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Spring Chinook Refugia Conservation of California’S Imperiled Wild Run

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Spring Chinook Refugia Conservation of California’S Imperiled Wild Run Spring Chinook Refugia Conservation of California’s Imperiled Wild Run Fall 2015 Salmon River Restoration Council The Spring Run “Saruk Amkuuf” Lyra Cressey Josh Saxon SRRC Associate Director SRRC Executive Director There was a time when 100,000 wild spring salmon would With the spring months comes the beginning of run up the Klamath River and its tributaries; a time when pic-ya-vish (world renewal ceremonies) for the stories tell of salmon so thick that horses balked fording Karuk people residing in the middle Klamath the river through their masses. Entering the Klamath on River and lower Salmon River regions. Near the the tide of the spring run-off, spring Chinook would migrate confluence of the Salmon and Klamath Rivers a quickly upriver to the headwater streams, there to hold Priest and his assistant would harvest the first in deep, cold pools through the long months of summer. ishyâat, spring salmon, and begin the process The Salmon, Scott and Shasta, as well as the Sprague and of saruk’ámkuuf, spring salmon ceremony, that Williamson Rivers all hosted large populations that fed both translates to “downhill smoke”. humans and nature bounteously. Salmon and especially spring salmon, was the single most important source of Utilizing special tools like trigger nets, obsidian food for the tribes living along the rivers of the Klamath, blades and fire starters this ceremony marked as well as the center of their spiritual lives. Prior to Euro the start of a period of time where all the American contact, up to 50% of native people’s energy and tribes in the region refrained from harvest, protein came from the rich, nutritious salmon. There is no and fish could pass and populate spawning overstating the importance of spring salmon for the health grounds at higher elevations. Sustainable and well-being of the entire Klamath River ecosystem. harvest practices have been a way of life since time began in Karuk country, and these Today, after a century and a half of mining, overharvest, practices led to harvest levels that provided a dam building, logging and farming, wild spring Chinook rich and abundant lifestyle for all river tribes. salmon in the Klamath have essentially disappeared. Only After saruk’ámkuuf was complete, runners the Salmon River and South Fork Trinity still host viable runs, and signals were sent downriver and upriver and they are dangerously small. Over the past 25 years of to communicate to those families that monitoring, the Salmon River run has averaged just over harvest had begun. 700 adult fish, with some years dropping to as few as 90. Dip netting on the Klamath River, from the Daggett photo collection of the Siskiyou Co. Historical Society. The South Fork Trinity run is even more imperiled, hovering Tribal people living in the Klamath Basin still recognize the spiritual importance of ishyâat as a connection to our past and the key close to an “extinction vortex” (see article page 12). to our spiritual health and well-being into the future. While modern practices have greatly influenced tribal harvest methods, many of the ceremonial practices led by families today tie the people to significant places, life-giving food sources and traditional The Salmon River Restoration Council was formed in 1992 the Klamath. Many monitoring and habitat restoration projects management practices. The traditional diet of the indigenous people of this region relied heavily on salmon, with over half of their when a group of community members became aware of the have centered around understanding and restoring spring Chinook. yearly protein needs met by fish. Even today when the first fish are brought to the elders, families look forward to putting away significance of the dwindling population of spring Chinook We’ve focused on bringing tribes, agencies and communities jars of smoked fish for the wintertime. The people relied on annual ceremony, time tested harvesting protocols and communal salmon. Educational workshops and theatrical performances together to develop solutions that will hopefully one day result in generosity to prosper and be healthy. were held to increase local awareness of the issue, and the recovery of these unique fish. Despite wild spring Chinook salmon’s distinct life history, cultural The present condition of our ishyâat has prompted tribal significance and imperiled population, they remain unmanaged fishermen, managing agencies, concerned community as a separate run from fall Chinook, and unlisted under the members and scientists to focus our collective efforts Endangered Species Act. A complex genetic story and narrowly on restoring this keystone run of salmon. Because defined management parameters have led to unwillingness by the spring run of salmon in the Klamath began the managing agencies to separate the two runs. As the capabilities harvest season for all basin tribes, the importance of of genetic research rapidly evolve, that may be changing however. understanding their role in the short and long-term New techniques have enabled researchers to isolate the individual restoration of the Klamath region has been elevated. gene that makes spring Chinook unique from fall Chinook, which These fish not only contributed the bulk of fat content will likely have important implications for future management needed by humans coming out of long winters; the decisions. spawned fish also contributed to fertilizing riparian vegetation and sustaining wildlife. The life-cycle of our On the Salmon River, spring Chinook have become somewhat spring-run fish has been largely compromised, and if iconic in the past 2½ decades, serving as a symbol for the many we lose this run the likelihood of negatively affecting things that make this watershed so special and the importance of a multitude of plant and animal species, as well as “preserving the best.” We continue to strive towards a day when humans, who are reliant on ishyâat for spiritual balance our children will be able to fish for Springers again in the clear green and physical health increases. We need to look at this waters of the Salmon. issue as a community and begin to voice our concerns community members began participating in monitoring to one another, fisheries managers and funders. These Photo left - An SRRC community restoration focused event in 2004 included a play, efforts being conducted by managing agencies. Since those informational tabling,and local food. fish have sustained the people for many, many years. early days the SRRC has become a leader in the effort to Above - Springers on the Mainstem Salmon, photo by Will Harling We owe them a debt of gratitude, and the least we can protect and restore wild spring Chinook populations in Right - Junie Donahue, Dip netting in the mid Klamath circa 1970’s, courtesy of the do is fight for their health and well-being. 2 Donahue family. 3 Spring Chinook, To be or Not to be….. A Klamath River Love Affair on the Rocks Nat Pennington Spring Chinook Specialist, and former SRRC Fisheries Program Coordinator Klamath River Basin Historic Spring Chinook Distribution Spring Chinook were once the most prolific fish in the Klamath Basin. Copco No.1 Dam 1917 They thrived in the headwater streams of the Klamath, in tributaries Link River Dam such as the Sprague, Wood and Williamson rivers in Oregon and the 1921 Shasta, Scott, and Salmon rivers of California. By the early 20th century Copco No.2 Dam 1925 however, spring Chinook suffered precipitous declines due to large Keno Dams scale canneries, hydraulic mining, dams, and diversions. The majority 1931 J.C. Boyle Dam of spring Chinook habitat was lost following the construction of dams 1958 on the Klamath, Shasta and Trinity rivers. Shasta River Springers Iron Gate Dam virtually disappeared with the construction of Dwinnell Dam in 1926. 1962 During the 20th century, the decline of spring-run Chinook continued as a result of further dam building, logging and road construction. Heavy sedimentation occurred as a result of the 1964 flood, when heavy rains on deforested slopes and logging roads caused catastrophic landslides. By the 1980s, Springers had been largely eliminated from much of their former habitat because the cold, clear water and deep pools that they require were either absent or inaccessible. In the Klamath River drainage above the Trinity, only the population in the Salmon River remains. The Trinity River Hatchery (TRH) releases over 1 million juvenile spring-run Chinook every year. Because the Trinity River run of several Trinity Dam thousand fish per year is sustained largely by the TRH, the Salmon 1962 River population may be the last self-sustaining wild (naturally Lewiston Dam spawning) population in the Klamath Basin. Apparently, all spawners always knew if we could survive until our first fish runs in 1963 in the mainstem Trinity River below Lewiston Dam are of hatchery the early spring we would be blessed with the life once origin. It is believed that historically spring and fall Chinook salmon again. We would give thanks to the creator each spring in returning to the Trinity River, were reproductively isolated. Spring-run March during our first fish ceremony and thank the creator fish spawned upstream in early fall, and fall-run fish spawned further for this gift of life.” downstream in late fall. However, construction of Lewiston Dam and the TRH in 1964 resulted in extensive compression of spawning National Marine Fisheries Service debated designation of habitat and the potential for inadvertent interbreeding of the two the Klamath spring-run Chinook as a distinct evolutionarily runs. A study completed by A. Kinziger suggested the occurrence of significant unit (ESU), eligible for protections under hybridization between spring and fall-run Chinook salmon returning the Endangered Species Act, but decided, based on the to TRH. Although there is no proof, it is likely that spring and fall run genetic technology available at the time, that it was too Chinook were inadvertently interbred by the TRH.
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