Mir Hardware Heritage Table of Contents

Contents

Preface ...... iii

Acronyms and Abbreviations...... xiii

Introduction...... 1

Part 1—Soyuz...... 3 1.1 General Description ...... 3 1.2 Historical Overview ...... 3 1.2.1 First Prospectus for Circumlunar Travel (1962) ...... 3 1.2.2 Second Prospectus for Circumlunar Travel (1963) ...... 4 1.2.3 Polyot 1 and 2 (1963-1964) ...... 5 1.2.4 Manned Lunar Program (1964-1976) ...... 5 1.2.5 Salyut 1 (1970-1971) ...... 6 1.2.6 Early Soyuz Ferry (1973-1977) ...... 6 1.2.7 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1973-1976) ...... 6 1.2.8 Progress and Soyuz (1977-Present) ...... 6 1.2.9 Soyuz Generations ...... 7 1.2.10 Crew Code Names ...... 7 1.3 The Original Soyuz (1966-1970) ...... 8 1.3.1 Original Soyuz Specifications ...... 9 1.3.2 Original Soyuz Notable Features ...... 9 1.3.3 Original Soyuz Mission Descriptions ...... 10 1.4 L1 (Zond): Circumlunar Spacecraft (1967-1969) ...... 12 1.4.1 L1 Specifications ...... 13 1.4.2 L1 Notable Features ...... 13 1.4.3 L1 Mission Descriptions ...... 14 1.5 L2 (Lunar Orbit Module): Lunar Mission Command Ship (1971-1974) ...... 16 1.5.1 L2 Specifications ...... 17 1.5.2 L2 Notable Features ...... 17 1.5.3 L2 Mission Descriptions ...... 18 1.6 L3: Lunar Lander (1970-1974) ...... 19 1.6.1 L3 Specifications ...... 19 1.6.2 L3 Notable Features ...... 20 1.6.3 L3 Mission Descriptions ...... 21 1.7 Salyut 1-Type Soyuz (1971) ...... 22 1.7.1 Salyut 1-Type Soyuz Specifications ...... 23

v 1.7.2 Salyut 1-Type Soyuz Notable Features ...... 23 1.7.3 Salyut 1-Type Soyuz Mission Descriptions ...... 23 1.8 Soyuz Ferry (1973-1981) ...... 24 1.8.1 Soyuz Ferry Specifications ...... 24 1.8.2 Soyuz Ferry Notable Features ...... 24 1.8.3 Soyuz Ferry Detailed Description ...... 24 1.8.4 Soyuz Ferry Mission Descriptions ...... 26 1.8.4.1 Soyuz Ferry Test Missions ...... 26 1.8.4.2 Soyuz Ferry Missions to Salyut 3 ...... 27 1.8.4.3 Soyuz Ferry Missions to Salyut 4 ...... 27 1.8.4.4 Soyuz Ferry Missions to Salyut 5 ...... 28 1.8.4.5 Soyuz Ferry Missions to Salyut 6 ...... 29 1.9 ASTP Soyuz (1974-1976) ...... 33 1.9.1 ASTP Soyuz Specifications ...... 33 1.9.2 ASTP Soyuz Notable Features...... 33 1.9.3 ASTP Soyuz Mission Descriptions ...... 34 1.10 Progress (1975-1990) ...... 36 1.10.1 Progress Specifications ...... 36 1.10.2 Progress Notable Features ...... 36 1.10.3 Progress Detailed Description ...... 36 1.10.4 Progress Mission Descriptions...... 37 1.10.4.1 Progress Test Mission to Salyut 4 ...... 37 1.10.4.2 Progress Missions to Salyut 6 ...... 38 1.10.4.3 Progress Missions to Salyut 7 ...... 39 1.10.4.4 Progress Missions to Mir ...... 40 1.10.5 Progress-Derived Space Station Modules ...... 41 1.11 Progress-M (1989-Present) ...... 43 1.11.1 Progress-M Specifications79 ...... 43 1.11.2 Progress-M Notable Features ...... 43 1.11.3 Progress-M Mission Descriptions ...... 44 1.12 Soyuz-T (1976-1986) ...... 47 1.12.1 Soyuz-T Specifications ...... 47 1.12.2 Soyuz-T Notable Features ...... 47 1.12.3 Soyuz-T Mission Descriptions...... 48 1.12.3.1 Soyuz-T Test Missions...... 48 1.12.3.2 Soyuz-T Missions to Salyut 6...... 48 1.12.3.3 Soyuz-T missions to Salyut 7 ...... 49 1.12.3.4 Soyuz-T Mission to Salyut 7 and Mir ...... 52 1.13 Soyuz-TM (1986-Present) ...... 53 vi 1.13.1 Soyuz-TM Specifications ...... 53 1.13.2 Soyuz-TM Notable Features ...... 53 1.13.3 Soyuz-TM Mission Descriptions ...... 54 1.14 References for Part 1 ...... 60

Part 2 Almaz, Salyut, and Mir ...... 63 2.1 Overview ...... 63 2.1.1 Early Concepts (1903, 1962) ...... 63 2.1.2 Almaz: Conception (1964-1967) ...... 63 2.1.3 First Space Stations (1970-1974) ...... 63 2.1.4 Almaz: Cancellation (1970-1980) ...... 64 2.1.5 Almaz: Conversion (1980-1993) ...... 65 2.1.6 Shuttle-Salyut (1973-1978; 1980s) ...... 65 2.1.7 Second-Generation Stations: Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 (1977-1986) ...... 66 2.1.8 Third-Generation Station: Mir (1986-present)...... 66 2.2 Salyut 1/DOS-1 (April 19-October 11, 1971) ...... 66 2.2.1 Salyut 1 Specifications...... 66 2.2.2 Salyut 1 Notable Features ...... 67 2.2.3 Salyut 1 Career...... 67 2.3 Failed Salyuts (1972-1973) ...... 68 2.3.1 DOS-2 (July 29, 1972) ...... 68 2.4 Salyut 3/Almaz 2 (June 24, 1974-January 24, 1975) ...... 68 2.3.2 Salyut 2/Almaz 1 (April 3-May 28, 1973)...... 68 2.3.3 Cosmos 557/DOS-3 (May 11-22, 1973) ...... 68 2.4.1 Salyut 3 Specifications...... 69 2.4.2 Salyut 3 Notable Features ...... 69 2.4.3 Salyut 3 Career...... 70 2.5 Salyut 4/DOS-4 (December 26, 1974-February 2, 1977)...... 70 2.5.1 Salyut 4 Specifications...... 70 2.5.2 Salyut 4 Notable Features ...... 71 2.5.3 Salyut 4 Career...... 72 2.6 Salyut 5/Almaz 3 (June 22, 1976-August 8, 1977) ...... 73 2.6.1 Salyut 5 Specifications...... 73 2.6.2. Salyut 5 Notable Features ...... 73 2.6.3 Salyut 5 Career...... 73 2.7 Salyut 6/DOS-5 (September 29, 1977-July 29, 1982) ...... 74 2.7.1 Salyut 6 Specifications...... 75 2.7.2 Salyut 6 Notable Features ...... 75 2.7.3 Salyut 6 Career...... 76

vii 2.7.3.1 Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 1 ...... 77 2.7.3.2 Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 2 ...... 79 2.7.3.3 Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 3 ...... 81 2.7.3.4 Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 4 ...... 84 2.7.3.5 Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 5 ...... 87 2.7.3.6 Salyut 6 Principal Expedition 6 ...... 88 2.8 Salyut 7/DOS-6 (April 19, 1982-February 7, 1991) ...... 90 2.8.1 Salyut 7 Specifications...... 90 2.8.2 Salyut 7 Notable Features ...... 90 2.8.3 Salyut 7 Career...... 90 2.8.3.1 Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 1 ...... 91 2.8.3.2 Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 2 ...... 95 2.8.3.3 Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 3 ...... 97 2.8.3.4 Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 4 ...... 99 2.8.3.5 Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 5 ...... 101 2.8.3.6 Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 6 ...... 102 2.9 Mir/DOS-7 (February 19, 1986-present) ...... 103 2.9.1 Mir Specifications ...... 104 2.9.2 Mir Base Block Detailed Description and Notable Features ...... 105 2.9.3 Mir Career to Date ...... 107 2.9.3.1 Mir Principal Expedition 1 (Salyut 7 Principal Expedition 6) ...... 107 2.9.3.2 Mir Principal Expedition 2 (a) ...... 109 2.9.3.3 Mir Principal Expedition 2 (b) ...... 112 2.9.3.4 Mir Principal Expedition 3 ...... 113 2.9.3.5 Mir Principal Expedition 4 ...... 116 2.9.3.6 Mir Principal Expedition 5 ...... 119 2.9.3.7 Mir Principal Expedition 6 ...... 122 2.9.3.8 Mir Principal Expedition 7 ...... 126 2.9.3.9 Mir Principal Expedition 8 ...... 127 2.9.3.10 Mir Principal Expedition 9 ...... 130 2.9.3.11 Mir Principal Expedition 10 ...... 132 2.9.3.12 Mir Principal Expedition 11...... 135 2.9.3.13 Mir Principal Expedition 12...... 136 2.9.3.14 Mir Principal Expedition 13...... 138 2.9.3.15 Mir Principal Expedition 14...... 141 2.9.3.16 Mir Principal Expedition 15...... 143 2.9.3.17 Mir Principal Expedition 16...... 146 2.9.3.18 Mir Principal Expedition 17...... 147 2.10 References for Part 2 ...... 150

viii Part 3 Space Station Modules...... 155 3.1 General Description ...... 155 3.2 Detailed Overview (1962-Present) ...... 155 3.2.1 The Beginning of Soviet Multimodular Space Stations (1962-1964) ...... 155 3.2.2 TKS (1970-1978) ...... 156 3.2.3 Space Station Modules (1985-Present) ...... 157 3.2.4 Space Tugs (1987-Present) ...... 157 3.3 TKS (1976-1983)...... 158 3.3.1 TKS Specifications ...... 158 3.3.2 TKS Notable Features ...... 158 3.3.4 TKS Missions ...... 159 3.4 Cosmos 1686 ...... 160 3.4.1 Cosmos 1686 Specifications ...... 160 3.4.2 Cosmos 1686 Notable Features ...... 161 3.5 Kvant ...... 162 3.5.1 Kvant Specifications ...... 162 3.5.2 Kvant Notable Features ...... 162 3.6 Kvant 2 ...... 163 3.6.1 Kvant 2 Specifications ...... 163 3.6.2 Kvant 2 Notable Features ...... 164 3.7 Kristall ...... 166 3.7.1 Kristall Specifications ...... 166 3.7.2 Kristall Notable Features ...... 166 3.8 Space Tugs ...... 167 3.8.1 Kvant Functional Service Module (1987-1988) ...... 167 3.8.2 Polyus Service Module (1987) ...... 168 3.9 References for Part 3...... 170 Part 4 Comparative Chronology of U. S. and Soviet/Russian Manned Spaceflight ...... 171

Index ...... 197

ix Figures

Figure Page 1-1 Soyuz evolution...... 2 1-2 L1 Soyuz manned circumlunar concept (1962)...... 3 1-3 Vostok rocket...... 4 1-4 Soyuz-A manned spacecraft concept (1963)...... 4 1-5 Soyuz A-B-C circumlunar concept...... 5 1-6 Original Soyuz spacecraft...... 8 1-7 Soyuz rocket...... 8 1-8 Original Soyuz probe and drogue docking system...... 9 1-9 L1 (Zond) circumlunar spacecraft...... 12 1-10 Proton configured for L1 (Zond)...... 13 1-11 L2 (Lunar Orbit Module)...... 16 1-12 N-1/L3 lunar mission profile...... 16 1-13 N-1 rocket configured for lunar flight...... 17 1-14 Lunar rocket system ...... 17 1-15 Kontakt docking system...... 18 1-16 L3 lunar lander...... 19 1-17 L3 ascent...... 20 1-18 Salyut 1-type Soyuz...... 22 1-19 Soyuz internal transfer docking unit...... 22 1-20 Soyuz Ferry...... 24 1-21 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Soyuz...... 33 1-22 APAS-75 docking unit...... 34 1-23 Apollo and Soyuz join in space...... 35 1-24 Progress logistics resupply spacecraft...... 36 1-25 Progress-based Gamma astrophysical research satellite...... 42 1-26 Progress-M logistics resupply spacecraft ...... 43 1-27 Ballistic return capsule (Raduga) ...... 43 1-28 Soyuz-T spacecraft...... 47 1-29 Soyuz launch pad abort sequence...... 51 1-30 Soyuz-TM spacecraft...... 53

x 2-1 Station evolution...... 62 2-2 Conceptual drawing of Siber multimodule space station and Siber ferry (1962)...... 63 2-3 Salyut 1...... 64 2-4 Partial cutaway of Proton configured for space station launch...... 64 2-5 Almaz radar satellite...... 65 2-6 Conceptual drawing of Shuttle docked with Salyut...... 65 2-7 Salyut 3, the first successful Almaz space station...... 68 2-8 Salyut 4, the second DOS station...... 71 2-9 Salyut 6, the third DOS station...... 74 2-10 Key to icons...... 76 2-11 Mir base block...... 103 2-12 The Mir complex as of March 1, 1994, with docked Progress-M and Soyuz-TM spacecraft...... 104 2-13 Altair/SR relay satellite...... 106 2-14 Mir base block and Kvant (1987)...... 110 2-15 Mir base block, Kvant, and Kvant 2 (1989)...... 120 2-16 Mir base block, Kvant, Kvant 2, and Kristall (1990)...... 124 2-17 Mir base block, Kvant, Kvant 2, and Kristall (1994)...... 144

3-1 Station modules and tugs evolution...... 154 3-2 FGB...... 155 3-3 TKS...... 156 3-4 Merkur capsule...... 156 3-5 Cutaway of TKS vehicle...... 158 3-6 Cosmos 1686...... 160 3-7 Cosmos 1686 and Salyut 7...... 161 3-8 Kvant module...... 162 3-9 Kvant 2 module...... 164 3-10 Lyappa arm...... 165 3-11 Repositioning Kvant module using Lyappa arm...... 165 3-12 Kristall module...... 166 3-13 APAS-89 androgynous docking unit...... 166 3-14 Kvant and FSM...... 167 3-15 Polyus cutaway...... 168 3-16 Polyus satellite on Energia launch vehicle...... 169

xi 4-1 Saturn V and N-1...... 174 4-2 L3 and Apollo LM...... 175 4-3 Apollo CSM and L2...... 176 4-4 Space Shuttle Orbiter and Soyuz-TM...... 182 4-5 Soyuz rocket, Space Shuttle, and Energia-Buran...... 189

xii