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Henri Gouraud, Photographies D'afrique Et D'orient Henri Gouraud, photographies d’Afrique et d’Orient Le général d’armée Henri Gouraud (1867-1946), qui finira gouverneur militaire de Paris avec la grand-croix de la Légion d’Honneur, s’est passionné toute sa vie pour la photo. Archétype de l’officier colonial qui construit des routes plutôt que de rechercher des actions d’éclat (théorie du maréchal Hubert Lyautey), sa carrière l’a amené en Afrique sub-saharienne et au Levant. Il en a rapporté 10.000 clichés et 200 cartons d’archives, témoignages de ses peuples, de leur histoire, de leur culture et de leurs combats. Utilisées précédemment à des fins personnelles ou scientifiques, les photos vont trouver des applications militaires et justifieront les opérations coloniales aux yeux du public français et des autres puissances européennes. Soucieux de « montrer sa force sans avoir à s’en servir », Lyautey, résident général au Maroc, utilise la presse, les correspondants de guerre et la photo comme outils de gouvernement au début du premier conflit mondial. Suivant son exemple, Gouraud apprend à se servir de l’image à des fins politiques : magnifier le rôle des troupes, conserver celui d’intercesseur avec la famille, former les soldats et employer le pittoresque pour incarner la « pacification ». La photo de presse participe à l’essor de l’usage du document photographique par les officiers, qui voyagent facilement partout dans le monde. Lors de son mandat de haut-commissaire en Syrie et au Liban et de commandant en chef des troupes du Levant, Gouraud lance un programme archéologique et envoie ses équipes photographier la région. Les prises de vues, parfois destinées aux élèves des écoles des Beaux-Arts, servent aussi aux opérations de propagande de la « vulgarisation coloniale » au développement du tourisme. Dès sa formation à Saint-Cyr (1888-1890), Gouraud a été atteint par le « virus » de l’Afrique, mais commence par intégrer…le 21ème bataillon de Chasseurs à pied de Montbéliard. Faute d’une affectation à la Légion étrangère en 1893, il obtient un poste d’état- major au Soudan l’année suivante. Il se donne pour objectif de devenir un bon « broussard » au contact d’officiers et de soldats qui se qualifient tous « d’Africains ». En 1898, à la tête d’une colonne de 271 hommes (9 Européens, 212 tirailleurs et 50 porteurs), le capitaine Gouraud recherche Samory, un chef de tribu qui dispose d’une armée de 100.000 personnes et sème la terreur dans la bande sahélo-saharienne. Il parvient à le capturer… sans tirer un seul coup de feu ! En 1907, le colonel Gouraud doit empêcher les rezzous des populations maures, qui descendent régulièrement vers le Sénégal. En outre, l’Adrar, au cœur de la Mauritanie, est devenu la plaque tournante d’un vaste trafic d’armes à travers le Sahara. Gouraud pratique alors une guerre de partisans face à la guérilla incessante. Ses clichés sur l’Adrar lui permettront de soutenir les propositions de décorations pour ses officiers et soldats. Après la signature du traité de protectorat par le sultan du Maroc en 1912, Gouraud réprime avec succès une révolte des tabors de Fès et obtient ses étoiles de général de brigade. De retour en France pendant la première guerre mondiale, il est blessé à deux reprises et doit être amputé du bras droit en 1915. Commandant de la IVème Armée en Champagne, il remporte, le 15 juillet 1918, une bataille décisive qui lui vaut l’honneur d’entrer le premier à Strasbourg le 22 novembre. Loïc Salmon Armée de Terre : retour d’expérience de l’opération « Serval » au Mali Evolution et continuité de la gestion des crises en Afrique Afrique : les armées, leur construction et leur rôle dans la formation de l’État « Henri Gouraud, photographies d’Afrique et d’Orient » par Julie d’Andurain. Éditions Pierre de Taillac et Archives diplomatiques, 240 pages, nombreuses illustrations, 35 €..
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