DOCSLIB.ORG

Dynamic Interactions of Life and Its Landscape: Feedbacks at the Interface of Geomorphology and Ecology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dynamic Interactions of Life and Its Landscape: Feedbacks at the Interface of Geomorphology and Ecology EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 35, 78–101 (2010) Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/esp.1912 State of Science Dynamic interactions of life and its landscape: feedbacks at the interface of geomorphology and ecology Liam Reinhardt1*, Douglas Jerolmack2, Brad J. Cardinale3, Veerle Vanacker4 and Justin Wright5 1 University of Exeter. 2 University of Pennsylvania. 3 University of California, Santa Barbara. 4 University of Louvain. 5 Duke University Received 13 May 2009; 7 August 2009; 17 August 2009 *Correspondence to: L. Reinhardt, University of Exeter, full address. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: There appears to be no single axis of causality between life and its landscape, but rather, each exerts a simultane- ous infl uence on the other over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. These infl uences occur through feedbacks of differing strength and importance with co-evolution representing the tightest coupling between biological and geomorphological systems. The ongoing failure to incorporate these dynamic bio-physical interactions with human activity in landscape studies limits our ability to predict the response of landscapes to human disturbance and climate change. This limitation is a direct result of the poor communication between the ecological and geomorphological communities and consequent paucity of interdisciplinary research. Recognition of this failure led to the organization of the Meeting of Young Researchers in Earth Science (MYRES) III, titled ‘Dynamic Interactions of Life and its Landscape’. This paper synthesizes and expands upon key issues and fi ndings from that meeting, to help chart a course for future collaboration among Earth surface scientists and ecologists: it represents the con- sensus view of a competitively selected group of 77 early-career researchers. Two broad themes that serve to focus and motivate future research are identifi ed: (1) co-evolution of landforms and biological communities; and (2) humans as modifi ers of the landscape (through direct and indirect actions). Also outlined are the state of the art in analytical, experimental and modelling techniques in ecological and geomorphological research, and novel new research avenues that combine these techniques are suggested. It is hoped that this paper will serve as an interdisciplinary reference for geomorphologists and ecologists looking to learn more about the other fi eld. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Introduction recent decades researchers have returned to early views about bio-physical interactions, and have begun to show in detail how The predominant view in many fi elds of natural science organisms not only respond to their physical environment, but has long been that biology is an epiphenomenon of the also directly modify and control their physical environment in physical environment. A cursory look at textbooks in biology, ways that promote their own persistence. Entire bodies of research geology, chemistry, and others reveals the vast number of para- such as biogeomorphology (Viles, 1988), ‘ecological stoichiom- digms that are founded on the idea that the abundance, biomass, etry’ (Sterner and Elser, 2002), ‘ecosystem engineering’ (Jones et and distribution of organisms on the planet is dependent upon al., 1994), and ‘biodiversity and ecosystem functioning’ (Loreau spatial and temporal variation in physical processes, which con- et al., 2002) have emerged to illustrate how the numbers and strain where life can exist and how much life can exist. This view types of plants and animals that inhabit an ecosystem can directly has been prominent for many decades despite an earlier recogni- control the fl uxes of energy and matter that underlie biogeo- tion within the natural sciences that life and its landscape are chemical cycles, gas fl uxes, sediment transport, and the forma- intimately related through ‘interactions between the organic and tion of new physical habitat. Complimentary developments in inorganic’ (Darwin, 1881; Tansley, 1935). Although feedbacks the fi eld of ‘ecohydrology’ have also revealed numerous ways in were not forgotten entirely, they received much less attention which plants and animals can alter water fl ow paths and soil during the 20th century than many alternative topics, perhaps moisture/depth to the advantage of those species (McCarthy et because increasing specialization and disciplinary boundaries al., 1998; Rodriguez-Iturbe and Porporato, 2004; Yoo et al., minimized interactions among biologists and physical scientists 2005b; D’Odorico and Porporato, 2006; Tamea, 2007; (Renschler et al., 2007; Corenblit et al., 2008). However, in Muneepeerakul et al., 2008a, 2008b) DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF LIFE AND ITS LANDSCAPE 79 If physical processes drive ecosystem structure, while the phology. There are enormous benefi ts to be gained in integrat- evolving structure also modulates physical processes, then ing these ‘tools’ to answer some of society’s most pressing feedbacks between the two are likely to be important. issues. We present here an overview of some of the most However, not all bio-physical interactions will have a signifi - powerful and/or most underutilized techniques of which we cant effect upon landscape functioning and an extreme end- are aware. Numerical and physical modelling are discussed member exists where life is absent from a landscape; deciding in separate sub-sections due the scope and complexity of whether and where bio-physical feedbacks are important is a these topics. We hope that this overview and attendant bibli- key challenge. Abiotic landscapes must have existed on Earth ography will serve as a useful starting point for future interdis- prior to the colonization of land by plants during the Silurian ciplinary research. and they are currently observed on Mars (Dietrich and Perron, 2006; Corenblit and Steiger, 2009). The Earths terrestrial land- scape has undergone considerable modifi cation since the Silurian in conjunction with the evolution of terrestrial life; the Analytical tools for the fi eld and laboratory degree to which physical landscapes may co-evolve with bio- logical systems is discussed in detail in this paper. State of art It has proven diffi cult to incorporate bio-physical feedbacks Perhaps the most pervasive and most underutilized ‘toolbox’ into existing (numerical, physical and conceptual) models in currently available to ecologists and geomorphologists is that part because their importance depends upon the temporal of remote sensing. Remote sensing is a term which encom- (and likely spatial) scale under consideration (Schumm and passes both the science behind image acquisition hardware Lichty, 1965), and more importantly because such feedbacks and the subsequent processing of data supplied by those are likely to give rise to emergent behaviour that prevents the systems. A broad suite of systems and techniques are avail- use of simple ‘linearly additive’ models (Werner, 2003). Yet able, including: the need to make society-relevant predictions has never been more important. Climate models are now entering an era • ground-based, close range proximal sensing instruments where regional projections for temperature and rainfall such as hyperspectral spectroradiometers (Milton et al., in changes are possible (IPCC, 2007). Unfortunately, our models press) and high defi nition laser scanners (Wehr, 2008); for landscape evolution are not yet at this stage. What we need • airborne multispectral scanners, multispectral video is to develop a new set of conceptual as well as mathematical systems, thermal imaging sensors, aerial photography, light models of life–landscape coupling that can account for emer- detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors (Lefsky et al., 2002), gent behaviour; fundamental science must be done to eluci- and side-looking airborne RADAR; date bio-physical coupling across a range of scales. To • spaceborne satellite systems, including nadir-viewing mul- advance this goal and to promote interdisciplinary research tispectral sensors, interferometric synthetic aperture RADAR efforts by ecologists and geomorphologists a group of early (InSAR) systems, and multiple view angle systems capable career scientists from around the world met at the third of capturing anisotropic signatures (Diner et al., 1998). Meeting of Young Researchers in Earth Science (MYRES III) at Tulane University in 2008: discussion revolved around the The repeat survey capabilities of new multi- and hyper- theme ‘Dynamic Interactions of Life and its Landscape’. spectral remotely sensed systems and missions can now be During the course of 4 days of discussion, 77 competitively- employed towards the assessment of landscape change over a selected international delegates explored several key areas for range of spatial and temporal scales. The Landsat series of future research: can one demonstrate a defi nite signature of satellites (Landsat 1 launched in 1972) can now provide up to life in landscape form? how does the functional diversity of 36 years of repeat-visit multi-spectral global coverage (Goward organisms infl uence and feed back on landscape change? and et al., 2001; Williams et al., 2006; Gillanders et al., 2008) and do the structures of landscapes and ecosystems co-evolve? In this long time series has benefi ted studies of vegetation change the following sections we expand upon these themes by iden- and ecological modelling (Cohen and Goward, 2004). Further
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zoogeomorphology & Ecosystem Engineering
    Zoogeomorphology & Ecosystem Engineering The 42nd Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium October 21 – 23, 2011 University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama National Science University of Texas State University- Foundation South Alabama San Marcos Zoogeomorphology and Ecosystem Engineering The 42nd Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama October 21 – 23, 2011 Conference Organizers: David R. Butler Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos Carol F. Sawyer Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama Conference Sponsors National Science Foundation, GEO/EAR, Geomorphology & Land-Use Dynamics Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Alabama Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos Field Trip Assistance Dr. Mimi Fearn, Ms. Sherall Cornwell, Ms. Karen Jordan, Ms. Tela O’Rourke, and Mr. Donald Brinkman, Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama We wish to thank the following people for their assistance in organizing this symposium: Catherine Drake and the Center for Continuing Education & Conference Services staff, Univ. South Alabama Department of Earth Sciences faculty, staff, and students, including Dr. Mimi Fearn, Dr. Jim Connors, Sherall Cornwell, Chris Reese, Donald Brinkman, Tela O’Rourke, and Reva Stienstraw-Hitchcock Dr. Phil Suckling, Chair, Department of Geography, Texas State University-San Marcos Dr. Jack Vitek, Texas A&M University Dr. Richard Marston,
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanical and Biochemical Effects Recorded in the Tree Root Zone – Soil Memory, Historical Contingency and Soil Evolution Under Trees
    Plant Soil (2018) 426:109–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9 REGULAR ARTICLE Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees Łukasz Pawlik & Pavel Šamonil Received: 17 September 2017 /Accepted: 1 March 2018 /Published online: 15 March 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that Background and aims The changing soils is a never- trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abi- or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local otic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a changes in soil complexity (convergence, divergence, critical role in forested landscapes by having a large or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically con- imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During trolled by regionally predominating soil formation their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent processes. development pathways, leading to a decrease or an Methods To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Highlights Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve, Poland), Entic Podzols 1) The architecture of tree root systems controls soil physical and (Žofínský Prales Reserve, Czech Republic) and Albic chemical properties. Podzols (Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA). Soil pro- 2) The predominating pedogenetic process significantly modifies files under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites the effect of trees on soil. 3) Trees are a factor in polygenesis in Haplic Cambisols at the currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the pedon scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Riparian Vegetation and the Fluvial Environment: a Biogeographic Perspective
    Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the Treatise on Geomorphology, the copy attached is provided by Elsevier for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for non-commercial research and educational use. This includes without limitation use in instruction at your institution, distribution to specific colleagues, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Bendix J., and Stella J.C. Riparian Vegetation and the Fluvial Environment: A Biogeographic Perspective. In: John F. Shroder (Editor-in-chief), Butler, D.R., and Hupp, C.R. (Volume Editors). Treatise on Geomorphology, Vol 12, Ecogeomorphology, San Diego: Academic Press; 2013. p. 53-74. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12.5 Riparian Vegetation and the Fluvial Environment: A Biogeographic Perspective J Bendix, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA JC Stella, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA r 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12.5.1 Introduction 53 12.5.2 Early History:
    [Show full text]
  • BIOGEOMORPHOLOGY of COASTAL STRUCTURES: Understanding Interactions Between Hard Substrata and Colonising Organisms As a Tool for Ecological Enhancement
    BIOGEOMORPHOLOGY OF COASTAL STRUCTURES: Understanding interactions between hard substrata and colonising organisms as a tool for ecological enhancement Submitted by Martin Andrew Coombes B.Sc. M.Sc. , to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography In February 2011 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: M. A. Coombes --- BLANK --- 2 ABSTRACT Urbanisation is increasingly recognised as a major ecological pressure at the coast. By 2035, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs will have to spend £1 billion each year on flood defence and erosion control infrastructure if current levels of protection are to be sustained in England and Wales; this represents a substantial commitment to building new hard structures. Ecological research has shown that structures like seawalls, breakwaters, and harbour and port infrastructure are poor surrogates for undisturbed rocky shores. This, alongside substantial international policy drivers, has led to an interest in the ways in which structures might be enhanced for ecological gain. Virtually all of this research has been undertaken by ecologists, while the contribution of geomorphological understanding has not been fully recognised. This thesis presents an assessment of the two-way interactions between colonising organisms and the materials used to build hard coastal structures under a framework of biogeomorphology.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Effects on Dune and Salt Marsh Biogeomorphology – a Trait-Based Approach
    Biodiversity effects on dune and salt marsh biogeomorphology – a trait-based approach Von der Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg zur Erlangung des Grades und Titels eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) angenommene Dissertation von von Julia Bass geboren am 03. Februar 1989 in Bremen Oldenburg 2019 Gutachter Prof. Dr. Michael Kleyer Zweitgutachter Prof. Dr. Gerhard Zotz Tag der Disputation 13.11.2019 Contents Summary .........................................................................................................................1 Zusammenfassung ..........................................................................................................4 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................8 1.1 The concept of biogeomorphology ..................................................................8 1.2 The trait-based perspective in ecology ..........................................................13 1.3 Combining the biogeomorphic succession model and the functional trait approach .........................................................................................................18 1.4 Barrier islands and Halligen in the Wadden Sea ...........................................25 1.5 Research objectives .......................................................................................35 2 Morphological plasticity of dune pioneer plants in response to timing and magnitude
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Interactions Between Biodiversity and Geomorphology from Hurgada to Quseir - Red Sea Coast Using RS and GIS
    Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-940-1, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2018. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Dynamic interactions between biodiversity and Geomorphology from Hurgada to Quseir - Red Sea Coast Using RS and GIS Enas Farghaly (1), Seham Hashem (2), Samia Moheb (3), and Ahmed Khalafallah (4) (1) Geography Department ,Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education - Ain Shams University,cairo, Egypt ([email protected]), (2) Geography Department ,Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education - Ain Shams University, cairo, Egypt([email protected]), (3) Botany Department ,Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education - Ain Shams University, cairo, Egypt ([email protected]), (4) Botany Department ,Faculty of Women for Art, Science and Education - Ain Shams University, cairo, Egypt ([email protected]) Study area extends from Hurghada to Quseir, between latitude 33 ◦20’ 00 "and33 ◦" 50 east, between the widths 26 ◦00’ 00 "and 27 ◦ 30’ 00"north . It was covered by the eastern desert and overlooking Red Sea coast. Subject importance is a study of geomorphological diversity units and different effects of biodiversity on erosion and mu- tual impacts of the biological environment and geomorphology in addition to touristic human activities and their impact on the biological and geomorphological environment. The study deals with Biogeomorphology of Red Sea Coast between Hurgada and Quseir Using RS and GIS,and study of interactions and feedbacks between living and nonliving parts of the landscape. Straddling the disci- plines of geomorphology and ecology, biogeomorphology is inherently interdisciplinary. Microorganisms, plants, and animals contribute to the development of landforms and landscapes in many different ways, both actively and passively, through processes of bioconstruction, bioweathering, bioerosion, and bioprotection.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeomorphology of an Upper Chesapeake Bay River-Mouth Tidal Freshwater Marsh
    WETlANDS. Vol. 20. No.3. September 2000. pp. 520-537 C 2000. The Society of Wetland Scientists BIOGEOMORPHOLOGY OF AN UPPER CHESAPEAKE BAY RIVER-MOUTH TIDAL FRESHWATER MARSH Gregory B. Pasternackl, William B. Hilgartner2, and Grace S. Brush2 I Department of l..and. Air. and Water Resources University of California Davis. California, USA 95616-8628 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore. Maryland. USA 21218 Abstract: Field mapping and monitoring of vegetation. sedimentation patterns. substrate characteristics, and geomorphology in the Bush River tributary to upper Chesapeake Bay has been conducted since 1991 to ascertain the process-morphology dynamics in a tidal freshwater marsh. Nine plant associations from 5 distinct marsh habitats were identified by clustering species abundance measurements from 115 quadrats throughout an 84-hectare area. High spatial variability in physical habitat conditions such as summer-average sediment deposition. summer-average organic content, and surface-sediment grain size distributions were explainable using combinations of independent variables, including elevation, plant distributions, and dis­ tances to the tidal inlet and an adjacent stream. Sedimentation and vegetation were both observed to show a predictable response to disturbance by animal activity. Key Words: tidal freshwater wetlands; plant species distributions. geomorphology, hydrology. sedimenta­ tion, Chesapeake Bay INTRODUCTION Parker and Leck 1985, Leck and Simpson 1987, Leek and Simpson 1994). Tidal freshwater marshes exist where watershed-de­ In contrast to plant community structure, little is rived sediment accumulates at the upstream boundary known about processes contributing to formation and of an estuary (Orson et ale 1992, Pasternack and Brush evolution of tidal freshwater marshes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biogeomorphological Life Cycle of Poplars During the Fluvial Biogeomorphological Succession: a Special Focus on Populus Nigra L
    Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte ( OATAO ) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited version published in : http://oatao.univ- toulouse.fr/ Eprints ID : 11091 To link to this article : doi:10.1002/esp.3515 URL : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3515 To cite this version : Corenblit, Dov and Steiger, Johannes and González, Eduardo and Gurnell, Angela M. and Charrier, Gaspard and Darrozes, José and Dousseau, Julien and Julien, Frédéric and Lambs, Luc and Larrue, Sébastien and Roussel, Erwan and Vautier, Franck and Voldoire, Olivier The biogeomorphological life cycle of poplars during the fluvial biogeomorphological succession: a special focus on Populus nigra L. (2014) Earth Surface Processes and Landforms . ISSN 0197- 9337 Any correspondance concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] DOI: 10.1002/esp.3515 The biogeomorphological life cycle of poplars during the fluvial biogeomorphological succession: a special focus on Populus nigra L. D. Corenblit, 1,2 * J. Steiger, 1,2 E. González, 3 A. M. Gurnell, 4 G. Charrier, 1,2 J. Darrozes, 5 J. Dousseau, 1,2 F. Julien, 6 L. Lambs, 6 S. Larrue, 1,2 E. Roussel, 7 F. Vautier 7 and O. Voldoire 1,2 1 Clermont Université, Maison des Sciences de l ’Homme, 4 rue Ledru, 63057, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France 2 CNRS, UMR 6042, GEOLAB – Laboratoire de géographie physique et environnementale, 63057, Clermont-Ferrand,
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Controls on Biological Soil Crust Distribution: a Conceptual Model from the Mojave Desert (USA)
    Geomorphology 195 (2013) 99–109 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Geomorphic controls on biological soil crust distribution: A conceptual model from the Mojave Desert (USA) Amanda J. Williams a,b,⁎, Brenda J. Buck a, Deborah A. Soukup a, Douglas J. Merkler c a Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4010, USA b School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4004, USA c USDA-NRCS, 5820 South Pecos Rd., Bldg. A, Suite 400, Las Vegas, NV 89120, USA article info abstract Article history: Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are bio-sedimentary features that play critical geomorphic and ecological roles in Received 30 November 2012 arid environments. Extensive mapping, surface characterization, GIS overlays, and statistical analyses ex- Received in revised form 17 April 2013 plored relationships among BSCs, geomorphology, and soil characteristics in a portion of the Mojave Desert Accepted 18 April 2013 (USA). These results were used to develop a conceptual model that explains the spatial distribution of Available online 1 May 2013 BSCs. In this model, geologic and geomorphic processes control the ratio of fine sand to rocks, which con- strains the development of three surface cover types and biogeomorphic feedbacks across intermontane Keywords: fi Biological soil crust basins. (1) Cyanobacteria crusts grow where abundant ne sand and negligible rocks form saltating sand Soil-geomorphology sheets. Cyanobacteria facilitate moderate sand sheet activity that reduces growth potential of mosses and Pedogenesis lichens. (2) Extensive tall moss–lichen pinnacled crusts are favored on early to late Holocene surfaces com- Vesicular (Av) horizon posed of mixed rock and fine sand.
    [Show full text]
  • High Temperature So2 Chemisorption on Model Systems
    HIGH TEMPERATURE SO2 CHEMISORPTION ON MODEL SYSTEMS IMPLICATIONS FOR IN-PLUME PROCESSES PAUL MARTIN AYRIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF YORK SUBMITTED MAY, 2010 For my family. And for the wizard. Because of the wonderful things he does. ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Volcanic volatile species are scavenged by silicate ash during transition through eruption plumes. Scavenging may form S, F and Cl salts and acids on ash surfaces, though the mechanisms and controlling variables remain poorly understood. A limited mechanistic understanding impedes estimation of volcanic volatile budgets and may also prevent assessment of environmental impacts resulting from volatile scavenging. Limited assessment of these impacts may have implications for local communities affected by ashfall onto vegetation, soils and into water bodies, and ashfall from very large eruptions may have global impacts. Through experimental techniques, this study examined SO2 scavenging mechanisms on silicate ash surfaces. SO2 uptake experiments were conducted on model Ca-aluminosilicate xerogels and on glasses with chemical compositions of common ash types. The materials were characterised using bulk and surface-sensitive techniques to gain insight into the mechanisms of scavenging and the reaction products formed. SO2 chemisorption onto glass surfaces may occur on non- bridging oxygens of network modifying cations (Ca), forming sulphate salts (CaSO4) and initiates diffusion mechanisms which resupplies the surface with Ca. The chemisorption-diffusion mechanism may be most efficient at high temperature, and may become significant after a few minutes of SO2 exposure. The proposed scavenging mechanism may occur during the eruption within the high temperature volcanic conduit and in the core of the plume.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Geomorphic Connectivity in Mountain Fluvial Systems
    water Review Vegetation and Geomorphic Connectivity in Mountain Fluvial Systems Piotr Cienciala Department of Geography and GIS, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 1301 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Rivers are complex biophysical systems, constantly adjusting to a suite of changing gov- erning conditions, including vegetation cover within their basins. This review seeks to: (i) highlight the crucial role that vegetation’s influence on the efficiency of clastic material fluxes (geomorphic connectivity) plays in defining mountain fluvial landscape’s behavior; and (ii) identify key chal- lenges which hinder progress in the understanding of this subject. To this end, a selective literature review is carried out to illustrate the pervasiveness of the plants’ effects on geomorphic fluxes within channel networks (longitudinal connectivity), as well as between channels and the broader land- scape (lateral connectivity). Taken together, the reviewed evidence lends support to the thesis that vegetation-connectivity linkages play a central role in regulating geomorphic behavior of mountain fluvial systems. The manuscript is concluded by a brief discussion of the need for the integration of mechanistic research into the local feedbacks between plants and sediment fluxes with basin-scale research that considers emergent phenomena. Keywords: fluvial system; geomorphic connectivity; riparian vegetation; biogeomorphology; moun- tain rivers Citation: Cienciala, P. Vegetation and Geomorphic Connectivity in 1. Introduction Mountain Fluvial Systems. Water Rivers are complex and dynamic systems, constantly adjusting to a suite of chang- 2021, 13, 593. https://doi.org/ ing governing conditions, which include the characteristics of the biophysical landscape 10.3390/w13050593 within which they are embedded.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Consequences of Short and Long Term Vegetation
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo 1 Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks 2 between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology 3 4 5 Dov Corenblit1,2*, Neil S. Davies3, Johannes Steiger1,2, Martin R. Gibling4 and Gudrun 6 Bornette5 7 8 1 Clermont Université, UBP, 4 rue Ledru, 63057 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France. 9 2 CNRS, UMR 6042, GEOLAB – Laboratoire de géographie physique et 10 environnementale, 63057 Clermont-Ferrand, France. 11 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge 12 CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom. 13 4.Department of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, 14 Canada. 15 5 CNRS, UMR 5023, LEHNA – Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et 16 Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, Lyon, France. 17 18 Corresponding author*: [email protected] 19 Ph. +33 (0)4 73 34 68 43 20 Fx. +33 (0)4 73 34 68 24 21 22 1 23 Abstract 24 25 River ecological functioning can be conceptualized according to a four-dimensional 26 framework, based on the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to 27 hydrogeomorphic constraints along the longitudinal, transverse, vertical and temporal 28 dimensions of rivers. Contemporary riparian vegetation responds to river dynamics at 29 ecological timescales, but riparian vegetation, in one form or another, has existed on 30 Earth since at least the Middle Ordovician (c. 450 Ma) and has been a significant 31 controlling factor on river geomorphology since the late Silurian (c.
    [Show full text]