convex. The edge of sonal communication).

15 (Figure 5) shows three upland ridge ones farther up the stream find the Ohio was most likely during the win­ dovetails that were found in Belmont Co., their natural location at the ter and spring, Brown's Island was most Ohio. mouth of the Little Beaver... likely part of a seasonal path for the Fitzgibbons (1982:109) reported on the Indian carvings above de­ Archaic, perhaps, restricted to late spring seven St. Charles/dovetails from the scribed prove that there was through fall use. Mungai Farm Site Complex and places low water in the Ohio River be­ The Archaic Indians of Ohio this form at the Early Archaic. fore the advent of the white moved from place to place, Dovetails in the Cross Creek drainage man (Doyle 1910:37-38). perhaps living in open areas in Brooke County, West Virginia, and Also in support of George's statement during the summer and seek­ Washington County, Pennsylvania are that the Ohio River was not a barrier to ing the protection of rock shel­ consistently found on high ridges and the movement of man, fauna, or flora is ters in the winter (Potter hilltops (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers depicted with this statement involving the 1968:16). 1977:7). Lucherhand (1970) attributes this McKees Rocks area of Western to the seasonal exploitation of deer herds Pennsylvania. LOCAL LITHICS in similiar distributions in Illinois. With the coming of summer, Since it has been established that Klippel and Maddox (1977) at­ the near-annual drying-up of groups in the Woodland had an extensive tribute the distribution of these the Ohio would begin, leaving trade network and these finds have been same projectile points in the extensive portions of its bot­ well documented in writings from both rolling uplands of the Willow tom exposed. It was over sides of the river, it can be assumed that Branch area of Illinois to these 'beaches' of sand and these groups found the river not to be a changes in Illinois' Holecene shingle that Bouquet, in 1764, barrier. vegetation (U.S. Army Corps of marched his army in the expe­ After 1000 B.C., Mortuary Engineers 1977:7). dition against the Shawnee practices show an increase in and Delaware. Summer river complexity, and the variability BROWN'S ISLAND DISCUSSION travel was greatly impeded by of materials moving around in­ The Upper Ohio Valley is es­ low water and numerous sand­ creases. The addition of vari­ sentially only a drainage sys­ bars. Although the river rarely ous cherts (most notably from tem, with no physical barrier or dropped too low for flat-bot­ Ohio and Indiana) to the long climatic variation to restrict the tomed boat travel, there were distance flow is apparent at movement of flora, fauna, or drought years when this did this time. The far flung ideolog­ man to and from adjacent ar­ occur, and teams of horses ical pattern and accompanying eas (George 1971:10). could be driven from shore to movement of exotic goods is In support of this contention is Doyle's shore. On the river's exposed most spectacular in the central (1910:33-38) observations. At several lo­ peripheral bottom certain and Upper Ohio Valley, the cations in the Upper Ohio Valley, there herbaceous plants, sedges, classic Adena area.... Items were ancient hieroglyphics inscribed in rushes, grasses, burreed, ar­ manufactured of resources the Piedmont sandstone on the Ohio rowheads, hedge hyssop, false from all over the Eastern River bank. One of these was at Smith's pimpernel, and others would United States appear in the Ferry where the Pennsylvania line spring-up, and small numbers Ohio Valley in increasing quan­ crosses the Ohio River. of cattails would appear in tities after 1000 B.C. (Simms 1979:35). A ledge of rock, by the contin­ pools and along the river's An analysis of the lithic material from ual drought laid bare in the margin. In the back-channel Brown's Island and the surrounding bottom of the river which had formed by Brunot Island and Archaic sites in the Upper Ohio Valley, is never been so fully exposed to the Mouth of Chartiers Creek, necessary in order to determine if a ma­ the observation of the present the flow of water may have de­ terial flow is present across the Ohio day inhabitants of the region. creased to the point that pond River during Archaic times. If the same On this ledge, a surface from weed could grow (Lang exotic materials are shown to be on both fifty to one hundred feet wide 1968:56). sides of the river, then it could probably and several hundred yards Further evidence that the Ohio River be concluded that the river was not a long, were found covered with was different in earlier times, is depicted barrier. The lithic material chosen in our inscriptions, their location is from Col. George Croghan's journey sampling was Flint Ridge flint (Vanport). twenty eight miles north of down the Ohio from Fort Pitt in early Steubenville. The existence of 1765. On one of the day's travel, from Some Archaic Flint Ridge artifacts has these ancient hieroglyphics, Yellow Creek, it was noted that they been reported from the site at East now almost constantly buried passed eleven islands, one of which be­ Steubenville (46BR31) (Mayer-Oakes beneath the waters of the Ohio ing about seven miles long. Doyle 1955:137) and at a number of Archaic seems to prove that these (1910:72) says, undoubtably, this was bivouacs along the broad upland divides rocks were once longer and Brown's Island but four miles long would east of the dividing ridge from Cadiz, more fully exposed than they have been closer to being correct. Ohio (Figures 5 and 6). are now, and the volume of If habitation on Brown's Island by the The Wylie site (36WH274), located near water in the Ohio was less Archaic can be established it may sug­ Washington, Pa., is located in a region than now (Doyle 1910:33). gest a similar scenario as the one that between the Ohio River to the west and A second set of carvings were discov­ occurred at Brunot Island in low water. If the forks of the Ohio in which the ered on the West Virginia side of the Ohio low water in the Ohio created pools and Monongahela and Allegheny help form. River, opposite Brown's Island, about six sandbars in the back-channel on the Some of the more exotic flints such as miles above Steubenville. Ohio side of Brown's Island, access to Upper Mercer and Flint Ridge used there The figures are located... and the island was most likely obtained from have been attributed to the Archaic. For very possibly are on the line of that side. The Indians that used this is­ example, five bifurcated Early Archaic an old indian trail leading land may have found pools with trapped points were made of local flints as well as across the river. Just as the fish in which to spear. Since high water in Kanawha and Flint Ridge Flint. One

16 Steubenville Lanceolate point was found developed upon a Laurentian base that 1971). However, at least in the Cross at the Wylie site that is of a pink colored were subjected to differing influences from Creek drainage, all of the extant ecofac- Flint Ridge flint. A few of the side adjacent areas. He ascertained this by ob­ tual information including macrofaunal, notched points that have been attributed serving Ritchie's (1955:8) statement that microfaunal, macrofloral and microfloral to the Laurentian traditions, such as "in the Brewerton Focus of the remains as well as other categories of Brewerton, Otter Creek and Lamoka may Laurentian, on the other hand, geological data suggest an environment have been made from Flint Ridge or a few elements of possible that was essentially modern in aspect Upper Mercer flint (Eisert 1981:28,30,34). Paleo-lndian derivation occur, from ca. 9300 or 9000 B.C. with due re­ According to Wallace (1965:32), viz., uniface flake, end and spect to interval fluctuation in both tem­ in historic times an Indian trail side scrapers and knives, and perature and moisture (Adovasio, known as Catfish Path ran from a few lanceolate blades with Donahue, Gunn and Stuckenrath present Washington, Penn­ parallel flaking." 1982:263). sylvania (Catfish Camp) to All of these items had been found on The Early Archaic that filtered into the Pittsburgh and generally fol­ Laurentian sites in the Upper Ohio Valley Upper Ohio Valley lowed the Chartiers Valley. with side-scrapers, end-scrapers, and by data from the earliest levels Wallaces' map of Indian trails in gravers being found in the lower levels of of St. Albans (Broyles 1966, Pennsylvania shows the trail the Rohr and Dixon shelters (Dragoo 1971)... utilized base camps as passing through the Wylie site 1959:222). Since certain chipped-stone well as temporary camps and area and running northeast industry items, such as gravers, side- rockshelters. The tool kit in­ through the Chartiers Valley to and end -scrapers based on trimmed cludes varied side and end the area of the Drew site where flakes, and certain knife forms, have not scrapers, crude picks and it turned away from the creek been found with the Lamoka, Dragoo hammerstones. Subsistence is and headed towards the Forks concluded that the Laurentian must pro­ an adaptation to the climatic of the Ohio. It has been sug­ ceed the Lamoka. This view is supported shift and megafauna extinc­ gested that many of these his­ by Ritchie (1955:8) who stated "we seek tion, emphasizing deer and toric Indian trails may have ex­ in vain for a single Lamoka trait in the small mammals, forest and isted in earlier times (George Paleo-lndian inventory". Lamoka and riverine resources (U.S. Army 1974:13). (Eisert 1981:59) Lamoka-like points were found at Corps of Engineers 1977:7). It should be stated that trails leading to Meadowcroft and in the Cross Creek Perhaps the single-most important ex­ the west of the Wylie site would also find drainage (Adovasio, Donahue, Gunn and cavation in the Upper Ohio Valley oc­ their way to the Ohio River. Stuckenrarh 1982:260). The Lamoka has curred at the Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Three bifurcate-base Archaic points been attributed to one of the Laurentian the Cross Creek drainage. With this work, made of brightly colored non-local mate­ traditions (Eisert 1981:28). Major prob­ the suspicion that many of the forms that rials were recovered at the McKees lems are encountered with the cultural were present at St. Albans would eventu­ Rocks (36AL16) site (Buker 1968:29). positioning of the Kessel, Kirk, LeCroy ally be found in the Upper Ohio Valley, A total of 31 (12.6%) of flaked stone ar­ and Thebes Cluster. The very first ques­ had been confirmed to be true. It is now tifacts from the Meadowcroft Rockshelter tion one must face is "Are they at least suspected that similiar results (36WH297) that have been attributed to Laurentian?". At this time it is not possi­ from other drainages will occur, espe­ the Late Archaic were made from Flint ble to answer this question with any de­ cially those that contain a sizeable rock­ Ridge flint while the Mungai Farm Site gree of certainty. shelter with a temperate climate. Complex produced 316 typed projectile Secondly, it is difficult to draw conclu­ The Meadowcroft Rockshelter pro­ points that have been attributed to the sions when writing about this Early duced one of the most securely dated Early, Middle, and Late Archaic period. Of Archaic because of the lack of sufficient flaked stone assemblages in the New this total, 41 (12.9%) were made from Flint C-14 dates in the Upper Ohio Valley. It World from Paleo-lndian levels through Ridge flint. It should be noted that the must be pointed out that we are talking Late Prehistoric times (Fitzgibbons nearest source of Flint Ridge flint to the about a small amount of people when 1982:91) and together with the Cross Cross Creek Drainage is 112.6 km (70 mi) compared to later groups. It has been Creek drainage produced a number of to the northeast in Muskingum Co., Ohio suggested that the Early Archaic popula­ Early Archaic projectile forms which is (Vento and Donahue 1982:124,125,117). tion in the Northeast was about the same evidenced by Since it has been determined that there or only slightly greater than the Paleo- a single Dalton-like projectile is at least a small amount of Archaic Flint lndian before it (Kinsey,lll:3). Therefore, point from 36WH520 and by Ridge artifacts on both sides of the Ohio the potential amount of sites is going to Palmer Corner-Notched-like, River, it is concluded that in the strict be small. As more radiocarbon dates be­ Big Sandy l-like, Kirk Corner- sense of the word, George's statement is come available for the least understood Notched, Kirk Serrated, Thebes, correct. The Ohio River did not prove to earlier archaeological periods, it will be­ Lost Lake, Cache Diagonal, St. be a barrier to flora, fauna, or man. come easier to identify surface-collected Charles/Dovetai l-like, Brown's Island was not only visited by Early, Late-Early, Early-Middle Archaic Charleston Corner-Notched and the Archaic but it seems to have a fairly projectile point types to a specific age- MacCorkle Stemmed points continuous occupation beginning in Early range. from a variety of open sites in Archaic times and continuing into the The earliest accepted date for the the study area (Adovasio, Late Woodland (Figures 7 thru 9). Laurentian in the Upper Ohio Valley is Donahue, Gunn and Stucken­ from the Rohr shelter. It is given at rath 1982:259). INTERPRETATION 5310+-90 B.R years (Dragoo 1959:238) It is noted that Herbstritt (1981:19-20) The works since Mayer-Oakes and yet the date given for the Early Archaic is lists a Hardaway-Dalton-like from the Dragoo have clarified some of the new 10,450-7950 B.P. years (Fryman Bonnie Brook site (36BT43) and gives an Archaic terms such as Lamoka, 1982:63). Early Archaic placement while acknowl­ Brewerton, Kirk, Kessel and LeCroy. At approximately 8000 B.C., there was edging a dearth of descriptive data that is Dragoo (1959:221) believed that a shift toward a more temperate climate available regarding the point type in the Lamoka, like the 'Panhandle Archaic' with a coniferous forest dominated by Northeast. He does claim morphological were distinctive regional complexes that drier pine, oak, and hardwood (Flint affinities with Hardaway-Dalton-like

17 points in the Carolina Piedmont region The thin, bifurcated LeCroy point re­ 1958). Sites are variable in size that was described by Coe (1964) and ceived a C-14 date of 6300 B.C.+-100 and density with some indica­ notes a similarity of lithic material be­ years at the St. Albans site (Broyles tions of processing stations tween the Bonnie Brook point and mate­ 1971:47). Collins (1979:579) reported that and seasonal nucleation (U.S. rial from the Castor site in Muskingum Zone 3 at the Longworth-Gick site in the Army Corps of Engineers Co. Ohio. Ohio Valley of Northern Kentucky pro­ 1977:8). An O.R.S. project reported a Kessel duced a 6470B.C.+-110 years. Consistent to previous evaluation is Side notched point (numerical type .135) J. Chapman (1985) gives a suggested age- Fryman's (1982:63-64) discussion of from the Half-Moon area. Its max. length range of 6500-5800 B.C. Waldorf (1987:99) Middle Archaic settlement patterns in the listed at 52.7 cm with a max. width at dates the series of bifurcated and lobed West Virginia Cross Creek drainage. 37.4 cm. The lithic material used was base points from 9000 to 7000 B.R While the frequency of both Upper Mercer flint (R. L. Maslowski, per­ The radiocarbon dates produced at the sites and temporally-diagnostic sonal communication). Broyles (1971:49) St. Albans site for the Kirk Corner Notch points in this period represents places its chronological position at Early and the LeCroy would strongly suggest an apparent decline from the Archaic. A single point was found, along an Early Archaic placement for these two Early Archaic, this situation may with two Charleston Corner-Notched forms in the Upper Ohio Valley with the not signal a decrease in popu­ points on top of a hearth about 16 feet Kirk Corner Notch being the older of the lation or intensity of exploitation below the surface at the St. Albans site. two. It is noted that the C-14 age differ­ as Applegarth, Adovasio, The hearth received a radiocarbon date ence at St. Albans is 600 years. Since Johnson, Carlisle et al (1982) of 7900 B.C.=-500 years. these two style types utilized a serrated noted in regard to a similiar sit­ uation in the Paint Creek George (1971:10) reported on a scatter­ edge, they may represent the technology Reservoir of eastern Kentucky. ing of Kirk Corner Notched points that of a forest orientated people who were The scarcity of Middle Archaic were found in the Upper Ohio Valley. Three following the development of hardwood sites may well represent our in­ were found at the Blaw-Know site forests into the Northeast before 5000 ability to recognize and define (36AL19), which is a few miles up-river B.C. (George 1971:12). It would be sus­ Middle Archaic occupations. from Pittsburgh. Six were recovered from a pected that the LeCroy were simply fol­ Whatever the case, it is difficult site (36AR118) some 45 air miles northeast lowing an established hunting pattern to make any accurate state­ of Pittsburgh. Herbstritt (1981:18-19) noted and this would have been the logic that ments about settlement pat­ four examples from the Bonnie Brook site allowed them to follow the Kirk into the terns during this period. In (36BT43). Fitzgibbons (1982:109) reported Upper Ohio Valley. general, it appears that the on 22 Kirk Corner-Notched points and The St. Albans Side-Notched, which same localities chosen for site seven Kirk Serrated being found at the was dated to 6880 B.C.+-700 years from placement in the preceeding Mungai Farm Site Complex. a hearth in Zone 12 at the St. Albans site period continued to be occu­ by Broyles (1971:73), has been recovered A style-type with a greater distribution pied in the Middle Archaic from the Cross Creek drainage. than the Kirk Corner Notched is the (Fryman 1982:63-64). Fitzgibbons (1982:109) reported on four LeCroy. A concentration of this style was If we can consider the Meadowcroft being found at the Mungai Farm Site reported from a Hancock County, W.VA. Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Complex. A St. Albans Side-Notched-like site (46HK9). Lewis (1955:4-5) reported drainage as typical of other places in the point is listed by Herbstritt (1981:19) from on LeCroy points being found on a site Upper Ohio Valley, the following state­ the Bonnie Brook site (36BT43). near Wheeling, W.Va. The bifurcated ment may provide direction in the study points Dragoo reported on from the low­ It must be stated, however, that a Kirk of the Archaic. est Archaic levels at the Rohr shelter component was dated to 5100+-250 years (46MG 9) were probably LeCroy (Broyles B.C. (Michels and Dutt 1968) and Specifically, the stylistic affinities 1971:44). Fitzgibbons (1982:109) lists J. Chapman (1985) gives a suggested age- of the various Early Archaic and seven LeCroy points from the Mungai range for the LeCroy to 5800 B.C. These Middle Archaic diagnostics are Farm Site Complex. The LeCroy is repre­ dates reflect an overlapping of some Early either to the Carolina Piedmont sented in many collections in the Upper Archaic forms into the Middle Archaic pe­ or toward the Kanawha River Ohio Valley according to a survey con­ riod in the Upper Ohio Valley. The same and points south and west. The ducted by the Chartiers Creek Valley in could be said for the Kanawha Stemmed Late Archaic materials suggest 1967. which was dated by Broyles (1971:59) at a broad overlap in 'directional From surface finds, LeCroy St. Albans to 6210 B.C. +-100 years from a relationships' with the Early and Kirk points also concen­ hearth in Zone 4. Fryman (1982:63) dates Archaic/ middle Archaic and a trate in counties drained by the Middle Archaic from 6000-4000 B.C. or marked tendency toward more Monongahela tributaries (U.S. 7950-5950 B.R regionally-specific connections Army Corps of Engineers The Middle Archaic forms reported on in terminal Archaic times. 1977:7). from the Cross Creek drainage were Similarities in projectile point Kirk Corner Notched points received Morrow Mountain-like, Kanawha styles can be seen to the C-14 dates from hearths in three zones at Stemmed, Stanley points, and Big Sandy Appalachian in the immediate the St. Albans site and are as follows: ll-like (Adovasio, Donahue, Gunn and south as well as progressively 6850 B.C.+-320 years in Zone 16; 6900 Stuckenrath 1892:259-260). westward to the Middle Ohio B.C.+-320 years in Zone 18; 6980 B.C. Due to a lack of representative Valley and even beyond to the +-160 years in Zone 20 (Broyles 1971:47). material this period (Middle Illinois and Middle Mississippi At the Southcentral Pennsylvania Sheep Archaic) is poorly defined in valleys. Unlike the previous pe­ Rock Shelter, a Kirk component was the Ohio Valley. It has been pri­ riod, however, there are also ties dated between 6920+-320 years and marily characterized by the evidenced to the east and 5100+-250 years B.C. (Michels and culmination of the altithermal. northeast typified by a variety of Dutt,1968). Chapman (1976:9) gives a Other sources indicate regional essentially New York/ North­ suggested age-range from 7500 to 6900 intensification of riverine and east point types (Adovasio, B.C. Waldorf (1979:116) dates this style estuarine resources as well as Donahue, Gunn, and from 9900 to 8000 B.R hunting and gathering (Caldwell Stuckenrath 1982:267).

18 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS The downsizing of our local agricultural Applegarth, J.D., J.M. Adovasio, W.C. Johnson, While these authors are not trying to base allowed surface mining to take its R.C. Carlisle, etal. provoke an argument, however it does place. As a result of all this, the wheels of 1982 The Prehistory of the Paintsville make sense to advocate a system that opportunity are moving at a slower pace Reservoir, Johnson and Morgan may, with diligent research and thought­ and will eventually grind to a halt. The Counties, Kentucky, Ethnology ful evaluations, help to explain the differ­ 'old time' collectors who had the knowl­ Monograph 6. Dept. of Anthropology. ences observed in the projectile points edge needed for a survey are slowly de­ University of Pittsburgh. found in the Upper Ohio Valley. For ex­ parting to their own 'happy hunting Buker, William E. ample, all of the Laurentian traditions grounds' and their collections being dis­ 1968 The Archaeology of McKees Rocks Late have distinctive point styles and the persed to the four ends of the globe. It Prehistoric Village Site. Pennsylvania Brewerton has at least three. If we were might be asking a lot but, hopefully, there Archaeologist 38 (1-4):3-49. to accept Dragoo's explanation of the will be enough people out there who real­ Broyles, Bettye J. forming of the 'Panhandle Archaic' by an ize that when the unwritten legacy of the 1966 Preliminary Report: The St. Albans Site, outside group mingling with the resident Archaic is lost, it is also lost for all future Kanawha County, West Virginia. West Laurentian, these authors feel that a pro­ generations of Archaeologists, amateurs, Virginia Archaeologist, No. 19, pp 1-44. jectile point identification system might and students alike. 1971 Second Preliminary Report: The St. be able to identify those groups which We are faced with a dilemma in the Albans Site, Kanawha County, West were not so successful or who were Upper Ohio Valley. Sometimes a mere six Virginia. Report of Archaeological travel-trade contacts. It could eventually to ten miles separates the three states of Investigations Number 3. West Virginia establish boundaries for these wandering Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Geological and Economic survey. groups, at least, on a lifestyle and loca- Since the Archaic did not stop at the Morgantown. tional bases. Only then will we be able to Ohio River, nor did they stop at the state- Caldwell, Joseph R. say a little bit about who these people line, we feel that the information learned 1958 Trend and Tradition in the Prehistory of were, what they did, and where they from these peoples, should not stop at the Eastern United States. American went. those boundaries either. Anthropological Association. Memoir No. Excavations by Coe (1964) in Quite frankly, what is needed is a re­ 88. the Carolina Piedmont and gional tri-state conference on the Archaic Chapman, Jefferson. Broyles (1966) in the Kanawha and others made up of representatives of 1975 The Archaic Period in the Lower Little Valley have established valu­ all three state organizations, including Tennessee River Valley: The Radiocarbon able models for archaeological chapters, universities, museums, re­ Dates. Tennessee Anthropologist I (1):1- investigations with important searchers, historical organizations, and 12. theoretical underpinnings. especially members, collectors, or any­ 1985 Archaeology and the Archaic Period in These models suggest that the one who would be willing to 'lay their col­ the Southern Ridge-Valley Province. In range of projectile point vari­ lection out on the table', so to speak. Structure and Process in Southern ability or 'types' and the lithic This can be done while totally protecting Archaeology. Edited by Roy S. Dickens tool kit for a specific Archaic the location of a persons 'favorite field or Jr. and H. Trawick Ward, pp 137-153. group are very restricted....In project'. At least, its findings would be in­ Coe, Joffre L. deeply stratified circum­ jected into the literature of the three 1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina stances the projectile points of states simultaneously. Piedmont. Transactions of the American a true component are quite These authors have taken the position, Philosophical Society, 54PT.5. similar and usually belong to like George (1971:10) that the Upper Philadelphia. the same group. Other distinct Ohio Valley is only a part of a spatial Collins, Michael B. types may be found as minori­ whole. 1979 The Longworth-Gick Site (15JF243). In ties in the assemblage, but Excavations at Four Archaic Sites in the these may be coeval types in­ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Lower Ohio Valley, Jefferson County, dicating a contact sphere with The writers would like to thank the fol­ Kentucky (Vol. II). Edited by Michael B. an adjacent area (Kinsey.lll lowing people for their assistance in sup­ Collins, Department of Anthropology, 1971:2). plying reference material for this report. University of Kentucky, Occasional While acknowledging that the Upper They are as follows: Jeff Carskadden, Papers in Anthropology 1:471 -589. Ohio Valley may not be 'typical' of other James Morton, Jim Murphy, Bob Converse, Robert N. areas in the State of Ohio, these authors Maslowski, Bob Carothers, and the 1973 Ohio Flint Types. Revised 6th Edition. agree with Kinsey.lll (1971:7) who stated: Archaeology Department at the Franciscan Archaeological Society of Ohio. that type names and identifica­ University of Steubenville, especially Philip Doyle, Joseph B. tions are valid for a relatively Fitzgibbons and Jack Boyde. A special 1910 20th Century History of Steubenville and circumscribed local area which thanks to Jim Murphy and Bob Jefferson County and Representative is equivalent to the group's Maslowski for lending the collection and Citizens. Richmond-Arnold Publishing hunting and gathering territory. documentation of surface-finds from Co. Chicago. The type concept diminishes Brown's Island and the surrounding area. Eisert, Ronald W. in value and utility as the size Without their help this report would not 1981 The Wylie Site (36WH274), Pennsylvania of the geographic area and the have been possible. Archaeologist 51 (1-2):10-62). distribution of materials under Fitzgibbons, P.T. study increase. 1982 Lithic Artifacts from Meadowcroft While we are certain that the various REFERENCES Rockshelter and the Cross Creek Archaic traditions manifested in the Adovasio, J.M., J. Donahue, J.D. Gunn, and R. Drainage. Collected Papers on the Upper Ohio Valley will be discussed for Stuckenrath. Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter some time to come, we feel that the opti­ 1982 The Meadowcroft Rockshelter/Cross and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by mum time for gathering information on Creek Archaeological Project: Retrospect R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio. the Archaic may be quickly drawing to a 1982. Collected Papers on the close. With industrialization came con­ Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter Flint, Richard Foster. struction of roads, schools, and homes. and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by 1971 Glacial and Quaternary Geology. John R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio. Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. Continuied on page 46

19 = o

Fig. 1 (DaRe-Waters) Button Base Dovetail from Brown's Island, Hancock Fig. 2 (DaRe-Waters) Location of CO..WV. Brown's Island in the Upper Ohio Valley.

CL. — C. Fig. 4 (DaRe-Waters) Distribution of Dovetails and important sites (After Waldorf).

Fig. 3 (DaRe-Waters) Susquehanna Broad points found on Brown's Island (After Murphy).

20 fig. 5 (DaRe-Waters) Three Dovetails made from Flint Ridge flint found in Belmont Co., Ohio.

Fig. 6 (DaRe-Waters) Belmont and Harrison Co., Ohio Archaic Bevels/Thebes Cluster points.

Fig. 7 (DaRe-Waters) Points from Brown's Island (46HK6). (a) Big Sandy, (b-d) corner notched points, (e-g) pentagonal corner notched points, (h) Archaic Bevel (After Murphy).

#!•• Fig. 8 (DaRe-Waters) Archaic and Woodland points from Brown's Island (46HK6). (After Murphy).

Fig. 9 (DaRe-Waters) Brown's Island (46HK6) points, (a-e) Late Woodland to Mississippian triangular points, (f) Intrusive Mound Corner Notched. (After Murphy).

I CM ft. 1^ 1 IN 2 0 1 p

21 A BASAL NOTCHED POINT FROM THE INDIAN CREEK VALLEY by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Basal notched points are rarely found in amples are quite asymmetrical. There is References Ohio. In his Projectile Point Types and Their seldom any basal grinding present and the Converse, Robert N. Chronology, Noel D. Justice has noted that piece may be crudely worked." Converse 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological the typological site for basal notched also notes that basal notched points are Society of Ohio. Archaic spear forms is the Eva site in the found in a wide range of sizes, from one 1981 "A Basal Notched Variety." Ohio valley of the Tennessee River in west cen­ and one-half to more than four inches in Archaeologist, 31(1): 36. tral Tennessee. Justice defines two vari­ length, and are usually shaped from low Griffin, James B., Richard E. Flanders, and Paul eties of basal notched points found there: grades of unidentifiable chert. (See F. Titterington Eva I and Eva II. Eva I points, he has ob­ Converse, 1973:28.) 1970 "The Knight Mound Group, Calhoun County, served, "are large trianguloid forms with In an article published in this journal in Illinois." University of Michigan, Museum of basal notches. The barbs vary in shape 1981, Converse called attention to a "basal Anthropology Memoir, No. 2:11-124. from squared to pointed and can be longer notched variant which could be considered Justice, Noel D. than the base....These projectile points are a rarity among rarities" inasmuch as it dis­ 1985 Projectile Point Types and Their Chronology. confined primarily to the Middle South es­ played a "blunted or dubbed appearance Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, pecially in the Tennessee River Valley. Very of the tip of the point." Shown in a photo­ Indiana University, Bloomington. little of this material occurs in the Ohio graph provided by the late Dr. Stanley 1987 Sfone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Valley, however a few specimens of this Copeland which accompanied the article Midcontinental and Eastern United States. type have been found in southern Indiana." was a group of six such variants, at least Indiana University Press, Bloomington. (Justice, 1985: 14.) Eva II points, on the one of which was identified as coming Lewis, Thomas M.N., and Madeline Kneberg other hand, he believes to be "a later varia­ from Fairfield County, Ohio. According to Lewis tion of Eva I. The overall form is basically Converse, materials represented in this 1961 Eva: An Archaic Site. University of the same, however Eva II is smaller and of­ group included "Flint Ridge flint, Upper Tennessee Press, Knoxville. ten exhibits pointed barbs that may extend Mercer materials from both the Coshocton slightly beyond the basal edge. The distri­ and Zaleski deposits, as well as some fine bution of these points is roughly the same examples of Carter Cave flint from as noted for Eva I. These occur in low fre­ Kentucky. In size they range up to the four quency north into southern Indiana and inch limits. Little can be deduced about Illinois." For Eva I, Justice assigns the ap­ any sort of distribution pattern because of proximate dates 6000-4000 B.C.; for Eva II, their scarcity." (See Converse, 1981: 36.) 4000-2000 B.C. (See Justice, 1985:14.) In a quarter-century of collecting and ac­ In his more recent and very useful refer­ quiring artifacts here in the Oxford area of ence work, Sfone Age Spear and Arrow Butler County, Ohio, a significant number Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern of them have come from the valley of the United States, Justice notes that a radio­ Indian Creek, a stream which flows back carbon date of 5200 B.C. ±500 was re­ and forth across the Ohio-Indiana line. The ported by Lewis and Lewis in 1961 (p. overwhelming portion of these materials is 173) for organic material in a stratum at Archaic in tradition. Among them all I have the Eva site which contained Eva I style only one that is basal notched, the one projectile points admixed with Kirk Corner shown here in Figures 1 and 2. Dark blue, Notched and Kirk Serrated points. shading to black, it has well-defined Fig. 1 (Shriver) Found in the valley of Indian (Justice, 1987: 100.) He also notes that seams of white and appears to be Upper Creek just west of Oxford, Ohio, this basal Eva I points have been recovered in the Mercer flint from the Coshocton deposit. notched point displays the asymmetry and Little Bear Creek site in northern Alabama, Two and five-eighths inches long, it is one shallow notching characteristic of Archaic the Lawrence site in southern Kentucky, and a half inches wide. Trianguloid in ap­ basal notched points while at the same time it the Faulkner site in southern Illinois, and in pearance, it is asymmetrical and not has the convex base and diagonal notching of Ohio Hopewell basal notched points. Shelby County "in the upper reaches of deeply notched. Thin and sharply pointed, the White River" in southern Indiana. (See it has a slightly convex base. Justice, 1987:100-103.) Because it combines characteristics of Robert N. Converse, in his Ohio Flint both Archaic and Ohio Hopewell basal Types, has observed that "basal notched notched points, I am not prepared to as­ points are extremely scarce in Ohio and sign it to either at this time. Were it more poorly described in the literature. For these deeply notched and symmetrical in outline, reasons a comparison with similar points my inclination would be to call it Hopewell. from other areas must be made. Forms Yet because basal notched points of any identical to Ohio specimens are found in tradition or culture are so rarely found in the Eva Focus of Tennessee...and the this area, it deserves this mention. Archaic Faulkner Focus of Illinois... Whether Ohio varieties are related to these Acknowledgements may be debatable but the similarity is strik­ To the Miami University Audio Visual ing. There is a basal notched type point Service goes appreciation for the pho­ found in Ohio Hopewell although it has tographing of the artifact highlighted in this notches which are more diagonal and a article. base which is convex. Archaic types seem to be less deeply notched and many ex- Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same point.

22 A ROSS COUNTY CHISEL by Michael W. Seymour 91 Narrows Road Chillicothe, Ohio 45601

fig. 1 (Seymour) Six inch chisel which was found while digging a post hole on the Willard Seymour Farms in Ross County, Ohio.

The first joint Ohio-West Virginia Archaeological Society Meeting in Marietta, Ohio. Then Presidents: Left: Ron Moxley, West Virginia Archaeological Society; Right: David Casto, Archaeological Society of Ohio.

OVERLEAF BIRDSTONES by William Tiell 13435 Lake Ave. Lakewood, Ohio

Pictured are eight banded slate bird- pothesized time calendar using stones Birdstones E, F and H are from the stones from the Great Lakes region. They weighing forty tons or more. They also Clem Caldwell collection. are shown in actual size and are well used a mortise and tenon method of join­ Birdstone G is from the Steve Fuller made examples of Glacial Kame ing the horizontal to the vertical columns. collection. Birdstones. The background picture The tenon can be seen next to the nose The background photograph was shows Stonehenge which is located ap­ of the upper right birdstone. taken by Henry Sedlon. proximately 75 miles west of London, At approximately the same time, early A. OXFORD CO. ONTARIO England. Stonehenge's completion (1500 man in America was creating birdstones. B. MIDDLESEX CO. ONTARIO B.C.) and the Glacial Kame Manifestation Most have extremely fine workmanship C. MEDINA CO. OHIO (1500 B.C.-500 B.C.) equate in time. such as the ones illustrated. The sculpt­ D. WATERLOO CO. ONTARIO Although continents apart, the two cul­ ing, drilling and incorporation of banding E. PREBLE CO. OHIO tures produced innovative people who also show great designing skill. F. ST. JOSEPH CO. INDIANA created stone constructions - Megaliths Both objects are thought to have reli­ G. SCOTT CO. INDIANA by the Stonehenge People and Bird- gious significance but absolute usage is H. DELAWARE CO. OHIO stones by Glacial Kame. not certain. The builders of Stonehenge were Birdstones A, B, C and D are from the skilled designers in constructing a hy­ Kirk Whaley collection.

23 B. MIDDLESEX CO. ONTARIO

D. WATERLOO CO. ONTARIO G. SCOTT CO. INDIANA

H. DELAWARE CO. OHIO 25 A STONE HUMAN EFFIGY by Terri Nash Hesson 12440 S.R. 103 E. Carey, Ohio 43316

In May, of 1988, I happened upon this marks. I believe that it was made by us­ offering to an ancestor. Today, it is the unusual find, in Wyandot County. I never ing fine sand and water. Leather was pride of my collection. From the tip of the thought much about it at the time, except placed over a finger-tip and used to rub nose to the back of the head, measures it's unique outline. Naturally, I brought the the sand and water over a stone. This at 31 m.m. Length is 35 1/2 m.m. piece home. After all the known artifacts would smooth the stone and cause con­ Thickness at the bottom is 11 1/2 m.m., recorded and drawn, I examined this cave areas. I have experimented with this and at the top comes to 3 m.m. piece more closely. method using identical sandstone. One side of the face contains a convex The other side of this effigy is rough REFERENCES cheek, nose, eyebrow, and mouth. Using and appears to be unworked, except for Benson, Elizabeth P. a magnifying-glass and a flashlight, I no­ a few engraved lines. There is the line 1967 The Maya World p. 31, Thomas Y. ticed an engraved line. This extends from that extends on the other side, and there Crowell Company, N.Y. the bridge of the nose, to the bottom of are smaller lines. These secondary lines Brandon, William the head, and does continue on the other show what areas need to be made con­ 1961 American Heritage Book of Indians p. 113, side. Where the line crosses at the bridge cave. The piece is not polished because American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. of the nose, is a circle. Upon closer exam­ it is unfinished. Chesley/Baity, Elizabeth ination, I found the eye to be an almond The shape was a natural formation that 1951 Americans Before Columbus, p. 131, The shaped, engraved line. This eye does not was later altered by Indians or pioneers. Viking Press, New York and The Junior contain an iris nor a pupil. Now I was con­ The mouth was naturally formed and the Literary Guild. vinced, that this was indeed an artifact! To forehead sloped slightly. With a little Leggett, Conaway and Co. be more specific, an effigy profile of a hu­ work, the mouth became straight, and 1884 History of Wyandot County p. 738, man face. I do admit, that I was quite the forehead now sloped sharply. Leggett, Conaway and Co., Chicago, awed at the discovery of the eye. The Mayas of southern Mexico and the Reproduction by: Unigraphic, Inc. 1972. This artifact was a surface find, and Yucatan used cradle board deformation Nevins, Albert J. could date from the Archaic period to the which resulted in deformed skulls. A 1959 The Maryknoll Book Of Peoples p. 220, 18th century A.D. Perhaps it was even good many of the art objects found in John J. Crawley and Co., Inc., N.Y. made by white men. But, I don't think so. Mound Builder sites are strikingly like The Audubon Society Archaic pieces and triangular points have those made by the Mayas. For example, 1978 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North been found in this area. And, an 18th Hopewell effigies often have sloping fore­ American Rocks and Minerals p. 715, century Delaware Indian village was lo­ heads. The early Anasazi of the American Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. cated nearby. The Black Swamp Indian southwest practiced cradle board defor­ Wilcox, Frank trail is less than 1/4 of a mile away. mation also. This was believed to make 1970 Ohio Indian Trails p. 125, The Kent State This artifact is a tannish off-white, in them more beautiful. University Press. color. It is made from a very fine grained This artifact was possibly being made Waldman, Carl sandstone, that is common to this area. as a "good luck" piece. Or, perhaps it 1985 Atlas of the North American Indian p. 49, The artifact does not contain peck was to be used as a ceremonial type of Facts on File Publications, New York, N.Y.

26 E^H ^H

in ft'1 '— •E

<•> • ^H

W—*j - —a- ZZ-.z 2=3 ^K SSfjti^l •

Fig. 1 (Hesson) Obverse and reverse of human effigy.

rrro 1 fl = 2 r— ^=_ O > m 00 _~~ JL O -I JO — -n > KJ n o ^L 1 HL ^1 70 V7) -< H ^| H <•> 70 > ^Hk!'' - K ^^1 C "O < > m 70 7 !> H -t l/i ;—; B» fict n C zz: ui- i F/g. 2 (Hesson) Front and rear views of effigy.

Fig. 3 (Hesson) Engraved lines and the convex areas. Engraved lines on opposite side of the face. Part of the stone that may have been removed by man.

27 A POSSIBLE FOURTH MILLENIUM B.C. COMPONENT AT 33W0372 by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

In the summer of 1990 Mr. Dallas cherts. All outcrop within a 50 kilometer enters the mainstem of the Portage River Dauterman of the Seneca Arrow Hunter radius of 33W0372. about 28 kilometers to the northeast, in Chapter of the Archaeological Society of The setting of 33W0372 is as interest­ Ottawa County between the towns of Ohio entered a very interesting site into ing as its artifact assemblage. The site is Elmore and Oak Harbor. 33W0372 lies 6 the Ohio Archaeological Inventory. His situated on the summit of a sandy knoll kilometers to the east of the South assemblage from that site, which has that rises about 6 meters above the sur­ Branch of the Portage River, however. been designated 33W0372, includes rounding clay soils of the lake plain. Because all of the site is not available for flaked chert tools (Figs. 1-2; Table 1) as When Sylvanus Bourne surveyed the examination, its area extent remains un­ well as a granitic full-grooved axe (Fig. 3). area in October 1821, he noted that the known. Waste flakes and fire-cracked granitic sandy knoll supported an oak/beech/ stones are also present. The artifact as­ maple forest about 2 kilometers in diam­ Reference semblage suggests that 33W0372 is the eter. The edges of the knoll were sur­ Justice, Noel D. site of a base camp that was occupied rounded by a circular strip of swampy 1987 Stone age spear and arrow points of the sometime during the period of 4000- prairie about a kilometer across. Beyond midcontinental and eastern United 1500 B.C., most likely during the initial the ring of prairie, the area was domi­ States. Indiana University Press, portion of that time span (see Justice nated by an oak/ash/elm forest which Bloomington. 1987). The chipped stone items are made tended toward being wet and muddy. of raw materials from the closest avail­ 33W0372 is located in very much of an able sources, including Columbus, upland setting. It is situated near the ex­ Delaware, Pipe Creek, and Tenmile Creek treme headwaters of Sugar Creek, which

Item Type Grinding Material

Fig. 1, a side notched point present Tenmile Creek

Fig. 1, b side notched point present Tenmile Creek (?)

Fig. 1, c side notched point blade unknown Tenmile Creek (?)

Fig. 1, d side notched point present Columbus

Fig. 1, e side notched point present Delaware (?)

Fig. 1, f side notched point present Delaware

Fig. 1, g side notched point present Pipe Creek (?)

Fig. 2, a corner notched point present Delaware

Fig. 2, b flat-base stemmed point absent light blue glossy

Fig. 2, c stemmed point absent Delaware (?)

Fig. 2, d broadly notched point absent Tenmile Creek

Fig. 2, e side notched drill present light blue glossy

Fig. 2, f failed preform absent matte gray

Fig. 2, g blade absent matte white

Table 1 (Bowen) Chert artifacts from 33W0372.

28 Fig. 1 (Bowen) Chert artifacts from 33W0372.

Fig. 2 (Bowen) Chert artifacts from 33W0372.

Fig. 3 (Bowen) Granitic full-grooved axe from 33W0372.

29 FLINT TOOLS FROM HARRISON COUNTY, INDIANA by Elaine Holzapfel Greenville, Ohio

In November of 1990 I surface collected because no heat-treatment was apparent. and chopper suggest that women were for 3 hours at the Mauckport Bottoms of The spokeshaves might have been probably busy here too. This concurs Harrison County, Indiana, on a natural used in basket and textile manufacture. with Seeman's observation that many ac­ levee paralleling the Ohio River. One-half My own experience in making baskets tivities other than flint-processing took mile north is a steep ridge where nodules suggests that these spokeshaves could place in the Mauckport Bottoms area of the grey Harrison County flint weather shave knots from honeysuckle vines, during the Late Archaic/Early Woodland out of limestone, probably the flint source grape vines, or willow withes, which are period from about 2000 to 1000 B.C. for the following pieces. used in basketry. (Tod 1986:41,156-157) I (1975:55-58) In an area approximately 200 feet by 800 used one of the small Mauckport spoke­ feet, 436 flakes were collected. After shaves to strip a strand of willow, and it REFERENCES cleaning and examining this debitage un­ worked quickly and efficiently. Holmes, William Henry der 20x magnification, I found that 243 of The micro-tools with the straight bev­ 1919 Bureau of American Ethnoloy No. 60, these flakes had been modified into such elled edges could have been used to split Washington D.C. tools as scrapers, gravers, and spoke- and shave the wider splints of such bas­ Little, Elbert L. shaves. ketry materials as cane, oak, or Black 1980 The Audubon Field Guide to North A distinct micro-tool type began to re­ Ash, the southern range of which does American Trees, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., cur, each of which has a straight bevelled extend to the Mauckport area.(Little New York edge. The edges average 17mm wide, and 1980:651) Seeman, Mark F. the angles of the bevels average 50°. Each Also among the modified flakes were 1975 Prehistoric Chert Quarries and of these tools has 1 or 2 spokeshaves. 12 gravers, most of which had been Workshops of Harrison County, Indiana Forty-three other flakes notched for use shaped by fine pressure-flaking. These Indiana Archaeology Bulletin Vol. I no.3, as spokeshaves clustered into two groups, could have been used to incise bone, pp. 47-61 Indiana Historical Society, large and small. The 28 small notches antler, or wood, and may also have been Indianapolis, Indiana measure 2mm to 5mm, and the 15 large used as punches or awls for lacing splint Tod, Osma Gallinger ones measure 7mm to 15mm. through basket rims. 1986 (reprint of 1933 edition) Earth Basketry Also found were 1 hammer, 1 chopper, The 95 decortication flakes (22% of the Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., West Chester, and 3 diagnostic artifacts, 2 bases of total), the flint hammerstone, and the 193 Pennsylvania Adena points and 1 complete Turkeytail unmodified flakes indicate that the manu­ point. facture of preforms, points, and knives Acknowledgement Ninety-six of all flakes had been burned, occurred extensively on this site. Many thanks to Tony DeRegnaucourt as evidenced by a granulated appearance. This flint processing indicates a tradi­ for his assistance with the lithic analysis The burning was probably unintentional tional male activity, but the micro-tools of these artifacts.

30 Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) A-H Uniface micro-tools with straight bevelled edges. Each has 1 or 2 spoke­ shaves. There was a total of 19 of this type, those pictured being the most clearly-defined. I-N Gravers. O-Q Spokeshaves.

Fig. 2 (Holzapfel) R Ovoid chipping hammer of Harrison County flint, edges battered. Similar hammerstones made of the same flint as that being worked were first observed by Holmes at Flint Ridge and Mill Creek. (1919: 178, 191) Probably used for percussion flaking in making preforms. S Multi-purpose tool. Spokeshave, graver, scraper, and abrader. Abraded grooves in chalky cortex emphasized for photograph by dripping water into grooves. T Chopper with intentionally-smoothed flute which fits the index finger nicely. U Base of Adena point. Appears to have broken from use as a knife. V Entire Turkeytail point with 7mm spoke­ shave on one side. W Adena point broken in manufacture, as flaking is incomplete on side pictured. WESTERN BASIN LATE WOODLAND FAUNAL REMAINS IN OHIO by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420

Introduction all of the sites except for the Harbour which ended up being used for the con­ Between A.D. 750 and A.D. 1300 Late site, which is located in the Firelands. struction of a burial mound. However, a Woodland peoples of the Western Basin That data was obtained from the mem­ cursory examination of another sample cultural tradition (Stothers 1978, 1979) oirs of West (1863). Dodge (33W09) from the adjacent habitation area by the writer showed that no gross differences were living around the western end of The Dodge site is located within a for­ exist between the two contexts. Lake Erie. They were hunters, fishermen, mer oak/hickory forest on the bottomland gatherers, and farmers who consumed at the head of the Roche de Boeuf moderate amounts of corn (Stothers and Rapids of the Maumee River. Stothers, Squaw Island (33SA7) Bechtel 1987). Stothers, Graves, and Pratt, and Shane (1979) suggested that Until recently Squaw Island was a Redmond (1984) have suggested that, the Dodge site may have been occupied peninsula at an oak/hickory forest-prairie after about A.D. 1150, the shift in settle­ throughout the year. The faunal sample interface near the head of Sandusky Bay. ment locations into the uplands was due was recovered from a thick midden de­ The site now lies beneath the waters of to a hostile invasion from the Huron/ posit, although there is no evidence for Sandusky Bay. Hamalainen (1974) stud­ Vermilion/Black River area of north cen­ differences in the faunal remains between ied a faunal sample recovered from the tral Ohio. Of the eight Western Basin Late the various levels (Table 2). remnants of a midden when the island Woodland faunal samples described in had almost been submerged. this paper, only that from Crosby's Ridge Missionary Island I (33LU391) (33LU214) dates from after A.D. 1150. Since this site is located at the tip of Harbour (33ER280) Peter Hamalainen (1974, 1976) has Missionary Island in the Maumee River The Harbour site is located at a former published faunal analyses of the Squaw opposite the Dodge site, its setting is oak/hickory/walnut forest-prairie interface Island (33SA7) and Waterworks (33LU6) largely the same (Table 1). Stothers and on the lower reaches of Pipe Creek near sites, which were excavated by Earl Prahl Graves (1983) concluded that Missionary the mouth of Sandusky Bay. The faunal and by David Stothers, respectively. Island I, where they uncovered the re­ sample (Table 7) was obtained from nine of Since that time, he has also produced an mains of a small structure and several pit the pit features that were excavated. unpublished faunal report (Hamalainen features, may have been a deer hunting/ 1977) on the MacNichol site (33WO10), processing area. The abundant deer re­ Crosby's Ridge (33LU214) which was excavated by David Stothers. mains (Tables 3-4) from this site do not This site is located at a former forest- Since 1977 Stothers has obtained sub­ contradict such an interpretation, as they prairie on Harris Ditch, a very small creek. stantial faunal samples from four other were found in greater proportions than at The faunal sample was recovered from a Western Basin Late Woodland sites, in­ any of the other seven sites. The ubiqui­ single pit feature (Table 7). Although the cluding Dodge (33W09), Missionary Island tous sturgeon remains suggest that this Maumee River is located almost 5 km to I (33LU391), Doctors (33LU11), and locality was occupied at least during the the south, that is where the fish and Crosby's Ridge (33LU214). Also, period of late May-early June, when this clams were probably obtained. The G. Michael Pratt obtained a substantial fish used to spawn in the various rapids placement of this late 13th century site faunal sample from the Harbour site of the Maumee River as far upstream as on a small creek away from the river, and (33ER280). Both Stothers and Pratt made Putnam County (Trautman 1981: 169). its middle Maumee River drainage loca­ their faunal samples available to the writer MacNichol (33WO10) tion, supports the contention of Stothers, for study. These five samples, in addition This site is located on the bottomland Graves, and Redmond (1984) that the lat­ to the three studied previously by at the Lower Rapids of the Maumee est Western Late Woodland peoples Hamalainen, are the basis of this paper. River. The pit feature that Hamalainen wished to hide their settlements, and that (1977) studied the faunal sample from they obtained resources from the The eight faunal samples which are be­ Maumee River as unobtrusively as possi­ ing considered here were all recovered yielded numerous walleye elements, sug­ gesting deposition during the early spring ble for fear of hostile neighbors on the from sites located between the Grand lower Maumee River mainstem. Rapids of the Maumee River to the west, spawning run. Doctors (33LU11) and the mouth of Sandusky Bay to the The Doctors site is located in a former east (Fig. 1; Table 1). All except for oak/walnut forest on the lower reaches of Conclusions Crosby's Ridge were occupied during the the Ottawa River, a much smaller stream 1 - Elk and bear remains are absent at the period of A.D. 750-1150. The latest of the just to the north of the Maumee. The faunal sites located below the lower rapids of sites, Crosby's Ridge, was occupied sample studied here was obtained from six the rivers. about A.D. 1250-1300. As stated previ­ of the pit features, as well as from the mid­ 2- Beaver and turkey remains are rare or ously, the samples from the MacNichol, den. Table 5 shows no major differences in absent at the sites not above the lower Waterworks, and Squaw Island sites the faunal remains between pit feature and rapids and also on the river mainstem. were all quantified by Peter Hamalainen. midden context. While Feature 45 con­ 3- Beaver remains are more than three Except for the fish remains from the tained the remains of a full-term fawn, sug­ times as abundant, and raccoon re­ Harbour site, which are being studied by gesting June, Feature 34 yielded a deer mains are twice as abundant at the Ted Cavender, all of the faunal identifica­ cranium with newly matured antlers, sug­ Dodge site than elsewhere. tions from the other five sites were made gesting September deposition. 4- Muskrat remains are extremely abun­ by the writer. dant at the Waterworks site, Squaw Table 1 shows the floral communities Waterworks (33LU6) Island, and the Harbour site, and mod­ which existed near the eight sites prior to This site is located in a former erately so at the Doctors site. Not sur­ massive Euroamerican settlement. These ash/elm/locust forest near the Lake Erie prisingly, these sites are located near data were taken from the 1820-1840 shoreline. The faunal sample studied by the bays and marshes associated with General Land Office survey field notes for Hamalainen (1976) was from midden Lake Erie.

32 5- Passenger pigeon remains occur only became much more important to the 1978 The: Western Basin tradition. Michigan at the Waterworks site. A roost area, Western Basin Late Woodland peo­ Archaeologist 24(1): 11 -36. which would have been occupied from ples of northern Ohio. 1979 The Western Basin tradition. mid-March through mid-September, Pennsylvania Archaeologist 49(3): 13-30. was probably located nearby. The REFERENCES , and Susan K. Bechtel oak/hickory groves near the large lily Hamalainen, Peter 1987 Stable carbon isotope analysis. pond southeast of the site is a likely 1974 Faunal analysis of the Squaw Island site Archaeology of Eastern North America location. (33-SA-7). Toledo Area Aboriginal 15:137-154. 6- Waterfowl are more than four times Research Bulletin 3(3): 33-50. , and James R. Graves more abundant at the Harbour site 1976 Faunal analysis of the Waterworks burial 1983 Missionary Island. Manuscript submitted and at Crosby's Ridge than at any of mound, Lucas County, Ohio. Toledo to the Ohio Department of Natural the six other sites. This is not surpris­ Area Aboriginal Research Bulletin. 5(1): Resources and the Ohio Historic ing in the case of the Harbour site, lo­ 44-53 Preservation Office, Columbus. cated near extensive marshes at the 1977 Faunal analysis of the MacNochol site. , James R. Graves, and Brian G. Redmond mouth of Sandusky Bay. On the other Unpublished manuscript on file, 1984 The Sandusky and Western Basin tradi­ hand, Crosby's Ridge is an upland Laboratory of Ethnoarchaeology, The tions. Toledo Area Aboriginal Research site. It must be remembered that the University of Toledo. Bulletin 13:1-39. sample from Crosby's Ridge is very Pratt, G. Michael, Croninger, Patricia, and , and Earl J. Prahl small, however. Janice delCastillo 1973 The Squaw Island site (33-Sa-7), 7- Bird remains, proportional to mam­ 1983 Archaeology of the Harbour. Manuscript Sandusky County, Ohio. Toledo Area malian remains, are twice as abundant submitted to the Ohio Historic Aboriginal Research Bulletin 2(1): 1-19. at the Harbour site and at Crosby's Preservation Office, Columbus. , G. Michael Pratt, and Orrin C. Shane, III Ridge than at any of the other six Redmond, Brian G. 1979 The Western Basin Middle Woodland. IN sites. 1984 The Doctors site (33-Lu-11). Hopewell Archaeology, ed. by D.S. Brose 8- Clams are almost eight times more Unpublished M.A. thesis, Dept. of and N. Greber. pp. 47-58. The Kent State abundant at Crosby's Ridge than at Sociology, Anthropology, and Social University Press, Kent, Ohio. any of the seven other sites. Stothers, Work, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Trautman, Milton B. Graves, and Redmond (1984) reported Ohio. 1981 The fishes of Ohio. The Ohio State late 13th century massive shell mid­ Stothers, David M. University Press, Columbus. dens on the Maumee River about 10- 1976 The Waterworks site. Toledo Area West, E.W. 15 km southwest of this site. It ap­ Aboriginal Research Bulletin 5(1): 1-43. 1863 Memoirs of townships-Huron. The Fire pears that, after A.D. 1150, clams Lands Pioneer 4(1): 65-72.

Fig. 1 (Bowen) Locations of Wetsern Basin Late Woodland sites with faunal samples described in this paper.

aeaclaa axeavatlan lrr.1 JL J_ _i_ _1_ JL -fe- 11-11 fcL total MM Rafaranea ataidxanaantal Zonta within 1.5 ra _!_ daw T u U 41 3 MM Stothara, Tract, and Mauaaa klvar knch. da Boauf Rapida •nana (1979) oak/blokory furaat a Ik » 1 *1 • mJmt/mU f«ui bur " - - - 1 _- 1 1 bunkay. fota.t plua thick* t raccoon i f» *i t -i kMMaf *I hUaalonary ttetnara and Oraraa •aH H ndM (ISO)) laland I (Ma) porcupln* » - 3- - - -

-i KatMicuol MMM (33W10) Radaood (19B4) oak/hickory (ora.t •atW - 1 tU-alalnan (1(77) rabbit mu) aadaond (198*) Otcava Uvat '

oak/walnut foriat -ink i oak/hickoty fortat uh/als. forut do*/vol( 1 3 2 3 pratria - " - Uatarvorka Scochara (1976) ««1 Ma 116 1*1 1» 63 61 36 139 34 1170 01M16) II—alalnan (1976) fla, un|, Illy pond turtay 2 t 1 1 1 1

oak/hickory/walnut (ora.t duok 1 -

1 1 Squall Mtkl «... MU. bird t M t 1 3 1 133SA7) (1973) Banduaky Bay »* i •1 •

Up. Craak > » < 133ER2B0) daj Caatlllo (1983) Sandu.ky Bay I It 11 Laka Icla Er oak/hickory/walnut (or.aI -allay. 1 1 t 3 1 1 lraath/diui #,1* •111 - Croaby'a Mdaa •cothara, Gravaa. and Barrl. DICOh (vary .Mil) (»U)2U) Radaund (198*) oak/ oalmit/haaal/trapa/aah/ala !.„,.. M 106 » 61 „ „ H m (Hauaata Ilvar «.S km nay Iron alt.)

Table 1 (Bowen) Western Basin Late Woodland sites in Ohio with sybstantial faunal Table 2 (Bowen) Faunal remains from the assemblages. Dodge site (33W09).

33 adjacent feati structure floor •jfc 1 Fee. 3 deer

raccoon

beaver 1 2 squirrel squirrel 1 0 1

muskrat 1 0 1 turkey unld. 696 10 706 unld. bird unld. bird 0 41 snapping turtle snapping turtle unld. turtle Boft-shell turtle sturgeon unld. turtle US 122 channel cat sturgeon 3 3 redhorse freahwater drum 10 northern pike channel cat 31 unld. fiah redhorae 3 clam unld. fiah 156 Table 3 (Bowen) Faunal remains from five pit features at Missionary Island I (33LU391). Table 4 (Bowen) Faunal remains recovered in and around postmold pattern of small structure at Missionary Island I (33LU391).

archaeo logical faatura

49 midden total

species 33WQ9 33LU391

•u.kret 5 5 1-62 17 deer 336 498

aquirrel l 3 elk 21 12 rabbit - - - - 1 - 1 bear 60 - •ink ------2 raccoon 67 24 fisher ------2 beaver 49 12 dot/wlf ----- 1 3 muskrat 4 5 unld. Duaaul 151 558 135 102 291 142 1365 squirrel 8 turkey 1 - 4691 duck - - 1 - - - 3 total mammal 4704

unld. bird 19 76 41 20 43 31 241 turkey 28 12 snapping turtle - 1 - - - 6 pass, pigeon " " 130 - ll painted turtle - - - - - waterfowl 4 " 130 aoft-shell turtle ------3 273 total bird 296 309 207 unld. turtle 1 4 1 - 6 50 114 turtle 25 30 223 (rug - - - - 1 - fiah 2317 2975 19,000 1614 approx. fiah 150 100 150 100 500 150 2000 (•oatly bovfin, clam 42 414 14 603 drue, walleye) Table 6 (Bowen Faunal remains from greater Maumee Table 5 (Bowen) Faunal remains from the Doctors River area Western Basin Late Woodland sites adjusted to site (33LU11). 5000 mammal-bird specimens per sample.

unidantlflad bird pa in tail turcla beaver unUantKlad tun la ~ aquirrel 16 wallay. radhoraa •u.kr.t 1930

bowfln total ninannal 4891 longnoaa Rar turkey nor rham plka " waterfowl 23

total bird 109

turtle 651

fleh 868 4324

4729

piaapklnaaad aunillh unldantlflad fiah

Table 7 (Bowen) Faunal remains from the Table 8 (Bowen) Faunal remains from 33SA7, Harbour site (33ER280) and Crosby's Ridge 33ER280, and 33LU214 adjusted to 5000 (33LU214). mammal-bird specimens per sample.

34 A JEFFERSON COUNTY CACHE by Charles F. Henderson 1244 N. Union Salem, Ohio 44460

On January 10, 1988, Dan and Dave I work with a good friend of theirs, and They could have been used as a peace Plunkett from Hammondsville, Ohio, were on March 1, 1988, he arranged for me to offering, or for trading purposes, or for a performing some odd jobs when they ac­ see the artifacts, and fortunately, I was dowry. cidentally unearthed a couple of flint ob­ able to acquire them on the same day. The cache obviously had a great deal of jects. They started to dig a hole in the area The cache has been determined to be value to the Archaic people who left it. They the objects had come from, and shortly Archaic and all are made from Coshocton managed to carry it and care for it without they had collected a total of 44 flint blades Flint. They range from 8.3 cm to 15.8 cm in any damage for approximately 70 miles from their small excavation hole. length and from 3.4 cm to 6.2 cm in width. from the flint quarries around Coshocton Satisfied that they had found all the Caches are rare finds and one can only and Warsaw, Ohio to, eastern Jefferson blades, they took them home and washed speculate on what purpose they served, County, Ohio. them off. how they got to where they were found, Since the brothers had no interest in the and why they were left there. artifacts, they offered to show them to anyone who was interested.

Fig. 1 (Henderson) Cache of Coshocton Flint Blades from Jefferson County, Ohio.

35 THE GORGET IN THE DRIVEWAY by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio 45331

This sandstone gorget was found in cavated from a glacial kame, and the One side appears to have been used 1975 by Pat Fahnestock from Troy, Ohio, gorget may have been associated with a as an abrader. On the other side, a rec­ in her new gravel driveway. glacial kame burial, which would date it tangle is incised next to one of the holes. The driveway gravel was probably ex- at about 2000 to 1000 B.C.

Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) Sandstone gorget found in Troy, Ohio.

36 AN UNUSUAL HOPEWELL PIPE FORM by D.R. Gehlbach 3430 Sciotangy Columbus, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Seven inch base Hopewell Platform Pipe from Logan County, Ohio.

The Hopewell people in Ohio have often From time to time an aberrant form is been described as a mysterious cult living discovered representing a clear deviation within the framework of a socioreligious from the normal style. The pictured pipe is dominated society. To this date, relatively such a variation both in terms of form and little is known of Hopewellian localized material. Found many years ago in Logan settlement practices or the location of County, Ohio the pipe has the so-called V- their villages within the state. Only a scant base platform style featuring a gently amount of their human remains have been rounded bowl sitting on a radically curved discovered, if one considers the extent of base. Instead of having the more typical the physical resources needed to con­ base of fairly uniform width, this pipe's struct their impressive earthworks and base gradually expands towards the bowl ceremonial mounds. Another mystery sur­ area resulting in a wide platform which rounding the Hopewell is the lack of a surrounds the bowl on all four sides. This clear definition of their geographical distri­ is a very non-typical feature in relation to bution in Ohio. In fact, it appears that the more common Ohio Hopewell pipe some form of Hopewell lived or migrated form wherein the bowl portion consumes through widely separated sections of the the entire width of the stem. Also unusual state. This is demonstrated by the wide is the use of compact highly polished diffusion of characteristic Hopewell work­ sandstone in the finished example. Fig. 2 (Gehlbach) Bottom of pipe showing provenience. shops, tool preparation sites and artifacts. This pipe form is more typically identi­ A diagnostic Hopewell trait was the manu­ fied with Hopewell remains west of Ohio, facture of platform pipes, some in effigy particularly in southwestern Indiana and form, for apparent ceremonial or funeral Illinois. A trade object? This is a distinct purposes. The typical pipe style features a possibility. Of note, the featured pipe was gently curved base and outwardly taper­ pictured as a type piece in Alan Brown's ing bowl usually crafted from Ohio pipe- book, Indiana Relics and Their Values, stone which is found adjacent to the published in 1942. Scioto River in southern Ohio.

37 AN ARTIFACT INVENTORY FROM THE WILLIAM SWARTZ SITE: A MULTI-COMPONENT HABITATION ON THE AUGLAIZE-LOGAN COUNTY LINE by Claude Britt, Jr. Mound City Group National Monument Chillicothe, Ohio 45601

Introduction The earliest flint piece seems to be a St. Prehistoric peoples were probably at­ tracted to this south flank of the St. Johns The William Swartz Site is a multi-com­ Albans Bifurcated point (Fig. 1,a), at­ glacial moraine because it was topograph­ ponent habitation in Clay Township, tributed to the Early Archaic. Five speci­ ically higher and probably better drained Auglaize County, Ohio. It is situated on the mens (21.5%) are typical Archaic flint than the surrounding land. The amount of south flank of the St. Johns moraine in Clay types (Figs. 1, a, b, c, d, e). Six points artifactual material found in the past 68 Twp., just to the west of the Santa Fe Line (25.8%) of Adena origin are included in the years seems small when compared to Road and both north and south of Thrush inventory (Figs. 1, e, f, g, h, i, j). Four some of the other large multi-component Road. Most of the flint artifacts were found points (17.4%) are typical Hopewell Points surface sites in Ohio. Table III compares just north of Thrush Road. Some of the (Figs. 2, a, b, c, and d). Eight specimens the lithic artifact traits of the William ground-stone tools were found in the field are non-diagnostic and were not classified Swartz Site to those of 4 other sites in the south of that road. Logan County is on the as to cultural affiliation (see Figures 2, e, f, area. These sites are Hartman Site (Britt, east side of the Santa Fe Line Road and g, h, i, j, k, and I). One specimen (Figs. 2, 1968A), Fritz Site (Britt, 1968b), Copeland the site probably extends over into that e) was not identified although it resembles Site (Britt, 1973b), and the Kaehler Farm county. The artifacts discussed in this arti­ the Archaic Corner-Notched type. One Sites (Britt, 1973a). These sites are all in cle were recovered by Swartz while farming knife blade (Figs. 2, i) was compared to il­ the same township as the Swartz Site, ex­ between 1923 and the present. lustrations by Hothem (1986:95) who be­ lieves the type to be Archaic. This may be, cept Kaehler which is in Pusheta The Swartz farm was mentioned by this but it is extremely difficult to identify flint Township. Like most of the other sites in author in the Ohio Archaeologist 30 years knives from surface sites based on mor­ this area, because pestles were not found, ago when he reported a historical phological characteristics. it is assumed that the prehistoric inhabi­ Shawnee Indian elm tree trail marker in a tants were not staying in the area long As to lithic material of this assemblage, wooded area to the north of the prehis­ enough to process plant resources at this seven pieces (30.1%) are made from toric site (Britt, 1961:141). site. Instead, they were probably migrating black flint. Eight items (34.4%) are manu­ through the area, perhaps on a seasonal factured from material from Flint Ridge. Ground-Stone Tools basis. A total of 15 ground-stone artifacts was Three (12.9%) are made from white or recovered from the area by Swartz (Table cream-colored chert. One is fashioned References I). The majority were three-quarter from Coshocton flint. The remainder Britt, Claude Jr. grooved hammer stones (21.3%) and (18.3%) are made from various local and 1961 Last of the Ohio Elm Tree Trail Markers? three-quarter grooved axes (35.5%). One unidentified cherts. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 11, No. 2, p. 141. full-grooved hammerstone is present in 1968a The Hartman Site: A Multi-component the assemblage. As noted by Converse Discussion Site in Auglaize County, Ohio. Ohio (1966:120) full-grooved examples are ex­ This area was apparently visited early in tremely scarce in Ohio. This specimen is Archaic times as indicated by the pres­ Archaeologist, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 30-34. fashioned from limestone, an unusual ma­ ence of a St. Albans Bifurcated Point and 1968b The Fritz Site: A Multi-component Site terial for a grooved hammerstone. In addi­ a slate bar. (This bar measures 10.5 mm in in Auglaize County, Ohio. Ohio tion, one full-grooved axe is present in the length). The site was apparently visited at Archaeologist, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp 66-69. collection. This type tool was used both later times during the Archaic Period as in­ 1973a An Inventory of Flint Types from the by the Archaic and Adena cultures. dicated by 4 other Archaic points and a Kaehler Farm Sites, Auglaize County, number of ground-stone tools attributed Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 3, One slate bar (see Converse, 1971:1) to the Archaic. Adena flint points (25.8%) comes from the site. This indicates an pp. 8-13. form a majority (see Figs. 1, f, g, h, i, j, and Early Archaic component for the site. 1973b Artifacts from the Glen Copeland Farm, k). Hopewell at the site is represented by Most of the ground-stone artifacts which Clay Township, Auglaize County, Ohio. 17.4% of the flint artifacts and by two can be identified as to culture are from the Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. square celts (13.2% of total ground- Archaic Period. The exception is two 10-14. stone). Although there are no known square celts (13.2%) which are diagnostic Converse, Robert N. Adena or Hopewell mounds in Auglaize of the Hopewell. Because Mr. Swartz 1966 Ohio Stone Tools. Ohio Archaeologist, County, Mills (1914) mentions three cres­ stated that 3 or more of the grooved axes Vol. 16, No. 4. cent-shaped enclosures in the western had apparently been taken to Columbus 1970 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeologist Society part of the county (in Noble and St. Marys by his daughter, they were not available of Ohio. Townships, on the St. Marys River). While for study. These 3 axes were included in 1971 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological Society there is no mention of any prehistoric the inventory in Table I. The ground-stone of Ohio. earthworks in Clay Township, a local his­ artifacts are not illustrated. Hothem, Lar tory book reports "a large earthen enclo­ 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio, Lancaster. sure in Clay Township in the early 1800's". Mills, William C. Flint Tools Although there is no trace of an enclosure 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. Columbus. A total of 23 flint artifacts are present in at present, it was reported to have been in this assemblage (Table II and Figs. 1 and the vicinity of the Swartz farm. It is inter­ 2). Typological identifications are based on esting to note that the Swartz assemblage information by Converse (1970). The flint contains no diagnostic artifacts that could knives (Figs. 2, g, h, i, j, k) were compared be considered to be post-Hopewell. to examples illustrated by Hothem (1986).

38 Artifact Type Materiel Culture No. * Total

Square caltc gabbro and greenstone Hopewell 2 13.2% Converse, 1966, page 127 Slata Bars Slata E. Archaic 1 7.1* Converse, 1971, page 1 Stone Ball Limestone unknown 1 7.1* No Reference Ungrooved Hammerstone granite unknown 1 7.1* Converse, 1966, page 102 Full-grooved Hammeretones Limestone Archaic 1 7.1* Converse, 1966, page 120 Table 1 (Britt) Ground-Stone artifacts Three-fourths from the Swartz Site. Qroov.d Hammeratones Granite and diorita Archaic 3 21.3* Converse, 1966, page 120 Full-grooved Axes Diorlte Archaie- Adena 1 7.1* Converse, 1966, pages 114 and 115 3/4 grooved Axe. Granite, dlorite, Archaic ( 35.5* Converse, 1966, pages 122 and Greenstone and 123

TABLE 1 (Britt) Ground-Stone ertlfacte from tha Swartt Site.

Artifact Type Material Culture No. * of Total Illustration

St. Albans Bifurcated Black Flint Early Archaic , 4.3* Fig. l.t Basal Notched Points Black Flint Archaic ] 4.3* Fig. l,b Bottleneck Points White Chert Archaic ] 4.3* Fig. l,c Lamoka White Chert Archaic L 4.3* Fig. l.d Concave-Base Corner Notch Black Flint Archaic I 4.3* Fig. l.e Adena Point. Flint Ridge Adena i 1 8.6* Flga. lf.g Adena Polnta Black Flint Adena . L 4.3* Fig. l,h Creeap Polnta Flint Ridge Adena L 4.3* Fig. 1,1 Table 2 (Britt) Chipped Flint Artifacts Adena Le*f-shaped Blades Coshocton Adena I 4.3* Fig. l.J from the Swartz Site. Adena Leaf-shaped Bladee Flint Ridge Adena L 4.3* Fig. l.k Hopewell Point. Flint Ridga Hopewell ' » 17.4* Flga. 2,a.b,c,d

Unidentified Point Tan Chert Unknown L 4.3* Fig. 2,e Preform. (North?) Cream Chert Unknown t 4.3* Fig. 2,f Knife Blade. Various Unknown i 21.7* Figs. 2,g,h,i,J,k

Unlface Side Scrapers Black Flint Unknown L 4.3* Fig. 2,1

TABLE 11 (Britt) Chipped Flint Artifacts from the Swartz Site.

Artifact Typ, sn? * Site 3 Site 4 Archaic Side-Notched Point* X X Lamoka Points X Archaic Corner-Notched Archaic Stemmed Points X St. Albans Bifurcated Point* X X Basal Notched Points X Expanding Stem Points Concave Base Corner-Notched Point* X Ar«haic Beveled Points "Heavy Duty" Point* Plshspear Points Bottleneck Point* Weak-Shouldered Stemmed Point* Table 3 (Britt) Comparison of the Adena Point* X Cresap Point* X artifact traits at the William Swartz Adena Leaf-Shaped Bladee X X Middle Woodland Point* Site to those of other sites in the Chester Notched Points Hopsw*ll Points X X X area. * Erie Triangular Points X X Side-Notched Triangular Points X Miscissippian Blrdpoint* X * Sites Drills X Flint Knives X X X X X 1 Hartman Site, Auglaize County riafted Scraper* X X End Scraper* X X X X 2 Fritz Site, Auglaize County Side Scrapers X X X X Grooved Axes X X X 3 Copeland Site, Auglaize County Grooved Ha miner stones X X X 4 Kaehler Site, Auglaize County Ground-Stone Celts X X X B*ll-*hapad Pestles X Slate Bars X Slate Banners tones X Slate Gorgeta and Pendants X X Stone Pipes X

TABLE III (Britt) Comparison of the e rtifact traits at the William Swartz Sit* to those of other sites in the area* •Sites 1 Hartman Site, Auglaize County 2 Fritz Sit*. Auglaize County 3 Copeland Sit*, Auglaize County 4 Kaehler Site, Auglaize County

39 Fig. 1 (Britt) Chipped flint artifacts from the William Swartz Site, Auglaize County. Fig. 1, k measures 8.3 mm in length.

Fig. 2 (Britt) Flint artifacts from the William Swartz Site, Auglaize County. Fig. 2, i measures 9.7 mm in length.

40 AN ENGRAVED STONE FROM OHIO by Charles F. Henderson 1244 N.Union Salem, Ohio 44460

When Evert Starkey loaded a washtub the creek bank, and he started to dig three engravings, one of which appeared and shovel into his car trunk and started horizontally into the hill. He was dragging to be a human stick figure. for Beaver Creek in Columbiana County, sand and gravel out of a hole about two He was never able to find out what the Ohio, he certainly did not know what the feet under the ground, when he noticed figures represented, what culture the fates had in store for him that day. an unusually smooth, odd colored stone stone came from, or for what purpose it It was approximately 40 years ago and about the size of a half-dollar in the sand. was used. he was heading for Beaver Creek to get Other than the color and texture, there I acquired the artifact in September, some creek sand for potting soil. He had was nothing unusual about the stone un­ 1986, and would appreciate any informa­ gotten some sand in one area in previous til he turned it over. On the other side, he tion as to its age and purpose. years so he knew right where to go. It was astonished to see markings that was an area approximately 50 feet above were obviously man made. There were

Fig. 1 (Henderson) Engraved Stone from Columbiana County, Ohio.

41 AN ARCHAIC WEAK STEMMED POINT FROM THE INDIAN CREEK VALLEY by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

The picturesque Indian Creek Valley of inch. The blade is fairly well chipped by countered in more than sixty years of col­ western Butler County, Ohio, has been percussion and pressure retouch. Ohio lecting, I concur with Converse that it is the source of a significant number of the examples are not heavy in cross-section. indeed a "minority" flint variety in Ohio projectile points and knives in my per­ There is little basal grinding." He sug­ and that it must be considered very sonal collection, a major portion of these gests a length of less than three inches scarce. being Archaic in tradition. Among them I but more than two, a width ranging from have but one which appears to fit the one inch to two, and a characteristic ma­ Acknowledgements definition by Robert Converse of a "weak terial composition of tan or gray chert. My appreciation goes to the Miami stemmed point," a type, according to (See Converse, 1973: 41.) University Audio Visual Service for the Converse, found in burial association at The weak stemmed point shown in images of the point highlighted in this ar­ an Early Archaic site at Mulberry Creek in Figures 1 and 2 was surface collected on ticle. Alabama described by William S. Webb a farm in the Indian Creek Valley about and David DeJarnette in a Smithsonian four miles west of Oxford. It was chipped References Institution publication in 1942. (See from gray chert, has a short stem of one- Converse, Robert N. Converse, 1973:41.) quarter inch length and an over-all length 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological According to Converse, the weak of 2 5/8 inches, and has a width of 1 1/16 Society of Ohio. stemmed point is "a minority flint variety inches. Thin, symmetrical, well-made, its Justice, Noel D. in Ohio and is considered very scarce. It only significant flaw is a broken corner on 1985 Projectile Point Types and Their is characterized by its short stem which the stem. Because it is the only example Chronology. Glenn A. Black Laboratory is usually less than one quarter of an of a weak stemmed point that I have en­ of Archaeology, Indiana University.

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Obverse side of the Archaic weak stemmed point highlighted in this article. Chipped from gray chert, it has a broken corner on its abbreviated stem. Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same point.

42 H.B. 274 AND THE NEWLY PROPOSED CEMETERIES LAW In our opinion, the proposed legislation reaucratic agencies and their offices of privileges of private property owners, avo- for H.B. 274 contains negative and detri­ control and enforcement. For instance, if a cational and professional archaeologists mental implications for the scientific pursuit private property owner wishes to develop and the pursuit of higher knowledge. of prehistoric and early historic archaeolog­ or sell real estate which includes an historic Both the proposed legislation for H.B. ical investigation. Further, this proposed or prehistoric cultural resource, the buyer 274 and the new cemeteries law are dan­ legislation will negatively impact the consti­ and seller will be unnecessarily affected in gerous as pointed out above and will re­ tutional rights of private property owners. an adverse manner by bureaucratic redtape strict and control any and all archaeological Because of the vague and inappropriate and impact studies, which will be under­ investigation in the state of Ohio, only to way that the proposed bill is worded, sec­ taken under legal mandate, at the expense assure power, control and money to an elite tions dealing with the registration of ar­ of the vendor and or purchaser. An exam­ cadre. Land owners, amateur and profes­ chaeological sites may be misleading. The ple to illustrate the above problem involves sional archaeologists and private enter­ bill is not addressing only state owned the recent dedication of $49,000 to imple­ prises, who are not part of this elite cadre, properties, but also those properties in pri­ ment a cultural resource impact study for will be negatively affected. vate ownership. Results of this legislation the construction of a boat ramp and break- Furthermore, the pursuit of higher knowl­ as it stands, will have devastating effects wall at Kellys Island State Park. This fee edge, the control of one's own property and repercussions on and for private prop­ does not include the cost of archaeological and the scientific heritage of all future gen­ erty owners, building trades, state contrac­ salvage work should a major and or signifi­ erations will be denied. tor's association, farming and mining cant historic or archaeologic site be found Remember, as Lincoln said at Gettysburg enterprises, etc. to be threatened with impact. "Government is for the people and by the This proposed legislation will dictate Presently, the state controlling board is people" not the government telling the peo­ what can or can not be done with any and underwriting this expense with taxpayers' ple what they can or can not do! all land within the state of Ohio, regardless money: Under H.B. 274, the vendor and or Act now ... or forever suffer the conse­ of whether it is privately owned, state purchaser would be liable! quences! Contact your legislators now, be­ owned, adjacent to or nearby a historic or H.B. 274 is different from recently de­ fore it's too late. prehistoric resource! Consequently, state feated H.B. 244 only in that, the burial legis­ regulations, building codes, impact studies, lation has been removed, only to be imple­ Gene R. Edwards etc. dictate what can or cannot be done mented under separate pending legislation Vice President, with one's private property! Such regulation pertaining to a newly proposed cemeteries Sandusky Bay Chapter denies one of land ownership rights and law. This separate legislative proposal, will of the Archaeological privileges. in the same negative and adverse manner Society of Ohio This regulation and control will necessi­ as newly proposed H.B. 274 and recently tate the creation of a series of related bu- defeated H.B. 244, affect the rights and

GET INVOLVED! YOUR HELP IS NEEDED The Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology: The analyses which make our research advance, such 2801 W. Bancroft St. radiocarbon dating, stable carbon isotope analysis, and Toledo, OH 43606 others, are made possible through public contributions. If Dr. David M. Strothers. Director you would like to help, checks can be made payable to Tim Abel, Research Assistant The Northwest Ohio Archaeological Fund. The mailing ad­ Susan Bechtel, Research Associate dress is: (419)537-4650 The Toledo Community Foundation c/o the Director, Pamela Howell-Beach George DeMuth, Sandusky Bay Chapter 1540 National Bank Building 4303 Nash Rd. Toledo, OH 46304-1108 Wakeman, OH 44889 (216)839-2125

OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWS State Historical Conference The conference will feature one track Founded in 1788, Marietta is one of May 16-18 in Marietta for cities, and another for smaller cities Ohio's most picturesque and historic com­ and villages. An opening reception, edu­ munities. Situated on the Ohio River at the Historic Preservation: Cities and cational tours, and special events are mouth of the Muskingum, it has a large Villages, the third annual conference planned as well. historic district, the showboat Becky sponsored by the Ohio Historic Thatcher, stern wheeler l/l/.P. Snyder, Jr., Sessions will be held at the Lafayette Preservation Office, will be held in the Ohio River Museum, Campus Martius Marietta, Ohio, May 16-18, 1991. The Hotel, overlooking the Ohio River at the Museum of the Northwest Territory, and meeting will bring together preservation­ public landing in Marietta. Built in 1918, it many other attractions. ists, planners, development officials, and was rehabilitated in 1985, and is listed on For a conference brochure with com­ others from communities throughout the National Register of Historic Places. plete details, write Historic Preservation: Ohio to discuss planning, growth man­ The conference will follow the spring Cities and Villages, Ohio Historic agement, economic incentives, tourism, meeting of Ohio Downtown, Inc., which Preservation Office, Ohio Historical and design as they relate to preserving will be held at the Lafayette Hotel in Center, 1982 Velma Ave., Columbus, OH the built environment. Marietta on May 16. 43211-2497, or call (614) 297-2470.

43 THE ROCKS THAT ALL MELT IN THE SUN by David S. Brose Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Pigott has written a controversial article professional archaeologists they could 1981 and 1982. The 2A Regional Preser­ to absolve himself of responsibility for ille­ freely collect on public property. vation Office provided an opportunity for gal archaeological collecting. Knowing that Let me make no secret of my lack of direct state-level efforts in 11 counties of the Ohio Archaeologist would not wish to sympathy for the fact that Pigott had to northeastern Ohio. That is why Pigott's perpetuate a biased and potentially mis­ give back those artifacts. If Pigott had had 1979 indirect complaint to the Ohio leading historical account, I will present the the common courtesy to ask the land­ Historical Society was passed to the Ohio true details of the Cleveland Museum of owner before taking something off his Historic Preservation Office Regional office Natural History's involvement. While Pigott property, he would have quickly discov­ at the Cleveland Museum of Natural has personally demonstrated some prob­ ered that those artifacts belonged to all of History. The 1963 survey at the State level lems with the protection of individual the people of the United States, and that indicated that massive distruction had al­ Federal properties, and while I agree that no "park ranger" had the authority to let ready occured to much of the site. there are procurement problems with him take them away. Nor have I much Nonetheless, upon hearing of Pigott's some local districts of Federal agencies, sympathy for the "duress and coercion" complaint about renewed destruction at the Archaeological Resources Protection under which he says he returned these ar­ the Morgan Site, Bush assigned Voll to Act is not at fault. Its overall intent and its tifacts. If the Government had chosen, look into the problem as soon as possible. consistent implementation will benefit am­ Pigott could have been prosecuted not Within a week, in the fall of 1979, Voll ateur and professional archaeologist alike. merely for a violation of the Archaeological had contacted the owner and obtained per­ Similar acts at the state, county, and mu­ Resources Protection Act, a misdemeanor mission to investigate, not Pigott's collec­ nicipal levels, would benefit every Ohioan. for which his liability was limited to a tion, but what was left of the Morgan Site it­ self. Because earthmoving was so Pigott's recent article (1990:29-31) $500.00 fine and/or a six month jail sen­ extensive none of the deep or intact fea­ seems to have no purpose but provocation tence. He could have been prosecuted for tures Pigott spoke of were recordable. at a time when cooperation is needed. theft of Government property, a felony car­ From six small areas not totally devastated Despite a few positive examples, the long rying a possible $10,000.00 fine and a ten Voll was able to recover only 17 chipped history of interaction among professional year prison term. And despite what Pigott stone artifacts (3 fragmentary points and and amateur archaeologists in Ohio has suggested, these artifacts do not languish some chippage) but no pottery (CMNH been one of bitter confrontation. I had in some unattended warehouse (like the Accession No. 79-20). While Voll was at the hoped that, despite a few negative exam­ lost Ark). They are accessioned into the site and after he left, earthmoving contin­ ples over the past decade, the deliberate Ohio Historical Society Archaeology ued. Small wonder, then, that nearly a year efforts by the officers and the members of Collection where they are vailable for all of later Pigott could see little evidence of the Archaeological Society of Ohio and the us to study. where Voll had dug: By then, Pigott's mid­ Ohio Archaeological Council would have Pigott also misrepresents the role of the den was gone; Voll's test pits were gone; gone far toward eliminating many of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. In and most of the Morgan site was gone. misunderstandings that underlay that bitter arguing his case for public sympathy, he Although this information was communi­ history. I had also hoped that both amateur dredged up a long and sorry story of his cated to the OHPO, because there was no and professional should have come to see alledged mistreatment by some profes­ public agency involvement in the destruc­ the need for greater cooperation as un­ sional archaeologists, then castigated the tion of the site, there was no legal remedy. planned development for the future, pre­ efforts of other professional archaeologists Perhaps Voll did tell Pigott he hoped to re­ sent bureaucratic bottom-line vision, and insofar as they have touched Trumbull turn to the site that summer of 1980, but religously motivated disinformation about County. As Chief Curator of Archaeology at that was not Voll's decision to make. Given the past increasingly threatened the con­ the Cleveland Museum of Natural History I the number of newly discovered, entirely servation and understanding of Ohios ar­ feel a particular obligation to correct the undisturbed archaeological sites about to chaeological sites during that same record of our involvement in some of those be entirely destroyed, one full-time and one decade. Now, in the Fall 1990 issue of the cases. Anyone who has dealt with the part-time professional archaeologist could Ohio Archaeologist, Thomas Pigott has Cleveland Museum of Natural History hardly be expected to reinvestigate every written an article whose major result will be Archaeology Department in the past severely damaged site in 11 counties. to fan the flames of conflict which prevent decade knows that the only limits to the amateur and professional from working to­ roles we assign amateurs are those set by The Museum still considered the Morgan gether to meet those threats. their individual abilities or those set by law. site important. While the administration of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History Pigott wants to blame professional ar­ Pigott's suggestion that our Museum ig­ did not change that year, the personnel of chaeologists for his own scrape with the nored any information about archaeologi­ the 2A Regional Preservation Office did. law. While I cannot pretend to understand cal site destruction is equally incorrect. Bush went on to complete his graduate all of Pigott's motives in raising this Jihad, From late 1975 through the summer of work at Case Western Reserve University it takes little psychology to recognize that 1982, the Archaeology Department of the and Voll left Cleveland. (If he eventually did a critical factor must be his self-proclaimed Cleveland Museum of Natural History co­ go to Montana he did not leave that infor­ outrage that merely because he was coop­ operatively served as the Region 2A Ohio mation with anyone at the Museum.) By erative enough to talk to the graduate stu­ State Historic Preservation Office. David the time Pigott spoke to Al Lee in early dent of a respected professional archaeol­ Bush served as Regional Preservation 1981, Lee had become the 2A Regional ogist, the U.S. Government came and Officer through April 1980, and Al Lee Preservation Officer. He had just been told confiscated the prehistoric artifacts he served as Regional Preservation Officer by the Ohio Historic Preservation Office carefully collected from the shores of the from May 1980 til the State abolished all that they could not fund the Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' M.J. regional offices in 1982. Keith Voll (not Voil) Planning Grant proposal on which he, Kirwan Reservoir in Portage County. The was a part-time assistant in that office Joyce O'Donnell and Ed Kutevac had unstated implication seems to be that if from 1977 into 1980, while Eloise Gadus carefully worked for nearly a year. That amateur archaeologists wouldn't talk to and then Susan Bosch were assistants in

44 proposal had called for an intensive, Trumbull County (1982:22) was somewhat ready committed, not because I foresaw county-wide archaeological survey in co­ facetious, although Lee did mention the any of the problems which developed). operation with the Trumbull County Morgan Site (and three others). Never­ And who can doubt that some archaeolog­ Planning Commission. The references in theless, all of the archaeological data avail­ ical consultant, with far less committment that proposal to Voll's 1979 notes and able, amateur and professional, make it to Ohio archaeology than Cleveland State Bush's OAI Form on the Morgan Site re­ apparent that following the twelfth century University, could have been found to do veal that the Cleveland Museum of Natural A.D. there was a very significant, if not ab­ that survey? History had not ignored Pigott's earlier in­ solute decline in the density of prehistoric The Cleveland Museum of Natural formation. village site occupation in southern History received requests for proposals The Cleveland Museum of Natural Ashtabula, eastern Portage, and northern from the U.S. Army, Pittsburgh District, History's archaeological survey of Trumbull Columbiana Counties, and in nearly all of Corps of Engineers, to perform drawdown County was nof designed to be an inten­ Carroll, Mahoning, Trumbull and Stark surveys of the Kirwan and Berlin reser­ sive or extensive inventory of all potential Counties. Elsewhere (Brose, 1985a,b, voirs. We were appalled by what we took archaeological sites. When the Ohio 1988; Brose and Skinner 1985) I have sug­ to be the wholly inadequate estimates in Historic Preservation Office in Columbus gested this was a wholly expectable con­ those RFPs. After preparing a detailed re­ said it had only a few thousand dollars sequence of late prehistoric experimental search design to accomplish what was re­ from unspent prior year funds available for agricultural economies, during a period of quested in the scope of work, and after work to be completed within 6 months, the cooling climate, avoiding that portion of costing out the personnel and time re­ survey was redesigned (Lee 1982:1-4). Its Ohio with the shortest growing season and quired, we called to register our concerns, new, realistic goals became to document the least productive easilly tilled soils. only to be told that the work would have to previously unrecorded sites of potential But Pigott's article does raise several is­ be performed by a small business, not by significance; to alert citizens of the County sues about which we can agree. I hardly a nonprofit organization such as the to the fragility of their archaeological her­ need to bemoan again the level of Federal Cleveland Museum of Natural History. I itage; and to provide the County Planning project archaeological survey to which the was certainly surprized, reading the Kirwan Commission a porportionally representa­ Ohio Historical Society's Archaeology survey report, to discover that the skimpy tive sample of archaeological resources in Department put its name in the early survey was done by employees, students, developmentally sensitive areas. 1960's (although few states did much bet­ and the former Director of the University of Several times during and after our very ter). The OHS has finally come to recog­ Pittsburgh Cultural Resources Program. limited fieldwork (from mid August to early nize that when its Archaeology Department (And who, in the light of recent events, can October), we called the telephone number performs such surveys from one room of doubt that it was done with that non-profit Pigott had given Lee to discuss the known the OHS, while the OHPO reviews those University's facilities and equipment?) The Morgan Site and the unrecorded Purdy Federal archaeology projects from another Berlin Lake survey was done by a small site. We were told Pigott was at school but room in the OHS, there is a conflict of in­ business (Rue 1987), and while I was not would get back to us later. However, our terests. And Pigott is certainly right when surprized to discover the predictable inad­ report was due before he could do so. he argues that Federal agencies can fail to equacies of the survey, from design to exe­ Directly and indirectly we tried to contact give archaeology the consideration it de­ cution, I was surprized to find these sur­ Charles Sofsky but were told that he was serves. The very Federal agent who, for passed by the inaccuracies in the analyses in Pennsylvania and would not return until management reasons, awarded to a single and the poverty of the interpretations. January (two months after we were done). California engineering firm the survey of Here are real examples of archaeologi- Despite the fact that the Morgan Site was the Ravenna Arsenal (and 44 other U.S. cally destructive public procedures against not located in one of the proposed survey Army FORCE-COM properties), has ac­ which all concerned Ohio archaeologists areas, and despite assurance by members knowledged that it resulted in organiza­ should rally. All Federal agencies are re­ of the Trumbull County Planning Com­ tional, financial and archaeological prob­ quired to determine the effect their actions mission that the the Morgan Site had been lems (to put it mildly). Portions of the will have or did have on archaeological destroyed by quarrying and dumping, Arsenal grounds were claimed to be so sites which the state would consider eligi­ Survey Field Director Stephanie Belovich heavilly disturbed by potentially live explo­ ble for the National Register of Historic quickly obtained permission from Mr. D. sives that they were placed off-limits to the Places. All Federal agencies are required to Massacci, the owner, to test the site. sub-contracted archaeological crews; the set-aside 10% of their outside contracts Permission from adjacent landowners timing of fieldwork demanded by the prime for small, and/or disadvantaged, and/or could not be secured, but Belovich's pho­ contractor resulted in many other areas minority firms. All Federal agencies are re­ tographs (CMNH 81TRSbw1:1-3); her being physically inaccessable. Blank com­ quired to account for all of the funds they August, 1981, field notes (CMNH TRS:33 plained about these conditions and his re­ spend. But no overall Federal policy says Tr24:1-6) and the pitifully few chipped port (Blank 1982) clearly indicated that so non-archaeologists should determine stone flakes recovered (CMNH Accession little was actually found at the Ravenna which portions of their property do not No. 82-9) all document the fact that no ar­ Arsenal that he could not honestly deliver need archaeological survey. There is no chaeological potential at the heavilly bull­ the predictive sensitivity maps needed by overall Federal requirement that archaeo­ dozed site existed. This was all summa­ the Army and promised by that California logical projects must be offered to only rized in the 1982 popular report produced company. Perhaps one can argue that one type of firm. There is certainly no over­ for Trumbull County. When Pigott sent Lee Blank should not have undertaken the pro­ all Federal policy that all archaeological a copy of the 1986 Warren Tribune ject under such restrictions, but the exis­ work is so similar that lowest cost alone is Chronicle article on the EPA's problems tence of some, and the consequences of the appropriate way to choose among with the Weathersfield Dump, he wrote most of those restrictions were carefully those who offer to perform it. These are across it, "This is (or was) the Morgan Site concealed by the prime contractor. My decisions made at the regional or district 33Tr24." What response did he expect to knowledge of this shoddy affair comes level by bureaucrats in some Federal agen­ evoke? both from personal acquaintance with cies. Their continuation is a direct reflec­ Pigott is also wrong when he implies agency officials and from having replied, to tion of the continuing loss of archaeologi­ that professional archaeologists have writ­ the prime contractor's query, that the cal sites and information. It is also a direct ten off the prehistory of Trumbull County. Cleveland Museum of Natural History measure of our preoccupation with mud- Unfortunately, as Pigott pointed out, Lee's could not do such a survey (but only be­ slinging and self-justification ... the themes statement about the lack of village sites in cause all of our field supervisors were al­ of Pigott's article.

45 Let me state the perspective from which References in East Central Ohio. RP3 Study Unit F of I speak. I do not condone any Federal (or Blank, John E. the Ohio State Plan. Columbus: The any state) agency attempting to ignore or 1982 Results of a Phase I and II Archaeological Department of Contract Arch. Ohio Hist. conceal archaeological data to ease its op­ Resource Assessment of a Portion of the Society. erating posture. I do not condone Pigott's Ravenna Army Amunition Plant, Ravenna, Gundy, B. J., J.M. Adovasio, and D.R. Pedler attempt to raise this issue to whitewash his Ohio. Report to Woodward-Clyde 1986 Phase / Archaeological Investigations at own misdemeanor (Entymological roots in Associates, Ltd. for the U.S. Army and the the Michael J. Kirwan Dam and Reservoir, Latin: wrong behavior). Pigott says he does U.S. Department of the Interior. Cleveland: Portage County, Ohio. Report to the U.S. not believe the obscurely written Archa­ Anthropology Department, Cleveland Army, Pittsburgh District, Corps of eological Resources Protection Act in­ State University Engineers. Pittsburgh: tended to stop private surface collecting Brose, David S. Lee, Alfred M. on public lands. Pigott also says he be­ 1985a Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Periods 1982 Archaeological Survey of Trumbull County, lieves that law is largely unenforceable. in Northeast Ohio. RP3 Study Unit B of the Ohio. Warren and Cleveland: The Trumbull Careful reading of the legislative history will Ohio State Plan. Technical Report 15:1- County Planning Commission and The probably convince most members of The 116. Cleveland: Museum of Natural Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Archaeological Society of Ohio that Piggot History. Pigott, Thomas R. is wrong about the clarity and intent of the 1985b The Late Woodland Period in Northeast 1990 Sermons in Stone, Ohio Archaeologist. law. Careful consideration of Pigott's case Ohio. RP3 Study Unit B of the Ohio State 40(4): 29-31 will surely convince them that he is equally Plan. Technical Report 16:1-89. Cleve­ Rue, David J., with Kenneth Jackson and Nancy wrong about any possible enforcement of land: Museum of Natural History. Davis the law. Finally, it seems to me that anyone 1988 E(e)rie Prehistory and Northeastern Ohio 1987 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of who doesn't like our laws respecting pri­ Archaeology. Paper presented at the 1,377 Acres at Berlin Lake in Stark, vate or public property rights should pre­ Annual Meeting of the Midwest Mahoning and Portage Counties, Ohio. sent his arguments against them before he Archaeological conference, Urbana Illinois. Report to the U.S. Army, Pittsburgh is caught breaking them. Brose, David S. and Shaune Skinner District, Corps of Engineers. Cincinnati: WAPORA, Inc. 1985 Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Periods

Continued From Page 19 Lewis, Clifford M. Mimeographed paper presented to 1955 The Wheeling College Site (460H22). West Society for American Archaeology con­ Fryman, R.F. Virginia Archaeologist, No. 7, pp 1 -8. ference, Bloomington, Indiana, 1955. 1982 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Cross Luchterhand, Kubet 1961 A Typology and Nomenclature for New Creek Drainage. Collected Papers on the 1970 Early Archaic Projectile Points, and York Projectile Points. New York State Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter Hunting Patterns in the Lower Illinois Museum and Science Service Bulletin and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited by Valley. Illinois State Museum Report of 384. R.C. Carlisle and J.M. Adovasio. Investigations No. 19. Simms, Steven R. George, Richard L. Mayer-Oakes, William J. 1979 Changing Patterns of Information and 1971 The Archaic of the Upper Ohio: A View 1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley: An Material Flow at the Archaic-Woodland in 1970. Pennsylvania Archaeologist Introductory Archaeological Study. Transition in the Northeastern U.S. 41 (1-2):9-14. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. 34, Pennsylvania Archaeologist 49 (4):30-44). 1974 Monongahela Settlement Pattern and Pittsburgh. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. the Ryan Site. Pennsylvania 1955 Excavations at the Globe Hill Shell Heap 1977 Ohio River Environmental Assessment: Archaeologist 44 (1-2):1-22. (46KH34-1), Hancock County, West Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Herbstritt, James T. Virginia. West Virginia Archaeological Report West Virginia, Huntington District. 1981 Bonnie Brook: A Multi-component Society, Publication Series, No. 3. Vento, F.J. and J. Donahue. Aboriginal Locus In West-Central Moundsville, W.Va. 1982 Lithic Raw Material Utilization at Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Michels, Joseph W. and James S. Dutt. Meadowcroft Rockshelter and in the Cross Archaeologist 51 (3): 1-59). 1968 Archaeological Investigations of Sheep Creek Drainage. Collected Papers on the Justice, Noel D. Rock Shelter, Huntington County, Archaeology of Meadowcroft Rockshelter 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points: of Pennsylvania. Vol. 3, Department of and the Cross Creek Drainage. Edited By the Mid-continental and Eastern United Sociology and Anthropology, Pennsylvania R.C. Carlisle and J. M. Adovasio. States. Indiana University Press, State University, University Park. Waldorf, D.C. Bloomington & Indianapolis. Miller, Kathleen 1987 Story in Stone: Flint Types of the Central Kinsey, W. Fred III. 1975 New Radiocarbon Dates From The and Southern U.S. Mound Builder 1971 The Middle Atlantic Culture Province: A Allegheny Valley. Paper given at the 1875 Books, Branson, Missouri. Point of View. Pennsylvania Annual Meeting of the Eastern States Wallace, Paul A. W. Archaeologist 41 (1-2):1-8). Archaeological Federation, Columbus, Ohio. 1965 Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Klippel, Walter E. Murphy, James L. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum 1971 Graham Cave Revisited: A Reevaluation 1977 Radiocarbon Date From the Globe Hill Commission, Harrisburg. of its Cultural Position During the Archaic Shell Heap 46hk341, Hancock County, Winters, Howard D. Period. Missouri Archaeological Society West Virginia. Pennsylvania 1963 An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Memoir No. 9. Archaeologist 47 (1):19-24. Valley in Illinois. Illinois State Museum, Klippel, W.E. and J. Maddox. Perino, Gregory Reports of Investigations No. 10. 1977 The Early Archaic of Willow Branch. Mid- 1971 Guide to the Identification of Certain 1967 An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash continental Journal of Archaeology Vol. 2 American Indian Projectile Points. Valley in Illinois, Revised Edition. Illinois (No. 1):99-130. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, State Museum, Reports of Investigations Lang, R. W. Special Bulletin No. 4. No. 10, Springfield. 1968 The Natural Environment and Potter, Martha A. Witthoft, John. Subsistence Economy of the McKees 1968 Ohio Prehistoric Peoples. Ohio Historical 1953 Broad Spearpoints and the Transitional Rocks Village Site. Pennsylvania Society, Columbus. Period Cultures in Pennsylvania. Archaeologist 38 (1-4):50-80. Ritchie, William A. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 23 (1):4-31. 1955 The northeastern Archaic- a review.

46 NEW CLEVELAND AREA CHAPTER OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO We are pleased to announce the long easy to find from both the east and west Our goal is to create a forum for people overdue and much needed formation of sides of Cleveland. Being just minutes interested in Ohio archaeology to share the "North Coast Chapter" of The Archa­ from both I-90 & I-480, the church is on their common interests. eological Society of Ohio. Clague Rd. approximately 500 ft. north of Please take the time to attend our next Meetings are from 7:00 P.M. to 10:00 Lorain Rd. meeting. P.M., the first Thursday of each month at We wish to invite all parties in the For further information and/or direc­ the Clague Rd. United Church of Christ, greater Cleveland area interested in ar­ tions please feel free to contact Bob 3650 Clague Rd. North Olmsted, Ohio. chaeology to attend our meetings and McGreevey; Pres. North Coast Chapter, Our meeting place is very accessible and help us build this much needed chapter. 216-779-5227.

ANNOUNCEMENT The public is invited to attend a meeting and show sponsored by the Fort Salem, Lower Ohio River Valley Basin, and Mound City Chapters on August 18, 1991 at the Ross County Fairgrounds (2 miles north of Chillicothe on Rt. 104/ 1 mile north of Mound City). Open at 7:00 a.m. for exhibitors; 9:00 - 3:30 for the public. Awards given for Best Flint, Best Stone, Best Slate and Most Educational. Food and drinks will be available. BUCKEYE FLINT FESTIVAL "Celebrating and Promoting Interest in Ohio's Gemstone" Licking County — "Home of Flint Ridge" P.O. Box 128 • Newark, Ohio 43055 Phone (614) 345-1282 • Fax (614) 349-9826 September 28 and 29, 1991

2nd ANNUAL INDIAN RELIC SHOW TO BE HELD DURING THE PIONEER DAYS SEPTEMBER 28 & 29 HARDIN COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS KENTON, OHIO The Hardin County Historic Mueum (new name) has again invited the collectors to display their artifacts during the annual Pioneer Days craft show. This annual event features crafts demonstrated in the authentic pioneer way by costumed craftspersons. Food from the "Bean Pot" is available on the grounds. A pioneer encampment is also held during the weekend. Commercial sales booths are located in a common area. The relic show will be a presentation of your artifacts to bring attention to the hobby of relic collecting. Many exhibitors spend most of their time answering questions from the general public and exchanging stories with other collectors. On Sunday, The Historic Museums will provide awards for the following ... Best of Show Best Site Display Most Educational Best Field Find (Sept. 90 to Sept. 91) Flint, Slate & Stone Judging will be held at 1:00 P.M. on Sunday. If you would like to display your collection or would like more information, please call 419-675-2061. The best display areas go to those who reserve in advance. Bring your own set-up (table, chair, cases, etc.) Set-up fee is free to museum members and a $2.00 donation for non members. A gate fee is charged for everyone who accompanies the person displaying artifacts.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifac' upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.