DOCSLIB.ORG

Benchmark.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Benchmark.Pdf Welcome to the EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU NETWORK 2009 Plenary Meeting Szent István University, Gödöllő, HUNGARY 14 - 15 September, 2009 Benchmark soils Introduction to the topic Current EU Needs /Expectations Harmonized maps on soil resources Harmonized observations / data bases and maps mainly on properties limiting soil functions (property / functional maps) Definition and delineation of „risk areas” Problems Data collection methods of inventory and monitoring are very diverse - mostly not satisfying sampling and analytical requirements (accurcy) Data base structures and availability are diverse Almost all member states have their own national soil classification systems → comparison of soil conditions difficult at EU level Aggregation on a 50 to 50 km grid => A great heterogeneity Gaps in southern EU ENVASSO ENVASSO ENVASSO Vertical sampling design unknown Pedogenetic horizons Fixed depth sampling Both sampling Choosing sites n = 65 Others Random Judgemental Systematic ENVASSO Maximal depth of sampling 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Cumulated frequency Cumulated 0% 0 50 100 150 200 Soil depth (cm) ENVASSO → No way that we can fill the gaps in short period of time We cant get detailed quality data for the entire Europe Problems Data collection methods of inventory and monitoring are very diverse mostly not satisfying sampling and analytical requirements (accurcy) Data base structures and availability are diverse Almost all member states have their own national soil classification systems → comparison of soil conditions difficult at EU level INSPIRE INSPIRE is based on existing data Problems Data collection methods of inventory and monitoring are very diverse Data base structures and availability are diverse mostly not satisfying sampling and analytical requirements (accurcy) Almost all member states have their own national soil classification systems → comparison of soil conditions difficult at EU level The WRB allows soils from different regions or countries to be identified and characterized with the same terminology. Csernozjom (H) Cernice (Cz) Schwarzerde (D) Mollisol (USA) MollicMollic horizonhorizon MollicMollic horizonhorizon MollicMollic horizonhorizon MollicMollic horizonhorizon CalcicCalcic horizonhorizon CalcicCalcic horizonhorizon CalcicCalcic horizonhorizon CalcicCalcic horizonhorizon Chernozems (WRB) Allows soil from different regions or countries to be identified and characterized with the same terminology. Podzol (H) Podzol (Ir) Podzol (Fr) Podzol (Cz) AlbicAlbic horizonhorizon AlbicAlbic horizonhorizon AlbicAlbic horizonhorizon AlbicAlbic horizonhorizon ArgicArgic horizonhorizon ArgicArgic horizonhorizon SpodicSpodic horizonhorizon SpodicSpodic horizonhorizon Alisol (WRB) Luvisol (WRB) Podzol (WRB) Podzol (WRB) 1:1M Original polygons were not changed Gelisols (ST) Cryozems (Russia) Cryosols (WRB) In case of „proper correlation”, methodology and terminology problems occur; There are consequences on spatial distribution; Conclusions /questions We should not give up to fill up the gaps, but need detailed information on important / common soils urgently → who? how? Standardization / Harmonization / Correlation (?) → who ? Data, maintenance accessibilityy → who ? Conclusions We should not give up to fill up the gaps, but need detailed information on important / common soils urgently → who? how? Benchmark soils / sites Standardization / Harmonization / Correlation (?) → who ? A correlator network Data, maintenance accessibility → who ? JRC? Or Shall we start more seriously suggest / design a European Soil Conservation Network Organization Benchmark Soils Definition (National Soil Survey Handbook, NSSH) A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas, one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance. A benchmark soil represents other soils. Knowledge of the properties and behavior of benchmark soils contributes to the understanding and interpretation of other soils with similar properties. Purpose Benchmark soils help to focus the investigative effort on soils that have the greatest potential for extending collected data and resultant interpretations to other soils. Benchmark soils are useful in planning many kinds of soil studies. Use of benchmark soils: • assessing conservation effects • evaluating soil interpretations • monitoring dynamic soil property changes • measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity • determining soil quality • verifying and testing soil erodibility factors • collecting crop and range plant adaptation and yields • assessing soil fertility • locating sources for training • modeling crop/soil/pesticide scenarios for surface water and groundwater assessments • modeling pedotransfer functions Criteria Soils that represent the range of soil conditions within a major land resource area serve as benchmark soil The criteria are: A benchmark soil is one of large extent, one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, or one that has special significance to farming, engineering, forestry, urban development, wetland or other uses. Reference profile A well characterized and documented profile that can be used as refernce for identifying similar soils (regardless of extent or significance) Benchmark soil A well characterized soil that has great extent and/or significance Benchmark A landform /soil association tat occurs catena frequently (most probably with similar threats) Benchmark A defined area with benhmark soils study site where detailed investigations are (can be) carried out Who is going do the work? Correlation /harmonization → Correlation network Coordination of selection, data collection maintenance → Shall we start more seriously suggest / design a European Soil Conservation Network Organization.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fate of Organic Carbon in Paddy Soils – Results of Alisol and Andosol Incubation with 13C Marker
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 18, EGU2016-17404, 2016 EGU General Assembly 2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Fate of organic carbon in paddy soils – results of Alisol and Andosol incubation with 13C marker Pauline Winkler (1), Chiara Cerli (2), Sabine Fiedler (3), Susanne Woche (4), Sri Rahayu Utami (5), Reinhold Jahn (1), Karsten Kalbitz (6), and Klaus Kaiser (1) (1) Soil Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, (2) Earth Surface Science, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (3) Soil Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, (4) Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany, (5) Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia, (6) Soil Science & Site Ecology, TU Dresden, Germany For a better understanding of organic carbon (OC) decomposition in paddy soils an incubation experiment was performed. Two soil types with contrasting mineralogy (Alisol and Andosol) were exposed to 8 anoxic–oxic cycles over 1 year. Soils received rice straw marked with 13C (228 at the beginning of each cycle. A second set of samples without straw addition was used as control. Headspacesh of the incubation vessels were regularly analysed for CO2 and CH4. In soil solutions, redox potential, pH, dissolved organic C (DOC), and Fe2+ were measured after each anoxic and each oxic phase. Soils were fractionated by density at the end of the experiment and the different fractions were isotopically analysed. Samples of genuine paddy soils that developed from the test soils were used as reference. During anoxic cycles, soils receiving rice straw released large amounts of CO2 and CH4, indicating strong micro- bial activity.
    [Show full text]
  • World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
    ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR)
    The Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR) FIELD MANUAL FOR DETECTING AND ASSESSING PROPERTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF SOILS FOR CROPPING AND GRAZING Lothar Mueller, Uwe Schindler, Axel Behrendt, Frank Eulenstein & Ralf Dannowski Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Muencheberg, Germany with contributions of Sandro L. Schlindwein, University of St. Catarina, Florianopolis, Brasil T. Graham Shepherd, Nutri-Link, Palmerston North, New Zealand Elena Smolentseva, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ISSA), Novosibirsk, Russia Jutta Rogasik, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Braunschweig, Germany 1 Draft, Nov. 2007 The Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR) FIELD MANUAL FOR DETECTING AND ASSESSING PROPERTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF SOILS FOR CROPPING AND GRAZING Lothar Mueller, Uwe Schindler, Axel Behrendt, Frank Eulenstein & Ralf Dannowski Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e. V., Muencheberg, Germany with contributions of Sandro L. Schlindwein, University of St. Catarina, Florianopolis, Brasil T. Graham Shepherd, Nutri-Link, Palmerston North, New Zealand Elena Smolentseva, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ISSA), Novosibirsk, Russia Jutta Rogasik, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Braunschweig, Germany 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Objectives 4 2. Concept 5 3. Procedure and scoring tables 7 3.1. Field procedure 7 3.2. Scoring of basic indicators 10 3.2.0. What are basic indicators? 10 3.2.1. Soil substrate 12 3.2.2. Depth of A horizon or depth of humic soil 14 3.2.3. Topsoil structure 15 3.2.4. Subsoil compaction 17 3.2.5. Rooting depth and depth of biological activity 19 3.2.6.
    [Show full text]
  • Steps and Methods for the Identification of Potential Land-Use Units
    Steps and Methods for the Identification of Potential Land-Use Units In the San Patong Land Reform Area, Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand Dr. Harald Kirsch1, German Development Service (DED), Phnom Penh Abstract Within a joint project carried out by three academic institutions from Germany, Netherlands and Thailand in 1992 - 1995 potential land-use units were defined for a land reform area in Northern Thailand. After a stepwise integration of physical and socio-economic data all land use potentials and con- strains were analysed to explain land use changes occurred during the project period, and to sug- gest potential future types of land utilization. Besides economical constrains, the soil quality and access to water proved to be the main factors. Since the physical conditions defining the land suitability in the study area are very similar to the flat to slightly undulating lowland areas of Cambodia, conclusions for a process leading from land resource assessment (LRA) to a land suitability evaluation in this country can be drawn. Land suit- ability evaluation is supposed to support Participatory Land Use Planning (PLUP) in Cambodia. This paper summarizes the content and main points of the corresponding presentation given by the author during the LRA Forum in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in Sept. 20042. 1. Introduction The project reported here, with the title Improvement of Crop Yields and Simultaneous Environ- mental Impact Assessment in Conjunction with Intensification and Diversification of Agroforestry on Marginal Land in Northern Thailand was carried out between May 1992 and April 1995. It was sup- ported by the European Commission under the program "Life Sciences and Technologies for De- veloping Countries #3 (STD3).
    [Show full text]
  • Humus) from a Consideration of the Chemical and Biochemical Processes of Humification
    Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Natural Organic Matter (Humus) From a Consideration of the Chemical and Biochemical Processes of Humification By Robert L. Wershaw Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5121 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/ Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. iii Contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and scope.............................................................................................................................. 2 Degradation reactions of plant tissue ............................................................................................. 2 Degradation pathways of plant tissue components ............................................................................... 3 Enzymatic reactions
    [Show full text]
  • Variations in Soil Chemical and Physical Properties Explain Basin
    https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2019-24 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Variations in soil chemical and physical properties explain 2 basin-wide variations in Amazon forest soil carbon 3 densities 4 5 Carlos Alberto Quesada1,*, Claudia Paz1,2, Erick Oblitas Mendoza1, Oliver Phillips3, 6 Gustavo Saiz4,5 and Jon Lloyd4,6,7 7 8 1Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Cx. Postal 2223 – CEP 69080-971, Brazil 9 2Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Ecologia, CEP 15506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo. 10 3School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 11 4Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, 12 Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK 13 5Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Católica de la Santísima 14 Concepción, Concepción, Chile 15 6School of Tropical and Marine Sciences and Centre for Terrestrial Environmental and Sustainability 16 Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, 4870, Queensland, Australia 17 7Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Av Bandeirantes, 18 3900 , CEP 14040-901, Bairro Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 19 20 *Correspondence to: Beto Quesada ([email protected]) 21 22 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2019-24 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 23 Abstract. 24 We investigate the edaphic, mineralogical and climatic controls of soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration 25 utilising data from 147 pristine forest soils sampled in eight different countries across the Amazon Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Seção V - Gênese, Morfologia E Classificação Do Solo
    EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS... 573 SEÇÃO V - GÊNESE, MORFOLOGIA E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO SOLO EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FERRALSOLS AND RELATED SOILS(1) E. KLAMT(2) & L. P. VAN REEUWIJK(3) SUMMARY Morphological, physical and chemical data of 58 soil profiles of Ferralsols and low activity clay Cambisols, Lixisols, Acrisols and Nitisols and of Alisols of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) collection, described and sampled in eighteen different countries of tropical and subtropical regions, were selected to analyse their consistency and, or, variability and to search for properties to better describe and differentiate them. The soil profile descriptions were based on the guidelines of FAO and the FAO endorsed analytical methods of ISRIC. Frequence diagrams of the data show an asymmetric positively skewed and leptokurtic distribution for sand and silt fractions, specific surface, exchangeable bases and cation exchange capacity. Clustering soil colour hues, values and chromas rendered four distinct clusters, respectively of Rhodic, Rhodic/Xanthic (Haplic), Xanthic and Humic properties. The same technique applied to particle size distribution also originated four clusters, respectively of fine loamy, fine silty, clayey and fine clayey soils. Most of the soils analysed are acid, with low base saturation, except for Rhodic Nitisols and Rhodic Ferralsols, which present low exchangeable aluminium. Higher and variable values of this property are found in the other soil classes studied. Cation exchange capacity is also low and related to the kaolinitic and oxihydroxydic composition of the clay material. Regression analysis applied to cation exchange capacity resulted in low correlations with clay and silt content and higher with organic carbon and specific surface and clay content.
    [Show full text]
  • Qt5pn506qr.Pdf
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Cover cropping and no-till increase diversity and symbiotroph:saprotroph ratios of soil fungal communities Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pn506qr Authors Schmidt, R Mitchell, J Scow, K Publication Date 2019-02-01 DOI 10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.010 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Soil Biology and Biochemistry 129 (2019) 99–109 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Soil Biology and Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/soilbio Cover cropping and no-till increase diversity and symbiotroph:saprotroph ratios of soil fungal communities T ∗ Radomir Schmidta, ,Jeffrey Mitchellb, Kate Scowa a Department of LAWR, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA b Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Fungi are important members of soil microbial communities in row-crop and grassland soils, provide essential Saprotroph ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and soil structure, but fungi are also Symbiotroph more sensitive to physical disturbance than other microorganisms. Adoption of conservation management Pathotroph practices such as no-till and cover cropping shape the structure and function of soil fungal communities. No-till Fungal guild eliminates or greatly reduces the physical disturbance that re-distributes organisms and nutrients in the soil No-till profile and disrupts fungal hyphal networks, while cover crops provide additional types and greater abundance Cover crops of organic carbon sources. In a long-term, row crop field experiment in California's Central Valley we hy- pothesized that a more diverse and plant symbiont-enriched fungal soil community would develop in soil managed with reduced tillage practices and/or cover crops compared to standard tillage and no cover crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Clay and Oxide Mineralogy of Different Limestone Soils in Southeast Asia
    Clay and oxide mineralogy of different limestone soils in Southeast Asia Karl Stahr 1, Ulrich Schuler 3, Volker Häring 1, Gerd Clemens 2, Ludger Herrmann 1 und Mehdi Zarei 1 1 Institut of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Hohenheim University, D-70593 Stuttgart 2 Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg, D-30655 Hannover 3 The Uplands Program, Vietnamese-German Center, Technical Universität Hanoi, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam Email of corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Limestone areas in the tropics are rare. However in South Asia they occur frequently. Soils derived from Palaeozoic and Mesozoic limestones in North Laos and Thailand, Vietnam were sampled. Dominant soils were Alisols and Acrisols in Thailand, Acrisols with few Luvisols in Laos and Luvisols with Alisols in Vietnam. The clay minerals show a sequence from illite to vermiculite and kaolinite. In strongly weathered profiles gibbsite is abundant while goethite and hematite occur sporadically. Chemical fertility is endangered in all areas, particularly in very weathered profiles of Thailand and the erosion problem is highest in Vietnam. Both are consequences of soil development and current land use. Introduction Limestone areas in Southeast Asia are characterized by unique landforms consisting of limestone towers with carstic depressions in between. Due to the deep and rugged slopes this areas is mostly inhabited by the socially disadvantaged groups like ethnic minorities. Fallow based farming systems without chemical fertilizer and pesticide applications are still prevailing in these areas. However recently a change from long time fallow system to short time fallow based farming systems including the application of agrochemicals is observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Soil Erosion in Ecosystems
    Ecosystems (1998) 1: 416–426 ECOSYSTEMS ௠ 1998 Springer-Verlag Ecology of Soil Erosion in Ecosystems David Pimentel* and Nadia Kounang College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 5126 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-0901, USA ABSTRACT Each year, about 75 billion tons of soil are eroded ductivity of the land by loss of water, soil organic from the world’s terrestrial ecosystems. Most agricul- matter, nutrients, biota, and depth of soil. The tural land in the world is losing soil at rates ranging greatest threat to providing food for a rapidly grow- from 13 tons/ha/year to 40 tons/ha/year. Because ing human population is soil erosion. Abandoned, soil is formed very slowly, this means that soil is eroded agricultural land is replaced by clearing being lost 13–40 times faster than the rate of forested ecosystems. renewal and sustainability. Rain and wind energy are the two prime causes of erosion from tilled or bare land. Erosion occurs when the soil lacks protec- Key words: soil; erosion; food; agriculture; nutri- tive vegetative cover. Soil erosion reduces the pro- ents; water. INTRODUCTION When agricultural land is eroded and can no longer be made productive, it is abandoned. To com- Soil erosion from land areas is widespread and pensate for the loss, forests are cleared to provide adversely affects all natural and human-managed needed agricultural land (Myers 1989). Indeed, ecosystems, including agriculture and forestry. For erosion is the major cause of the deforestation now that reason, soil erosion ranks as one of the most taking place throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazon Basin Forest Pyrogenic Carbon Stocks First
    Geoderma 306 (2017) 237–243 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geoderma journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma Amazon Basin forest pyrogenic carbon stocks: First estimate of deep storage MARK ⁎ Nina Koelea, , Michael Birdb, Jordahna Haigb, Ben Hur Marimon-Juniora, Beatriz Schwantes Marimona, Oliver L. Phillipsc, Edmar A. de Oliveiraa, C.A. Quesadad, ⁎⁎ Ted R. Feldpauscha,e, a Laboratório de Ecología Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000 Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil b College of Science, Technology and Engineering and Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia c School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK d National Institute for Research in Amazonia (INPA), C.P. 2223, 69080-971 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil e Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Amazon Basin forest soils contain considerable soil organic carbon stocks; however, the contribution of soil Deep mineral soil horizons pyrogenic carbon (PyC) to the total is unknown. PyC is derived from local fires (historical and modern) and Soil organic carbon external inputs via aeolian deposition. To establish an initial estimate of PyC stocks in non-terra preta forest with Pyrogenic carbon stability no known history of fire, to assess site and vertical variability, as well as to determine optimal sampling design, we sampled 37 one hectare forest plots in the Amazon Basin and analysed PyC via hydrogen pyrolysis of three individual samples per plot and of bulked samples to 200 cm depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture Notes on the Major Soils of the World
    LECTURE NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHY, FORMATION, PROPERTIES AND USE OF THE MAJOR SOILS OF THE WORLD P.M. Driessen & R. Dudal (Eds) in Q AGRICULTURAL KATHOLIEKE 1 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITEIT ^.. WAGENINGEN LEUVEN \^ ivr^ - SI I 82 o ) LU- w*y*'tinge n ökSjuiOTHEEK ÎCANDBOUWUNWERSIIEI^ WAGENINGEN TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION The FAO-Unesco classificationo f soils 3 Diagnostichorizon s anddiagnosti cpropertie s 7 Key toMajo r SoilGrouping s 11 Correlation 14 SET 1. ORGANIC SOILS Major SoilGrouping :HISTOSOL S 19 SET 2. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYHUMA N INFLUENCES Major SoilGrouping :ANTHROSOL S 35 SET 3. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYTH E PARENT MATERIAL Major landforms involcani c regions 43 Major SoilGrouping :ANDOSOL S 47 Major landforms inregion swit h sands 55 Major SoilGrouping :ARENOSOL S 59 Major landforms insmectit eregion s 65 Major SoilGrouping :VERTISOL S 67 SET 4. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYTH E TOPOGRAPHY/PHYSIOGRAPHY Major landforms inalluvia l lowlands 83 Major SoilGroupings :FLUVISOL S 93 (with specialreferenc e toThioni c Soils) GLEYSOLS 105 Major landforms inerodin gupland s 111 Major SoilGroupings :LEPTOSOL S 115 REGOSOLS 119 SET 5. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYTHEI RLIMITE D AGE Major SoilGrouping : CAMBISOLS 125 SET 6. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA WE T (SUB)TROPICAL CLIMATE Major landforrasi ntropica l regions 133 Major SoilGroupings :PLINTHOSOL S 139 FERRALSOLS 147 NITISOLS 157 ACRISOLS 161 ALISOLS 167 LIXISOLS 171 SET 7. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA (SEMI-)AR-ID CLIMATE Major landforms inari d regions 177 Major SoilGroupings :SOLONCHAK S 181 SOLONETZ 191 GYPSISOLS 197 CALCISOLS 203 SET 8. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA STEPPIC CLIMATE Major landforms instepp e regions 211 Major Soil Groupings:KASTANOZEM S 215 CHERNOZEMS 219 PHAEOZEMS 227 GREYZEMS 231 SET 9.
    [Show full text]