赠送阿拉木图市区游 Day12 ALA/KUL KC935 2330/0940+1 (哈萨克斯坦第一大城市)
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Sun Eclipse Tour and Silk Road Highlights
Sun Eclipse Tour and Silk Road Highlights - Total Solar Eclipse of August 1st 2008 - Observe the sun eclipse in one of the world's three best viewing locations: Balikun - Travel along the Tianshan (Heavenly) Mountain Route of the Silk Road - Visit the major towns of Hami, Turpan and Urumqi - Stay overnight in a Kazak yurt and camp in the Kumutage (Kumtag) Desert - Explore ancient and non-touristy Uygur villages - Visit the Urumqi History Museum with mummies on display - Taste the local specialties of Xinjiang Province - Have a great adventure in this fascinating region with its deserts alpine lakes, snow mountains and glaciers China Sun Eclipse Tour 2008 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE TOUR & SILK ROAD HIGHLIGHTS A total eclipse of the sun will be visible from within a narrow corridor that traverses half the earth on Friday, 1st August 2008, beginning in Canada and extending across northern Greenland, the Arctic, central Russia, Mongolia, and China. Do not miss out on this unforgettable travel experience! The viewing location will be far from the hustle and bustle of the big cities at one of the world's three best locations this year. This tour will lead you through Xinjiang Province - the ªWild Westº of China - and along the Northern Silk Road Route. Travel date: 29th July 2008 - 6th August 2008 . Destinations: Urumqi, Tianchi Lake, Balikun, Hami, Shanshan, Turpan . Duration: 9 days . Starting in: Beijing . Ending in: Beijing . Group size: min. 2 pax, max. 10 pax QUICK INTRODUCTION XINJIANG PROVINCE Lying in northwestern China, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, also called Xin for short, was referred to as the Western Region in ancient times. -
CCSC09新絲綢經典之旅9日遊 2020 the Silk Road 9 Days No Shopping Tour 純玩系列
CCSC09新絲綢經典之旅9日遊 2020 The Silk Road 9 days no shopping tour 純玩系列 西安入烏魯木齊出Arrive Xian&Urumqi Departure 免費接機時間pick up service：12:00/15:00/18:00//免費送機時間drop off service： 08:00/16:00 12 自費專案 月份 (大小同價) Optional tour(compulsory 2 Date W/O BED & breakfas children will be the same) 4、6、10月 $749 $649 $749 $230 $100/間/晚 $380 $100 $30/人 7-9月 $899 $799 $899 $370 $140/間/晚 $380 $100 $30/人 自費專案(需保證參加）：USD 380/人，嘉峪關城樓含區間車+長城第一墩+天山天池含區間車+蘇公塔+火焰山+維吾爾古村含區間車+西域歌舞秀晚宴。Optional tour(compulsory, children will be the same): USD380/PAX，the Gate Tower at Jiayu Pass(including the battery cart)+ the first Frusta of the Great Wall+ the Tianchi Lake on the Mountain Tianshan(including shuttle)+ the Flaming Mountains + the Uighur family visit.團費不含西安-嘉峪關機票(請訂12點前抵達嘉峪關的航班)：USD150/人。The airfare from Xian to Jiayuguan: USD150/PAX.行程特色：★古都西安名勝盡覽：大雁塔、明代古城牆、秦始皇兵馬俑、華清池★河西走廊精華景點：嘉峪關、莫高窟、鳴沙山月芽泉★感受西域民俗風情， 吐魯番火焰山、交河故城、坎兒井★安一程內陸航班一程高速動車，節省十多小時車程★國家5A級景區“天山天池”---西王母瑤池聖地★品嘗各地特色美食陝西小吃、汽鍋雞、雪山駝掌、 新疆羊肉串、大盤雞。Itinerary Specialty: ★Xian ancient City Wall, the Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum，Jiayuguan, Mingsha Mountain, Crescent Moon Lake, Mogao Grottoes, Tianshantianchi, Special local style meal, Desert Style Meal, The chicken of boiler. 無任何推薦自費！No other optional tours！ 2020抵達西安日期（逢週一） Arrive Xian Date(On Monday)： 04月：27 05月：11、25 06月：8、22 07月：13 08月：10 09月：7、14、21 10月： 12、26 11 不開班月： 12 不開班月： D1 抵達西安 Arrive Xian D5 敦煌/柳園/吐魯番 DunHuang/Liuyuan/Turpan(B/L/D) 恭候貴賓到來，接機送回酒店休息。(免費接機時間1200/1500/1800三趟)Pick up and transfer to the 已含柳園-吐魯番動車二等座,including the 2nd class bullet train tickets from Liuyuan to Urumqi. -
01. Antarctica (√) 02. Arabia
01. Antarctica (√) 02. Arabia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert A corridor of sandy terrain known as the Ad-Dahna desert connects the largeAn-Nafud desert (65,000 km2) in the north of Saudi Arabia to the Rub' Al-Khali in the south-east. • The Tuwaiq escarpment is a region of 800 km arc of limestone cliffs, plateaux, and canyons.[citation needed] • Brackish salt flats: the quicksands of Umm al Samim. √ • The Wahiba Sands of Oman: an isolated sand sea bordering the east coast [4] [5] • The Rub' Al-Khali[6] desert is a sedimentary basin elongated on a south-west to north-east axis across the Arabian Shelf. At an altitude of 1,000 m, the rock landscapes yield the place to the Rub' al-Khali, vast wide of sand of the Arabian desert, whose extreme southern point crosses the centre of Yemen. The sand overlies gravel or Gypsum Plains and the dunes reach maximum heights of up to 250 m. The sands are predominantly silicates, composed of 80 to 90% of quartz and the remainder feldspar, whose iron oxide-coated grains color the sands in orange, purple, and red. 03. Australia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia Great Victoria Western Australia, South Australia 348,750 km2 134,650 sq mi 1 4.5% Desert Great Sandy Desert Western Australia 267,250 km2 103,190 sq mi 2 3.5% Tanami Desert Western Australia, Northern Territory 184,500 km2 71,200 sq mi 3 2.4% Northern Territory, Queensland, South Simpson Desert 176,500 km2 68,100 sq mi 4 2.3% Australia Gibson Desert Western Australia 156,000 km2 60,000 sq mi 5 2.0% Little Sandy Desert Western Australia 111,500 km2 43,100 sq mi 6 1.5% South Australia, Queensland, New South Strzelecki Desert 80,250 km2 30,980 sq mi 7 1.0% Wales South Australia, Queensland, New South Sturt Stony Desert 29,750 km2 11,490 sq mi 8 0.3% Wales Tirari Desert South Australia 15,250 km2 5,890 sq mi 9 0.2% Pedirka Desert South Australia 1,250 km2 480 sq mi 10 0.016% 04. -
Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform
water Article Open-Surface Water Bodies Dynamics Analysis in the Tarim River Basin (North-Western China), Based on Google Earth Engine Cloud Platform Jiahao Chen 1,2 , Tingting Kang 1,2, Shuai Yang 1,2, Jingyi Bu 1,2 , Kexin Cao 1,2 and Yanchun Gao 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (K.C.) 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-010-6488-8991 Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020 Abstract: The Tarim River Basin (TRB), located in an arid region, is facing the challenge of increasing water pressure and uncertain impacts of climate change. Many water body identification methods have achieved good results in different application scenarios, but only a few for arid areas. An arid region water detection rule (ARWDR) was proposed by combining vegetation index and water index. Taking computing advantages of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, 56,284 Landsat 5/7/8 optical images in the TRB were used to detect open-surface water bodies and generated a 30-m annual water frequency map from 1992 to 2019. The interannual changes and trends of the water body area were analyzed and the impacts of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on open-surface water body area dynamics were examined. -
The Emergence of the Silk Road Exchange in the Tarim Basin Region During Late Prehistory (2000–400 BCE)
Bulletin of SOAS, 80, 2 (2017), 339–363. © SOAS, University of London, 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0041977X17000507 First published online 26 May 2017 Polities and nomads: the emergence of the Silk Road exchange in the Tarim Basin region during late prehistory (2000–400 BCE) Tomas Larsen Høisæter University of Bergen [email protected] Abstract The Silk Road trade network was arguably the most important network of global exchange and interaction prior to the fifteenth century. On the ques- tion of how and when it developed, scholars have focused mainly on the role of either the empires dominating the two ends of the trade network or the nomadic empires on the Eurasian steppe. The sedentary people of Central Asia have, however, mostly been neglected. This article traces the development of the city-states of the Tarim Basin in eastern Central Asia, from c. 2000 BCE to 400 BCE. It argues that the development of the city-states of the Tarim Basin is closely linked to the rise of the ancient Silk Road and that the interaction between the Tarim polities, the nomads of the Eurasian steppe and the Han Empire was the central dynamic in the creation of the ancient Silk Road network in eastern Central Asia. Keywords: Silk Road, Trade networks, Eastern Central Asia, Tarim Basin in prehistory, Xinjiang, Development of trade networks The Silk Road is one of the most evocative and stirring terms invented for some- thing as mundane as the exchange of resources, and the term is certainly one that students of Central Asian history cannot avoid. -
The Emergence of the Silk Road Exchange in the Tarim Basin Region During Late Prehistory (2000–400 BCE)
Bulletin of SOAS, 80, 2 (2017), 339–363. © SOAS, University of London, 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/S0041977X17000507 First published online 26 May 2017 Polities and nomads: the emergence of the Silk Road exchange in the Tarim Basin region during late prehistory (2000–400 BCE) Tomas Larsen Høisæter University of Bergen [email protected] Abstract The Silk Road trade network was arguably the most important network of global exchange and interaction prior to the fifteenth century. On the ques- tion of how and when it developed, scholars have focused mainly on the role of either the empires dominating the two ends of the trade network or the nomadic empires on the Eurasian steppe. The sedentary people of Central Asia have, however, mostly been neglected. This article traces the development of the city-states of the Tarim Basin in eastern Central Asia, from c. 2000 BCE to 400 BCE. It argues that the development of the city-states of the Tarim Basin is closely linked to the rise of the ancient Silk Road and that the interaction between the Tarim polities, the nomads of the Eurasian steppe and the Han Empire was the central dynamic in the creation of the ancient Silk Road network in eastern Central Asia. Keywords: Silk Road, Trade networks, Eastern Central Asia, Tarim Basin in prehistory, Xinjiang, Development of trade networks The Silk Road is one of the most evocative and stirring terms invented for some- thing as mundane as the exchange of resources, and the term is certainly one that students of Central Asian history cannot avoid. -
Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff of Kaidu River, Xinjiang, China: a Multiple Time-Scale Analysis
中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Chin. Geogra. Sci. 2008 18(4) 331–339 DOI: 10.1007/s11769-008-0331-y www.springerlink.com Climate Change and Its Effects on Runoff of Kaidu River, Xinjiang, China: A Multiple Time-scale Analysis XU Jianhua1, CHEN Yaning2, JI Minhe1, LU Feng1 (1. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200062, China; The Research Center for East-West Cooperation in China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; 2. The Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and Desert Environment, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China) Abstract: This paper applied an integrated method combining grey relation analysis, wavelet analysis and statistical analysis to study climate change and its effects on runoff of the Kaidu River at multi-time scales. Major findings are as follows: 1) Climatic factors were ranked in the order of importance to annual runoff as average annual temperature, average temperature in autumn, average temperature in winter, annual precipitation, precipitation in flood season, av- erage temperature in summer, and average temperature in spring. The average annual temperature and annual precipi- tation were selected as the two representative factors that impact the annual runoff. 2) From the 32-year time scale, the annual runoff and the average annual temperature presented a significantly rising trend, whereas the annual precipita- tion showed little increase over the period of 1957–2002. By changing the time scale from 32-year to 4-year, we ob- served nonlinear trends with increasingly obvious oscillations for annual runoff, average annual temperature, and an- nual precipitation. -
The Special Status of Turfan
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 186 March, 2009 The Special Status of Turfan by Doug Hitch Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies. Sinographs (hanzi, also called tetragraphs [fangkuaizi]) and other unusual symbols should be kept to an absolute minimum. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. -
Afghanistan Desertification In, 53–54 Population Growth In, 21 Snowmelt
Index Afghanistan Algeria, efforts to combat desertification in, 53–54 desertification in, 53 population growth in, 21 alternative energy sources, 44, 117, snowmelt, dependence on, 87 121 Africa. See Middle East and North Amazon basin, 99–100 Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; animal protein, demand for. See specific countries food chain, moving up agriculture Antarctic ice sheet, 88 climate change affecting, 83–86, Anti-Desertification Organization, 90–92 Iran, 55 foreign acquisition of land for. aquaculture, 17, 24–25, 28–29, 31, See land acquisition deals 33–34 grain yields from. See grain aquifers and aquifer depletion. productivity See water supply irrigation used to expand, 57–59 Argentina no-till farming, 119–20 exports of grain, restrictions on, soil erosion due to overplowing, 12 47 grass-feeding of beef cattle in, soybean production, effects of, 25, 30 97–100 land acquisition deals in, 104 water supply, competition soybean production in, 95 between cities and farms for, Asia. See also specific countries 69–71 climate change in, 87, 89 Agriculture, U.S. Department of, consumption of fish protein in, 41, 45, 90, 119 28 al-Amoudi, Mohammed, 112 grain productivity in, 74–75 Al Ghurair Foods, 102–03 irrigated land in, 58 126 FULL PLANET, EMPTY PLATES Index 127 Asia (continued) Brazil moving up the food chain in, 9, crop yields. See grain productivity land acquisition deals in, 104 biofuels in, 36, 38 26–27, 28, 30, 33–34, 95 Crutzen, Paul, 42 population stabilization in, changes in animal protein population stabilization in, 18–19, 22 consumption in, 31 18–19, 22 Daewoo Logistics, 108 soil erosion in, 17, 18, 48, 53 grass-feeding of beef cattle in, soil erosion and dust bowls in, dairy products, 32–33 Asner, Gregory, 85–86 25, 30 48–50 dam building and irrigation Australian grain import land acquisition deals in, 104 soybeans and, 32, 92, 93–100, reducing riverine flows, 13, negotiations with Yemenis, 12 population stabilization in, 19 104 62–63, 67–69 automobiles. -
Nationwide Desert Highway Assessment: a Case Study in China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 2734-2746; doi:10.3390/ijerph8072734 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Article Nationwide Desert Highway Assessment: A Case Study in China Xuesong Mao *, Fuchun Wang and Binggang Wang Key Laboratory for Special Area Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (F.W.); [email protected] (B.W.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-29-82334869; Fax: +86-29-82334869. Received: 20 May 2011; in revised form: 13 June 2011 / Accepted: 26 June 2011 / Published: 30 June 2011 Abstract: The natural environment affects the construction of desert highways. Conversely, highway construction affects the natural environment and puts the ecological environment at a disadvantage. To satisfy the variety and hierarchy of desert highway construction and discover the spatio-temporal distribution of the natural environment and its effect on highway construction engineering, an assessment of the natural regional divisions of desert highways in China is carried out for the first time. Based on the general principles and method for the natural region division, the principles, method and index system for desert highway assessment is put forward by combining the desert highway construction features and the azonal differentiation law. The index system combines the dominant indicator and four auxiliary indicators. The dominant indicator is defined by the desert’s comprehensive state index and the auxiliary indicators include the sand dune height, the blown sand strength, the vegetation coverage ratio and the annual average temperature difference. -
Hydroclimatic Changes of Lake Bosten in Northwest China During the Last
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Hydroclimatic changes of Lake Bosten in Northwest China during the last decades Received: 31 October 2017 Junqiang Yao 1,2, Yaning Chen2, Yong Zhao3 & Xiaojing Yu1 Accepted: 29 May 2018 Bosten Lake, the largest inland freshwater lake in China, has experienced drastic change over the past Published: xx xx xxxx fve decades. Based on the lake water balance model and climate elasticity method, we identify annual changes in the lake’s water components during 1961–2016 and investigate its water balance. We fnd a complex pattern in the lake’s water: a decrease (1961–1987), a rapid increase (1988–2002), a drastic decrease (2003–2012), and a recent drastic increase (2013–2016). We also estimated the lake’s water balance, fnding that the drastic changes are caused by a climate-driven regime shift coupled with human disturbance. The changes in the lake accelerated after 1987, which may have been driven by regional climate wetting. During 2003 to 2012, implementation of the ecological water conveyance project (EWCP) signifcantly increased the lake’s outfow, while a decreased precipitation led to an increased drought frequency. The glacier retreating trend accelerated by warming, and caused large variations in the observed lake’s changes in recent years. Furthermore, wastewater emissions may give rise to water degradation, human activity is completely changing the natural water cycle system in the Bosten Lake. Indeed, the future of Bosten Lake is largely dependent on mankind. As an important component of the hydrological cycle, lakes infuence many aspects of the environment, includ- ing its ecology, biodiversity, economy, wildlife and human welfare1–3. -
Inverted Relief Landforms in the Kumtagh Desert of Northwestern China: a Mechanism to Estimate Wind Erosion Rates
GEOLOGICAL JOURNAL Geol. J. 52: 131–140 (2017) Published online 13 November 2015 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/gj.2739 Inverted relief landforms in the Kumtagh Desert of northwestern China: a mechanism to estimate wind erosion rates ZHEN-TING WANG1,2*, ZHONG-PING LAI3 and JIAN-JUN QU2 1State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 2Dunhuang Gobi Desert Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Dunhuang, China 3State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China Although commonly found in deserts, our knowledge about inverted relief landforms is very limited. The so-called ‘Gravel Body’ in the northern Kumtagh Desert is an example of an inverted relief landform created by the exhumation of a former fluvial gravel channel. The common occurrence of these landforms indicates that fluvial processes played an important role in shaping the Kumtagh Desert in the past 151 ka. A physical model is presented to reconstruct the palaeohydrology of these fluvial channels in terms of several measurable parameters including terrain slope, boulder size, and channel width. Combining the calculated palaeoflood depth, the maximal depth of channel bed eroded by wind, and the current height of inverted channels with the age of the aeolian sediments covered by gravels, the local wind erosion rate is estimated to be 0.21–0.28 mm/year. It is shown that wind erosion occurring in the Kumtagh Desert is no more severe than in adjacent regions. Since the modern Martian environment is very similar to that of hyperarid deserts on Earth, and Mars was once subjected to fluvial processes, this study will be helpful for understanding the origin of analogous Martian surface landforms and their causative processes.