Marxisme En Die Afrikaanse Letterkunde

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Marxisme En Die Afrikaanse Letterkunde Marxisme en die Afrikaanse letterkunde Ampie Coetzee bron Ampie Coetzee, Marxisme en die Afrikaanse letterkunde. Universiteit van Wes-Kaapland, Bellville 1988 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/coet013marx01_01/colofon.php © 2014 dbnl / Ampie Coetzee VII Inleiding Hierdie boek wil 'n alternatiewe benadering tot die Afrikaanse letterkunde beproef deur enkele prosatekste as voorbeeld te neem. Dit is nie 'n literêrsosiologiese studie wat die maatskappy vanuit die letterkunde wil verklaar nie; eerder 'n Marxistiese benadering vanuit 'n siening dat 'n letterkunde gedetermineer is deur dieselfde magte wat ook die aard van 'n maatskappy bepaal. Alhoewel dié ondersoek nie literêr-sosiologies is nie, sal dit nietemin sekere eienskappe in die totstandkoming en ontwikkeling van die Afrikaner se ideologie onderstreep. Soos byvoorbeeld sy strewe om ‘baas’ in sy ‘eie land’ te wees,1) of die feit dat die Afrikaner aanvanklik teen kapitalisme en imperialisme was as eksploitasie, maar dat hy tog mettertyd die vrye ondernemingstelsel as sy uiteindelike redding gesien het. Die rol van die intellektueel tydens die dertiger- en veertigerjare van hierdie eeu was belangrik vir die formulering van 'n ideologie, maar die sosiale historikus vergeet dikwels dat die geskrifte van akademici, ekonome, kulturele en geestelike leiers nie die enigste tekste is nie: ‘A writer is an imaginative historian, who is able to get closer to contemporary facts than social scientists possibly can.’2) Die romans van die tyd het mense geskep wat in die oorgang van 'n feodale na 'n geïndustrialiseerde maatskappy verlore geraak het, vervreemdes wat terug gehunker het na die idille van die plaas, maar deur ekonomiese omstandighede gedwing is om ander uitkomstes te vind. Mense wat in die tekste van daardie tyd gemaak is, die bywoners, Ampie, Sjakkie, Portjee, Faantjie Delport was nie net fiktiewe karakters nie, maar ideologiese proefkonyne wat in die laboratorium van die ekonomie die formule vir die Afrikaner moes vind. Die romanskrywer wie se wêreld histories en materialisties gedetermineer is, kon nie teoretiseer en doelbewus programme opstel soos die intellektueel nie; die gedetermineerde teks waarin sy karakters hulle eie heil 1) Vergelyk die volgende aangehaalde woorde van Generaal Hertzog uit 'n toespraak in Nylstroom in 1912: ‘Only one person has the right to be “boss” in South Africa, namely the Afrikaner ... The people have become conscious of themselves as a nation. They feel their power, they have reached nation manhood and they feel that Afrikaners and not strangers should rule the country.’ Aangehaal deur T. Dunbar Moodie. The Rise of Afrikanerdom Power. Apartheid, and the Afrikaner Civil Religion, University of California Press, Berkley, Los Angeles, London, 1975, bl. 77. Die oorspronklike samevattings, in Engels, van dié toespraak verskyn in D.W. Krüger, South African Parties and Policies 1910-1960. A Select Source Book, Human en Rousseau, Kaapstad, 1960, bl. 62 e.v. Daar was natuurlik later verduidelikings oor wat Hertzog met ‘Africaner’ bedoel het, klaarblyklik ‘Suid-Afrikaner’. Dit sou interessant wees om te weet hoe die mense van Nylstroom dit gehoor het! 2) ‘Saul Bellow’, in Dialogue, nr. 58 (4/1982), bl. 52. International Communication Agency, 1886 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington D.C. Ampie Coetzee, Marxisme en die Afrikaanse letterkunde moes uitwerk het meer as enigiets die onstuitbare verloop van die geskiedenis van die Afrikaner tot kapitalisme gewys. Ampie Coetzee, Marxisme en die Afrikaanse letterkunde VIII Ek wil daarmee beweer dat die literêre teks 'n belangriker ideologiese kondisionering, of verset daarteen, is as wat gewoonlik gedink word; omdat die letterkunde nie 'n aparte, estetiese en ‘verhewe’ bedryf is nie, al is die teks ook hoe ingewikkeld. Dis deel van 'n bewuswordingsproses wat uitloop in die aanvaarding of verwerping van 'n ideologie. In my benadering tot die teks wil ek probeer om Marxisties te kyk mie gesien slegs as 'n bemiddelaar tot betekenis nie: dit is betekenis. Byvoorbeeld: in sy ontleding van die periferale status van gekleurdes (hulle ‘wat net saam met die baas gekom het’) in D.F. Malherbe se Die meulenaar wys Jakes Gerwel op die ideologiese gekondisioneerdheid wat die teks onbewus openbaar in die neiging om hiërargies - eintlik rassisties - te beskryf. Daarin word hulle deel van die milieubeskrywing, deel van die natuur soos dit telkens vanuit 'n blanke karakter se oog gesien word. Dus nie as mense in eie reg nie, maar as deel van die décor.3) Die keuse van prosatekste vir die proefneming is deur die aard daarvan bepaal. Bywoners en Ampie staan binne die feodale tydperk, Die onterfdes aan die begin van kapitalistiese akkumulasie en die erkenning en aanvaarding van 'n proletariaat. Nadat kapitalisme die dominante ideologie van die Afrikaner geword het, met die daarmee gepaardgaande eksploitasie en onderdrukking, het die diskoers van bevryding ook die Afrikaanse roman binnegedring. Twee tekste van Karel Schoeman word in terme daarvan ondersoek: Om te sterwe en Na die geliefde land. Ten slotte word Die Kremetartekspedisie, ten spyte van die modernisme daarvan, gelees as 'n verset teen klas, akkumulasie en eksploitasie. En omdat hierdie teks uit stiltes geskep is, is die bespreking daarvan ook 'n poging om Marxisme en Dekonstruksie te verenig, as deel van 'n voortgesette proses om literêr-kritiese alternatiewe tot die Formalisme en Strukturalisme te vind. It has sometimes been contested that speech clothed thought ... But has it ever been doubted that writing was the clothing of speech? For Saussure it is even a garment of perversion and debauchery, a dress of corruption and disguise, a festival mask that must be exorcised ... by the good word ... One already suspects that if writing is ‘image’ and exterior ‘figuration’, this ‘representation’ is not innocent. The outside bears with the inside a relationship that is, as usual, anything but simple exteriority. The meaning of the outside was always present within the inside, imprisoned outside the outside, and vice versa. (Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology) 3) ‘Die romanvisie op gekleurde as hoofsaaklik ruimtelike figure, dus deel van die agtergrond, is onder andere daaruit vas te stel dat in die meeste tonele waarin gekleurde karakters optree, hulle aanwesigheid deur een van twee tegnieke aangekondig word: óf die vermelding van hulle teenwoordigheid is sintaksies ingemesselde deel van die milieu-beskrywende sinne óf hulle word voorgestel as deel van die blanke karakters se gerapporteerde waarnemings.’ Literatuur en Apartheid, Konsepsies van ‘gekleurdes’ in die Afrikaanse roman tot 1948. G.J. Gerwel, Kampen-Uitgewers, Bellville, 1983, bl. III. Ampie Coetzee, Marxisme en die Afrikaanse letterkunde IX The question is not what literature's political effects are but what they might be made to be - not in a forever and once-and-for-all sense but in a dynamic and changing way - by the operations of a Marxist criticism. (Tony Bennet, Formalism and Marxism) We are not concerned with the very poor. They are unthinkable, and only to be approached by the statistician or the poet. (E.M. Forster, Howards End) Ampie Coetzee, Marxisme en die Afrikaanse letterkunde 1 Hoofstuk 1 Ideologie, dialektiek, dekonstruksie en die gedig is die betekenis van die gedig (Breyten) Die Afrikaanse letterkunde sou mens in sy geheel kon lees as 'n politieke diskoers. Dit wil hoegenaamd nie sê dat elke teks in dié letterkunde politiek praat nie, of 'n politieke situasie ‘weerspieël’ nie; slegs dat die hoof literêre strominge en die mees invloedryke werke direk of indirek deur politieke, sosiale en ekonomiese verhoudings gedetermineer is. So 'n stelling kan natuurlik slegs gemaak word wanneer mens 'n teks op 'n spesifieke wyse lees: wanneer die ideologiese milieu waarin 'n teks voorgebring is as medebepalende produksiefaktor in ag geneem word. En die teks wat vanuit hierdie, basies kontra-ideologiese, benadering gesien word, hoef nie noodwendig ‘literêr’ te wees nie, want die normatiewe konnotasie ‘literêr’ word óók vanuit ideologie bepaal. 'n Mens sou ook kon praat van materialistiese kritiek, of dialektiese kritiek. Dialektiese kritiek is self-genererend, in dié opsig dat die beskouer ook dialekties tot eie denkprodukte staan. Daar is dus geen absolute normerende of estetiese toetssteen nie; dis 'n gedurige diskoers wat ontstaan vanuit die relasie leser, teks, geskiedenis, maatskappy. So sou jy kon vra: waarom het dit nou nodig geword om in Afrikaans 'n stuk te formuleer oor ideologiekritiek? En één antwoord sou kon lê in die woorde van Walter Benjamin: ‘... dialectical thought is the organ of historical awakening’1) Die mees relevante siening oor die oorsprong van die konsep ideologie kan gevind word by Karel Marx, in sy formulering van materialistiese determinisme, in sy bespreking van die Duitse Ideologie: ‘Heeltemal in teenstelling tot die Duitse filosofie, wat neerdaal van die hemel tot op die aarde, word hier van die aarde na die hemel opgestyg. Dit is, daar word nie uitgegaan nie van dit wat mense sê, hulle inbeeld, hulle voorstel; ook nie wat van die mens gesê, gedink, verbeel en voorgestel word, om daardeur by die werklike lewende mens uit te kom nie. Daar word van die werklike handelende mens uitgegaan, van sy lewensproses en die ontwikkeling van die ideologiese reflekse en die eggo's van hierdie 1) Marxism and Art, essays classic and contemporary. Edited with Historical and Critical Commentary by Maynard Solomon, Sussex, The Harvester Press, 1979, bl. 549. Ampie Coetzee, Marxisme
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