DOCSLIB.ORG

Lecture Notes on the Major Soils of the World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LECTURE NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHY, FORMATION, PROPERTIES AND USE OF THE MAJOR SOILS OF THE WORLD P.M. Driessen & R. Dudal (Eds) in Q AGRICULTURAL KATHOLIEKE 1 UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITEIT ^.. WAGENINGEN LEUVEN \^ ivr^ - SI I 82 o ) LU- w*y*'tinge n ökSjuiOTHEEK ÎCANDBOUWUNWERSIIEI^ WAGENINGEN TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION The FAO-Unesco classificationo f soils 3 Diagnostichorizon s anddiagnosti cpropertie s 7 Key toMajo r SoilGrouping s 11 Correlation 14 SET 1. ORGANIC SOILS Major SoilGrouping :HISTOSOL S 19 SET 2. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYHUMA N INFLUENCES Major SoilGrouping :ANTHROSOL S 35 SET 3. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYTH E PARENT MATERIAL Major landforms involcani c regions 43 Major SoilGrouping :ANDOSOL S 47 Major landforms inregion swit h sands 55 Major SoilGrouping :ARENOSOL S 59 Major landforms insmectit eregion s 65 Major SoilGrouping :VERTISOL S 67 SET 4. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYTH E TOPOGRAPHY/PHYSIOGRAPHY Major landforms inalluvia l lowlands 83 Major SoilGroupings :FLUVISOL S 93 (with specialreferenc e toThioni c Soils) GLEYSOLS 105 Major landforms inerodin gupland s 111 Major SoilGroupings :LEPTOSOL S 115 REGOSOLS 119 SET 5. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYTHEI RLIMITE D AGE Major SoilGrouping : CAMBISOLS 125 SET 6. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA WE T (SUB)TROPICAL CLIMATE Major landforrasi ntropica l regions 133 Major SoilGroupings :PLINTHOSOL S 139 FERRALSOLS 147 NITISOLS 157 ACRISOLS 161 ALISOLS 167 LIXISOLS 171 SET 7. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA (SEMI-)AR-ID CLIMATE Major landforms inari d regions 177 Major SoilGroupings :SOLONCHAK S 181 SOLONETZ 191 GYPSISOLS 197 CALCISOLS 203 SET 8. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA STEPPIC CLIMATE Major landforms instepp e regions 211 Major Soil Groupings:KASTANOZEM S 215 CHERNOZEMS 219 PHAEOZEMS 227 GREYZEMS 231 SET 9. MINERAL SOILS CONDITIONED BYA (SUB)HUMID TEMPERATE CLIMATE Major landforms intemperat e regions 237 Major SoilGroupings :LUVISOL S 241 P0DZ0LUVIS0LS 247 PLANOSOLS 253 PODZOLS 259 REFERENCES Literature cited 269 ANNEXES Annex 1 Definitions ofdiagnosti c horizons 275 Annex 2 Definitions ofdiagnosti c properties 281 Annex 3 Definitions ofphase s 287 Annex 4 Soilhorizo ndesignation s 291 PREFACE These Lecture Noteswer e co-producedb y theAgricultura l University Wageningen, theNetherlands ,an d theFacult y ofAgricultura l Sciences of the Catholic University ofLeuven ,Belgium , insuppor t of introductory courses on SoilGeograph y and Classification. TheRevise d Legend of the FAO-Unesco SoilMa p of theWorl d (FAO,1988 )i s followed to structure the discussion of the distribution, formation, characteristics,managemen t andus e of themajo r soils of theworld . The following personshav e contributed to this syllabus: Blokhuis,W.A . Introduction, Cambisols,Vertisol s Bouma,J . Gleysols, Leptosols, Regosols Driessen, P.M. Introduction,Arenosols ,Calcisols , Gypsisols,Histosols ,Solonchaks , Solonetz Dudal, R. Introduction (The FAO-Unesco Clas­ sification of soils) Dijkerman, J.C. Ferralsols,Nitisols , Plinthosols Kroonenberg, S.B. Landforms (volcanic regions,sands , smectite regions, lowlands, eroding uplands,we t tropics,ari dregions , steppe regions,temperat e regions) Legger,D . Acrisols,Alisols ,Ferralsols ,Lixi - sols, Luvisols Miedema, R. Anthrosols,Greyzems , Podzoluvisols Mulders, M.A. Chernozems,Kastanozems ,Phaeozem s Poels,R.H.L . Planosols, Podzols VanMensvoort ,M.E.F . Fluvisols VanReeuwijk , L.P. Andosols The generoushel p received from the International SoilReferenc e and Information Centre (ISRIC),Wageningen ,whic hmad e available reference materials and illustrations, isgratefull y acknowledged. These Lecture Notes are for internalus e only; they are still ina first stage ofdevelopmen t andwil lb eprogressivel y improved.Sugges ­ tions for amendments or additions aremos twelcome . Wageningen andLeuven ,Jul y 1989 TheEditors , P.M. Driessen R. Dudal Dept. of Soil Science &Geology , Faculty ofAgricultura l Sciences, Agricultural University, Catholic University Leuven, P.O. Box 37 92Kardinaa l Mercierlaan 6700AA Wageningen B-3030 Leuven theNetherland s Belgium INTRODUGTION Introduction 3 INTRODUCTION Soils are formed through the impact of climate. vegetation & fauna, (including Man) and topography on the soil's parent material, over a variable time span. The relative importance of each of these five 'soil forming factors' insoi l formation (or 'pedogenesis')varie s amongsites ; this explainswh y there is such agrea tvariet y ofsoils . With few exceptions,soil s are still ina proces s of change; they show in their 'soil profile' signs of differentiation or alteration of the soil material, indicative ofa particula r pedogenetic history. Traditional soil names often indicate a domination of one soil forming factor over all other factors. Examples are 'desert soils' (the factor climate dominating), 'plaggen soils' (man), 'prairie soils' (vegetation), 'mountain soils' (topography), or 'volcanic ash soils' (parentmaterial) . Alternatively, soilname s refer toa dominan t single soil characteristic, e.g. the colour ('brown soils'), a chemical characteristic ('alkali soils'), ora particula r physical attribute ('hydromorphic soils'). THEFAO-UNESC O CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS Soils are identified through a system of soilclassification .Man y such systemshav ebee n developed; they differwidel ybecaus e they arebase d on different appreciations of soil formation,an dus e different criteria and different hierarchical subdivisions. The soil classification system used inthi s syllabus isth eon edevelope db y FAO (1974,1988 )fo rth eprepara ­ tion of the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World at scale 1:5,000,000. This systemha s ageographi c dimension through theWorl d SoilMap . In this syllabus, the 28 'Major Soil Groupings' that are distinguished atth ehighes t taxonomieleve l inth eFAO-Unesc o classification,hav ebee n grouped in nine 'Sets' by applying a three-step key which addresses the evolutionary and geographic background of thesoils : First, a separation ismad ebetwee norgani c soils andminera lsoils ; Secondly, mineral soils are clustered according to the dominant soil forming factor or factorswhic h conditioned soil formation; Thirdly, clusters are subdivided intoMajo r SoilGrouping s by considering which combinations of soil forming factors occurwithi n eachSet . Table 1present s thenin e Sets thatevolve : SET 1 includes the organic soils, i.e soils with more than a defined quantity of 'organic soilmaterials' .Al lorgani c soilsar eaccomodate d in only oneMajo r SoilGrouping : theHISTOSOLS . SET 2contain s theman-mad e soils. These soilsvar ywidel y inpropertie s and appearance andca noccu r inan y environment influenced by human intervention. They too have been ac­ comodated inonl y oneMajo r SoilGrouping : theANTHROSOLS . 4 Introduction TABLE1 . AllMajo r Soil Groupings (MSGs)o f the FAO-Unesco system innin e Sets. SETS DOMINANT IDENTIFIERS MSGs SET 1 Organic soils HISTOSOLS SET2 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formation is ANTHROSOLS conditioned byHuma n influences (notconfine d toan yparticula r region) SET3 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formation is conditionedb y Parent Material -Soil s developed involcani c material ANDOSOLS -Soil s developed inresidua l and shifting sands ARENOSOLS -Soil s developed inexpandin g clays VERTISOLS SET 4 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formation is conditioned byTopography/Physiograph y -Soil s inlowland s (wetlands')wit h level topography FLUVISOLS GLEYSOLS -Soil s inelevate d regionswit hnon-leve ltopograph y LEPTOSOLS REGOSOLS SET 5 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formation is CAMBISOLS conditioned by their limitedAg e (not confined toan yparticula r region) SET 6 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formation is PLINTHOSOLS conditioned by theClimat e (&Vegetation ) FERRALSOLS ofwe t tropical and subtropical regions NITISOLS ACRISOLS ALISOLS LIXISOLS SET 7 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formation is SOLONCHAKS conditioned by theClimat e (&Vegetation ) SOLONETZ ofari d and semi-arid regions GYPSISOLS CALCISOLS SET 8 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formationi s KASTANOZEMS conditionedb y theClimat e (&Vegetation ) CHERNOZEMS of steppes and steppic regions PHAEOZEMS GREYZEMS SET 9 Mineral soils inwhic h soil formationi s LUVISOLS conditioned by theClimat e (&Vegetation ) PODZOLUVISOLS of subhumid forest and grassland regions PLANOSOLS PODZOLS Introduction 5 SET 3 includes the mineral soils whose formation is conditioned by the particular properties of theirparen tmaterial . The Set includes threeMajo r SoilGroupings : (1)th e dark and fluffyANDOSOL So fvolcani cregions , (2)th e sandyARENOSOL S ofdeser t areas,beac h ridges,inlan d dunes, areaswit hhighl yweathere d sandstones,etc. ,an d (3)th e swelling and shrinking heavy clayeyVERTISOL S ofbackswamps , riverbasins ,lak ebottoms ,an d otherperiodicall y wet areaswit h a high content ofexpandin g 2:1 latticeclays . SET4 i scompose d ofminera l soilswhos eformatio nwa smarkedl y influen­ cedb y their topographic/physiographic setting. Such soils canb e found ina low terrainposition ,associate dwit hrecur ­ rent floods and/or prolonged wetness, but also in elevated and/or acci- dented terrainwher e soilformatio n ishindere db y lowtemperature s and/or erosion. The Sethold s fourMajo r SoilGroupings : (1)I n lowareas . they areyoun g alluvial FLUVISOLS which showstrati ­ ficationo r other evidence ofrecen t sedimentation, and (2)non-stratifie dGLEYSOL S inwaterlogge d areas that dono t receive regular additions ofsediment . (3)I nelevate d and/or eroding areas, they are the shallow LEPTOSOLS over
Recommended publications
  • Topic: Soil Classification

    Topic: Soil Classification

    Programme: M.Sc.(Environmental Science) Course: Soil Science Semester: IV Code: MSESC4007E04 Topic: Soil Classification Prof. Umesh Kumar Singh Department of Environmental Science School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences Central University of South Bihar, Gaya Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data/figures/materials are taken from several research articles/e-books/text books including Wikipedia and other online resources. 1 • Pedology: The origin of the soil , its classification, and its description are examined in pedology (pedon-soil or earth in greek). Pedology is the study of the soil as a natural body and does not focus primarily on the soil’s immediate practical use. A pedologist studies, examines, and classifies soils as they occur in their natural environment. • Edaphology (concerned with the influence of soils on living things, particularly plants ) is the study of soil from the stand point of higher plants. Edaphologist considers the various properties of soil in relation to plant production. • Soil Profile: specific series of layers of soil called soil horizons from soil surface down to the unaltered parent material. 2 • By area Soil – can be small or few hectares. • Smallest representative unit – k.a. Pedon • Polypedon • Bordered by its side by the vertical section of soil …the soil profile. • Soil profile – characterize the pedon. So it defines the soil. • Horizon tell- soil properties- colour, texture, structure, permeability, drainage, bio-activity etc. • 6 groups of horizons k.a. master horizons. O,A,E,B,C &R. 3 Soil Sampling and Mapping Units 4 Typical soil profile 5 O • OM deposits (decomposed, partially decomposed) • Lie above mineral horizon • Histic epipedon (Histos Gr.
  • Effect of Soil Chiseling on Soil Structure and Root Growth for a Clayey Soil Under No-Tillage

    Effect of Soil Chiseling on Soil Structure and Root Growth for a Clayey Soil Under No-Tillage

    Geoderma 259–260 (2015) 149–155 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geoderma journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma Effect of soil chiseling on soil structure and root growth for a clayey soil under no-tillage Márcio Renato Nunes a,⁎, José Eloir Denardin b, Eloy Antônio Pauletto c, Antônio Faganello b, Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto c a University of São Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil b Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR 285, km. 294, P.O. Box 451, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil c Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Soil Science, Campus Universitário s/n, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Soil chiseling under no-tillage (NT) promotes root growth in depth. This practice, however, might affect soil ag- Received 11 November 2014 gregation. This study evaluated the chiseling effects on the aggregation of a Ferralic Nitisol (Rhodic), under NT, in Received in revised form 2 June 2015 humid subtropical climate region. The treatments carried out consisted of the time that soil was kept under NT Accepted 3 June 2015 after chiseling: continuous NT for 24 months after chiseling in September 2009; continuous NT for 18 months Available online xxxx after chiseling in March 2010; continuous NT for 12 months after chiseling in September 2010; continuous NT for 6 months after chiseling in March 2011; NT in newly chiseling soil in September 2011; continuous NT without Keywords: Soil physical attributes chiseling (control).
  • (AM), BRAZIL Comissão

    (AM), BRAZIL Comissão

    936 Cira Hortensia Pérez Garcia et al. Comissão 2.3 - Mineralogia do solo CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND MINERALOGY OF SOILS WITH PLINTHITE AND PETROPLINTHITE IN IRANDUBA (AM), BRAZIL(1) Cira Hortensia Pérez Garcia(2), Hedinaldo Narciso Lima(3), Francisco Weliton Rocha Silva(4), Afrânio Ferreira Neves Junior(5), Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira(6), Rodrigo Santana Macedo(7) & Sérgio Guimarães Tavares(8) SUMMARY Large areas of Plinthosols with ferruginous materials such as plinthite and/or petroplinthite are fairly common in the Brazilian Amazon basin. This work was carried out to investigate the chemical behavior, mineralogical composition and weathering stage of four representative soil profiles with plinthite and petroplinthite, in Iranduba, AM (Central Amazon). Three well-drained soil profiles at high elevations were studied (P1, Plinthic Vetic Ferralsol; P2 and P3, Vetic Endopetric Plinthosol) and a contrasting poorly drained soil (P4 Haplic Plinthosol), located at low elevation. After profile descriptions, soil samples were collected from each horizon, air-dried, sieved (2 mm), and analyzed for particle-size distribution, pH, exchangeable cations (Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+), as well as available P and total organic carbon (TOC) content. The minerals present in the clay and sand fractions, as well as in the ferruginous materials were identified by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The weathering stage of these soils was assessed by means of Ki and Kr indexes, and the amounts of free and amorphous Fe and Al oxides by using dithionite citrate bicarbonate (DBC) and ammonium oxalate dissolution procedures, respectively. The results showed that all soils were extremely unfertile, with pH levels ranging between strong and moderate acidity, very low sum of bases and organic matter content, and of available P.
  • Fate of Organic Carbon in Paddy Soils – Results of Alisol and Andosol Incubation with 13C Marker

    Fate of Organic Carbon in Paddy Soils – Results of Alisol and Andosol Incubation with 13C Marker

    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 18, EGU2016-17404, 2016 EGU General Assembly 2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Fate of organic carbon in paddy soils – results of Alisol and Andosol incubation with 13C marker Pauline Winkler (1), Chiara Cerli (2), Sabine Fiedler (3), Susanne Woche (4), Sri Rahayu Utami (5), Reinhold Jahn (1), Karsten Kalbitz (6), and Klaus Kaiser (1) (1) Soil Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, (2) Earth Surface Science, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (3) Soil Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, (4) Soil Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany, (5) Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia, (6) Soil Science & Site Ecology, TU Dresden, Germany For a better understanding of organic carbon (OC) decomposition in paddy soils an incubation experiment was performed. Two soil types with contrasting mineralogy (Alisol and Andosol) were exposed to 8 anoxic–oxic cycles over 1 year. Soils received rice straw marked with 13C (228 at the beginning of each cycle. A second set of samples without straw addition was used as control. Headspacesh of the incubation vessels were regularly analysed for CO2 and CH4. In soil solutions, redox potential, pH, dissolved organic C (DOC), and Fe2+ were measured after each anoxic and each oxic phase. Soils were fractionated by density at the end of the experiment and the different fractions were isotopically analysed. Samples of genuine paddy soils that developed from the test soils were used as reference. During anoxic cycles, soils receiving rice straw released large amounts of CO2 and CH4, indicating strong micro- bial activity.
  • Artificial Chinampas Soils of Mexico City

    Artificial Chinampas Soils of Mexico City

    !"#$%&$'()Chinampas)*+$(,)+-) ./0$&+)1$#23)#4/$")5"+6/"#$/,) '78)*'($7$9'#$+7):'9'"8, Suelos artificiales de chinampas de la Ciudad de México: propiedades y riesgos de salinización Solos artificiais da cidade do México - Chinampas: propriedades e riscos de salinização AUTHORS Received: 24.03.2011 Revised: 02.06.2011 Accepted: 24.06.2011 1 Ramos Bello, R. ABSTRACT García Calderón, 1 N.E. !e chinampas agriculture is a traditional land use practice in the Valley of Mexico since Pre-Hispa- nic time. !e chinampas soils were constructed by excavation of lake sediments that resulted in the Ortega Escobar, 2 H.M. creation of a system of islands separated by channels. !e agricultural productivity of these artificial soils was high; also the land use practices included forestry, fish breeding and hunting. Nowadays, 3@ Krasilnikov, P. the chinampas soils are affected by excessive salinity. We studied 10 representative soil profiles in the pavel.krasilnikov@ gmail.com chinampas zone of Mexico City in order to characterize their properties and origin, to provide their classification, and to evaluate soil salinization, vertical distribution of the salts and their chemical composition. !e soils are characterized by a layered structure, uniform dark grey colour, irregular vertical distribution of organic carbon and clay, and high percentage of carbon. Some soils show an @ Corresponding Author increase in organic matter with depth, and other profiles have maximum organic matter content in the surficial layers and in the subsoil. !e dynamics of sedimentation resulted in the decrease in 1 Facultad de Ciencias, organic matter in the upper layers of lacustrine sediments, because of recent increase in erosion rate UNAM, México.
  • A Sustainable Approach for Improving Soil Properties and Reducing N2O Emissions Is Possible Through Initial and Repeated Biochar Application

    A Sustainable Approach for Improving Soil Properties and Reducing N2O Emissions Is Possible Through Initial and Repeated Biochar Application

    agronomy Article A Sustainable Approach for Improving Soil Properties and Reducing N2O Emissions Is Possible through Initial and Repeated Biochar Application Ján Horák 1,* , Tatijana Kotuš 1, Lucia Toková 1, Elena Aydın 1 , Dušan Igaz 1 and Vladimír Šimanský 2 1 Department of Biometeorology and Hydrology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (D.I.) 2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Recent findings of changing climate, water scarcity, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions have brought major challenges to sustainable agriculture worldwide. Biochar application to soil proves to be a suitable solution to these problems. Although the literature presents the pros and cons of biochar application, very little information is available on the impact of repeated application. In this study, we evaluate and discuss the effects of initial and reapplied biochar (both in rates of 0, 10, and 20 t ha−1) combined with N fertilization (at doses of 0, 40, and 80 kg ha−1) on soil properties and N O emission from Haplic Luvisol in the temperate climate zone (Slovakia). Results showed that 2 biochar generally improved the soil properties such as soil pH(KCl) (p ≤ 0.05; from acidic towards Citation: Horák, J.; Kotuš, T.; Toková, moderately acidic), soil organic carbon (p ≤ 0.05; an increase from 4% to over 100%), soil water L.; Aydın, E.; Igaz, D.; Šimanský, V.
  • Evolution of Loess-Derived Soil Along a Topo-Climatic Sequence in The

    Evolution of Loess-Derived Soil Along a Topo-Climatic Sequence in The

    European Journal of Soil Science, May 2017, 68, 270–280 doi: 10.1111/ejss.12425 Evolution of loess-derived soil along a climatic toposequence in the Qilian Mountains, NE Tibetan Plateau F. Yanga,c ,L.M.Huangb,c,D.G.Rossitera,d,F.Yanga,c,R.M.Yanga,c & G. L. Zhanga,c aState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 71 East Beijing Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210008, China, bKey Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11(A), Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China, cUniversity of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and dSchool of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA Summary Holocene loess has been recognized as the primary source of the silty topsoil in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The processes through which these uniform loess sediments develop into diverse types of soil remain unclear. In this research, we examined 23 loess-derived soil samples from the Qilian Mountains with varying amounts of pedogenic modification. Soil particle-size distribution and non-calcareous mineralogy were changed only slightly because of the weak intensity of chemical weathering. Accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and leaching of carbonate were both identified as predominant pedogenic responses to soil forming processes. Principal component analysis and structural analysis revealed the strong correlations between soil carbon (SOC and carbonate) and several soil properties related to soil functions.
  • Fiji)Iji) Uusingsing Tthehe UUSLESLE Mmodelodel Andand a GISGIS

    Fiji)Iji) Uusingsing Tthehe UUSLESLE Mmodelodel Andand a GISGIS

    COMPONENT 1A - Project 1A4 Integrated Coastal Management - GERSA Project Spatial Approach - Remote Sensing September 2008 TECHNICAL REPORT MMappingapping PotentialPotential EErosionrosion RRisksisks iinn NNorthorth VVitiiti LLevuevu (FFiji)iji) uusingsing tthehe UUSLESLE MModelodel andand a GISGIS AAuthor:uthor: JJuliaulia PPRINTEMPSRINTEMPS Photo : Julia PRINTEMPS The CRISP programme is implemented as part of the policy developed by the Secretariat of the Pacifi c Regional Environment Programme for a contribution to conservation and sustainable development of coral reefs in the Pacifi c. he Initiative for the Protection and Management of Coral Reefs in the Pacifi c T (CRISP), sponsored by France and prepared by the French Development Agency (AFD) as part of an inter-ministerial project from 2002 onwards, aims to develop a vision for the future of these unique eco-systems and the communities that depend on them and to introduce strategies and projects to conserve their biodiversity, while developing the economic and environmental services that they provide both locally and globally. Also, it is designed as a factor for integration between developed countries (Australia, New Zealand, Japan and USA), French overseas territories and Pacifi c Island developing countries. The CRISP Programme comprises three major components, which are: Component 1A: Integrated Coastal Management and Watershed Management - 1A1: Marine biodiversity conservation planning - 1A2: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) - 1A3: Institutional strengthening and networking -
  • A Review of Four Soil Amendments

    A Review of Four Soil Amendments

    Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment Volume 69, Issue 3, 141–153, 2018. 10.2478/boku-2018-0013 ISSN: 0006-5471 online, © De Gruyter, www.degruyter.com/view/j/boku Research Article Sustainable intensification of agricultural production: a review of four soil amendments Nachhaltige Intensivierung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion: ein Überblick vier verschiedener Bodenzusätze Katharina Maria Keiblinger1,* Rosana Maria Kral2 1 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria 2 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria, Centre for Development Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 22 June 2018, received in revised form: 10 September 2018, accepted: 21 September 2018 Summary Dwindling natural resources, growing population pressure, climate change, and degraded soils threaten agricultural production. In order to feed the growing world population, we have to develop strategies to sustainably intensify current agricultural production while reducing the adverse effects of agriculture. Currently, a number of amendments have come into focus for improving structure and fertility of soils. Zeolites, biochar (BC), lime, and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) are reviewed for their properties. Zeolites and BC share many characteristics, such as a high cation exchange capacity (CEC), high specific surface area, and high porosity. Lime, on the other hand, works above all through its buffering capacity and can improve aggregate stability. Although the latter amend- ments change soil physicochemical characteristics, NIs do not act on soil properties but constrain a chemical/enzymatic reaction directly. These amendments are potential strategies to mitigate ongoing soil degradation and to secure soil fertility, under the global challenges.
  • Development Direction of the Soil-Formation Processes for Reclaimed Soda Solonetz-Solonchak Soils of the Ararat Valley During Their Cultivation

    Development Direction of the Soil-Formation Processes for Reclaimed Soda Solonetz-Solonchak Soils of the Ararat Valley During Their Cultivation

    Annals of Agrarian Science 16 (2018) 69e74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Annals of Agrarian Science journal homepage: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/annals-of-agrarian- science Development direction of the soil-formation processes for reclaimed soda solonetz-solonchak soils of the Ararat valley during their cultivation R.R. Manukyan National Agrarian University of Armenia, 74, Teryan Str., Yerevan, 0009, Armenia article info abstract Article history: The data of the article show that the long-term cultivation of reclaimed sodium solonetz-solonchak soils Received 29 May 2017 entails to further improvement of their properties and in many parameters of chemical compositions of Accepted 19 August 2017 soil solution and soil-absorbing complex they come closer to irrigated meadow-brown soils in the period Available online 6 February 2018 of 15e20 years of agricultural development. The analysis of the experimental research by the method of non-linear regression shows, that for the enhancement of some yield determining parameters to the Keywords: level of irrigated meadow-brown soils, a time period of 30e40 years of soil-formation processes is Soil-formation processes needed and longer time is necessary for humidification. The forecast of soil-formation processes for the Reclaimed soda solonetz-solonchaks fi Irrigated meadow-brown soils long-term period, allows to reveal the intensity and orientation of development of the speci ed pro- fi fi Multi-year cultivation cesses and to develop the scienti cally-justi ed actions for their further improvement. Improvement © 2018 Agricultural University of Georgia. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access Forecasting article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
  • Field Indicators of Hydric Soils

    Field Indicators of Hydric Soils

    United States Department of Field Indicators of Agriculture Natural Resources Hydric Soils in the Conservation Service United States In cooperation with A Guide for Identifying and Delineating the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils Hydric Soils, Version 8.2, 2018 Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils Version 8.2, 2018 (Including revisions to versions 8.0 and 8.1) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils Edited by L.M. Vasilas, Soil Scientist, NRCS, Washington, DC; G.W. Hurt, Soil Scientist, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and J.F. Berkowitz, Soil Scientist, USACE, Vicksburg, MS ii In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339.
  • World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps

    World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps

    ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.