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SAK 47 • © Helmut Buske Verlag 2018 • ISSN 0340-2215 The Middle Kingdom Theban Project: Preliminary report on the University of Alcalá Expedition to Deir el-Bahari, Fourth Season (2018)

Antonio J. Morales / Rawda Abd El-Hady / Kelly Accetta / Marta Arranz / Teresa Bardají / Manuel F. Carrillo / Flavio Celis / Carmen Díaz / Enrique Dorado / Ernesto Echeverría / Sebastian Falk / Carlos Gracia / Salima Ikram / Sofía Illana / Elisabeth Kruck / Miriam Luciañez / Oscar Martínez / Delaminet Meza / Patricia Mora / Jónatan Ortiz / Mohamed Osman / Raúl Sánchez / Dina Serova / Hazem Shared / Daniel Spinelli / Ahmed Tarek / Kei Yamamoto

(Taf. 10–18)

Abstract The current report presents the archaeological, epigraphic, conservation, geological, and architectural works carried out by the Middle Kingdom Theban Project – a project under the auspices of the University of Alcalá Expedition to Deir el-Bahari (Luxor) – in its fourth season (March-April 2018). In this season, the archaeological team expanded its concession, with the incorporation of two new areas in the eastern side of the necropolis of Deir el-Bahari (tombs TT316, MMA519, MMA520, and E1) and the Asasif cemetery (TT103, TT366). The expedition continued with its work in the mortuary complexes of Henenu (TT313) and Ipi (TT315), initiated the study of the tombs at the eastern area, excavated the entrance and main corridor of a new tomb (E1) in this part of the necropolis, and studied the epigraphic and architectural issues in the tombs of Dagi (TT103) and Djari (TT366).

The fourth season of the University of Alcalá Expedition to Deir el-Bahari1 was conducted from the last days of March to April 30th, 2018. After three years of work focusing mainly on cleaning, study, and restoration of the two monuments, the Ministry of State for Antiqui- ties2 granted us permission for excavation in the two Middle Kingdom complexes of the concession (TT313, TT315), and the expansion of the concession to the east in the same

1 The fourth season at Deir el-Bahari would have not been possible without the support of the University of Alcalá (UAH) and the financial aid from the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Economy, and Competitivity (MINECO) and its I+R funding HAR2017–84505-P, the Palarq Foundation (Barcelona), the Asociación Espa- ñola de Egiptología (AEDE), and the Asociación de Amigos de la UAH. 2 The members of the University of Alcalá Expedition to Deir el-Bahari would like to express their grati- tude to the authorities of the Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA). Thanks are due to the Ministry of State for Antiquities, Khaled El-Enany, to the Head of Foreign Missions and Permanent Committee, Mohamed Ismail, the Director General of Antiquities for Upper Egypt, Hany Abou el-Azm, the Head of West Bank Inspectorate, Taalat Abd el-Aziz, and to the Chief Manager of the Middle Sector, Ezz el-Din Er-Noby. In addition, our grati- tude is also due to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, especially to Catherine Roehrig, Adela Op- penheim, and Dieter Arnold, for discussing future plans, questions, and goals of this project. The expedition members of the fourth season were Rawda Abd El-Hady, Kelly Accetta, Teresa Bardají, Manuel F. Carrillo, Flavio Celis, Carmen Díaz, Enrique Dorado, Ernesto Echeverría, Sebastian Falk, Carlos Gracia, Salima Ikram, Sofía Illana, Elisabeth Kruck, Miriam Luciañez, Óscar Martínez, Delaminet Meza, Patri- cia Mora, Antonio Morales, Jónatan Ortíz, Mohamed Osman, Raúl Sánchez, Dina Serova, Hazem Shared, Dan- iel Spinelli, Ahmed Tarek, Kei Yamamoto, and the MSA inspectors Ala Hussein El-Menshawy and Mohamed Muntaser, and the MSA conservation inspector Marwa Abd el-Hamid Dandarawy. In this season a group of ca. ninety local workers carried out the fieldwok activities under the supervision of the rais Ali Farouk el- Qeftawy.

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area of the hills at Deir el-Bahari. In this area, the expedition team has initiated the study of the tomb of Neferhotep (TT316), the nearby tombs MMA519–520, and E1. In addition, the Ministry granted us permission to work in the tombs of two of the most important officials of the late Eleventh Dynasty, mainly the “head of the harem” Djari (TT366) and the visir Dagi (TT103). These two tombs have been surveyed in a general basis by the architects and conservators of the expedition, having prepared initial plans, 3D reconstructions, and a thorough examination of the actual conditions of the architecture, iconography, and epigra- phy. Therefore, the present preliminary report includes the details of the three archaeological teams working in the three sectors of our concession: central (TT313, TT315), eastern (TT316, MMA519–520, E1), and southern (TT103, TT366).

1. The mortuary complex of Henenu (TT313) The tomb of Henenu (TT313) is a large funerary complex, which includes a courtyard of over 110 meters long by circa 30 metres wide, and over sixteen excavated internal chambers communicated by shafts and corridors.3 1.1 Archaeology For archaeological excavation and organization purposes, the courtyard has been artificially divided into Upper (UC), Middle (MC), and Lower (LC) Courtyard areas. In the 2017 season, we established a general geolocalised reference system for the whole site,4 which we utilized again this season to create a local grid system. The archaeological works of this season have focused on the excavation of the area at which the Upper Courtyard and the Middle Courtyard meet. 1.1.1 Courtyard During the first few days of excavation, fifteen squares were set out using this function: units UC-4B through UC-4F, MC-5B through MC-5F, and MC-6B through MC-6F (fig. 1). Due to both the limited time and the nature of archaeology, it was decided to excavate in a checkerboard style, which would provide a full profile north-south for the length of the excavation.

3 For previous work in TT313 by the Middle Kingdom Theban Project, see A. J. Morales et al., The Middle Kingdom Theban Project: Preliminary Report on the Freie Universität Berlin Mission to Deir el-Bahari, First and Second Seasons (2015–2016), in: SAK 45, 2016, 280–282; A. J. Morales et al., The Middle Kingdom The- ban Project: preliminary report on the University of Alcalá Expedition to Deir el-Bahari, third season (2017), in: SAK 46, 2017, 155–165. 4 For details on this see Morales et al., in: SAK 46, 2017, 156–158.

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Fig. 1: The plan of Henenu’s courtyard showing the areas excavated in 2017 (light grey) and 2018 (dark grey). Permanent reference points are shown as R1–R3

The work began in units UC-4C and UC-4E. It quickly became apparent that mud bricks were present just below the surface. In UC-4E, it was determined that two contexts, one of mud brick [1007] and one of medium-sized broken limestone rocks [1009], had been disturbed and mixed together at some point in the past. The mud bricks lay scattered and mostly broken, mixed in places with context [1009] and in others with the sandy soil that comprised the surface context. Toward the east edge of the unit, a thin layer of limestone powder and soil appeared on top of [1007] and [1009], which appeared to have been wetted and consolidated at some point in the past – perhaps because of human use and movement. This was designated as context [1008], and it was noted that it continued into unit UC-4F. As all three contexts appeared to continue east into UC-4F, and as the scattered nature of [1007] (mudbrick) and [1009] (limestone) may indicate a collapse of some nature, it was decided that in this case it would be prudent to open the next contiguous unit. Clearing the surface of UC-4F also revealed [1008], and beneath, more mixed mudbrick and limestone, which in this case was designated [1007+1009]. Once the full extent of the mudbrick and limestone surrounding the boulder in UC-4E was exposed, the units were photographed and photogrammetry was performed for future drawing of the pattern of scatter. It was at this point that the intrusion of a large electricity cable used to connect the transformer box further down the courtyard to the large spotlight at the entrance of the tomb was realized. The cable disappeared directly under [1007+1009] in UC-4E, just to the east of the boulder. From above, the mixing of the mudbrick and the limestone contexts above the cable looked identical to any other area of the two units. This caused the archaeologists concern as to the dating of the ‘collapse’ or scatter of the two contexts – was it created during the installation of the cable, which we know occurred around seven years ago? Or did the engineers simply dig through already disturbed contexts and then replace them once the cable was embedded in the ground? In order to attempt to answer these questions, the length of the cable was trenched, until the cable itself was revealed. The known disturbed context on top of the cable was desig-

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nated [1012], and it was decided that this context would run the length of the cable down the courtyard for comparative purposes. The archaeologists think it is likely that they will find that [1012] is composed of the disturbed remains of other contexts in each unit; in the case of UC-4E, [1007] and [1009]. Beneath [1012] and the cable itself, was a layer of clean, orange sand. This sand was very different from the surrounding context and obviously brought in specifically to serve as cushion or insulation for the cable. This was extremely helpful for the archaeologists, as it enabled them to determine that this modern intrusion into the other contexts of UC-4E was limited to a strip about one metre in width which followed the length of the cable. At the southern edge of the unit, the cable was covered by four modern bricks and a length of yellow caution tape, which disappeared into unit MC-5E (see pl. 10). The archaeologists then determined it would be necessary to remove contexts [1007], [1009], and [1007+1009] in units UC-4E and UC-4F to attempt to determine whether the scatter was related to a structure in this area. In the south-western corner of UC-4E, within context [1009], two Late Period broken ceramic vessels emerged nearby to an animal long bone. On the other side of the [1012] cable intrusion, a broken funerary cone was found tucked against the south-west corner of the boulder within context [1007+1009]. Other than these objects, no large finds emerged from the removal of these three contexts: only small pieces of pottery, beads, fragments of textile, and sandstone. Beneath these contexts emerged sandy soil with small limestone chips and small- medium sized broken limestone rocks (under 20 cm), which is very similar to the surface context. This new layer was determined [1014]. Other than some larger broken limestone rocks (30 cm +) which appeared along the southern edge of both UC-4E and UC-4F (context [1015]), context 1014 continued in both units down to bedrock. Two mudbricks emerged in UC-4F directly on the bedrock, they also bore plaster on their exposed upper faces. Perhaps it is possible that the scattered mudbrick found above [1014] came from a type of mudbrick paving in this area. In UC-4C, a similar picture emerged to UC-4E, but in a reduced manner. Beneath the surface layer, scattered mudbricks emerged [1006], but far fewer in frequency and concentration than in UC-4E. Some larger broken limestone rocks emerged in the south-west of the unit, designated [1013], but in the south-east corner, context [1000] went straight from surface to bedrock without change. Once the entire unit had been brought to bedrock it could be seen that the two large boulders sat on about 2–3 cm of debris. Beneath and between them lay a well-shaped stick of approximately 40 cm, which bore charcoal dust (see pl. 11). Interesting finds from UC-4C, apart from the stick, were located within the first ten centimetres from the surface: two pieces of a Late Period shabti and an incised piece of metal, date currently unknown. The most informative part of bringing these units to bedrock was that the slope of the bedrock is far steeper than the slope of the current surface in this area. The northern portions of all three units have a very gradual slope, likely as part of the ‘flat’ Upper Courtyard created for the tomb. The southern portion of the units begins to slope very steeply, perhaps indicating a change in the use of the area – the beginning of the sloped ‘ramp’ which con-

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nected the tomb’s high entrance to the chapel in the Lower Courtyard area. The team geologist, Teresa Bardaji Azcárate has suggested that this bedrock was likely minimally shaped by the architects, who took advantage of the natural breakage of the limestone in the area. MC-5D followed a different pattern from the three Upper Courtyard units, and supports the idea that the location of the divide between the Upper and Middle Courtyard did indeed begin around this area. Just below the surface in the southern quarter of the unit were found large pieces of in- tact textile, five shabtis in two different styles,5 and pieces of burnt mummified bone, beads, pottery, and tafla with attached textile. Ordinarily, tafla, a type of flaking, weak desert clay, is not worth recording. However, in the case of the courtyard of TT313, tafla does not occur naturally. The only location of tafla is within the tomb, in the upper portions of the walls from Descent 2 down toward the burial chamber. Thus, the presence of tafla and other objects indicated to the archaeologists that at some point a burned mummy, along with objects which had perhaps been attached due to the burning, had been removed from the tomb and deposited in this location. Further excavation did not reveal any more of the mummy in this area. In the southern half of the unit, about fifteen centimetres below the surface, the composition changed from sandy soil with limestone chips to a heavy concentration of broken limestone rocks between 10–20 cm. We designated this [1011], and within this context, below where the tafla, shabtis, textile, etc. were recovered, was found one piece of inscribed stone and two pieces of painted stone. This area definitely appears to have been a dumping ground for materials from within the tomb. A lack of modern material (newspa- per, cigarette paper, etc.) seems to indicate that this clearance occurred in ancient times.6 Below the surface context [1000] in the northern section of MC-5D and below [1011] in the southern section emerged a layer of very large (30 cm +) broken limestones rocks, context [1010]. They do not appear to have served as a paving or levelling surface, as they are neither worked nor laid purposefully, and there are large gaps between them. They do not appear to have been exposed to the elements for very long after their deposition, as they are still quite white in colour and many bear sharp edges. Perhaps they are detritus from the excavation of some of the shafts inside the tombs? Both Winlock and the current archaeologists agree that it is likely that some, if not all, of the shafts are intrusive excavations made after the initial construction of the tomb. This may also explain the presence of a mummy above this layer, as perhaps the original occupants of the tomb were disposed of at the same time. As context [1010] extended over the full unit, it was determined that a section should be taken, north-south, along the centre of the unit to determine the profile down to bedrock. This was not able to be completed with the time remaining during the season, but the initial

5 These shabtis can be related typologically to the repertory found in the tomb of Ipi. See R. Sánchez Casado, A collection of shabtis from the mortuary complex of Ipi (TT315): typology, dating, and contexts, in: MDAIK 73, 2017, 175–186. 6 This is in opposition to the tomb of Ipi (TT315), which was also excavated by Winlock. In the case of TT315, the American Egyptologist left many of the finds that he excavated from the interior of the tomb in the courtyard, mixed with modern material, which was subsequently re-excavated by the Middle Kingdom Theban Project. See Morales et al., in: SAK 45, 2016, 257–282.

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removal of [1010] revealed a layer very similar to the composition of the surface layer, here designated [1016] (pl. 12). It is possible that [1014] from UC-4E and UC-4F may be the same as [1016], but until a further profile can be made along the east edge of MC-5D, no equivalency can be certain.

Overall, the excavation of the four units revealed several points: ‒ Based on the frequency of the modern material found during last year’s excavations in areas which we are certain Winlock cleared, the lack of modern material indicates that this year’s areas were not previously excavated by Winlock. The expected modern material from the intrusive cable was found exactly around the cable and nowhere else. Therefore, all disturbance or discarding of material is not modern, and very possible ancient. ‒ The presence of ancient mud brick in UC-4C, UC-4E, and UC-4F (and which can be seen just under the surface in UC-4D) indicates that there was some use of mud brick outside the tomb of Henenu. This corresponds with almost every other contemporary tomb in the area, which bear mudbrick facades or walls. However, the meagre amount of mud brick certainly suggests that the use was not as extensive as these other tombs – perhaps a small bit of paving (from the plastered brick) or a small structure located in the Upper Courtyard. The tomb of Djari (TT366) contains a small mudbrick structure in the courtyard identified by Winlock as a mortuary garden,7 but further comparisons of the composition of the bricks will need to be made before any parallels can be drawn. Whether this mud brick construction comes from the first phase of the tomb and thus dates to the time of Henenu or is to be assigned to a later phase has not yet been determined. ‒ At some point, large pieces of broken limestone rocks were deposited near the edge of the Upper and Middle Courtyards. The frequency and lay of the stones may suggest a collapse of a wall or a deposit of debris, but certainly do not cor- respond with a natural collapse from the façade of the tomb. The stones are too evenly distributed and too far from the façade, and the excavation of known collapse last season shows that the distribution of the deposit does not behave in the same way. ‒ Last year’s discovery of the scatter of inscribed and painted stone suggested that at some point objects from the interior of the tomb were being thrown or discarded into the courtyard. The presence of objects typically associated with a mummified burial being discovered congregated in MC-5D suggests that this also included occupants of the tomb.

7 See C. H. Roehrig, The early Middle Kingdom cemeteries at Thebes and the tomb of Djari, in: J. Ass- mann, E. Dziobek, H. Guksch, and F. Kampp (eds.), Thebanische Beamtennekropolen: neue Perspektiven archäologischer Forschung. Internationales Symposion, Heidelberg, 9.–13.6.1993 (Heidelberg 1995), 262.

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1.1.2 Tomb interior Due to the short season, and the detailed recording which still remained for the shafts inside the tomb, the interior of the tomb was not excavated during the 2018 season. However, one of the initial goals of the season was to attempt to determine the different stages of construction of the tomb. To this end, geologist Teresa Bardaji Azcárate examined the stone within the tomb. Winlock suggested that only the main chambers and descents in the tomb were original to Henenu, with all side chambers and shafts being later intrusions.8 However, the length of the tomb and especially the change in axis between Hall 1 and Hall 2 struck the archaeologists as unusual in comparison to contemporary tombs within the northern cliffs of Deir el- Bahari.9 Further comparisons and research will need to be undertaken, but the archaeologists desired to know if there was any geological reason for the change in axis. The geologist examined the rock and determined that in fact the change in axis would have required more physical labour as it went against the direction of natural breakage of the limestone. Therefore, it can be certain that this axial shift was made on purpose by the architects. In addition, there was no geological reason the axis could not have continued straight, as the stone showed no change in composition indicating a harder or impassable section along the main axis through the north wall of Hall 2. She also observed that in many places the limestone is interrupted by thin layers of calcite (known colloquially as ‘Egyptian alabaster’), which would have facilitated the carving of the tomb, as they create areas of natural breakage between the layers of limestone. In fact, on the ‘doorway’ between Hall 3 and Descent 1, where the archaeologists had thought they observed plaster, the geologist noted that it was actually a very thin layer of calcite. She suggested that the architects may have taken advantage of this layer of naturally pol- ished stone to create a ‘finished’ look for the doorway. 1.2 Finds Work involving the registration and storage of objects found from the 2017 and 2018 seasons was a twofold project: to establish a new model of registration and to take a full inventory of the 2017 objects, and subsequently apply the new registration model retroactively. 1.2.1 Registration The goal of the new model of registration was to ease the burden on the future registrar when specialists arrived to consult particular material types. It was inspired by the idea that the intensive excavation of possibly undisturbed contexts may produce a larger amount of non-stone objects which would subsequently need to be studied. The model would create greater pressure on the registrar during the season, but less demand in the future.

8 Based on Winlock’s excavation notebooks (The Metropolitan Museum of Art Theban Expedition, vol. 3: XI Dynasty extramural tombs, c. 1920–1932, Archives of the Department of Egyptian Art, The Metro- politan Museum of Art, New York, 140–157). 9 For current plan of the interior of TT313, see Morales et al., in: SAK 46, 2017, 156, fig. 2. The change in axis is somewhat similar to the slightly earlier tomb of Djari (TT366) at Asasif, now also under conservation by the Middle Kingdom Theban Project. For the most recent plan of TT366, see Roehrig, in: J. Assman et al. (eds.), Thebanische Beamtennekropolen, 264, fig. 4.

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The new model was based on the recommendation of archaeologist Elisabeth Kruck, whose previous excavation experience relied on a similar methodology, and was undertaken by Raúl Sánchez Casado. In this method, all objects of the same material from a single context are registered under a single number. Our previous model separated the registration by date of excavation, which sometimes resulted in multiple bags of, for instance, pottery coming from the same context. Whilst the on-the-day registration was easier for the regis- trars, it made finding all of the bags of pottery from one context more time-consuming at a future date. In the new methodology, a bag remains ‘open’ until the context is fully excavated, and all of the dates during which material was added to the bag are recorded on the registration tag. This requires the registrar to check if a bag already exists each day a new set of objects are excavated from each context. Exceptions exist in the case of objects which are identifiable items: for instance, a dow- el would be registered as its own number, and not as a part of the ‘unidentified wood pieces’ which also emerged from the same context. Also, as with last season, each piece of inscribed or painted stone found received an individual registration number to ease the reconstruction of the objects by the epigrapher. This method was greatly favoured by the archaeologists who could, at the end of the excavation of a context, get a better idea of the volume and typology of finds coming from each context. The main reason this type of registration was not undertaken in the 2017 season was that the majority of finds were inscribed or painted stone fragments, and thus the variety of other types of material which needed to be registered was limited. 1.2.2 Storage The second aspect of the work involved storage. The goal was to take a full inventory of the objects registered in the 2017 season with the purpose of creating permanently recorded locations for these objects. This involved redistributing objects via variables such as available space, reasonable weight, and material type. In some cases, the new recording methodology was applied retroactively to the 2017 finds, for instance in the case of bags of ‘mixed materials’ and multiple bags of the same material from the same context. The registrar in charge of this work was Sofía Illana López. 1.2.3 Other work The geologist, Teresa Bardaji Azcárate, examined pieces of the stelae and sarcophagus in order to determine the type of stone and its source. Without further detailed chemical analysis, she was unable to determine the ultimate source of the material, but she was confident in suggesting it was not composed of stone which was excavated within or near the tomb. In fact, she noted that the stone which comprised the stelae and sarcophagus was a particular type of limestone, called calcarenite. This stone, large quantities of which are known to be found just south of Alexandria10, does not fragment in sheets like the limestone within which the tomb is built. Ceramicist Kei Yamamoto also had a short evaluation of the pottery which was emerg- ing from the 2018 units. He found that many of the contexts contained pottery of mixed

10 D. Klemm and R. Klemm, Stones and Quarries in Ancient Egypt (London 2008), 9.

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dates, which supported the archaeologists’ hypothesis that the material in these areas was deposited after the construction of the tomb. The majority of the pottery could be dated to the Middle Kingdom, but there were also pieces as late as the Roman period, notably fragments of amphora. 1.3 Epigraphic work With no access to the site due to an administrative delay, work was conducted on the pic- tures of the fragments from the tomb, with the feedback from the head of excavation for this tomb, Kelly Accetta, and the archival material from H. E. Winlock’s archaeological mission from the Metropolitan Museum, New York in the 20s,11 provided by the excavation director, Antonio J. Morales. This was complemented by the study of the initial bibliography kindly provided by Accetta.12 1.3.1 Epigraphic database A simple, functional database was created and implemented to collect information of all the fragments from the tomb with the ultimate objective of sorting them into the possible documents in the tomb,13 including four slab stelae (A-D),14 corridor inscriptions and scenes (possible: not in Winlock’s notes), monumental entrance (inside and outside)15 and one or two sarcophagi.16 The database is yet in progress and includes 200 records so far, one per fragment inscribed in carved monumental hieroglyphs or inked linear hieroglyphic and hieratic signs on limestone. For each fragment, the database collects information on the following: find number, dimensions and image; archaeological unit and context; document number, type, material and technique; writing type, layout, direction and particulars (retro- grade, rubricated); text transcription (encoded), transliteration and translations; bibliography and remarks. 1.3.2 Research strategies A palaeographical study of the carved hieroglyphs was initiated in situ to help determining how many different documents and/or inscribed areas were in the tomb. Given the diverse state of accomplishment of the carved signs in the documents from the tomb and in a Push-

11 Photographs nos. MC7 127, 131, 133–137, 139–140. 12 H. E. Winlock, The rise and fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes (New York 1947), 44–45, 67; W. C. Hayes, Career of the great steward Henenu under Nebhepetre Mentuhotpe, in: JEA 35, 1949, 43–49; J. P. Allen, Some Theban officials of the early Middle Kingdom, in: P. der Manuelian (ed.), Studies in honor of William Kelly Simpson I (Boston 1996), 1–26; Do. Arnold, The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s work at the Middle Kingdom sites of Thebes and Lisht, in: N. Thomas (ed.), The American discovery of ancient Egypt: essays (Los Angeles-New York 1996), 56–77; R. Soliman, Old and Middle Kingdom Theban tombs (London 2009), 112–114. 13 List of possible documents as proposed by Herbert Winlock in his transcribed notebooks (The Metropoli- tan Museum of Art Theban Expedition, vol. 3: XI Dynasty extramural tombs, c. 1920–1932, Archives of the Department of Egyptian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 140–157), and followed in subse- quent analyses by Hayes, in: JEA 35, 1949, on stela A; and by J. P. Allen, Some Theban officials of the early Middle Kingdom, in: P. der Manuelian (ed.), Studies in honor of William Kelly Simpson I (Boston 1996), on the history of the high officials of the Eleventh Dynasty. 14 Photographs nos. MC7 127 and 131 (stela A); M7C 134 (stela B) and M7C 135 (stela C). There is no photograph of stela D (see Winlock’s notebook, 140). 15 Photograph M7C 133. 16 Photographs 137 (mortuary text), and 139–140 (frise d’objects and offering list).

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kin stela, this approach can only be provisional. Due to the fragmentary state of the remains, this study should mainly focus on “index” signs selected among the more frequent signs such as , , and . With the relevant material increasing in the near future, the palaeographical study will adapt in scope and range accordingly. A preliminary philological study of the epigraphical material was started as well. One main interest was to retrieve information from the tomb inscribed remains about the tomb construction itself and its programmatic pattern. Despite the scarcity of the information, some research could be run in the future. One of these is the reference in lines 12–13 of slab stela A to the tomb having been made m inr an n Ab.w “of fine stone from Elephantine”, possibly limestone.17 The term inr an ‘fine stone’ is controversial in its basic meaning,18 although there is general agreement on its referring to limestone. Notwithstand- ing this, the reference to limestone from Elephantine may seem puzzling at first, although it is sustained by the geological evidence from Aswan northward,19 and some possible reference to this type of stone in the Aswan area.20 A possible provenance would be the Kurkur oasis, a southern limestone area in the way to Elephantine from Thebes through the West- ern desert.21 If the whole Elephantine area, including some possible limestone quarry or quarries nearby in the Western desert, was put under control by Mentuhotep II as has been recently interpreted,22 it would make sense that a high official of the court, who led some expedition himself (perhaps to this very area),23 would have chosen to line his tomb’s walls with a fine, brand new conquered source of limestone, even more when reference is given to Henenu as “sealer of the products of the oasis” (xtm.ty n ix.wt (?) nw.t wHA.t), which could explain his activity as a provider of food for the southern nomes (Stela A, line 4).24 In parallel to this research, the study of the Pushkin stela inv. num. I.1.а 5603 was started, which might be highly relevant for the history of Henenu and his tomb (TT313). Ac- cording to the information provided by the catalogue of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, the stela belonged to a Henenu, and entered the collection in 1911 after being

17 Hayes, in: JEA 35, 1949, 46. 18 The basic meaning of an makes a problem; an essential discussion of this can be found in J. R. Harris, Lexicographical studies in ancient Egyptian minerals, DAWIO 54 (Berlin 1961), 69–71. See also C. de Wit, Quelques valeurs du signe de l’oeil, in: Mélanges Pirenne, AIPHOS 20 (Bruxelles 1973), 211–212; C. de Wit, Les valeurs du signe de l’oeil dans le système hiéroglyphique, in: M. Görg and E. Pusch (eds.), Festschrift Elmar Edel 12. März 1979, ÄAT 1 (Bamberg 1979), 446–455. 19 R. Klemm and D. Klemm, Stones and quarries in ancient Egypt (London 2008), 23. Contra A. Lucas, Ancient Egyptian materials (London 1926), 10, and B. G. Aston et al., Stone, in: P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw (eds.), Ancient Egyptian materials and technology (Cambridge 2000), 40 (“From Esna northward to the Medi- terranean coast”). 20 Harris, Lexicographical studies in ancient Egyptian minerals, 69: according to Urk. IV 197, 212 & 213; cf. 819 (Wadi Halfa). 21 E. S. Sallam et al., The geological heritage of the Kurkur-Dungul area in southern Egypt, in: Journal of African Earth Sciences 137, 2018, 103–115. 22 J. C. Darnell, The Route of Eleventh Dynasty Expansion into Nubia, in: ZÄS 131, 2004, 23–37; G. Rosati, L’Egitto nel medio regno, in: A. Barbero (ed.), Storia d’Europa e del Mediterraneo II (Rome 2006), 16–17. 23 Hayes, in: JEA 35, 1949, 46 and 48 (n. g). 24 Hayes, in: JEA 35, 1949, 46.

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purchased in Thebes by W. Golenischeff, and probably coming from TT313.25 The stela, which seems to fit the style of the end of the Eleventh Dynasty, is dedicated to a Henenu, his wife and mother, both named Zenet. No titles are provided for the owner Henenu, a fact that might point at a location in the lower court chapel, where the contact between the de- ceased and family would happen.26 The study of this object will be furthered in the future to trace its provenance, historical, archaeological, and epigraphical particulars. Last but not least, preliminary work was done on the texts of Henenu’s sarcophagus as displayed on Winlock’s mission photograph M7C 137 (Metropolitan Museum archives). The central fragment of this photograph has a version of PT222 (Pyr. §§205b–210b), the transliteration of which follows in table 1:27 Table 1: Transliteratation of a section of PT222 (Pyr. §§205b–210b) in fragment from TT313

Text x+1 […] […] x+2 (205b) [SbSb.(w)] wAD.wy [Hz.n ist (206a) Htm.n.k Tw m ¡r.w] whose raw (testicles) were pulled off; the one whom Isis has blessed, (saying): “You have provided yourself as Horus x+3 Hwn.ty (206b) [n Hm fx.ti n.k n Hm iAb.ty n.k (206c) m Tw] the Youthful; nothing else is lost to you, nothing else is wanting to you: for see, x+4 ir.k bA.ti sxm.ti r nTr.w [mH.tyw Ax.yw.sn isT (207a) i.fx.k] you are more ba and more in control than the gods of the North or their akhs.” (N), you release x+5 ab.k n &m m iwn.w [hA.k Hna.f (207b) wDa.k] your cleansing to Atum in Heliopolis; you descend with him, that you may decide x+6 mAr.w nn.t aHa.k Hr [s.wt Nwi (207 d) wbn.k]28 the needs of the undersky and stand up in the places of Nu. May you rise x+7 Hna it.k &m fx.k [mAr.w (207e) tp.k] with your father Atum and release needs. Your head x+8 n rpw.t iwn.yt (208a) pr.k wp.k wA.t.k [m os.w] to (Nut), the Heliopolitan in the sedan chair; go forth and part your path through Shu’s x+9 Sw (208b) Sn.y Tw Xn.w a.wy mw.t.k bones, that the inside of your mother Nut’s arms may encircle you.

25 http://www.artsmuseum.ru/data/fonds/ancient_east/1_1_a/0001_1000/4757_stela_henena/index.php?lang =en [accessed on 12/04/2018]. 26 As suggested by the excavation director, Antonio Morales. 27 Translation of J. P. Allen, The ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, WAW 38 (Atlanta 2015), 43. 28 It seems to be no space for (207c) xpr.k Hna it.k &m oA.k Hna it.k &m.

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Text x+10 Nw.t (208c) ab.w.k m Ax.t sf[x.k wab.k] You become clean in the Akhet and release your cleaning x+11 m S.w Sw (209a) [pr.k hA.k hA.k Hna] in the Shu’s Lakes. You go up and go down; you go down with x+12 Ra snk.k Hna Ndi (209b) pr.k HA.k pr.k Hna the Sun, one of the dusk with the One Who Was Cast Down. You go up and go down: you go up with x+13 Ra (209c) wbn.k Hna [zxn-wr (210a) pr.k hA.k hA.k Hna Nb.t-Hw.t] the Sun and rise up with the One of the Great Reedfloat. You go up and go down: you go down with Nephthys, x+14 snk.[w Hna msk.tt …]? one of the dusk with the Nightboat (…)?

Besides TT313, PT222 was already known to occurs in 25 other Middle Kingdom sources: 6 from Bersha (B2Bo, B3Bo, B4Bo, B6Bo, B10Ca, B10Cb6), 5 from Saqqara (Sq2Be, Sq9C, Sq10C, Sq1Cop and Sq1Sq), 4 from Beni Hasan (BH1C, BH3C, BH5C and BH2Ox), 3 from Thebes (T4Be, T1C and TT240), 3 from Lisht (L-A1, L3Li and L1NY), 2 from Meir (M1C and M25C) and 1 from Sedment (Sed1Sed).29

2 The mortuary complex of Ipi (TT315) This season witnessed various difficulties for the execution of the original plan of work in the tomb. A continuation with the archaeological investigation of several archaeological features in the tomb of Ipi (TT315) was intended in order to accomplish a number of objectives. The first objective involved the continuation of the archaeological investigation in the western side of both the upper section and the sloping of the courtyard in tomb TT315, which was faced by opening three 10 x 10 m squares (see e.g. SLP-A1, B1) (fig. 2). The data expected from these squares were supposed to help in answering the main questions, the scenario of various phases involved in the development of the western wall in the courtyard, which supposedly cut into the bedrock, similar to the case in the eastern wall. Ar- chaeologists tried to answer several questions: when and why did this wall collapse? What is the stratigraphic relation between the collapsed wall and the construction of the neigh- bouring tomb MMA515? What is the relationship between the western wall and the depression located in the area? A second objective was to define the limits of the western depression since what was exposed until 2017 corresponded only with the northern edge.

29 According to J. P. Allen, The Egyptian Coffin Texts VIII: Middle Kingdom copies of Pyramid Texts, OIP 132 (Chicago 2006), 214–250.

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Fig. 2: General plan of the present situation in the upper courtyard and upper slope, showing the excavated areas in 2018 (TT315)

Another objective in this season was the continuation of cleaning and investigation of the central and eastern sections of the sloping courtyard in order to reveal (and understand) the original sloping floor, and the techniques of construction therein. Squares SLP-A2 and 3 were used for this section of the courtyard (fig. 2). This research is directly connected to the investigation of the architectural elements within the eastern wall of the courtyard, such as the unclear subterranean chamber under the tomb of Meseh, which was briefly mentioned in the plan of Winlock in 1922, and is located in square SLP-A3. 2.1 Archaeology and stratigraphy 2.1.1 The western section of the courtyard Continuing with the investigation of the western depression, partially exposed in 2016 in the western side of the upper courtyard, a 10 x 10 m square (SLP-A1) and part of another square of 5 x 10 m (SLP-B1) were opened. The excavated area was mainly showing a group of several filling layers in the stratigraphy and multiple deposits of collapsed material (fig. 3). The stratigraphy in the investigated area consisted mainly on a surface context [1000], which covered the whole surface of the squares and can be identified with the context that covers the entire slope. This context mainly consisted of sand and gravel fill, including random material culture, which did not show any pattern of concentration or deposit. The depth of this strata was not deep, as it was most likely caused by daily accumulation. It is worth to mention that this strata covered the whole courtyard, and is mainly attributed with significant random inclusions of objects that were re-deposited or dumped away by Herbert Winlock in his excavations of the 20s.30

30 See Morales et al., in: SAK 46, 2016.

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Fig. 3: Plan of the western section of the upper courtyard and slope, showing squares A1 and B1, and the features of the western section of the courtyard found in 2017 (TT315)

Context [1000] here led soon to a different thick layer of filling material, consisting mainly on sand and rubble [1024]. This layer is different from the upper surface layer as it is observed in the distinctive inclusions of material culture. This context produced a large amount of mixed materials, which could be dated to various periods. However, it can be observed that the context presented a large amount of material from later periods, mainly pottery from Roman times, as well as a few Middle Kingdom sherds, appearing occasionally. Also, a few modern materials, which might have belonged to the upper strata, could be found in association with this context. This layer did not show the thin sub-stratum or layer found in other sections of the site, which would indicate daily accumulation as in [1000]. Instead, thicker layers of sub-strata showed up in some parts of the profiles, therefore offering a sequence that lacked clarity and order. One of the interesting findings obtained in this context was a clay seal impression (inv. num. 3423, see below section 2.3.2). In general, however, there was no significant materials detected within this stratum. The latter could be described as a thick and deep fill that covered the whole depression area, including all features located within it. In addition, sometimes context [1024] was not only covering other strata, but also partially filling space beneath it [1036]. Under these fill strata, several features were exposed. For instance, a deposit of irregular stone blocks piled up as an elongated heap, running from east to west, was found [1036] (fig. 3). This stone pile was partially laying on the bedrock of the slope in some particular

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spots. Meantime, in other spots, the bedrock dived under other strata. One can note that this deposit of stones presented two stratigraphical sections that were not physically connected. The stones found in this context were not in all cases the result of some limestone collapse, as it was clear when observing the presence of a sizable amount of natural flint boulders, which could be used to distinguish this context. Comparatively, this context is similar and is probably connected to contexts [1025, 1032], which were exposed in 2017 at the northern side of the depression.31 The stratigraphy filling the depression in the western area was not less complicated than what archaeologists found last season. As in the case of the stone pile [1036], another sizable pile of large white irregular limestone blocks occupied the area against the sloping western face of the bedrock [1043] (figs. 3, 4). This feature appeared as accumulated in a large heap, presenting large empty gaps between the stones. It is clear that sand did not remain in between stones and falled directly onto the bottom in this layer. However, thin marl sand was found between the stone blocks in the lowest parts of the context, where it touched the surface of the sloping bedrock. This huge collapse of limestone stones is most likely part of the collapse that was exposed in the last days of 2017 season [1034, 1035]. This massive white limestone collapse did not include any material culture at all, and did not have any sub-strata within it, which indicates that this huge pile of stone might have come from a single collapse action, happening at once. It is possible, therefore, to suggest here that this collapse might have been produced by the fall of the western wall of the courtyard. However, this remains a hypothesis without full confirmation so far. In addition, it must be added that it was difficult to follow this context [1043] westwards as it continued diving beneath the floor of tomb MMA515 and its mudbrick wall. However, the thickness of this stratum and its continuation to the west – following the sloping bedrock in this area, which will be explained later – was detected through the observa- tion of the profiles (fig. 4). This feature encouraged the archaeologists to consider other considerably extensive sections of the context westwards, crossing beneath the floor of MMA515 and probably expanding beyond. This feature will require much attention and a more extensive archaeological and spatial analysis, in order to reconstruct the original landscape prior to the building of tombs MMA515 and TT315.

Fig. 4: Cross section/profile of the upper slope, east-west, showing bedrock floor and depression (TT315)

31 Ibid., 170–171.

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Above this collapse, another phase of accummulation or collapse [1039] gathered in three sub-layers, sloping from north to south against another accumulated stone deposit in [1038]. These later collapse phases piled up in a sequence with a layer of large size limestone stones, after a fine limestone layer, which indicates more than one phase of accumulation after a sudden collapse that caused the main feature in the lower section with large limestone blocks [1043]. This feature shows up only in a restricted area between other limestone deposits. However, it produced a good amount of objects, including bones and wooden fragments, which should be examined more in detail to undertand the feature and the associated layers and contexts. 2.1.2 The bedrock Under the stone deposits [1036, 1043, and 1038], one could see that the bedrock was exposed in both squares, SLP-A1 and B1. The bedrock here shows a sedimentary character, mainly with limestone rubble of different sizes gathered together with marl and crushed limestone, all in solid and compact condition. Also, the bedrock in this area shows several elevations and slope steepness in several directions (fig. 5).

Fig. 5: Detailed plan for squares A1 and B1, showing the contours of bedrock and features found above (TT315)

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The main directions of the bedrock in the slope area look to the south and west. In the southern-eastern part of SLP-A1 and most of SLP-B1, the bedrock elevation and slope direction are more or less consistent with the general gradual slope of the whole courtyard. This aspect can be observed in the central area, as well as in SLP-A2 and A3 (figs. 2, 6). Therefore, excluding the considerably eroded surface of the sedimentary stone, it is possible to say that the exposed part of the bedrock in the mentioned area is part of the slope cut within the original plan for the courtyard. This means that the sloping bedrock at the south of the exposed trenches constitutes the southern limit of the depression.

Fig. 6: Plan of the eastern section of the upper slope and underground chamber beneath the tomb of Meseh, near square A2 (TT315)

Nevertheless, the situation is not consistent westwards. This factor can be observed in the continuation of the depression in the northern, western and southern-western parts of SLP- A1), since the elevation of the bedrock dives dramatically (average 50 cm) – forming irregular basin surfaces in the area – and one can identify an east-west slope surface in the western section, as seen in the profile (fig. 4). In this area, the east-west slope can be recognized as a western face of the bedrock. It is significantly distinguished by a deep continuation going down towards the west (so far 2.12 m lower than the bedrock surface in the eastern side). Moreover, it continues to dive westwards under the floor of the courtyard of the neighboring tomb MM515 (approx. 1 m under the level of the floor in MMA515). The situation of the bedrock in this area shows a general slope direction of the depression towards the west. However, the full size is not revealed yet. The nature and reason for the existence of such a considerably large depression – and its actual dimensions – still need to be investigated through archaeological work in the near future.

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2.1.3 The eastern section of the courtyard In this section of the slope (see fig. 6 above), two squares were opened partially, SLP-A2 and A3. In SLP-A2, the investigation of the bedrock floor of the courtyard continues, as the general slope of the rock-cut floor of the tomb’s courtyard ran southwards, with consistent slope steepness and direction. The slope goes down through a sequence of geological layers of the gebel, mainly between tafla, white limestone, and sedimentary bedrock. However, a 3 m wide depression appears in the middle of the eastern side of SLP-A2 [1044]. The depression is not deep or large as in the case of the western depression, and it takes the shape and aspect of a watershed basin. The depression was completely filled with large to medium size limestone fragments. All of them are stacked inside the pit, without any connection between the depression and other piles of stones observed above it. Surpris- ingly, this context barely present any material culture. Except for the materials found on top of the context, there were no objects coming from the context or from the lower section of it. The material culture coming from the upper part of this context shows a concentration of burnt mudbricks, mainly modern bricks, and occasionally some ancient ones. The nature of the stones filling this feature does not seem different from the collapsed stones that accum- mulated in the large western depression and from the other smaller pits in the upper courtyard. It is noted that this feature behaves probably as a depression caused by watershed. This might raise one more time the question about the date and span of use of the courtyard in this tomb, both as an accesible landscape and an active funerary domain. 2.1.4 A subterranean chamber Further to the east, the area adjacent to the eastern wall of the courtyard was also investigated in this season. Right at the feet of the entrance of the tomb of Meseh (fig. 6), a rectangular underground chamber was found. It extends towards the east/south-east beneath the corridor of Meseh’s tomb (fig. 4). This room was mentioned only once in 1922, in a draft of an architectural plan produced by the architects working for Winlock and the MMA expedition. The room entrance was blocked with mixed rubble, which included large limestone stones. Everything was found mixed, and a few objects came out of this rubble. The room itself was found completely empty. Indeed, one can conclude that Winlock opened this room and cleaned it completely or perhaps he did not find any material inside. As he did not mention or presented any description of this chamber, it is difficult to know more about the original condition in which Winlock found it. An important aspect, the relation between the tomb of Meseh and this subterranean chamber, has not yet been defined in detail. Architecturally, the main axis of the chamber is oriented in the same direction as the axis of the Meseh´s corridor and burial chamber. The chamber itself measures 7.12 m in length, and is around 1 m wide; its height is around 1 m. It is important to note that the rear part of the chamber is distinguish by an unfinished wall. Also, the ceiling in the same point of the chamber is slightly higher than in the rest of the chamber. The room is entirely cut in a good white limestone stratum. The orientation of the chamber and its entrance is almost right beneath the entrance of the tomb of Meseh, which is an appealing feature to propose the hypothesis that both structures were related and con- stituted a single mortuary monument.

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2.2 Findings and materials 2.2.1 Types and quantity The typology of materials retrieved this season follows the same patterns as in the previous seasons. This is to say, largely disturbed material, fragmentary, and jumbled, as the result of ancient looting and modern archaeological activities (mainly by Winlock in the 20s). Nev- ertheless, archaeologists have noticed that its amount did significantly decreased, as did the percentage of modern objects, which might be a new condition to be considered as the archaeological team keeps going down the slope toward the main entrance into the courtyard, which was not fully excavated by the MMA expedition and its remains are located under a few meters under the current (modern) surface. As usually found in the excavation of Ipi’s courtyard, the most frequent findings have been construction materials (limestone, sandstone, mudbrick), ceramics, wood, bandages, fibres, bones, and mummy fragments.32 We should also add cartonnage fragments, shabti figurines,33 and faience beads, which continued to appear, although less commonly. Some special objects should be highlighted from the assemblage of material collected this season. On the one hand, one should mention an interesting fragment of metal in the shape of an axe (inv. num. 3144), possibly belonging to a Middle Kingdom model. Such an assertion, however, needs further investigation. On the other hand, three mud seal impressions (inv. num. 3141, 3147, 3423) were recovered.34 It is also worthy to mention two pieces of fine and well preserved basketry (inv. num. 3300 and 3485), and a small faience amu- let with the shape of the god Bes. 2.2.2 Jars from the embalming deposit Some of the jars found last season still contained embalming materials that were not pulled out by Winlock and the MMA expedition. Prior to the study by the ceramic specialist, these jars were emptied to avoid their contents falling during the drawing process. Since this materials are the only ones found in a secure context and related with certainty to a particular jar, the processing and registering tasks for the particular findings proceeding from the jars were thoroughly conducted, with the responsible archaeologist, registration specialist, and photographer examining, registering, and photographing all the details. The case of the cachette jar num. 32 (inv. num. 2564) is particularly noticeable, as it contained seven natron bags and four pieces of textile. 2.2.3 Ceramics In 2018, the ceramics specialists prioritised the jars from Ipi’s embalming cache (context [1018]).35 Among the 56 jars recovered in 2017, only 52 could be entirely documented,

32 For the materials retrieved in the previous MKTP seasons see Morales et al., in: SAK 46, 2017, 177–179; Morales et al., in: SAK 45, 2016, 277–279; Morales et al., in: BAEDE 25, 2016, 105–106. 33 The shabti figurines retrieved during this season show the same typology of the ones in the previous seasons. On the shabties previously found in the funerary complex of the vizier Ipi one may see Sanchez Casado, in: MDAIK 73, 2017, 175–186. 34 See the section of ephigraphy for more information on this particular objects. 35 Hazem Shared and Kei Yamamoto made illustrations at 1:1 scale, and Yamamoto also documented most of the fabric types, surface treatments, markings, residues, etc. Patricia Mora Riudavets took photographs, and Rawda Abd el-Hady worked on conservation as needed.

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mainly because four of them (inv. num. 2533, 2546, 2559 and 2579) were transferred to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo. As reported previously, the embalming cachette jars can be classified into three main types.36 One type, represented only by one example now in Chicago,37 will not be discussed here. The other two types are: 1. Ovoid bottle with a collared neck.38 The height varies widely from 51 to 67 cm, while the rim diameter is more consistent at about 11–12 cm. The ovoid body is widest below the midpoint. The slightly everted neck is often demarcated from the shoulder by a well- defined groove. The neck shape could not always be recorded due to the mud stopper covering it completely. The bottom two-thirds of the body was hand-modelled, but the rest of the body and the neck was shaped on the potter’s wheel. It was confirmed that this vessel type was always made of Marl C fabric, and never of Nile silt as was reported erroneously in parts of our previous report.39 More specifically, it is closest to the ‘Marl C Compact’, often associated with this vessel type.40 The paste is red with grey core without clear zon- ing. Amounts of cream-coloured scum on the surface vary greatly, presumably depending on the drying and firing conditions.41 2. Ellipsoid jar with a very short neck.42 It is about 41–43 cm in height, and the rim diameter is about 9–10 cm. The wheel marks show that the whole vessel was made on the potter’s wheel. The smooth body is almost perfectly ellipsoid. The neck is very short, and the rim is modelled. The fabric is always Marl A3, firing to greenish white or pale yellow on the surface and yellowish light grey in the break. The fine clay contains almost no inclu- sion. Careful examination revealed more marks on the bottles of the first type than were noted previously.43 Pre-firing incised pot marks were observed on ten bottles. Aside from the mr sign appearing twice on a single vessel (inv. num. 2566), all marks are different, despite the assumption that the jars were manufactured in the same workshop and for the same purpose. Fifteen bottles of the first type bear black writings, executed in charcoal or half dry ink. The most common type (inv. num. 2542, 2544, 2575, 2580, 2587 and possibly 2544 and 2581) can be read tentatively as zH kA Htp as reported previously. The second most common marking (inv. num. 2558, 2577 and 2583) resembles the Hn hieroglyph, while another (inv. num. 2553 and 2586) resembles the Dd sign.44

36 Morales et al., in: SAK 46, 2017, 176–177. 37 A. Seiler, Middle Kingdom Pottery in the Theban Necropolis, in: R. Schiestl and A. Seiler, Handbook of the Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. II: The Regional Volume (Vienna 2012), 306–308, fig. 7.2. 38 R. Schiestl and A. Seiler, Handbook of the Pottery of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, vol. I: The Corpus Volume (Vienna 2012), 610–611, n. 1. 39 Morales et al., in: SAK 46, 2017, 174–175. 40 Do. Arnold and J. Bourriau (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, Sonderschrift, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo 17 (Mainz 1993), 181. 41 M. Ownby and D. Griffiths, Issues of Scum: Technical Analyses of Marl C to Answer Some Technologi- cal Questions, in: Ägypten und Levante 19, 2009, 229–239. 42 Schiestl and Seiler, The Corpus Volume, 480–481, n. 2. 43 Some more might be obscured by the mud stoppers. 44 The reading of the black (and often faint) markings, assisted by Dina Serova and Carlos Gracia Za- macona, is in progress.

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The original contents occasionally remained, and those small enough to pass through the neck were removed and registered separately. They included natron bags, pieces of linen and wheat grains, and represent the only contents with relatively secure contexts. Some mud stoppers were also drawn and documented. Removed from the bottles in 1922, the stoppers were found scattered around the courtyard, but the rim diameters and mud type confirm that many indeed belonged to the jars from the embalming cache. To seal the jar, a bundle of linen was first stuffed into its neck. Then a lump of wet clay mixed with much coarse chaff was pushed often very deeply into the neck, indicating that these vessels were never intended to be reopened. 2.2.4 Registration and storage One of the main goals of the registration work for this season was to undertake a complete reorganization of the storage for a better arrangement of the materials from the tomb of Ipi (TT315). This step would facilitate future work of research, search, and examination. How- ever, due to the short period for the archaeological campaign and its ramifications, it was decided that this task should be postponed for the next season (2019), although some initial work has been done in this respect, mostly focusing on the restitution of damaged plastic bags and paper tags. Additionally, with the aim of improving the preservation of the registered information, we have developed a new system for labelling plastic bags and wooden boxes. 2.3 Epigraphic work 2.3.1 The sarcophagus of Ipi As already mentioned in an earlier report, the sarcophagus presents painted (ornamental) as well as drawn hieroglyphs, which show no clear-cut boundaries between the cursive and hieratic scripts.45 This hybrid writing can be detected in the walls and floor of the sarcophagus, and can be interrupted in some instances by pictorial and iconographic elements. Based on the photographic material obtained by Mohamed Osman, the decoration of the sarcophagus walls has been studied more in detail this season. The focus was mainly placed on writing techniques, iconography, orthography, and palaeography. With the use of infra- red photography and visual enhancements, some parts of the decoration became visible and readable again. This approach facilitated the on-going study, translation, and illustration of the sarcophagus, which is one of the major targets of the epigraphic team. Particular em- phasis was placed on the question of how the sarcophagus was decorated and which phases of manufacture the sarcophagus has experienced – from antiquity to modern times – as an object. Concerning the writing, based on the shape of the signs and the preferred use of hieratic writing for certain signs, two different handwritings have been distinguished so far. It is probable that (at least) two scribes were involved in the inscription of the sarcophagus and that their work was roughly divided into two sections of the sarcophagus itself. It seems that one scribe was responsible for the northern and eastern walls, while the other was working on the southern and western ones. Whether or not they were working together at

45 Morales et al., in: SAK 45, 2016, 274.

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the same time is unclear, but since the sarcophagus is a limestone monolith of considerable size, this possibility cannot be ruled out. In some instances, the script shows strong tilting and also unsteady lines, mostly at the end of the columns close to the sarcophagus floor, which is an expected feature. These distinctions give a hint to the movement of the artisans within the narrow space within the interior of the sarcophagus, which measures 2,26 m in length and 1,03 m in width.46 Of special interest is the question of how the floor of the sarcophagus was decorated. Although the inscription here is almost completely gone today, its remains clearly show that this part was fully occupied by sinistrograde hieroglyphs running in columns from the head to the foot sides. Each column starts – as on the walls – with the signs D(d)-mdw “recitation” or simply mDw < mdw “words, speech”, which acts as a quotation marker.47 As the outer walls of the sarcophagus are 1,19 m high, the scribe could not have bent over the wall to finish the lower part of the inscription. This suggests that the scribe was maybe first lying on his stomach or sitting in a crouched position to write the upper part of the columns, and then switched his or her position to write the rest of the text in an upside- down posture. Another peculiarity concerning the floor is the arrangement of chisel marks in the head area, which follow a concentric pattern. This enables us to reconstruct the sitting position of the craftsman sculpting this area. However, several questions arise in this context: was the floor left unsmoothed and unpolished before its decoration or was the chiselling done after the decoration, thus destroying the writing? In the areas where the writing is still visible, the chiselling seems to partially disrupt the inscription, while in other parts pigments can be seen within the chisel marks. Further analysis of the floor and its markings seems very promising and will hopefully bring results that should clarify all these questions. 2.3.2 Seal impressions from TT315 The upper courtyard of TT315 (section SLP-A1) has revealed three seal impressions (inv. num. 3147, 3141, 3423) coming from three different strata. All three objects consist of clay pieces of different size showing imprints of scarab or ovoid seals. The obverse sides of seal impressions num. 3147 and num. 3141 show an irregular surface and diagonal imprints from strings to which they were attached. This suggests that both represent simple string sealings.48 As for the third seal impression, it still awaits further investigation. The seals used for the impressions have been incised in sunk, laminar relief,49 which made the seal impressions appear in raised relief.

46 For further details see Morales et al., in: SAK 45, 2016, 272274. 47 F. Kammerzell and C. Peust, Reported speech in Egyptian: forms, types, and history, in: T. Güldemann and M. von Roncador (eds.), Reported discourse as a meeting ground for different linguistics domains, Typo- logical Studies in Language 52 (Amsterdam-Philadelphia 2002), 295296. 48 See different object and attachment types in G. T. Martin, Seals and seal impressions from the site of Lisht: The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period material, in: M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds.), Scar- abs of the second millennium BC from Egypt, Nubia, Crete and the Levant: Chronological and historical impli- cations. Papers of a symposium, Vienna, 10th13th of January 2002 (Vienna 2004), 105, fig. 1. 49 Cfr. types of engravement on seals in O. Keel, Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina/Israel: von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit. Einleitung, in: OBOSA 10, 1995, 129–130.

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Object num. 3147 was found in the archaeological context [1036] of section SLP-A1 (fig. 7). The design shows the zmA-tAwj sign (motif class 3A1),50 which is a combination of the hieroglyphs F36 with the reading zmA “to unite, to join”,51 M26, the logogram for Sma “Upper Egypt”, and M15, the logogram for mHw “Lower Egypt”. As a combined hieroglyph, the sign stands for the “unification of the two lands” and is one of several “roy- al” symbols attested in Middle Kingdom seal series.52 Having considered parallel seal de- signs found in Egypt and the Levant, it is possible to assert that the seal was produced between the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties.53 However, an earlier dating cannot be exclud- ed because of the common features with ovoids attested before the Twelfth Dynasty.54

Fig. 7: Drawing of seal impression 3147 found in TT315

Seal impression num. 3141 came from context [1000+1036] of section SLP-A1 and repre- sents a so-called “motto decoration” (fig. 8).55 The design can be either interpreted as motif class 3A256 (nbtj and plant) or 3B3a57 (two addorsed red crowns on nb-signs). If the sign on top of V30 is identified as a plant,58 then this would indicate a relatively early dating of

50 O. Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II: Scarab seals and their contribution to history in the early Second Millennium B.C. (Warminster 1984), 2930, 117. 51 Wb III, 446.3447.13. 52 D. Ben-Tor, Scarabs, chronology, and interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 15; for further discussion of the meaning see E. Hornung and E. Staehelin (eds.), Skarabäen und andere Siegelamulette aus Basler Sammlungen (Mainz 1976), 170; A. B. Wiese, Die Anfänge der ägyptischen Stempelsiegel-Amulette: eine typologische und religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zu den „Knopfsiegeln“ und verwandten Objekten der 6. bis frühen 12. Dynastie, in: OBOSA 12, 1996, 122; H. Schäfer, Die „Vereinigung der beiden Länder“: Ursprung, Gehalt und Form eines ägyptischen Sinnbildes im Wandel der Geschichte, in: MDAIK 12, 1943, 7395; Keel, in: OBOSA 10, 1995, 169, 174. 53 D. Serova, Seal impressions from TT315, in: forthcoming; Cfr. Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II, 117; Ben-Tor, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 1516, 75. 54 W. A. Ward, Studies on scarab seals I: Pre-12th Dynasty scarab amulets (Warminster 1978), 7274. 55 Cfr. Martin, Seals and seal impressions, 105. 56 Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II, 2930, 117118; Ward, Studies on scarab seals I, 69; Ben-Tor, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 16. 57 Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II, 2930, 119; Ward, Studies on scarab seals I, 7172; Ben-Tor, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 18. 58 Strong similarities can be seen with a scarab seal dated to the time between the Eleventh Dynasty and the beginning of the reign of Mentuhotep Nebhepetre in Ward, Studies on scarab seals I, 70, fig. 15, n. 6, pl. XII, n. 320 (Matouk collection CG VI 7).

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the object, since the branching flower motif – as it is visible here – is characteristic of the time between the Ninth and Eleventh Dynasties.59 In the Middle Kingdom, the plant stems show a different shape and are mostly not interconnected.60 If the second possibility is considered, the material allows a slightly later dating and a coherent reading of the signs. In that case, the design consists of the signs F35 in the centre with S3 resting on V30 sign with N5 on top on each side. In the lower part, the two nb-signs are connected by two vertical lines. The combination of these signs can be read in two different ways, being nfr raw-nb “perfect every day” with S3 as a pho- netic complement or as hrw nb nfr “(may) every day be beautiful”. The comparison with other sealings bearing similar sign combinations has shown that num. 3141 was possibly produced in the transition period between the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties.61

Fig. 8: Drawing of seal impression 3141 found in TT315

Seal impression num. 3423 was found in context [1024], and shows a relatively complex coiled and woven pattern (motif class 6B2).62 The pattern consists of nine symmetrically arranged loops and has not been attested so far (fig. 9). The design cannot be assigned to the sub-classes 6B2a and b distinguished by Tufnell,63 which renders a definite decision on

59 Ward, Studies on scarab seals I, 6972; Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II, 117118; Corresponding ex- amples presented by Ward (e.g. 70, fig. 15, nos. 112) have been all dated to the periods 2 and 3 before the Twelfth Dynasty. For a detailed discussion, see Serova, forthcoming. 60 Cfr. Ward, Studies on scarab seals I, 70, fig. 15, nos. 6281; Nos. 13, 18, 19 and especially 20, which would provide good comparative material for later time periods, are unfortunately of an uncertain date and provenance: see Ward, Studies on scarab seals I, 69; As has been pointed out by Ben-Tor, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 16, 776, 125, 160, the seals attributed by Ward and Tufnell to the late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermedi- ate Period show characteristics which indicate an early Middle Kingdom date. According to Ben-Tor the nb.tj design does not continue into the Second Intermediate Period neither in Egypt nor in Palestine. 61 Serova, in: forthcoming. 62 Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II, 2930, 119; Keel, in: OBOSA 10, 1995, 185–187; Ben-Tor, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 24–25, 89–90, 138–139, 170. 63 Tufnell, Studies on scarab seals II, 126; Cfr. Ben-Tor, in: OBOSA 27, 2007, 25, 89, 138, 170.

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the date more difficult. Because of its similarities with other pieces, num. 3423 was most likely produced during the Twelfth dynasty.64

Fig. 9: Drawing of seal impression 3423 found in TT315

3 The eastern sector 3.1 Carter tomb num. 4 (E1) Carter Tomb num. 4 (E1) was excavated by Carter in 1909–1910, and described in his report “Five Years’ Explorations at Thebes”.65 However, his description – of around one page – remains brief and gives only a glimpse of the general conditions of the tomb without any further details, description of features, measurements, photos (with the exception of two photos of a limestone statuette), architectural and geological descriptions, or interpretation (see pl. 13). Because of these limitations in the understanding and documentation of the tomb in particular and of this area of Deir el-Bahari in general, the MKTP aims at re-excavating the tomb and to provide a fresh documentation and interpretation on the complex. This season we were able to initiate work in the area with the installation of a metal door and the initial cleaning of the entrance corridor in order to prepare future investigations of the – now blocked by debris and stones – inner section of the tomb. The tomb is situated around 280 m to the east of the tomb of Ipi (TT315), and around 200 m north of the visitor centre for Hatshepsut´s temple, in the eastern part of the northern bay at Deir el-Bahari. It is located just in front of a geological fissure in the bedrock. This 17 m long fissure covers almost the whole width of the façade and is only 1–2 m away from the entrance into the tomb. On the eastern end of the cut, a shaft with worked rectangular

64 Serova, in: forthcoming. 65 G. H. Carnavon and H. Carter, Five Years’ Explorations at Thebes. A Record of Work Done 1907–1911 (Oxford 1912), 22–23.

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edges was cut down up to a depth of 5,70 m, where Carter was able to locate the sarcophagus chamber.66 Just in front of the entrance, on the eastern side, a 80 cm wide and 40 cm deep bench-like structure was cut in the bedrock. The following entrance area of the tomb has a ceiling height of around 3,70 m at its maximum, and is lowering down to 2–2,30 m in the inner parts of the entrance corridor. The width of the corridor is between 1,73 m and 1,98 m. The tomb was mainly cut into a layer of limestone, which is especially well worked and smooth in the walls of the entrance corridor. These walls stand in sharp contrast to the ceiling, which is uneven and is fragmented into various fractions and cuts in the bedrock. Going beyond the abovementioned bench, the floor shows the remains of what was most likely the space for the threshold. Moving 1,5 m further into the tomb, a rock-cut stela was prepared in the western wall, around 1,20–2 m above the ground. Around 8,50 m behind the entrance of the tomb, the corridor is blocked by a pile of debris and sand (pl. 14), which seems to come from the inner part of the tomb behind the door frame at the end of the entrance corridor. The floor is worked well and its edges are well defined in straight lines to the wall. It is made in a smooth layer of limestone that does not present any sharp cuts and edges. 3.2 TT316 / MMA518 Tomb of Neferhotep Next to Carter Tomb num. 4 or E1, several other (presumably Middle Kingdom) archaeological structures are already known and mentioned by Winlock67 and Carter.68 Among them, one can include tombs TT316 (Neferhotep – MM518), MM519 (Mentuhotep), and MM520, which are, in this order, adjacent from the east to the tomb MM517 (Meru). Due to the limited time for fieldwork this season, we initiated a non-intensive survey of the area between E1 and TT316. We recorded structures by photographs, drawings, and plans, with the aim of collecting initial archaeological data set about, among others, the conservation state of structures, and also to describe the most visible archaeological and architectural features. These data are significant and decisive for future work in the area. We plan to continue this survey in order to understand the development of this part of the necropolis, which follows – both spatially and formally – a different pattern in comparison to the line of the other Middle Kingdom tombs at Deir el-Bahari, ending with Meru (TT240) and Ipi (TT315). This season we were only able to conduct a general survey in TT316 (Neferhotep),69 which resulted in the preparation of an initial plan for the tomb (see fig. 10). We plan to provide a full set of geological, architectural and photogrammetric materials of this tomb, which has been oftenly discussed in the bibliography but unfortunately not very well documented.70

66 Carnavon and Carter, Five Years’ Explorations, 22–23. 67 H. Winlock, The Egyptian Expedition 1922–1923, in: BMMA 12 (1923), Part 2, 11–39. 68 Carnavon and Carter, Five Years’ Explorations, 22–33. 69 B. Porter and R. Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs, and Paintings. I, 1. The Theban Necropolis: Private Tombs (Oxford 1960), 390. 70 For instance: J. P. Allen, An offering to Mentuhotep, son of Mentuhotep-ankhu, found at Thebes  MMA 26.3.316, in: Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 19, 2015, 25–40; and: Soliman, Old and Middle Kingdom Theban tombs, 126–128.

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Fig. 10: Plan of the tomb of Nefehotep (TT316)

4. Anthropological remains After having been reduced to a mere curiosity for centuries, the study of mummies acquired status of scientific discipline at the beginning of 20th century after the pioneer works of Sir Marc Armand Ruffer.71 Today, the study of human mummified remains constitutes a well established and respected branch of Egyptology, both as an independent field itself, and as an ancillary discipline to Egyptology in issues pertaining to demographics, health, and life style, cultural an ritual practices, etc.72 Therefore, nowadays, it is absolutey clear the importance of incorporating forensic and physical anthropology in every field project conducted in Egypt. Being this the first season for the forensic anthropologists in the MKTP, and due to time limitations this season, the forensic anthropologists reduced their duties simply to prepare a preliminary survey of the most prominent pieces of mummified remains collected during previous seasons. In this survey, we assessed the condition of the remains, made a brief description of them, and offered, when possible, an initial diagnosis concerning de- mographic profile, presence of any trauma or pathologies, some details on mummification practices, etc. The main outcomes of this brief survey are sumarized in table 2. In order to achieve this goal, we used a protocol based mainly on Ikram73, the so-called Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains of the Field Museum of Natural History,74 our own Reccomendations in Forensic Antropology,75 and the Osteoware software

71 M. A. Ruffer and R. L. Moodie. Studies in the Palaeopathology of Egypt (Chicago 1921). This work can be obtained through http://archive.org/details/studiesinpalaeop00ruff. 72 T. A. Cockburn, Mummies, Disease & Ancient Cultures (Cambridge-New York 2008); and A. C. Aufderheide, The Scientific Study of Mummies (Cambridge 2003). 73 S. Ikram, J. Kaiser, and R. Walker, Egyptian Bioarchaeology: Humans, Animals, and the Environment (Leiden 2015). 74 J. Haas, J. E. Buikstra, D. H. Ubelaker, and D. Aftandilian, Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History (Fayetteville 1994).

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developed by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington since 2011. We mainly focused on assessing the condition of the remains and identifying the presence of diagnostics traits pertaining to sex, age, ancestry, etc. Special attention was given to item num. 2480, a (supossed) mummified heart found in the mummification cachette in the complex of the visir Ipi (TT315). After inspection, it can be confirmed that it corresponds without any doubt to a dessicated human heart, possibly covered by a layer of resin, with a max. length of 119 mm and a max. diameter of 250 mm. It present a laceration in the right auricula with uprooting of both cavae veins. The whole piece, including ventricles, auricles, and pulmonary trunk, is indistinctly and tightly wraped in very fine cloth linen. The aortic root received a special treatment, beeing care- fuly and independently wraped in a linen bandage as well as plugged with a bandage roll, giving to the piece a shape which resembles that of the hieroglyphic representation of the heart. In any case, all pieces – the mummified heart and the fragmented mummies found in the previous seasons – deserve further studies, which will be carefully planned for the next season in 2019. Table 2: Main groups of human remains briefly evaluated in the fourth season

Item nr. desription sex age ancestry notes 486 Torso post and rigt arm -- Adult -- Linen packing in preverterbral space of neck 1403 Head lacking frontal an -- Young -- Perforation of lamina parietals cribrosa and foramen magnum 1461 Torso an neck with left -- Adult -- -- arm 1463 Torso post Posibly male Adult -- Profusely covered wih bitumen. No linen 1578 Head an neck Female Adolescent Poss. nubian Linen intraoral plug. (15–17y) IntracranialRosin mold 1653 Post. Torso, including -- Child -- -- both scapular a pelvic (6–8y) cintures plus rigth arm 2136 Post torso Poss. female -- -- Guod quality linen, plain and blue edging 2480 Heart packed in linen ------See text 2839 Penis and finger (poss illum -- -- The penis is uncir- the second) cumcised.

75 F. Serrulla (ed.), Recommendations in Forensic Antropology, Asociación Española de Antropología y Odontología Forense (Madrid 2013).

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5. Architecture The fourth season of the MKTP is the second time since the participation of the architects of the University of Alcalá started. In terms of objectives for architectural work, the season has fulfilled its objectives, both at the level of the experts working in the field and also in relation to the students of architecture who participated for the first time in the UAH expedition. 5.1 Organization of architectural work In this area, it is possible to distinguish two types of distinctive jobs in terms of general duties and architectural technical work. On the one hand, we have continued our general survey of the tomb monuments, mainly observing their architecture, features, and conditions, as we had done in previous seasons in the northern sector, but now in two new sectors, in the southern one, and on the one hand, and on the eastern sector, on the other. Work in two new areas have allowed us to compare architectural features, techniques, and conditions, which will be absolutely positive for future examinations and interpretations. Consid- ering that some of the tombs belong to the late Eleventh Dynasty, some can be dated to the early Twelfth Dynasty, and some others (such as TT316/Neferhotep) might be dated even to the late Twelfth or early Thirteenth Dynasties, it can be said that this comparative survey has enriched our perspective on the architecture of the Middle Kingdom mortuary monuments at Thebes. a. Central sector In terms of architectural features, we have been able to follow the archaeological progress of excavations in the tombs of Ipi and Henenu and adequate our analysis and work to the uncovered areas and structures. In addition, we have completed some work in this season of 2018 that was left unfinished in the previous third season (2017). Tomb of Henenu (TT313) In the tomb of Henenu it has not been possible to advance in more detail due to the lack of time and the necessity to leave the inner sections untouched until the archaeologists can initiate their work therein. Tomb of Ipi (TT315) In the mortuary complex of Ipi, it has been possible for the architects to complete the 3D scanner data in some points that needed reinforcement after the 2017 campaign. These points did not result well in the software 3D reconstruction and required some extra work in particular points. Also, it has been possible to take measurements and locate the new chamber found this season in the courtyard, just in the eastern sector of the complex, associated with the tomb of Meseh. It is a horizontal gallery that can be reached through a small shaft in the courtyard and then develops perpendicularly to its east wall. b. Eastern sector This is one of the new areas of work for the architecture team, mainly the group of four tombs in the eastern sector of the hills in Deir el-Bahari that have been the target of the specialists (see fig. 11). In this area, four tombs, already excavated at the time of Winlock but unpublished, could be detected and examined in the third season. Now in the fourth

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season, the architects have been able to initiate a general survey of these monuments and to prepare the data for more detailed investigations in the near future.

Fig. 11: Floor plans and sections of the four tombs in the east sector (TT316, MMA519, MMA520, E1) Tomb TT316 In the northern sector of Deir el-Bahari, the first tomb to the east of the mortuary monuments of Ipi (TT315) and Meru (TT240) is the tomb of the archer Neferhotep (TT316). It has a courtyard of small dimensions, a gallery perpendicular to it, in a descending direction, under a layer of rock of high hardness that prevented the builders to continue working in the same horizontal axis. A few meters away, the gallery opens onto a room of approximately rectangular shape, which turns to the left. Far left in this room, another gallery emerges to the north, ending in another chamber, built with a direction east/ west in which there is a cut space for a sarcophagus. The passage leading to this last chamber was cut through the layer of hard bedrock attested in other sections of the eastern necropolis in the hills of Deir el-Bahari (see below, the geological analysis in section 6). Tomb MMA519 The second tomb (MMA519), included in the concession granted for the work of the MKTP in 2018, also begins with a descending corridor, with a steep slope, whose ceiling is also cut following the hard limestone layer already mentioned in TT316, and likewise attested in the tomb of the visir, Ipi. After the descending corridor, the tomb turns left into an almost rectangular chamber with an approximate extension of 2x1 m. In this chamber, one can notice that probably a horizontal slab might be blocking the passage into the rest of the monument. At the left end of this chamber, and at 180º in relation to the main initial gallery, one finds another descending gallery, probably with a length double than the main corridor. This wide gallery leads to a rectangular chamber. Tomb MMA520 Another tomb to the east of Ipi’s monument is MMA520, a tomb that presents an initial descending corridor that ends in a chamber with square shape. Both, gallery and hall, descend into the mountain followig the layer of hard rock that is so present at this level of the hills in the necropolis. In the square room, the architects located a rock-cut rectangular shaft about 6 meters deep.

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Tomb E1 Finally, in the easternmost area of the MKTP concession, one can locate another tomb, which presents a completely different aspect and a large (still covered) courtyard. This tomb – labelled as Carter’s tomb 4 or E1– presents a deep shaft in front of its façade, about 12 meters deep, perpendicular to the slope of the mountain, ending in an area of natural fillings with a crack in the ground that seems to have been originated before any excavations were conducted in the area. By now, archaeologists have only initiated the cleaning of the threshold to instal a metal door, and the architects have only had the opportunity to in- spect the quality of the limestone rock in this area and the smooth surface achieved by the tomb builders in the only accessible section at this point, the initial section of the corridor. The rest of the tomb is filled with debris and stones, and should be fully excavated in the next seasons. c. Southern sector This season the concession of the MKTP included permissions to work in two important tombs in the southern sector, mainly in the tomb of Djari (TT366), situated in the area of Asasif, and in the tomb of Dagi (TT103), built in the lower section of Qurna, but mainly in the side of the Asasif platform, associated with – in short distance and oriented toward – the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II. Both monuments are “saff” tombs, with a façade structure based on porticos with rectangular hollows excavated in the mountain, and the main gallery that begins in the central axis of the façade towards the interior of the tomb.

Fig. 12: Floor plan and section from the tomb of Dagi (TT103) Tomb of Djari (TT366) The tomb of the visir Djari (TT366) was associated with Mentuhotep’s funerary temple by standing just in the platform of Asasif, in one side of the causeway leading to the temple of Mentuhotep II. Its entrance looks to the east, which might have a religious reason (associa-

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tion with Amon in Karnak, or with the causeway entrance to the temple of Mentuhotep II. Outside the tomb, a large courtyard was excavated with a wide portico that contains ten pillars, of which only eight can be seen now, since the one at the left end is covered by materials from previous excavations. In parallel to the facade there is a gallery, which original- ly was richly decorated with hieroglyphs and scenes. Now some wooden boards can be observed there, mainly as the result of previous attempts to protect the iconography and texts in these walls. In the portico axis, there is a horizontal gallery that ends in another transversal gallery with development to the right. From the end of this second gallery, there are two descending galleries perpendicular to the façade, in opposite directions. One moves towards the direction of the portico (east), while the other one goes in the opposite direction (west). Both corridors end in two square-shaped chambers, being the western one the chamber in which a rock-cut section was prepared for the deposit of the sarcophagus of Djari. The inner sections of the tomb of Djari will be excavated in the next seasons, including the mortuary garden located at the front of the tomb. This garden was uncovered by the MMA expedition led by Winlock and since then it has not received any protection, which might have caused partial damage to its structure. Tomb of Dagi (TT103) The tomb of Dagi (TT103) is located at a higher level, closer to the high elevation of Qur- na, but looking to the area of Asasif (to the east) and Deir el-Bahari (to the north). The tomb also follows the “saff” type, although very little remains of the exterior façade. The exception is the eastern section of the façace and the gallery associated with it, which was reconstructed by the MSA. From the central axis, the main corridor goes southwards onto the tomb. A few meters away one finds a square room from which a gallery continues into a second chamber, where a sloping corridor begins toward the funerary chamber, where a huge sarcophagus for the visir Dagi was deposited, now in Cairo Museum. 5.2 Importance of graphic database Graphic databases for the study of architectural and cultural heritage76 are becoming more and more important. This is so not only because of the developments on graphic reconstruc- tion77 and the possible work of comparison with the documents published previously by past expeditions, but also because these databases can include all kinds of data for the support of the multiple scientists that constitute the team of an expedition. 5.3 Methodology As Porcuna78 used to say, 3D digital modeling is one of the most powerful graphic tools available at this moment for the cataloging, documentation, dissemination and research of Heritage. Before the implementation of the scanner, it is necessary to carry out a detailed

76 E. Echeverría et al., Drawing as a research tool: reconstruction of the trip time of the urban image of Al- cala de Henares, in: Revista EGA Expresion Grafica Arquitectonica 25, 2015, 180. 77 F. Celis, Desgodetz y los orígenes del levantamiento moderno, in: Revista EGA Expresión Gráfica Ar- quitectónica 11, 2006, 76. 78 Porcuna et al., Metodología para la reconstrucción virtual interactiva en modo videojuego del Patrimonio cultural. Aplicación al castillo medieval de Torreparedones (Baena), in: Revista EGA Expresión Gráfica Ar- quitectónica 28, 2016, 278.

study of the shadows produced in each scan, trying to reach a balance between the best final image and the least number of necessary location positions. Points to take into account are the configuration of the rock in the tunnels, and thechanges in direction and in the existing areas.

6. Geology The main aims of the geological works carried out during this campaign were, on the one hand, to locate the prospected tombs within the geological and geomorphological framework of the area, and on the other, to describe the characteristics of the rocks conforming the host-rock of involved tombs. Three different geomorphologic domains characterize the area where the necropolis of Asasif can be found: 1. The Theban Plateau, with the dominant tabular reliefs behind the mortuary temple of Hatshepsut, presided over by El-Qurn peak. 2. The Tilted Blocks, which constitute the lower hills located at the southern foot of the Theban Plateau.79 3. The so-called “Northern Collapse”,80 comprising the hills between Deir el- Bahari and wadi Biban el-Moluk, to the north.

Geologically, the Theban Mountains are formed by more than 400 m of horizontal Upper Paleocene to Lower Eocene sedimentary materials, involving three main stratigraphic formations,81 from lower to upper: a) Tarawan Chalk Formation only crops out at a few locations on the West Bank as for instance at the foot of the hills of Sheikh Abd el-Qurna,82 with thickness ranging from 15 to 20 m of chalk and nodular limestones. The contact with the overlying Esna Shale Formation is transitional and marked by an upward de- crease in carbonate content.83 b) Esna Shale Formation, which, with a total thickness of more than 60 m. Inter- bedded 30–50 cm-thick limestone layers mark the transition to the overlying limestone of Thebes Formation, with the uppermost shale layer characterized by a reddish color. c) Thebes Formation is the most characteristic lithological unit in the Theban Mountains and was firstly defined by Said84 on the West Bank. This formation comprises a more than 340 m thick carbonate sequence, disconformably overly-

79 M. P. Aubry et al., Pharaonic necrostratigraphy: a review of geological and archaeological studies in the Theban Necropolis, Luxor, West Bank, Egypt. Terra Nova 21 (4), 2009, 237–256; and Ch. Dupuis et al., Gene- sis and geometry of tilted blocks in the Theban Hills, near Luxor (Upper Egypt), Journal of African Earth Sci- ences 61, 2011, 245–267. 80 T. Bardají et al., Geomorphology of Dra Abu el-Naga (Egypt): the basis of the funerary sacred landscape. Journal of African Earth Sciences 131, 2017, 233–250. 81 R. Said, Planktonic foraminifera from the Thebes formation, Luxor, Egypt. Micropaleontology 6, 1960, 277–285; and id., The Geology of Egypt (Amsterdam –New York 1962), 377. 82 Aubry et al., in: Terra Nova 21 (4), 2009, 2377–256. 83 Aubry et al., in: Terra Nova 21 (4), 2009, 2377–256. 84 Said, in: Micropaleontology 6, 1960, 277–285.

ing the Esna Formation behind Deir el-Bahari. The lowest member consists on a ca. 90 m thick alternation of laminated marls, nodular micritic limestone and thinly bedded argillaceous limestone.85

Several landslides the substratum of some of the studied tombs disrupting the tabular dispo- sition of these three formations: ‒ A massive and strongly cemented limestone dipping 35–40º towards the NE (strike N55–75W), with a chaotic mass of decametric boulders on top, conditions the layout and configuration of tombs. This unit has been attributed to the Pliocene in age.86 ‒ Chaotic units made up of masses of heterometric boulders and blocks, weakly cemented. At Sheik Abdel Gurnah, part of the stratigraphic members of the Thebas formation appear slided and rotated, dipping towards the mountain, conforming one of the titled blocks.87 A chaotic mass of boulders and blocks of different lithology outcropping in the mountain develops on the back-slope of these slided blocks (colour Formation defined by Dupuis et al.88). More recent chaotic masses of blocks develop at the front of these tilted blocks. 6.1 Location of tombs in the geological framework: geological features and tasks 6.1.1 TT313 (Henenu) Henenu’s tomb is carved into the horizontal stratigraphic sequence described above (units b and c), without any other disruption else than the strong structural conditioning given by joints and landslide surfaces. Lithology: Courtyard, entrance and corridor are carved into the horizontal limestone layers of the lower member of Thebes formation (unit c), which can be described here as white micritic and marly limestone with an upwards increasing amount of flint nodules. Vertical shafts go down to the upper member of Esna formation (unit b), which is con- formed by an alternation of grey-greenish shale with interbedded layers (30–50 cm thick) of marls and limestone. Important geological features: The most characteristic geological feature of Henenu’s tomb is the strong structural conditioning. A dense grid of N75–90W (85–90º dipping towards the NE) joints marks both a stepped courtyard and a lintelled corridor. Calcite crystals have grown on most of these joints weakening, in a higher or lower manner, the rock mass. Remaining tasks: Petrological analysis of the “stelae” remains found in Henenu’s tomb is encouraged to be done in order to properly determine their procedence. Visual preliminary lithological determination does not allow to properly identifying the rock.

85 H. A. Tawfik et al., Mineralogy, petrography, and biostratigraphy of the Lower Eocene succession at Gebel El-Qurn, West Luxor, Southern Egypt, Arab Journal of Geoscience 4, 2010, 517–534. 86 Bardají et al., in: Journal of African Earth Sciences 131, 2017, 233–250. 87 Aubry et al., in: Terra Nova 21 (4), 2009, 237–256; and Dupuis et al., in: Journal of African Earth Sci- ences 61, 2011, 245–267. 88 Dupuis et al., in: Journal of African Earth Sciences 61, 2011, 245–267.

6.1.2 TT315 (Ipi) Ipi’s tomb is also carved into the horizontal stratigraphic sequence described above (units b and c), however a massive landslide breaks the upper part of this horizontal sequence, conditioning the configuration of the tomb. Lithology: Courtyard, entrance and corridor are carved into the upper member of Esna formation (unit b), with the reddish upper layer standing out in the front of the courtyard, and the massive strata of white limestone of the lower Thebes formation. Massive and strongly cemented micritic white limestone dipping 45–55º towards NE conditions the slope of the descending corridor to the sarcophagus chamber, which is carved itself into this lithology. Important geological features: The most characteristic feature of this tomb is the adaptation of the slope descending to the sarcophagus chamber, to the NE dipping lower surface of the massive indurated limestone (unit d). The anomalous height of the corridor together with the existence of the highly indurate limestone at the ceiling of the corridor descending to the sarcophagus chamber suggests a twofold excavation of the tomb. Geological evidences suggest that the original Ipi’s tomb was firstly excavated into the white lower member of Thebes limestone, but as excavation proceeded the sudden occurrence of the highly cemented massive white micritic limestone, much harder to dig out, obliged to descend around 1 m the already excavated corridor, avoiding an excessively steep descending corridor towards the sarcophagus chamber. A second outstanding geological/geomorphological feature is the superficial disruption found in the northern side of the courtyard. Archaeological survey along the 2018 season, showed a semicircular erosive shape that has been interpreted as a torrential headwater affecting the northern courtyard. An incised channel and a downstream alluvial found have been identified, supporting this hypothesis. Remaining tasks: Proceed into the two formulated hypothesis: the twofold excavation of the tomb and the erosion of the courtyard. This last hypothesis must be fitted with the later archaeological phases found there. Another remaining task is to make the petrological characterization of the “green rock” of what the hammer tools are made of, in order to make the procedence analysis. 6.1.3 Eastern tombs Lithology: Courtyard, entrance and corridor of TT316, MMA519 and MMA520 are carved into the white stratified limestone of the lower member of Thebes formation (unit c). The most important geological feature in all the three is how the massive strongly cemented limestone (unit d) has act as a conditioning factor of their outlines, being therefore explained independently. a. TT316 (Neferhotep) (pl. 15) Important geological features: The corridor of this tomb goes down in a northerly direction until it founds the hard limestone layer (unit d) turning then to the left until the diggers found the way to retake the northerly direction and going down through a weaker rock. A short (around 3 m long) descending corridor towards the sarcophagus chamber is carved maintaining this hard limestone as ceiling.

b. MMA519 Important geological features: In this case, the corridor goes down in a northerly direction nearly 14 m, when the occurrence of the hard limestone layer obliges it to turn left. In this case the diggers decided to turn left again to descend towards the sarcophagus chamber. The corridor outline avoids this hard layer by making an 180º turn. c. MMA520 Important geological features: In this case, the corridor goes down from the entry about 14 m until it encounters the hard limestone layer, turning left where a 6 m deep shaft is found. Remaining tasks: These three tombs present similar geological characteristics, with same lithology and same lithological conditioning on their outlines. A detailed geological description is needed, especially in what the location of the strongly cemented limestone (unit d) is concerned. As shown above, field survey carried out during the 2018 campaign shows that the occurrence of this unit definitively conditions the configuration of these tombs. Tomb E1 Lithology: This is the only tomb in Deir el-Bahari area that is not dug into any of the previously described stratigraphic formations. In this case, this tomb is excavated into a heterometric breccia, made up of calcareous cobbles and small sized boulders (maximum of few decimeters in diameter) embedded in a reddish sandy-silty matrix. This lithology corresponds to the youngest chaotic units described as unit e. Important geological features: The most outstanding feature is the occurrence of two superficial cracks filled by more recent, finer and laminated detritus, that seem to have dramatically influenced the evolution and preservation of this tomb and a lower one, visible from the crack open in the courtyard of E1. Upper crack is 2 m wide and 7 m deep, and loer crack is about 1 m wide and 5–6 m deep. Direction of the cracks (around N130E) is congruent with an ancient down slope mass movement. The alluvial-like sedimentary filling of the cracks, must be related to a more humid period previous to the development of the necropolis. As seen from surface, the upper crack sedimentary filling has partially collapsed into an underlying corridor (perpendicular to the main corridor of the tomb). The lower crack is nowadays breaking the courtyard, what do not seem to have been so when the tomb was dug. A shaft dug in this courtyard allows seeing, some meters below, the entrance of another tomb filled by sediments. The working hypothesis is that both cracks existed and were filled by sediments when tomb E1 was excavated and also when later shaft of lower tomb was developed. The opening of a corridor parallel to the upper crack provoked the collapse of finer and less stable sediments of the filling. The digging of the shaft and lower tomb in the courtyard produced itself the emptying of lower crack as the tomb acted as a sinking hole. Remaining tasks: The confirmation of this working hypothesis can only be done once the tombs are completely emptied and explored. 6.1.4 Southern tombs – Asasif a. TT366 (Djari) (pl. 16) Lithology: The whole tomb, including the saff and the courtyard are carved into the upper part of the soft Tarawan Chalk (unit a) that progressively grades into the marly Esna shales

(unit b). A dense lamination, resembling almost a slaty cleavage, characterizes both units. A more recent conglomeratic layer overlies the sequence. Important geological features: The laminated nature of both lithological units, as well as the less than 1 m thickness of Esna shale over the saff and the corridor, make the host-rock an extremely weak one, promoted even the collapse of the roof in part of the saff and in the entry of the tomb. Added to the weak nature of these rocks, some fractures running almost parallel to the corridor increase the instability in this tomb. In several parts of the corridor, the unsteady rock has promoted the collapse of the roof trying to get a steady discharge vault shape. A third important geological feature, with importance regarding stability is the wide- spread presence of halite crystals that appear all over the tomb (see pl. 17). The presence on this salt is due to the closeness of groundwater level and the water capillary rise. The crys- tallization of salts can have an important role in the conservation of the tomb, since it can have relatively important weathering of the host rock. Remaining tasks: Fully understand the role of halite crystals in the stability of the tomb, and analyze the proper conservation action if needed. b. TT103 (Dagi) (pl. 18) Lithology: Highly heterogeneous chaotic mass of decametric boulders embedded in a conglomeratic matrix. Important geological features: The most important geological feature is the lithology itself that give a high roughness degree to the tomb. The presence of numerous fractures crossing the tomb along certain directions also contributes to the irregularity and unevenness of the tomb walls. Some of these fractures are filled by a weaker sedimentary filling, what con- tribute to the lithological heterogeneity mentioned. Remaining tasks: Analyze more precisely those areas where fractures and heterogeneity of rocks can influence in the stability. 6.2 Rock quality The different lithological units that conform the bedrock of the surveyed tombs have been tested in order to know their hardness and stability as host rock of tombs (see table 3 below). The tests use a Schmidt sclerometer that measures the superficial hardness of the rock from the recoil of an incident mass after the collision with the surface being tested. The obtained rebound value have been converted to Compressive strength or hardness of the rock masses. 10 to 12 measurements were taken in each one of the considered rocks, and then calculated the mean value. Two different procedures were tested: 1. Mean of the 5 highest rebound values 2. Mean of all the rebound values eliminating the highest and the lowest. Given the high density of discontinuities (fractures, joints, cleavage, etc) we have decided to use the mean of all rebound values eliminating the highest and the lowest. The mean of only the five highest values may have underestimated the compressive strength or hardness of the rock masse, precisely because of the internal discontinuities. All kinds of rock in the area of the investigated tombs were analyzed, except the heterometric breccia of tomb E1. These are preliminary results of rock stability analyses in this

necropolis. The values obtained here can be used as reference for these kind of rocks in any tomb, however maybe a deeper analysis, with more data and taken also into account the internal discontinuities, should be done. Table 3: Values of compressive strength for the different types of rocks found in the necropolis of Deir el-Bahari and Asasif

Compressive Mean strength or Stratigraphic Unit Description Tomb Location rebound hardness value (N/mm2) a) Upper Tarawan Marly limestone Djari Courtyard (N) 17,38–20,50 15- 21 Formation Djari 4th column of saff 33,13 65 Djari Corridor 20,43–26,80 21–40 Djari Sarcophagus chamber 22,56 25 b) Lower Esna “Slaty” shale Djari Column in southern 16,00 10 Formation saff Djari Corridor 16,00 10 b) Upper Esna “Slaty” shale Ipi Front of courtyard 15,00 <10 Formation c) Base of Tebas Fractured lime- Ipi Corridor 33,63 67 Formation stone d) Base of mega Massive White Ipi Sarcophagus chamber 42,90 115 slide limestone e) Tilted Calcareous Dagi Entry 20,5 21 block/colour breccia formation Nodular lime- Dagi Entry – 1st room 21,75–24,29 25–30 stone Sedimentary Dagi 1st room 18,00 17 filling of frac- ture Siliceous brec- Dagi Corridor to sarcopha- 22,45 24 cia gus chamber Calcareous Dagi Corridor to sarcopha- 19,80 20 breccia gus chamber Massive white Dagi Sarcophagus chamber 33,00 65 limestone

The main conclusions about the rock quality observed in the area can be summarised as follows: 1. The massive white limestone that conditions the outline of Deir el-Bahari tombs is the hardest rock found in the studied area, followed by a similar massive limestone found in the sarcophagus chamber of Dagi. These rocks, do not present any internal discontinuity that make them weaker. 2. The worst rock in what quality and stability is concerned is the Esna Shale, especially in Djari’s tomb, where its low thickness increase the instability of the tomb. 3. Massive limestone of Thebas Formation (where Henenu’s and Ipi’s tombs are mainly excavated) is one of the most stable rocks. 4. Highly variable hardness values in Dagi’s tomb is clearly related to the heterogeneity of rocks found there.

7. Conclusion The first three seasons provided the Middle Kingdom Theban Project with plentiful evidence for understanding the major issues in the archaeological, epigraphic, and conservation domains. The information retrieved through the excavation of the funerary complexes of Henenu and Ipi was, from our point of view, incomplete to understand the functioning of the whole necropolis and the role of the major officials of the period. Due to this situation, the UAH expedition requested permission to initiate work in other tombs of the area, expanding into the eastern cemetery of the hills at Deir el-Bahari as well as on the Asasif cemetery. This fourth season has become the first step in a larger and deeper analysis of the necropolis, including not only officials of the late Eleventh Dynasty necropolis at Deir el- Bahari but also other high individuals of the Theban echelons who got buried at the areas of Qurna and Asasif and had a great impact on the politicis of the period. For a better understanding of the historical, religious, and social aspects that the necropolis, its elite tombs and material culture therein in next season we shall complete the excavation of the middle section of the courtyards of Henenu and Ipi, and should initiate an intensive work in the eastern and southern sectors.

Pl. 10: Unit UC-4E showing contexts [1007], [1009], and the trenched [1012]

Pl. 11: Unit UC-4C taken to bedrock. The stick is just visible beneath the two boulders. The slope of the bedrock compared to the surface is clear here

Pl. 12: MC-5D after the removal of [1010] in the centre section, revealing [1016]

Pl. 13: Overview of the northern part of Deir el-Bahari (eastern sector) with the entrance to Carter tomb num. 4/E1 to the right and TT316 to the left

Pl. 14: Floor of the main corridor in Carter tomb num. 4 / E1, with debris and sand at the rear part

Pl. 15: Hard limestone layer (unit d) at the Pl. 16: Entrance into Djari’s tomb (TT366), end of the entry corridor of TT316, where it with weak Esna shales and partial collapse forcing to turn left of the roof

Pl. 17: Salt (halite) crystals in the inner chambers at the tomb of Djari (TT366)

Pl. 18: Entrance into Dagi’s tomb (TT103), with highly heterogeneous lithology

Engsheden, Åke An etymological safari to Aigyptos ...... 1–30

Gee, John Correcting the Genealogy of Chaponchonsis (anx=f-(n)-2nsw) ...... 31–41

Geoga, Margaret The Advent of the Book of Gates: Tomb Decoration and Theological Change in KV 57 ...... 43–56

Ilin-Tomich, Alexander Ikonografische Datierungskriterien für Privatopfertafeln der 12. Dynastie (Taf. 1) ...... 57–87

Iskander, John M. / Wagdy, Abdelghaffar Das verlorene Grab des Udjahormehent ...... 89–120

Jansen-Winkeln, Karl Der Titel zmA(tj) WAst(j) und die Propheten des Month in Theben ...... 121–135

Kahl, Jochem / El-Hamrawi, Mahmoud / Verhoeven, Ursula The Asyut Project: Thirteenth Season of Fieldwork (2017) (Taf. 2–8) ...... 137–148

Krauss, Rolf Über die L-förmigen Schattenuhren und die Schlacht von Megiddo ...... 149–175

Miniaci, Gianluca / Haynes, Joyce / Lacovara, Peter Heart-scarabs in the transition between the Second Intermediate Period and the early Eighteenth Dynasty: BMFA 72.1346 (Taf. 9) ...... 177–182

Sjaastad, Espen The Egyptian Reel ...... 223–239

Soleiman, Saleh Three Inscribed Joined Blocks of Seshemnefer. Discovered Recently at Saqqara (Taf. 19–24) ...... 241–259

Stefanovic, Danijela The holders of the title Hrj n tm ...... 261–272

Di Teodoro, Micòl The scribes of the ḫnrt wr Senebeni and Sobekhotep (Stela Edinburgh A.1951.344) (Taf. 25–26) ...... 273–292

Thijs, Ad The Ramesside Section of the Serapeum ...... 293–318

Anschriften der Autorinnen und Autoren ...... 319–322

Tafeln 1–26