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Tesis Digitales Restricciones De Uso UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES LA MINORÍA BLANCA EN SUDÁFRICA: CAMBIO POLÍTICO Y SOCIAL (1988-2010) T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE LICENCIADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTA: LEÓN ENRÍQUEZ MACIEL ASESORA: MARIE-ODETTE COLIN CUIDAD UNIVERSITARIA, 2012 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. A Julieta, la potencia sublime There are five narratives that white people in South Africa are constructing in this time of political and social transition: -Still Colonial after All These Times -This Shouldn’t Happen to a White -Don’t think White, It’s All Right -A Whiter Shade of White -Under African Skies, White but Not Quite MELISSA STEYN AGRADECIMIENTOS La realización de la presente tesis no habría sido posible sin el significativo apoyo directo e indirecto de muchas personas que contribuyeron en los alcances y resultados de la misma. Quiero agradecer profundamente a mis padres, cuyo sustento emocional y material, siempre incondicional, me ha permitido este logro tan importante para mi vida, así como a mi hermano Isaac, espero poder corresponderles este amor. Muchas gracias también a mi asesora, la profesora Odette, por haber confiado en este proyecto, por haber comprendido y favorecido su desarrollo, pero sobre todo, por todas las enseñanzas y aprendizajes compartidos y por sus consejos para el desenvolvimiento del tema, su aportación en la tesis es invaluable. Gracias a mi familia que se enorgullece de mí y de quienes me orgullezco cada paso que doy: tío Leonardo; primos Alán y Leonardo; tías Ana, Yola, María y Lucy; Maclovio, familia Enríquez y mis parientes de Durango. Agradezco el apoyo del proyecto PAPIME “Creación de materiales para el estudio y enseñanza de Tendencias Actuales de la Ciencia Política” (PE303511) y a las facilidades brindadas por Pablo González Ulloa, quien también revisó el trabajo. Gracias a todos mis amigos, que siempre estuvieron conmigo y me ayudaron en todo lo que necesité: Adry, Alaiin, Angélica, Io César, Ireck, Héctor, Lindis, Lore, Octavio, Ramy, Rot, Fany, Vane y a S.R.M. Zo. Agradezco también a Misael por su aliento. Gracias al honorable sínodo revisor: profesoras Beatriz Escobar y Graciela Arroyo, a quienes siempre he admirado mucho, y especialmente a la Dra. Ma. de Lourdes Sierra Kobeh, con quien comencé a trabajar el tema, quien me dio la oportunidad de trabajar en sus clases y quien me apoyó en todo momento. Por último, gracias a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, por la excelencia que me ofreció, a la Secretaría de Educación Pública y a la Embajada de Francia en México, cuyo personal me tendió la mano, me impulsó y me facilitó realizar la tesis: Verónica, Eduardo, Estela, Norma, Lilí, Itzel, Karolyn, Clément y Laurence. ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................ 3 MARCO CONCEPTUAL Constructivismo y Minoría Blanca ............................................................................................... 9 CAPÍTULO I El posicionamiento de la minoría blanca .................................................................................... 19 1.1 La Colonia “holandesa” del Cabo (1652-1806) ................................................................. 20 1.2 Colonias británicas y repúblicas bóers (1806-1902) .......................................................... 29 1.3 La “Unión” Sudafricana (1902-1948) ................................................................................ 34 1.4 El apartheid (1948-1988)................................................................................................... 40 1.5 El colapso: La Batalla de Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988) ................................................... 49 CAPÍTULO II El cambio político y social en Sudáfrica: fase de mantenimiento ............................................... 57 2.1 El surgimiento de un nuevo pensamiento .......................................................................... 58 2.2 La inserción de las nuevas ideas ........................................................................................ 60 2.2.1 Los agentes a favor de la integración ........................................................................... 61 2.3 Los primeros pasos hacia el cambio: Namibia ................................................................... 73 2.4 De Klerk: Discurso, negociación y transferencia de poder ................................................ 76 2.4.1 El desmantelamiento del apartheid: Del poder hacia la sociedad ............................... 81 2.4.1.1 El Referéndum Blanco de 1992 ............................................................................. 82 2.4.2 La Transferencia del Poder .......................................................................................... 88 2.5 Mandela y el compromiso con los blancos ........................................................................ 92 2.5.1 La “Nación Arcoíris” ................................................................................................... 93 2.5.2 Verdad y Reconciliación ............................................................................................ 100 2.6 Significado de la Transición ............................................................................................ 103 2.6.1 Supervivencia: Idea de Identidad Colectiva .............................................................. 110 CAPÍTULO III El cambio político y social en Sudáfrica: fase de adaptación ................................................... 113 3.1 Efectos generales de la integración de la minoría blanca a la “Nueva Sudáfrica” ........... 114 3.1.1 La demografía de la minoría blanca .......................................................................... 115 3.1.2 Mbeki: El nuevo desafío del cambio ......................................................................... 116 3.2 La adaptación ................................................................................................................... 123 3.2.1 Mbeki: discurso y minoría blanca .............................................................................. 125 3.2.2 Discriminación Positiva y Empoderamiento Negro .................................................. 128 3.2.3 El (re)surgimiento de los “blancos pobres” ............................................................... 133 3.2.4 Crimen y ¿Racismo invertido? .................................................................................. 137 3.3 La respuesta de la minoría blanca .................................................................................... 145 3.3.1 La política sudafricana “blanca” ................................................................................ 145 3.3.2 El resurgimiento de la supremacía blanca y el separatismo étnico ............................ 150 3.3.3 Manifestaciones artísticas ¿de denuncia? .................................................................. 158 3.4 Balance de la adaptación: Jacob Zuma ............................................................................ 162 3.5 De las ideas a las fuerzas materiales y de las fuerzas materiales a las nuevas ideas ........ 167 CONSIDERACIONES FINALES ............................................................................................ 170 ANEXOS................................................................................................................................... 176 FUENTES ................................................................................................................................. 183 1 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS, GRÁFICAS, MAPAS Y TABLAS FIGURAS FIGURA 1 La bandera de la "Sudáfrica blanca"......................................................................... 37 FIGURA 2 Identidades entre los agentes sudafricanos durante la transición ............................. 72 FIGURA 3: La bandera de la “Nueva Sudáfrica” ....................................................................... 95 FIGURA 4 Operación de la Comisión para la Verdad y la Reconciliación .............................. 101 FIGURA 5 Espirales: reglas del viejo/nuevo régimen .............................................................. 111 FIGURA 6 La pobreza entre blancos y negros ......................................................................... 137 GRÁFICAS GRÁFICA 1 Proporción de votos durante la última elección general "blanca" ......................... 64 GRÁFICA 2 Proporción del voto negativo en el referéndum de 1992 en regiones selectas ...... 86 GRÁFICA 3 Número de votos recibidos por la derecha blanca (1970-1999) ............................ 97 GRÁFICA 4 Demografía de la minoría blanca ......................................................................... 115 GRÁFICA 5 Proporción del desempleo en Sudáfrica (1995-2001) .........................................
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