DOCSLIB.ORG

The Battle of Quebec (1759)1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Battle of Quebec (1759)1 1 Primary Source 9.3 THE BATTLE OF QUEBEC (1759)1 The Battle of Quebec, fought on September 13, 1759, was a turning point for the British in the Seven Years War (1756–63), in which the British and French fought over colonial possessions in North America and India. After General James Wolfe (1727–59) led the British forces to victory at Quebec, the British were able to drive France from the continent and establish dominance in North America as they added half a continent to their colonial possessions and French Louisiana was given to Spain. The letters below, sent by Generals James Wolfe and George Townshend (1724–1807) only four days apart before the battle, depict how uncertain the victory was and how it came at the perfect time to turn the tide of the war. Although the British ultimately lost the Thirteen Colonies in the American Revolution a mere twenty years later, they kept their vast Canadian territories. Some scholars argue that forcing the North American and Caribbean colonies to purchase finished British goods was a burden on the colonies and enriched the home country. Others argue that the costs of administration and defense enabled the British to benefit only minimally from colonial possessions. Either way, it was this battle and the Seven Years War as a whole that enabled Britain to build up the world’s biggest empire. For text online, click here. Letter from Wolfe at Quebec The admiral and I have examined the town, with a view to a general assault; but, after consulting with the chief engineer, who is well acquainted with the interior parts of it, and, after viewing it with the utmost attention, we found, that though the batteries2 of the lower town might be easily silenced by the men of war, yet the business of an assault would be little advanced by that, since the few passages that lead from the lower to the upper town, are carefully entrenched; and the upper batteries cannot be affected by the ships, which must receive considerable damage from them, and from the mortars. The admiral would readily join in this, or in any other measure for the public service; but I could not propose to him an undertaking of so dangerous a nature, and promising so little success. To the uncommon strength of the country, the enemy have added (for the defence of the river) a great number of floating batteries and boats. By the vigilance of these, and the Indians round our different posts, it has been impossible to execute anything by surprise. We have had almost daily skirmishes with these savages, in which they are generally defeated, but not without loss on our side. By the list of disabled officers (many of whom are of rank) you may perceive, Sir, that the army is much weakened. By the nature of the river, the most formidable 1 Charles W. Colby (ed.), Sources of English History (New York: Longmans, Green, and CO., 1899), 247– 50. 2 Artillery units. 2 part of this armament is deprived of the power of acting, yet we have almost the whole force of Canada to oppose. In this situation, there is such a choice of difficulties, that I own myself at a loss how to determine. The affairs of Great Britain, I know, require the most vigorous measures; but then the courage of a handful of brave men should be exerted only where there is some hope of a favorable event. However, you may be assured, Sir, that the small part of the campaign, which remains, shall be employed (as far as I am able) for the honor of his majesty, and the interest of the nation, in which I am sure of being well seconded by the admiral, and by the generals. Happy if our efforts here can contribute to the success of his majesty's arms in any other parts of America. I have the honour to be, with the greatest respect, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, J. WOLFE. Letter from George Townshend to His Wife My Dearest Charlotte, — I hope Mr. Perceval will arrive safe & bring you these two letters from me. The happiness of writing to you is beyond all I know. My concern for your sufferings, my affection for you & your dear little ones, convince me how unfit I am for this sceene, which another month will thank God give a conclusion to. The captive women & children which I see every day brought in here, often tell me what I am and who belong to me, but above all, the melancholly news I received the day before yesterday upon my arrival here from the cursed camp of Montmorenci3 of my poor brother's death has reproved me for not consulting my own nature more, when I ask'd you to [let me] return to the Army. It had then pleaded for you, when you did not plead for yourself & I had not been now in a sceene of ambition, confusion, misery; and you oppress'd as I know you must be, with terrours & affliction. I dare say poor Lady Tounshend too now starts at every knock at the door. Let us look up with hopes my Charlotte to the Disposer of all things & trust he will in his mercy & goodness do all for the best. I have wrote a line to poor Lady Tounshend to comfort her by convincing her of my own health & safety. One month more will put an end to our troubles. I never served so disagreeable a campaign as this. Our unequal force has reduced our operations to a sceene of skirmishing cruelty & devastation. It is war of the worst shape. A sceene I ought not to be in, for the future believe me my dear Charlotte I will seek the reverse of it. Genl.4 Wolf's health is but very bad. His generalship in my poor opinion—is not a bit better, this only between us. He never consulted any of us till the latter end of August, so that we have nothing to answer for I hope as to the success of this campaign, which from the disposition the French have made of their force must chiefly fall to Genl. Amherst & Genl. Johnson. God bless you my most dear wife, my blessing to my children, my good George in particular, and thank him for his letters. I have constantly thanked God for the success in the inoculation, a most comfortable circumstance for you. Mr. Barker 3 A camp to the north of the city of Quebec. 4 General. 3 has been slightly wounded. Mr. Gay quite recover'd & join'd us. Our campaign is just over. I shall come back in Adl. 5 Saunders's ship & in two months shall again belong to those I ought never to have left.—Adieu.—Your most affectionate husband, & faithful friend, GEO. TOWNSHEND. 5 Admiral. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Military Reputation of Major-General James Wolfe
    THE MILITARY REPUTATION OF MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WOLFE Presidential Address Delivered by E. R. Adair 1936 This is an age when heroes are viewed with a somewhat sceptical eye, when it is felt that mere blind veneration for the reputations of the past should not turn aside the chilly wind of historical criticism, that the legends devised to charm worshippers must be tested by the acid of facts. So far General Wolfe has survived any serious attacks upon his reputation, very largely because he was fortunate enough to die in the moment of victory, a victory moreover that came like a blessed thunderbolt to an England that thought that all hope of it had departed, for, as Horace Walpole aptly says, Wolfe's final despatch couched "in the most artful terms that could be framed" had "left the nation uncertain whether he meant to prepare an excuse for desisting, or to claim the melancholy merit of having sacrificed himself without a prospect of success."(1) But if his reputation has so far survived practically untarnished, it is not because he has been wholly exempt from all the dangers to which dead heroes are exposed. On the one hand he has been rendered at times a little ridiculous, by the praises of his more eulogistic biographers, of whom Beckles Willson is one of the worst,(2) and who have found it necessary to discover even in his earlier years those splendid qualities which they thought it proper for a Hero to possess; that there was no particular authority to justify their views seemed quite immaterial.
    [Show full text]
  • British Garrison at Quebec
    THE BRITISH GARRISON AT QUEBEC Christian Rioux Canadian Heritage Patrimoine canadien Parks Canada Pares Canada The British Garrison at Québec 1759-1871 Christian Rioux Translated from the original French Studies in Archaeology, Architecture and History National Historic Sites Parks Canada Department of Canadian Heritage ©Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1996 Available in Canada through local bookstores or by mail from the Canada Communication Group — Publishing, Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0S9. Published under the authorization of the Minister of the Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, 1996. Editing: Sheila Ascroft Design: Suzanne Adam-Filion and Suzanne H. Rochette Production: Suzanne H. Rochette Cover Design: Suzanne H. Rochette Translation: Quebec Region, Parks Canada Parks Canada publishes the results of its research in archaeology, ar­ chitecture and history. A list of reports is available from Publications, National Historic Sites Directorate, Parks Canada, 1600 Liverpool Court, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0M5. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Rioux, Christian The British garrison at Québec, 1759-1 871 (Studies in archaeology, architecture and history, ISSN 0821-1027) Translation of: La garnison britannique à Québec 1759 à 1871 Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-660-16482-5 Cat. no. R61-2/9-63E 1. Garrisons, British — Quebec (Province) — Quebec — History — 18th century. 2. Garrisons, British — Quebec (Province) — Quebec — History — 19th century. 3. Soldiers — Quebec (Province) — Quebec — Social life and customs. 4. Quebec (Quebec) — History. I. Parks Canada. National Historic Sites. II. Title. III.Series. U375.C3R56 1996 355.3'0941'0971 C96-980212-9 2 Table of Contents Introduction 5 Organization and Strength 7 Military Properties 17 Military Activities 21 Living Conditions 29 Relations with the Civilian Population 45 Conclusion 51 Bibliography 53 3 1 James Wolfe, leader of the British army to which the city of Québec fell, was killed in the battle of the Plains of Abraham.
    [Show full text]
  • Inquiry – Benedict Arnold
    Inquiry – Benedict Arnold Hook discussion question: What is betrayal? The discussion must touch on themes of loyalty and trust. Other themes may include ethics and morality. Hook visual: Presentation formula Previous Unit: The Revolutionary War will be in progress. Saratoga (1777) should have been covered. This Unit: Narrative story to present a skeletal overview of the events. Then introduce the documents, to add “muscle” to the events. Next Unit: The Revolutionary War topic will continue and be brought to conclusion. Post-Lesson Discussion prompts 1. How should we go about weighing the good someone does against the bad? At what point is one (good/bad) not balanced by the other? 2. After the war, for what reasons might the British trust or not trust Benedict Arnold? 3. In the years following the war, America tried to get England to hand over Benedict Arnold to American authorities. Should the British give him up? Why yes/no? 4. One thing missing from the discussion of betrayal and loyalty is the concept of regret. How might this relate to Arnold, Washington and others, and by what means might it be expressed? 5. How likely (or not) would it be today for one of America’s top Generals to engage in a similar traitorous act? 6. To what extent would it matter if it is a General betraying the country or a civilian acting in a traitorous manner…should these be viewed in a similar light? 7. To what extent can a person be trusted again once they have already broken your trust? 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Septembre 2012
    Le journal communautaire de l’île d’Orléans Volume 16 / Numéro 9 / Septembre 2012 www.autourdelile.com Les couleurs de l’électorat de l’île Martine Fauteux Le 4 septembre dernier, en raison de la buait à la victoire de M. Raymond Bernier refonte de la carte électorale, l’île d’Orléans en lui accordant une majorité, c’est la Coa- était intégrée dans la nouvelle circonscrip- lition Avenir Québec (CAQ) qui a rem- tion de Charlevoix-Côte-de-Beaupré qui porté, cette année, les faveurs de l’électorat a élu madame Pauline Marois députée du avec 36 % des voix. Rappelons qu’en 2007 Parti Québécois. Par le fait même, notre aussi, ni le Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ) nouveau comté compte maintenant une pre- ni le Parti Québécois (PQ) n’avaient obtenu mière ministre du Québec. Mais comment l’aval des électeurs de l’île, l’Action Démo- l’électorat de l’île s’est-il comporté ? cratique du Québec (ADQ) rafl ant 44 % des L’ÎLE D’ORLÉANS : votes orléanais. BLEU TURQUOISE ET FAIBLE VOLATILITÉ DE L’ÉLECTORAT AUGMENTATION DU TAUX DE Le 4 septembre, le PLQ a perdu sa PARTICIPATION majorité à l’île, passant de 38 % en 2008 On ne peut vraiment pas dire que le sec- à 33 % en 2012. Le PQ, pour sa part, a teur de l’île d’Orléans soit un secteur élec- glissé de 30 % à 25 %, perdant également toral baromètre. En effet, l’île s’est donné cinq points. On peut facilement penser une couleur électorale très différente de sa qu’une grande partie de ces votes sont nouvelle circonscription comme du Québec allés à la CAQ et que la majorité du 27 % tout entier.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas During the American Revolution Daniel S
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-11-2019 Navigating Wilderness and Borderland: Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas during the American Revolution Daniel S. Soucier University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, Other History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Soucier, Daniel S., "Navigating Wilderness and Borderland: Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas during the American Revolution" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2992. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2992 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAVIGATING WILDERNESS AND BORDERLAND: ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE IN THE NORTHEASTERN AMERICAS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION By Daniel S. Soucier B.A. University of Maine, 2011 M.A. University of Maine, 2013 C.A.S. University of Maine, 2016 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School University of Maine May, 2019 Advisory Committee: Richard Judd, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-Adviser Liam Riordan, Professor of History, Co-Adviser Stephen Miller, Professor of History Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History Stephen Hornsby, Professor of Anthropology and Canadian Studies DISSERTATION ACCEPTANCE STATEMENT On behalf of the Graduate Committee for Daniel S.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Presence in Quebec City
    The German Presence in the Quebec City Region Researched and compiled by Jacques Gagné [email protected] Last updated: 2016-01-05 1 Map of Quebec City and surrounding area 2 Ursuline Convent and Chapel Quebec City Saint Michael Church Sillery Holy Trinity Church Quebec City 3 The German Presence in the Quebec City Region Researched and compiled by Jacques Gagné [email protected] Last updated: 2016-01-05 Centuries after Hans Bernhard settled in New France, 100,000 people in Québec claim German origins. They may be Francophone descendants of mercenaries in the 18th century or Anglophone immigrants of the 1950s. In the 1980s, after a long period of official downplaying of the presence of the Germans, some German-Canadian leaders fought for recognition of the German contribution to a multicultural Canada. Many German-Quebecers took over this discourse, but some refused the idea of a German ‘founding people’ and insisted on the distinct role of their Francophone society. Furthermore, even in Canada, post-war immigrants had to come to terms with the German past; the victimisation often characterized the German- Canadian press, since readers many, of whom lived in Québec often were expellees of the German ‘eastern territories’ and the few exiles often chose to stay invisible. Thus for its citizens of German heritage, Québec became the place of encounter of several competing identity discourses, whether it was about the role of Francophones in Canadian history or about the role of Germans. Manuel Meune Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien 28.2 (2008) 9-27 Germanic Society in Quebec City Association des familles d’origines Germanique du Québec (l’AFOGQ) Association of Families with German Origins in Quebec Claude Kaufholt-Couture - 2230, boul.
    [Show full text]
  • Three American Attempts to Conquer Canada
    3 American attempts to conquer Canada (1775, 1812-14, 1866-71) Paul Desbiens 1 Motivation • During America’s first century, the U.S. and Canada were uneasy neighbors. Armed conflicts erupted periodically along the boundary line, which was a no-man’s land frequented by counterfeiters and smugglers • American anger toward Canada surged during the Civil War when it became a haven for draft dodgers, escaped prisoners of war and Confederate agents who plotted hostile covert operations—including raids on border towns and the firebombing of New York City • The three separate wars between the two countries forced four Canadian provinces to join forces in 1867 (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario) under the leadership of Canada’s first Prime Minister John A Macdonald and push back on their American aggressors • Important infrastructure projects were undertaken in light of possible invasion attempts 2 Motivation • Despite the great British victories against France during the 1755-1760 period, the American colonies were not very pleased with the high price paid for the conquest and subsequent taxation • Acclaimed as the first step towards independence, the Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes and demonstrators destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company • Having to deal with increasing unrest in American colonies, the British proposed and signed the Act of Québec in 1774
    [Show full text]
  • Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
    Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Plan of the City and Environs of Quebec with its Siege and Blockade by The Americans from the 8th of December 1775 to the 13th of May 1776 Stock#: 58596 Map Maker: Faden Date: 1776 Place: London Color: Uncolored Condition: VG Size: 24.5 x 17.5 inches Price: SOLD Description: Fine, Detailed, Separately-Issued Plan of the Siege of Quebec (1775-6) Rare, separately-published plan of the Siege of Quebec, published by William Faden in London. The plan shows a pivotal early moment in the American Revolution and highlights the role played by Benedict Arnold before his later, famous turn as traitor. The map shows the heavily fortified city of Quebec, at the confluence of the St. Laurence and Charles Rivers. The settlement’s streets are outlined in great detail, as are the surrounding suburbs, windmills, fields, and the Hospital General. The many sandbars that complicate sailing in and around Quebec’s harbor are also shown, as are the cliffs and many hills that make the city difficult to approach. To the west are the famous Plains of Abraham, here the “Heights of Abraham.” Benedict Arnold’s encampment during the siege in early 1776 is marked in red, but this plateau was also where the British massed before their own Battle of Quebec in 1759. They had only held the city for sixteen years when Arnold and Montgomery approached with their American troops. A simple block cartouche in the upper right contains the title as well as a legend.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 19-10684-KG Doc 254 Filed 04/30/19 Page 1 of 586 Case 19-10684-KG Doc 254 Filed 04/30/19 Page 2 of 586
    Case 19-10684-KG Doc 254 Filed 04/30/19 Page 1 of 586 Case 19-10684-KG Doc 254 Filed 04/30/19 Page 2 of 586 EXHIBIT A Hexion Holdings LLC, et al. - U.S.Case Mail 19-10684-KG Doc 254 Filed 04/30/19 Page 3 of 586 Served 4/26/2019 0197 CANTOR SVC 0235 RBCCA 0274 CGM/SAL BR ATTN: BRIAN GRIFFITH ATTN: STEVE SCHAFFER ATTN: SHERYL NASH-COOK 135 E 57TH ST 60 S 6TH ST, P09 388 GREENWICH ST, 11TH FL NEW YORK, NY 10022 MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55402-4400 NEW YORK, NY 10013 0374 JMS LLC 0397 CITADEL 0750 INTL FCSTONE, INC. C/O MEDIANT COMMUNICATION ATTN: RACHEL GALDONES ATTN: KEN SIMPSON ATTN: MARK F. GRESS 131 S DEARBORN ST 2 PERIMETER PARK S, STE 100-W 200 REGENCY FOREST DR CHICAGO, IL 60603 BIRMINGHAM, AL 35243 CARY, NC 27518 0793 STIFEL 10EQS CONSULTING SERVICES NORTH AMERICA 180 E BROAD PARTNERS LLC ATTN: CHRIS WIEGAND 965 SOUTH LOS ROBLES AVE 150 EAST BROAD ST, STE 800 501 N BROADWAY PASADENA, CA 91106 COLUMBUS, OH 43215 ONE FINANCIAL PLAZA ST. LOUIS, MO 63102 180 EAST BROAD LLC 180 EAST BROAD LLC 180 EAST BROAD LLC 40 MORRIS AVE, STE 230 C/O ALLIANCE HSP PARTNERS P.O. BOX 782397 BRYN MAWR, PA 19010 40 MORRIS AVE, STE 230 PHILADELPHIA, PA 19178-2397 BRYN MAWR, PA 19010 180 EAST BROAD PARTNERS LLC 1845 OIL FIELD SERVICES 1978 49 MORRIS AVE, STE 230 P.O. BOX 202056 DAMESIA CROCKER BYN MAWR, 19010 43215 DALLAS, TX 75320-2056 7845 CO RD 32 PINE HILL 2020 BRAND SOLUTIONS 2209 BNYM/SPDR 2372892 ONTARIO LTD (O/A LEAF ENGINEERED WO 135 GRAND AVE EAST ATTN: JENNIFER MAY 1068 GREENGATE CIR SOUTH SAINT PAUL, MN 55075 525 WILLIAM PENN PL, STE 153-0400 THUNDER BAY, ON P7J 1H8 PITTSBURGH, PA 15259 24 HR SAFETY LLC 2424 JPMCB/CTC 2785 EAST COTTONWOOD PARKWAY SUITE 500 P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews Kathleen Winter. Lost in September. Toronto: Alfred A
    Book Reviews Kathleen Winter. Lost in September. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2017. ISBN 978-0-345-81012-0 Kathleen Winter’s debut novel Annabel, about a gender fluid young person coming of age in Labrador and St. John’s, met with widespread critical acclaim and my own personal admiration, so I was very keen to pick up her next fictional offering, Lost in September. While sharing a focus with its predecessor on the fluidity or ambiguity of identity, Lost is quite a departure from the earlier novel. Winter tells the story of a young man in Quebec in September 2017 who believes himself to be General James Wolfe, the historical figure who fought against Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham. The central premise is Jimmy’s attempt to regain the lost time when Wolfe was to be on leave, but the calendars changed that year from the Julian to the Gregorian, thus eliminating 11 days of September and consequently Wolfe’s leave. It is a compelling premise, demonstrating both the constructedness of time, which we often take for an invariable fact, and the mutability of identity. Winter crafts a modern-day/historical quest narrative, in that the young present-day Wolfe meanders through first Montreal and then Quebec City, encountering various tragic or quite literally co- lourful individuals who guide him on his journey. In addition to the homeless Sophie, with whom he shares a tent on Mont Royal, Jimmy meets historian Genevieve Waugh, who is researching for a book on James Wolfe and who is struck by the young man’s similarity to the historical figure.
    [Show full text]
  • Accommodation in a Wilderness Borderland During the American Invasion of Quebec, 1775
    Maine History Volume 47 Number 1 The Maine Borderlands Article 4 1-1-2013 “News of Provisions Ahead”: Accommodation in a Wilderness Borderland during the American Invasion of Quebec, 1775 Daniel S. Soucier Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistoryjournal Part of the Geography Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Soucier, Daniel S.. "“News of Provisions Ahead”: Accommodation in a Wilderness Borderland during the American Invasion of Quebec, 1775." Maine History 47, 1 (2013): 42-67. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mainehistoryjournal/vol47/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Benedict Arnold led an invasion of Quebec during the first year of the Revolu - tionary War. Arnold was an ardent Patriot in the early years of the war, but later became the most famous American turncoat of the era. Maine Historical Soci - ety Collections. “NEWS OF PROVISIONS AHEAD”: ACCOMMODATION IN A WILDERNESS BORDERLAND DURING THE AMERICAN INVASION OF QUEBEC, 1775 1 BY DANIEL S. S OUCIER Soon after the American Revolutionary War began, Colonel Benedict Arnold led an American invasion force from Maine into Quebec in an ef - fort to capture the British province. The trek through the wilderness of western Maine did not go smoothly. This territory was a unique border - land area that was not inhabited by colonists as a frontier society, but in - stead remained a largely unsettled region still under the control of the Wabanakis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of Québec, 1759
    The Battle of Québec, 1759 Concept(s) Primary Source Evidence, Cause and Consequence Prepared for Grade(s) 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Province NB By Ernest Wasson Time Period(s) 1700-1800 Time allotment 4 x 60 minutes per class period Brief Description of the Task In this unit students interpret, value and interact with primary source evidence as they try and answer why the English won the Battle of Québec in 1759. The attachments include a range of primary and secondary sources: letters, memoirs, historical accounts, paintings, and maps. Objectives for Historical Thinking: Students will be able to to analyze primary sources by considering the source and seeking corroboration; use several primary sources to construct an explanation of a historical event. Required Knowledge & Skills It would be helpful if students were to be given a brief overview of the Seven Years War and introduced to basic military strategy, weaponry, etc. of the era. They might also benefit from an understanding of issues relating to warfare (high ground, advantage to the defender, etc.). The lessons do not assume an understanding of primary and secondary sources, but this too would further student ability to answer the inquiry question. Detailed Instructions 1. As a springboard activity to develop curiosity and model the interpretation of evidence, show students Benjamin West’s The Death of Wolfe (1770) in ATT 2. Explain to students they will be looking at a turning point in Canadian history, the Battle of Québec on September 13, 1759, that led to Britain taking control of Canada from the French.
    [Show full text]