N Vergelykende Studie Uit Kampdagboeke En -Herinneringe Gedurende Die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog, 1899-1902

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N Vergelykende Studie Uit Kampdagboeke En -Herinneringe Gedurende Die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog, 1899-1902 Die lewe van ingekerkerde gemeenskappe: ’n Vergelykende studie uit kampdagboeke en -herinneringe gedurende die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog, 1899-1902 J.E. Krugell 11044950 Proefskrif voorgelê ter vervulling van die vereiste vir die graad Philosophiae Doctor in Geskiedenis aan die Vaaldriehoekkampus van die Noordwes-Universiteit Promotor: Prof. E.S. van Eeden Medepromotor: Dr. P.M. Möller Mei 2017 VOORWOORD Bedankings Aan my Hemelse Vader kom toe al die dank, lof en aanbidding van my hart vir genade en krag om hierdie studie te voltooi. My opregte waardering en dank aan die volgende persone vir hulle bydrae tot die afhandeling van die studie: Prof. Elize van Eeden en dr. Pieter Möller vir hulle kritiek, kommentaar en geduld. Hulle kennis en leiding was van onskatbare waarde tydens die studie. Die personeel van die Ferdinand Postma-biblioteek en in besonder me. Hester Spoelstra en me. Isabel Blom, vir hulle behulpsaamheid en vriendelikheid. Mnr. en me. André en Claudie Jooste van Bloemfontein verdien ’n spesiale woord van dank vir hulle flinke diens met die verkryging van talle dagboeke en briewe. Mnr. Joe Coetsee en prof. Franci Jordaan vir kundige en noukeurige taalversorging. Me. Etna Labuschagne van die Oorlogsmuseum van die Boererepublieke vir haar moeite met die uitsoek en aanstuur van foto’s. Mnr. Theuns de Klerk vir die natrek van kaarte. Me. Marike Cockeran vir die voorstelling van statistiese gegewens. Mnr. Henry Cockeran en me. Petra Gainsford vir die tegniese versorging van die proefskrif. Dr. Karen van der Merwe (Vakgroep Sielkunde, NWU-Vaaldriehoekkampus) vir haar raad en hulp rakende die begrip geestesveerkragtigheid, en literatuur in dié verband. My gesin – Jan, Waldo, Johann, Kathryn, Cobus, Marike en Henry – wat nooit moeg geword het vir al my vertellings nie en vir hulle ondersteuning, aanmoediging en bemoediging. i GLOSSARIUM VAN TERME EN BEGRIPPE Afrikaanssprekendes: Vir die doel van die studie word die term Afrikaner en Afrikaanssprekendes gebruik om na die Afrikaans-/Hollandssprekende blankes te verwys wat tydens die uitbreek van die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog in Suid-Afrika woonagtig was. Die term Boer word soms as alternatief gebruik. Anglo-Boereoorlog: Die oorlog tussen Brittanje en die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek en die Republiek van die Oranje-Vrystaat, 1899-1902. Die benaminge “Tweede Vryheidsoorlog” en “Die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog” word ook gebruik. In die studie is die benaming “Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog” of net “dié Oorlog” gebruik. Boererepublieke: Die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek en die Republiek van die Oranje- Vrystaat. Dingaansdag: 16 Desember, die dag waarop die Voortrekkers se oorwinning oor die Zoeloes by Bloedrivier gedenk is. Inkerkering: Die afsondering van persone van hulle familie, normale omgewing, lewenswyse, kultuur en sosiale lewe. Interneer: In ’n interneringskamp gevange hou. Interneringskamp: Beveiligde kamp waarin krygsgevangenes of politieke gevangenes aangehou word. Joiner: ’n Boer wat gedurende die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog saam met die Engelse die wapen teen die Boeremagte opgeneem het. Konsentrasiekampbewoners: Dit is burgerlikes wat weens hulle vereenselwiging met ’n spesifieke etniese of politieke groep aangehou word. Krygsgevangenes: Die persone is volgens internasionale reg lede van ’n vyandelike weermag en wat deur opponerende magte gevang en aangehou is. Oorlogskampbewoners: Gevangenes in die konsentrasie- en krygsgevangenekampe. ii OVS: Republiek van die Oranje-Vrystaat. Patriotisme: Vaderlandsliefde, ’n gevoel van lojaliteit en liefde teenoor die vaderland. Suid-Afrika: Die benaming “Suid-Afrika” het in 1899 geografies na die twee Britse kolonies (Natal en die Kaapkolonie) en die onafhanklike Boererepublieke (Republiek van die Oranje-Vrystaat en die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) verwys. Trauma: Emosionele trauma is die verwonding van ’n mens se gees, emosies, waardigheid, geloof in jouself, die omgewing en gevoel van veiligheid en geborgenheid. Veerkragtigheid: Dit is die universele vermoë wat individue, groepe of gemeenskappe in staat stel om skadelike gevolge van teëspoed en probleme te voorkom, te verminder, te verwerk of te oorkom. Verskroeideaardebeleid: Britse militêre beleid waarvolgens plase wat vir militêre doeleindes gebruik is of waar vroue op die plase as spioene opgetree het, afgebrand is. ZAR: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. iii GEGEWENS VIR OMSKAKELING NA METRIEKE MATE Akker: ’n Grondoppervlak van 0,4047 hektaar. Morg: ’n Landmaat van 100 x 100 jaart; een morg is 0,8567 hektaar. Myl: ’n Afstand van 1,609 kilometer. Jaart: ’n Lengtemaat van 0,91 meter. Voet: ’n Lengtemaat van 0,3 meter. Duim: ’n Lengtemaat van 25,4 millimeter. Gelling: ’n Inhoudsmaat van 4,546 liter. Pint: ’n Inhoudsmaat van 568,2 milliliter. Pond: ’n Gewigseenheid van 453,6 gram of 0,45 kilogram. Fahrenheit: ’n Temperatuur van 68 grade Fahrenheit is 20,0 grade Celsius. iv OPSOMMING Die Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog van 1899 tot 1902 was ’n totale aanslag wat die inkerkering van duisende mense meegebring het. Van die 219 000 nie-Britse blanke inwoners van die Zuid-Afrikaansche en Oranje-Vrystaatse Republieke is ten minste 145 408 (66 persent) gedurende die verloop van die Oorlog in 50 konsentrasiekampe en 34 krygsgevangenekampe geïnterneer. Onmenslike lyding en ontberinge het die dood van ten minste 29 045 van dié gevangenes tot gevolg gehad. Die inkerkering van soveel duisende nie-Britse blanke inwoners van die twee Boererepublieke was ’n traumatiese gebeurtenis in die Afrikaner se geskiedenis. Alhoewel die geskiedenis van die konsentrasiekampe vir blankes en die krygsgevangenekampe deeglik opgeteken is, is daar weinig materiaal oor sommige aspekte van hulle ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe beskikbaar. Die doel van die studie is om ’n bydrae tot ’n ewewigtige geheelbeskouing van beide die krygsgevangenes en konsentrasiekampbewoners se ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe te lewer. ’n Vergelykende studiebenadering is gevolg in die bepaling van die historiese profiele van die ingekerkerde persone se gemeenskapslewe. Die fokus is op hoe beide die konsentrasiekampbewoners en krygsgevangenes ’n ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe ervaar en hanteer het. In die studie word uitgewys hoe ’n ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe beide die konsentrasiekampbewoners en krygsgevangenes se lewe fisiek en geestelik ontwrig het. Daar word ook gelet op hoe die skeiding van geliefdes en gebrek aan nuus daartoe bygedra het dat die gevangenes hulle ingekerkerde bestaan as bykans ondraaglik beleef het. Hulle verlange na en hoop op nuus van geliefdes het ook gedurende die Oorlog intenser geword. In die studie word verder uitgewys hoe die verskroeideaardebeleid, brandstigting en soveel lewensverlies by die gevangenes ’n standvastigheid en gevoel van patriotisme versterk het en hoe sommige, vir wie die verlies aan vryheid en die haglike omstandighede in die kampe oorweldigend was, verskeie pogings aangewend het om uit die gehate gevangenskap te ontvlug. v In die studie word daar ook gelet op hoe beide die konsentrasiekampbewoners en krygsgevangenes, ten spyte van besonder intensbeleefde fisieke en geestelike ontwrigting, ’n oorlewingsveerkragtigheid getoon het en hoe die verskillende aktiwiteite, uitstappies, skole, die gevangenes se fyn sin vir humor en hulle diepe godsdienssin belangrike oorlewingsmeganismes in hulle hantering van ’n ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe was en dat dit tot hulle geestelike welsyn bygedra het en hulle moraal verhoog het. Beide die konsentrasiekampbewoners en krygsgevangenes het, ongeag verskille in fisieke en geestelike ontwrigting, ’n ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe as ondraaglik beleef. Lewensveerkragtigheid en soortgelyke oorlewingsmeganismes het tot hulle innerlike welstand bygedra en om tog sin aan ’n ingekerkerde gemeenskapslewe te gee. Sleutelterme Suid-Afrikaanse Oorlog, Anglo-Boereoorlog,Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, konsentrasie- en krygsgevangenekampe, inkerkering, internering, Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, ZAR, Republiek van die Oranje-Vrystaat, OVS, verskroeideaardebeleid, vergelykende studies. vi ABSTRACT The South African War of 1899 to 1902 was a total onslaught that brought about the incarceration of thousands of people. Of the 219 000 non-British whites in the South African and Orange Free State Republics, at least 145 408 (66 percent) were interned during the course of the war in 50 concentration and 34 Boer prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. Inhuman suffering and hardships, resulted in the deaths of at least 29 045 of those prisoners. The incarceration of so many thousands of non-British European inhabitants of the two republics was a traumatic event in the history of the Afrikaner. Although the history of the concentration camps for whites and the Boer prisoner-of-war camps were well documented, there is little material available on some aspects of their incarcerated community life. The purpose of this study is to make a contribution to a balanced overall view of both the concentration camp inhabitants and the Boer prisoners’ of war incarcerated community life. A comparative study approach was used to determine the historical profile(s) of the incarcerated people’s community life. The focus is on how both the concentration camp prisoners and Boer prisoners of war experienced and dealt with an incarcerated community life. It is shown in this study how an incarcerated community life disrupted the Boer prisoners of war as well as the concentration camp prisoners’ lives both physically and mentally. Attention is also given to how the separation from loved ones and the lack of news contributed to the fact that prisoners experienced
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