DOCSLIB.ORG

Violence Without Verdicts: a Comparative Analysis of Social

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Violence Without Verdicts: a Comparative Analysis of Social The College of Wooster Libraries Open Works Senior Independent Study Theses 2015 Violence without Verdicts: A Comparative Analysis of Social Movements and Race Relations in the United States and South Africa Madison Swoy The College of Wooster, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Swoy, Madison, "Violence without Verdicts: A Comparative Analysis of Social Movements and Race Relations in the United States and South Africa" (2015). Senior Independent Study Theses. Paper 6952. https://openworks.wooster.edu/independentstudy/6952 This Senior Independent Study Thesis Exemplar is brought to you by Open Works, a service of The oC llege of Wooster Libraries. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Independent Study Theses by an authorized administrator of Open Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Copyright 2015 Madison Swoy Violence without Verdicts: A comparative analysis of social movements and race relations in the United States and South Africa By Madison Swoy An Independent Study Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science at The College of Wooster March, 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of I.S. Thesis Advisor: Eric Moskowitz Second Reader: Matthew Krain 2 3 ABSTRACT This paper explores the role that social movements play in weakening the racial hierarchies that continue to persist in contemporary United States and South Africa. A theoretical analysis of the function of social movements is followed by an historical survey of the racial hierarchies within these two countries, with particular attention paid to the countries’ respective eras of institutionalized racism characterized by the Jim Crow and Apartheid periods. After which, police brutality and service delivery are used to exemplify the structural racism that endures in each of these societies. These two issues also serve as the most galvanizing issues for provoking social movements in the United States and South Africa. 4 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to many wonderful people for their help throughout my Independent Study process: I am grateful for my advisor, Professor Eric Moskowitz, for his unyielding guidance, patience, and boundless knowledge. I am grateful for the College of Wooster, for cultivating a community that fosters stimulating thought and has joined together many of the most kindhearted people in my life. I am especially grateful for the Fairlawn ladies, Sam Schopler, and the numerous confidants I have made in professors and students alike. Professor Moledia, Professor Bos, and Professor Mariola, in particular, have been incredibly important to my growth and development as a student and a person. And especially, I am so deeply grateful for the love and support I have received from my mother Michele, my sister Taylor, and my father Richard. 6 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 3 Acknowledgments 5 I. Introduction 9 II. Literature Review 12 Introduction 12 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up 13 Bottom Up 15 Top Down 27 Common Themes 35 II. Theory 39 Introduction 39 Proposed Outcome 39 Antecedent Variable: Perception of Level of Grievance 40 Independent Variable: Social Movement Actions 43 Conditional Variable: Level of Elite Instability 48 Intervening Variable: Elite Response 50 Intervening Variable: Backlash 52 Dependent Variable: Level of Changes in Hierarchy 53 III. Methodology 55 Restatement of My Research Question 55 Why Case Studies 55 Case Selection 58 Operationalization 60 Perception of Grievance 61 Social Movement Actions 62 Elite Instability 63 Elite Response 63 Backlash 65 Level of Change in Hierarchy 67 IV. Historical Backgrounds 68 United States of America 68 South Africa 79 V. US Case on Police Brutality 97 Background & History of Police Brutality 97 Defining Police Brutality and Excessive Force 99 History of Police Brutality 101 Law 42 U.S.C. § 1983 &Difficulty of Remedying Police Misconduct 111 The Rodney King Case 115 Acquitting of officers and the LA Riots 116 Political response 118 Legislative Response 121 Actors Involved and Process of Passing the Legislation 123 VI. South Africa Case on Service Delivery Protests 127 Understanding Service Delivery Through an Historical Perspective 129 Defining Service Delivery Protests 130 8 History of Local Government in South Africa 137 Laws and Policies Related to Service Delivery 139 Case on Service Delivery 149 Background 149 Historical Background of “Toilet Wars” 151 Precipitating Events 153 Anti-Dignity Toilet 154 2011 Toilet Wars: Media-Focused Case 157 VII. Case Study Analyses 163 Perception of Grievance 164 Social Movement Actions 172 Level of Elite Stability 175 Elite Response 185 Backlash 191 Level of Change in Hierarchy 197 VIII. Conclusion and Results 208 Overview of Project 209 Primary lesson learned 210 Comparability of the two countries and cases 212 Perception of race today 214 Common themes 218 Divergent themes 222 Concluding remarks 229 Further research and limitations 230 Bibliography 233 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 1: My argument 40 Figure 2: Living Standard Measure by race in South Africa (Wales 2013) 129 Figure 3: Municipal IQ- Number of service delivery protests (Jain 2010) 142 Figure 4: My argument 164 Figure 5: Average household incomes in the Western Cape (Elsenburg 2005) 195 9 I. Introduction The contemporary racial hierarchies that persist in South Africa and the United States are the enduring legacies of these two states’ racially imbued pasts, which developed out of colonializer relations, economic trends, and state mapping. The development of this social construct was politicized and mandated through the institutionalization of racially discriminatory practices during the United States’ Jim Crow era, and South Africa’s Apartheid era. Today many of the racially biased tendencies that were once widely accepted and legally mandated during the two aforementioned eras are still evident in the both countries’ societal cleavages, which are articulated in the social, political, and economic relations of each country. My project aims to determine if social movements can be a force in weakening racial hierarchies, and if so, what needs to transpire in order for the movement to have a positive effect on the level of hierarchy that persists in contemporary U.S. and South African societies. I have defined a social movement as the collective effort put forth by the public that aims to change a function of society that affects the way in which it operates, or is operated (by elites). The social movement will seek this change by garnering policy elite’s attention and support for their frustration. Generally, the movement seeks a policy response, either the enactment of new policies or the improved implementation and widespread publication of previously existing (but insufficiently executed) policies. A movement’s ability to successfully incite a change in the level of hierarchy within a society will be twofold; it must be able to alter the public’s perception of the problem as well as lead to a positive policy response. Racism currently exists amongst both social interactions and policy processes (although less explicitly now than 10 in previous eras) and the two spheres are deeply connected. Social movements function at the intermediary point of these two spheres and thus may be a force in weakening the hierarchy. In order to address this relationship and thus my research question completely, I must examine the functions of both social movements and racial hierarchies. I will first provide a comprehensive understanding of social movement conventions by demonstrating the arena in which social movements exist; what leads to social movements; whom social movements impact; what potential effects they may have, and the function they serve in society. This discussion will be provided in a review of the theories put forth by a sample of the most influential social movement theorists (some of whom also focused on the role of race in particular). Then, in my discussion of the practices, the functions, and the nuances surrounding the racial hierarchies within the two countries that I aim to compare, I will first put forth an in-depth historical analysis of how the racial systems have evolved, how the function of each hierarchy has evolved throughout history, as well as the various influences that have historically gained leverage to weaken the respective hierarchies. Provided this understanding, I will then delve into contemporary race relations, post-institutionalized racism, in order to apply my theory to modern day situations. In order to accurately depict the role of race in contemporary U.S. and South Africa, I chose to interrogate an aspect of each society that remains disproportionately racialized. For the United States, I examined police-minority relations, and in particular, the police brutality that occurred in the Rodney King case of 1992. For South Africa, I examined service delivery, and in particular, poor service delivery to the townships in the 11 Western Cape, with an emphasis on the unenclosed toilets that led to protest in 2011. These two cases depict especially galvanizing events and maintain the criterion that is necessary to test my theory: issues that are generating protest and are also racially charged. This project is a reflection of the past four years of academic training I have received at the College of Wooster. It is the convergence of the passion and intellect that I have developed throughout my academic career, thus far. As such, social science techniques have been employed to provide an in-depth analysis of my primary research question. Each section has been intentionally crafted to provide a truly comprehensive take on the issues related to racism as it has evolved to exist in the U.S. and South Africa, and to inform my inquiry regarding the role that social movements may play in working against said racism. 12 II. LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION Contemporary social movement theorists have recently begun to apply their ideologies to historical social movements’ effectiveness in procuring social change.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Country Guide South Africa
    Human Rights and Business Country Guide South Africa March 2015 Table of Contents How to Use this Guide .................................................................................. 3 Background & Context ................................................................................. 7 Rights Holders at Risk ........................................................................... 15 Rights Holders at Risk in the Workplace ..................................................... 15 Rights Holders at Risk in the Community ................................................... 25 Labour Standards ................................................................................. 35 Child Labour ............................................................................................... 35 Forced Labour ............................................................................................ 39 Occupational Health & Safety .................................................................... 42 Trade Unions .............................................................................................. 49 Working Conditions .................................................................................... 56 Community Impacts ............................................................................. 64 Environment ............................................................................................... 64 Land & Property ......................................................................................... 72 Revenue Transparency
    [Show full text]
  • GUE Collective Bargaining in Times of Crisis: a Case Study of South Africa
    Working Paper No. 32 International Labour Office (ILO) DIALOGUE Route des Morillons 4 CH -1211 Geneva 22 Switzerland Collective bargaining in times of crisis: Tel.: (+41 22) 799 70 35 Fax: (+41 22) 799 87 49 A case study of [email protected] www.ilo.org/dial South Africa Renee Grawitzky Industrial and Employment Relations Department (DIALOGUE) December 2011 ILO DWT for Eastern and Southern DIALOGUE Africa Working Paper No. 32 Collective bargaining in times of crisis: A case study of South Africa Renee Grawitzky Industrial and Employment Relations Department International Labour Office • Geneva ILO DWT for Eastern and Southern Africa December 2011 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2011 First published 2011 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Grawitzky, Renee Collective bargaining in times of crisis: a case study of South Africa / Renee Grawitzky ; International Labour Office, Industrial and Employment Relations Department. - Geneva: ILO, 2011 xxx p. (Working paper ; No.32) ISBN: 9789221257783 (print); 9789221257790 (web pdf) International Labour Office; Industrial and Employment Relations Dep.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifteen Year Review of Income Poverty Alleviation Programmes in the Social and Related Sectors Full Final Report
    FFIIFFTTEEEENN YYEEAARR RREEVVIIEEWW OF INNCCOOMMEE PPOOVVEERRTTYY AALLLLEEVVIIAATIIOONN PPRROOGGRRAMMMMEESS IINN TTHEE SSOOCCIIAALL AANNDD RREELLAATTEDD SSEECCTTOORRSS Irwin Friedman & Lungile Bhengu PCAS Fifteen Year Review Of Income Poverty Alleviation Programmes In The Social and Related Sectors Full Final Report Irwin Friedman1 and, Lungile Bhengu2 Published by Health Systems Trust 401 Maritime House Tel: 031 - 307 2954 Salmon Grove Fax: 031 - 304 0775 Victoria Embankment Email: [email protected] Durban 4001 Web: http://www.hst.org.za South Africa April 2008 This study was funded by GTZ on behalf of the Policy and Advisory Services Unit of the Presidency, Government of South Africa Suggested citation: Friedman I, and Bhengu L, Fifteen Year Review Of Income Poverty Alleviation Programmes In The Social and Related Sectors, Health Systems Trust; 2008 The information contained in this publication may be freely distributed and reproduced, as long as the source is acknowledged, and it is used for non- commercial purposes. Project funded by GTZ for PCAS Presidency, Government of South Africa 1 Research Director at Health Systems Trust 2 Independent consultant 1 CONTENTS Full Final Report......................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................3 Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................6 Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • The Coca-Cola Company Review of Child Labour, Forced Labour and Land Rights in the South African Sugarcane Supply Chain
    THE COCA-COLA COMPANY REVIEW OF CHILD LABOUR, FORCED LABOUR AND LAND RIGHTS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN SUGARCANE SUPPLY CHAIN TCCC Review of Child labour, Forced Labour and Land Rights in South Africa 2016 07/08/2017. Final Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 3 Overview of the sugar industry in South Africa................................................................... 3 Overview of findings: ........................................................................................................... 4 Child Labour ........................................................................................................................ 4 Forced Labour ..................................................................................................................... 4 Land Rights ......................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 7 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 8 Interview Schedule ............................................................................................................ 11 OVERVIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA’S SUGAR INDUSTRY .................................................. 13 CHILD LABOUR, FORCED LABOUR AND LAND RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
    [Show full text]
  • The Decline of the Mining Industry and the Response of the Mining Unions
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wits Institutional Repository on DSPACE THE DECLINE OF THE MINING INDUSTRY AND THE RESPONSE OF THE MINING UNIONS Gwede Mantashe A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Arts Johannesburg, 2008 Abstract The report examines the response of three trade unions, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), the United Associations of South Africa (UASA) and Solidarity – to the economic, political and social changes over the past decade in the mining industry. In particular the report is concerned with union responses to the decline in the gold mining industry. The report concludes that the NUM was conscious about the decline and developed coherent strategies for dealing with it, whereas both Solidarity and UASA did not pay attention to the decline. Instead their interventions were directed at countering the impact of legislative changes that accorded blacks the right to organise and join unions, and the competition that went with this opening. The NUM remains a social movement union which balances community and workplace struggles. It is the strongest and most influential union in the industry. It is the only union in the industry that is politically active and has a strategy that deploys and supports members as political activists. UASA is a business union relying on benefits and services to retain members. It is politically neutral with a minimum interest in the developments in communities around them. Solidarity, on the other hand, is a service union which is a hybrid of business and social movement unionism.
    [Show full text]
  • Tesis Digitales Restricciones De Uso
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES LA MINORÍA BLANCA EN SUDÁFRICA: CAMBIO POLÍTICO Y SOCIAL (1988-2010) T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE LICENCIADO EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES PRESENTA: LEÓN ENRÍQUEZ MACIEL ASESORA: MARIE-ODETTE COLIN CUIDAD UNIVERSITARIA, 2012 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. A Julieta, la potencia sublime There are five narratives that white people in South Africa are constructing in this time of political and social transition: -Still Colonial after All These Times -This Shouldn’t Happen to a White -Don’t think White, It’s All Right -A Whiter Shade of White -Under African Skies, White but Not Quite MELISSA STEYN AGRADECIMIENTOS La realización de la presente tesis no habría sido posible sin el significativo apoyo directo e indirecto de muchas personas que contribuyeron en los alcances y resultados de la misma. Quiero agradecer profundamente a mis padres, cuyo sustento emocional y material, siempre incondicional, me ha permitido este logro tan importante para mi vida, así como a mi hermano Isaac, espero poder corresponderles este amor.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Unions and Financial Inclusion in South Africa How Labour Unions Facilitate the Provision of Financial Services for Their Members
    Innovative Finance for Social Justice 2014 Labour unions and financial inclusion in South Africa How labour unions facilitate the provision of financial services for their members Working Paper No. 61 Doubell Chamberlain, Sandisiwe Ncube Nokwanda Mahori, Mia Thom (editorial input) Copyright © International Labour Organization 2014 First published 2014 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISBN 978-92-2-129427-6 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-129428-3 (web pdf) First published in 2014 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.
    [Show full text]
  • Registered Trade Unions in South Africa As for March 2011
    1 DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR OF LABOUR RELATIONS PRETORIA Tel: 012-309 4132/4729 Fax: 012-309 4156 Registered Trade Unions in South Africa As for March 2011 No Registration NAME OF UNION & ADDRESS Number 1. LR2/6/2/5 Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers of South Africa The Secretary Tel: (011) 331 1063/4/7/9 Fax: (011) 331 1078 e-mail: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 5378, Johannesburg, 2000 Physical address: Intec House, 130 Marshall str, 10thFlr, Marshalltown,2001 2. LR2/6/2/6 Transport & Omnibus Workers Union (TOWU) The Secretary Tel: (021) 447 4750 / 1 /2 Fax: (021) 447 0795 e-mail: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 13688, Mowbray, 7705 Physical address:Suite 309, 3rd Flr, Premier Centre, 451 Main Rd, Observatory, 7925 3. LR2/6/2/8 South African Typographical Union (SATU) The Secretary Tel: (012) 338 2222 / 2071 Fax: (012) 326 4196 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] website: www.satu.co.za Postal address: P.O. Box 1993, Pretoria, 0001 Physical address: SATU House, 3rd Floor, 166 Visagie Str, Pretoria, 0002 4. LR2/6/2/10 SASBO: The Finance Union The Secretary Tel: (011) 467-0192 Fax: (011) 467 0188/9 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] website: www.sasbo.org.za Postal address: Private Bag X 84, Bryanston, 2021 Physical address: SASBO House, Fourmall Office Park West, Roos Road, Fourways, Johannesburg, 2055 5. LR2/6/2/19 Hospitality Industry & Allied Workers Union (HIAWU) The Secretary Tel: (031) 301-0288 Fax: (031) 301 0293 e-mail: [email protected] Postal address: P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Asc-075287668-3596-01
    Mortal Men The rise of the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union under the leadership of Joseph Mathunjwa and the union’s move to the political left, 1998-2014 Julia Foudraine Thesis Research Master African Studies 2014 University of Leiden & African Studies Centre Leiden Dr. Harry Wels & Dr. Ineke van Kessel Photo front page: Joseph Mathunjwa during a mass meeting in the Olympia Stadium of Rustenburg, 19-01-2014. Photo by Julia Foudraine. i Table of contents Photos iv Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 §1. Notes from my fieldwork 1 §2. The Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union 6 §3. Research objective and research questions 8 §4. The research field: from Rustenburg to Emalahleni 9 §5. Studying AMCU: methodological issues 10 §6. Conceptualization of the research 13 §7. Structure of the thesis 17 Chapter 2: ‘Only the Best for the Mineworker!’? A history of the establishment and growth of AMCU 19 §1. The establishment of the NUM 19 §2. The arrival of COSATU and the transition to democracy 22 §3. The arrival of splinter unions: the start of AMCU 25 §4. AMCU’s consolidation in Emalahleni 27 §5. Conquering Rustenburg 30 §6. NUM’s challenges in the new era 31 §7. Marikana 33 §8. Summary 34 Chapter 3: The president and his members 36 §1. A portrait of Joseph Mathunjwa 36 §2. Friend and foe 38 §3. AMCU’s membership base 42 §4. Faces behind the union 45 §5. Summary 50 ii Chapter 4: AMCU and its relationship with the media 52 §1. Mathunjwa versus the media 52 §2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Labour Relations System and the Marikana Massacre
    DEVELOPMENT AND LABOUR MONOGRAPH SERIES The labour relations system and the Marikana massacre Report submitted to the Marikana Commission of Inquiry Working Paper THE INSTITUTE OF DEVLOPMENT AND LABOUR LAW University of Cape Town The Institute of Development and Labour Law was established through the merger of the Labour Law Unit and the Institute of Development Law. The Institute’s objectives are: To conduct and commission research into development and labour law issues in Southern Africa; To produce and disseminate publications arising out of the research undertaken; To convene conferences, seminars and workshops; To provide educational and advisory services; To establish and foster collaborative links in the region and elsewhere, and provide a reference point for policy and scholarship. The Institute adopts a “law in context” approach which properly reflects the interdisciplinary character of its work. The Development and Labour Monograph Series is an interdisciplinary forum for research and debate on development and labour issues in Southern Africa. The Institute also publishes occasional papers and reports about ongoing research as well as other types of publications. Copies of publications and further information may be obtained from The Institute of Development and Labour Law University of Cape Town Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 South Africa Tel: 27-21-650 5634 Fax: 27-21-650 5660 Email: [email protected] http://www.labourlaw.uct.ac.za Published by the Institute of Development and Labour Law University of Cape Town, 7701 Price in Southern Africa (including VAT and postage): R60.00 2 Report submitted to the Marikana Commission of Inquiry The labour relations system and the Marikana massacre Institute of Development and Labour Law University of Cape Town 7 March 2014 3 Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • AG1977-A21-11-001-Jpeg.Pdf
    i ; R Q tr. T "3 c H! r*‘l P R J G H .» ». 1 F* fc£ F S «.. J Hi Hi I— R H JD i : : R 1 T I C HI L... R F “ R R R 1 &> R s..™ T Hi In. R fc£ O F" The i dea f or t.he cade t s ca mp a i 9n 9erm i na ted i n t he schoo i. s 9r©u p shor t1 a a 11 e r t h e e n d o f t he " T r o o P s i .i u. t11 c a ro p a i 9 n „ h f t e r d i s c u s s i o n i t. w a * d e c i d e d to on1a take up the issue at the begining of 19sb tor the reason that if the camp a i 9n or i 9 i nated at the beginning o+ a schoo' year# its ramifications could extend throu9hout the aear. it was also felt that if the camp a i 9n was to ha ■>. v e sor»«e succes i t shou 1 d be ca.ref u 11 a conceP tu.a 1 i zed over a Period of time. F111hermore.. :i t was dec i ded that a camp a 19n tar9eted at t.he toel nn i 9 of the 1986 school a ear would 9i ve us time to t'or*9e t ink* with different organizations that were concerned with school militarization, ihe idea to work with these different organizations had three motivations.
    [Show full text]
  • Buhlungu Bezuidenhout 2008 Compounds
    UJ SOCIOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY S E M I N A R 2008/28 ‘From Compounded to Fragmented Labour: Mineworkers and the demise of compounds in South Africa’. By Sakhela Buhlungu, University of Johannesburg and Andries Bezuidenhout, University of the Witwatersrand Paper to be presented at 16h00, Wednesday, 15 October 2008, in the Anthropology and Development Studies Seminar Room (D Ring 506) *** Please do not copy, quote or cite without the author’s permission *** From Compounded to Fragmented Labour: 1 Mineworkers and the demise of compounds in South Africa Sakhela Buhlungu Department of Sociology University of Johannesburg Andries Bezuidenhout Sociology of Work Unit University of the Witwatersrand Paper presented at the University of Johannesburg Sociology and Anthropology Seminar, 15 October 2008 Labour and Geographies of Control During the heydays of the South African gold mining industry, a Chamber of Mines booklet described the role of this body as follows: “One of the Chamber’s early achievements was the establishment of a system of attracting Bantu (African) labourers in the joint interest of the mining companies…” It added, in rather Orwellian fashion, that it had also ensured “cooperation with the companies in evolving a uniformly high standard of treatment of all Bantu workers…” (Chamber of Mines, n.d.: 7). But as we know, the industry’s migrant labour system – including its recruitment arms, TEBA and WNELA2, as well as the notorious mine compounds – were key parts of the landscape of labour control. At the heart of the migrant labour system was a spatial strategy that had to ensure a regular supply of cheap black labour to the industry.
    [Show full text]