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A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Foreign Aid in Post-Conflict Reconstruction of Rwanda and Sierra Leone

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A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Foreign Aid in Post-Conflict Reconstruction of Rwanda and Sierra Leone American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2018 A comparative analysis of the role of foreign aid in post-conflict reconstruction of Rwanda and Sierra Leone Amna Elnour Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Elnour, A. (2018).A comparative analysis of the role of foreign aid in post-conflict econstructionr of Rwanda and Sierra Leone [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/493 MLA Citation Elnour, Amna. A comparative analysis of the role of foreign aid in post-conflict econstructionr of Rwanda and Sierra Leone. 2018. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/493 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences A Comparative Analysis of the role of foreign aid in post-conflict reconstruction of Rwanda and Sierra Leone A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Political Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Amna Elnour Under the supervision of Dr. Ibrahim Elnur May 2018 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 8 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 10 RESEARCH QUESTION ..................................................................................................... 10 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 10 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................... 11 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 11 HISTORICIZING APPROACHES OF DEVELOPMENT FROM DEPENDENCY TO NEOLIBERALISM ..... 12 1) DEPENDENCY THEORY .................................................................................. 12 2) DEPENDENCY THEORY& FOREIGN AID ......................................................... 17 3) NEOLIBERALISM .......................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 22 THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS ...................................................................................... 24 FOREIGN AID & DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................... 27 FOREIGN AID & CONDITIONALITY ............................................................................................................ 29 FOREIGN AID & GOVERANANCE................................................................................................................. 33 FOREIGN AID & EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................ 37 FOREIGN AID & POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION........................................................ 40 CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................... 43 RWANDA ......................................................................................................................... 43 SIERRA LEONE ................................................................................................................. 46 CHAPTER 4: THE REBIRTH OF A NATION .......................................................... 49 VISION 2020 .................................................................................................................... 49 AID DEPENDENCY ........................................................................................................... 54 POLITICS & FOREIGN AID IN RWANDA ............................................................................. 56 POST-CONFLICT GOVERNANCE ....................................................................................... 58 THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN POST CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION ........................................... 61 U.S. RELATIONS & AID ................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 5: AN INCONSPICUOUS EXPLOITATIVE RELATIONSHIP .......... 69 SIERRA LEONE’S ECONOMY & DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES .......................................... 69 POLITICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 75 POST-CONFLICT PEACEBUILDING .................................................................................... 79 UK AID & RELATIONS ..................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 6: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................... 90 ECONOMY ....................................................................................................................... 90 GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................. 92 GENDER EQUALITY .......................................................................................................... 94 EDUCATION ..................................................................................................................... 97 3 POST CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION ................................................................................. 101 BILATERAL DONOR ......................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION..................................................................................... 110 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 131 4 DEDICATION In loving memory of my father Hassan Elnour Osman who sparked my love for poetry, politics, books and music, and whose smile and laughter I carry everywhere with me. I dedicate this thesis to the countless number of people who have lost their lives in the tragic genocide in Rwanda and the civil war in Sierra Leone. “Comrades, there is no true social revolution without the liberation of women. May my eyes never see and my feet never take me to a society where half the people are held in silence. I hear the roar of women’s silence. I sense the rumble of their storm and feel the fury of their revolt.” ― Thomas Sankara, Finally, this thesis is dedicated to the resilient women in Rwanda and around the world, making a difference, shattering glass ceilings and moving mountains. 5 ACKNOWLEDEMENTS First and foremost, I offer my utmost gratitude to the Almighty for giving me this incredible opportunity and for everything that I have in my life. I am forever thankful and humbled. I would like to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Dr. Ibrahim Elnur for his tutelage, guidance, boundless patience, intellectual stimulation, invaluable feedback and resources, during the course of my research and throughout the course of the program. I am most indebted to Dr. James Sunday for providing we with invaluable sources, and his meticulous guidance, words of encouragement and enthusiasm, and for constantly asking for updates and telling me to stay true to my research. I am deeply appreciative for the constructive feedback I received from Dr. Nadine Sika. I am grateful for her mentorship and for inspiring me to think creatively. I am pleased and honored to have her on my committee. I would like to offer a special thank you to Roxanne Brook Vigil for the laborious editing of this thesis and for being a wonderful friend. Your strength and independence, support and love for books, enthuse me. I am very grateful for my parents and their unwavering support and love throughout the course of my studies. I am immensely indebted and thankful to my lovely mother Eglal, whose unconditional love, patience and prayers gave me the strength and motivation to keep on pushing forward. To my only brother, Omer thank you for your encouragement, and constant support. I am sincerely grateful for your stimulating intellectual conversations and for teaching me to question everything and to think outside of the box. Your passion for history and politics, and your wisdom and intelligence continue to inspire me. I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my Uncle Mohamed Bashir; I wish I could find a perfect way to thank you for your endless love and support. Kindness is such a part of your nature that I am sure you are unaware of how much of a difference you have made in my life. Thank you for always being there for me. To Representative Bass, Dr. Yarwood, Zach Seidl, I am unbelievably grateful for the opportunity that you have all given me. I am honored to have worked with such dedicated, intelligent, remarkable, individuals. To my colleagues, friends and family members across the world, who supported me and provided words of encouragement and advice throughout
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