DOCSLIB.ORG

Greater Lebanon Centenary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Greater Lebanon Centenary OPINION OPINION INTERNATIONAL NOW IS THE TIME TO LET TRUSTED LEBANON PM-DESIGNATE LEBANON S BUILD A STABLE, THIRD PARTIES VISITS BEIRUT PROSPEROUS, HELP LEBANON BLAST SITES, TOLERANT Herve de Charette VOWS RECOVERY CENTENARY Page 4 Looking back at events and forces LEBANON Page 10 Bahaa Hariri that have shaped the nation’s destiny Page 3 TUESDAY, September 1, 2020 Since 1975 Muharram 13, 1442 www.arabnews.com 100years later, what is left of the Lebanese state? Special coverage: Pages 3- 7 NEW BEGINNING CREATIVITY Film fest gets underway Historic flight: US-Israeli with celebration delegation arrives in Abu Dhabi of regional talent “While this is a historic flight, we meetings of joint teams on a range Mohammed Al-Hamadi. AFP Abu Dhabi Aseel Bashraheel Jeddah hope that it will start an even more of issues ahead of the signing of Later in the day there will be A US-Israeli delegation led by historic journey in the Middle East cooperation agreements in the The sixth Saudi Film Festival will five screenings which will include White House adviser Jared and beyond,” Kushner, who is US civil and economic spheres.” on Tuesday go live with a 6-day “Breath” by Razan Al-Sagheer, and Kushner arrived on Monday in Abu President Donald Trump’s son-in- The visit will also include virtual celebration of regionally “The Red Circle” by Abdul Aziz Al- Dhabi, on the historic first commer- law and a key architect of his Middle a meeting between Kushner, produced movies. Sarhan. cial flight from Tel Aviv to mark the East policy, said before boarding. Ben-Shabbat and UAE National Bringing together Saudi talents Nominations fall under the cat- normalization of ties between the “The future does not have to be Security Adviser Sheikh Tahnoun and creatives, the event aims to sup- egories of best feature film, docu- Jewish state and the UAE. predetermined by the past. This is bin Zayed, it said. port emerging filmmakers and pro- mentary, student movie, and un- The word “peace” was written a very hopeful time.” President Trump’s national mote movie culture in the Kingdom. executed scenario. in Arabic, English and Hebrew on The landmark direct flight by security adviser, Robert O’Brien, Due to the coronavirus disease The winner of the best film the cockpit of the El Al flight that Israel’s national carrier, numbered who is part of the delegation, said (COVID-19) pandemic, the annual award will receive a prize of landed at the VIP terminal in the LY971 in a nod to the UAE’s interna- earlier in Jerusalem that more flick fest will this year see films SR40,000 ($10,665), with the UAE capital where US flags flew tional dialing code, is due to return Arab and Muslim countries were screened via YouTube, reaching a runner-up getting SR20,000 and alongside the Star of David banner. on Tuesday with the number 972, likely to follow the UAE in normal- larger audience. SR10,000 going to the producer of matching Israel’s dialing code. izing relations with Israel. Following the opening ceremo- the audience’s favorite movie. The agreement to normalize ties Jared Kushner Israel’s Health Ministry had late ny at 6 p.m., the first day will in- Similar rewards will be handed was announced by Trump on Aug. on Sunday updated its list of “green clude selected nominated movies, out for best documentaries and 2 Riyals • Vol. XLV 13, making the UAE the first Gulf broad range of areas. countries” with low coronavirus a symposium on the future of Sau- student films, while first place in No. 271 • 16 pages country and only the third Arab The talks in Abu Dhabi aim infection rates to include the UAE di filmmaking at 8 p.m., and then a the best long scenario section will 36 > nation to establish relations with to boost cooperation between and eight other countries. second group of showings. bag SR30,000 and second spot Israel. the two regional economic The change meant the Israeli The first batch of films will take in SR20,000, with the best short sce- Israeli National Security Adviser powerhouses in areas including officials and journalists traveling to six features, including “And When nario winner receiving SR15,000 Meir Ben-Shabbat, who was also aviation, tourism, trade, health, Abu Dhabi would be exempted from Do I Sleep?” by Husam Al-Sayed, and the runner-up SR10,000. on the flight to the UAE, said “our energy and security. a 14-day quarantine upon return. “Coexistence” by Haya Al-Suhail, Applications for the festival goal is to achieve a joint working An Israeli government statement “Remember Me” by Mohammed closed on Aug. 8 with 384 submis- 9 771319 833009 plan to advance relations in a very said there would be “working Detailed report Page 9 Hammad, and “The Village” by sions (105 films and 279 scripts). ARAB NEWS Tuesday, September 1, 2020 3 GREATER LEBANON CENTENARY SpotlightSPECIAL COVERAGE FRANCE AND LEBANON The mandate’s mixed blessing Multiple crises confront a nation founded on a sectarian system that is now being blamed for its deep divisions came to an agreement on their Ephrem Kossaify New York City National Pact, a lot of what the It was amidst the ruins French had introduced during of the Aug. 4 Beirut port the mandate became custom. For explosion, surrounded example, the president is Chris- by traumatized citizens tian, the prime minister is Sunni who seemed comforted by and the speaker of the parliament his presence, that French Shia.” President Emmanuel Lebanese poet Henri Zoghaib, Macron found himself in who has advocated for a secular the surreal position of state in the country for years, having to announce that he believes “sectarianism in religion would return on Sept. 1 to is good, for every religion has its commemorate the creation sects. But sectarianism in the state of Greater Lebanon. is a disaster. “The French Revolution began Macron’s interaction with regular way before 1789 when the nobility Lebanese on that day has invited and the clergy were tyrannizing re-examination of the past society. When the revolution hundred years, during which matured and the Bastille was France, despite all misgivings, was stormed, the clergy were put always called “the tender mother”. in their place, and politicians in What separates the events that theirs. The people became the led to the creation of the modern source of power. The people were Lebanese state and those that the ‘word of God.’ Only when the had brought the French leader to same happens in Lebanon, will Beirut, is much more than just the we be delivered from this monster passage of 100 years. called sectarianism.” As his ship crossed the Atlantic Young makes a key distinction on its way to Paris in 1919, US Presi- between sectarianism as it had dent Woodrow Wilson was armed by an unwavering vision for a new world order in the aftermath of the First World War: Affairs between The Maronites lost nations would be conducted in the power. The Sunnis lost open, on the basis of sovereignty, self-determination and the repudi- power. Now Hezbollah ation of military force to settle and the Shia. We shall dispute. see where they’re going. The victorious Allies gathered at the Paris Peace Conference to set been prior to the 1975 Lebanese the terms for the defeated Central civil war, and the version that was Powers. A question was on every- to then emerge after the conflict one’s mind: What to do with the ended. pieces left of the Ottoman Empire, “When the war ended in 1990, the “sick man,” and every other you had a new order established empire that collapsed? by the Syrians and the Saudis, who Back then, in the US, there was came to a kind of consensus over heavy opposition to colonialism. Lebanon, that became known as The US would never join the the Taif Accord, and that eventu- fight to help maintain and expand ally brought the nomination of European empires. Instead, there Rafik Hariri as a prime minister,” would be mandates given to The proclamation of Greater Lebanon: Gen. Henri Gouraud (center) flanked by Maronite patriarch, Msgr Hoyek, and Gov. Negib bey Abussuan. Getty Images he said. small, well-run countries, perhaps “Today, we have a dominant Scandinavian countries, Wilson military force called Hezbollah thought, that would not have the vision. France had invested so A locust wave decimated the “But I have heard no mention of was thriving long before Greater that is not allowing for the ambition or resources to turn the much in Syria and Lebanon during mountain crops and resulted in an apology for actions the French Lebanon. In the preceding system, consolidation of a sovereign state. protectorates into colonies. the previous century that it insisted famine which, compounded by the took in Lebanon 100 years ago, known as Mutasarifiya, sectarian Tensions will continue until this “But of course, as soon as Wilson on creating a “friendly” entity that Allies’ blockade of Beirut’s coast, even as the League of Nations institutions had already emerged issue is resolved. And on top of it, got to Paris, there was no way would anchor the French presence killed tens of thousands. Emotions, awarded them the mandate. in an attempt to create a balance Hezbollah is an armed group that the prime ministers of France in the Middle East. then, were running high on the “When World War I ended, among communities. is not loyal to Lebanon. It is loyal to or Britain were going to let him The new entity had to be a safe first day of September 1920.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abbreviations
    ABBREVIATIONS ACP African Caribbean Pacific K kindergarten Adm. Admiral kg kilogramme(s) Adv. Advocate kl kilolitre(s) a.i. ad interim km kilometre(s) kW kilowatt b. born kWh kilowatt hours bbls. barrels bd board lat. latitude bn. billion (one thousand million) lb pound(s) (weight) Brig. Brigadier Lieut. Lieutenant bu. bushel long. longitude Cdr Commander m. million CFA Communauté Financière Africaine Maj. Major CFP Comptoirs Français du Pacifique MW megawatt CGT compensated gross tonnes MWh megawatt hours c.i.f. cost, insurance, freight C.-in-C. Commander-in-Chief NA not available CIS Commonwealth of Independent States n.e.c. not elsewhere classified cm centimetre(s) NRT net registered tonnes Col. Colonel NTSC National Television System Committee cu. cubic (525 lines 60 fields) CUP Cambridge University Press cwt hundredweight OUP Oxford University Press oz ounce(s) D. Democratic Party DWT dead weight tonnes PAL Phased Alternate Line (625 lines 50 fields 4·43 MHz sub-carrier) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States PAL M Phased Alternate Line (525 lines 60 PAL EEA European Economic Area 3·58 MHz sub-carrier) EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone PAL N Phased Alternate Line (625 lines 50 PAL EMS European Monetary System 3·58 MHz sub-carrier) EMU European Monetary Union PAYE Pay-As-You-Earn ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism PPP Purchasing Power Parity est. estimate f.o.b. free on board R. Republican Party FDI foreign direct investment retd retired ft foot/feet Rt Hon. Right Honourable FTE full-time equivalent SADC Southern African Development Community G8 Group Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, SDR Special Drawing Rights USA, Russia SECAM H Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire (625 lines GDP gross domestic product 50 fieldsHorizontal) Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Horsh Beirut Competition Brief Guidelines
    HORSH BEIRUT COMPETITION Reimagining Horsh Beirut OPEN COMPETITION رابطة المهندسين اﻷخصائيين في التنظيم المديني HORSH BEIRUT COMPETITION Reimagining Horsh Beirut Open Competition TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. COMPETITION BRIEF I. Framing the competition II. Objectives III. Competition’s action zone IV. Historical overview 1. from the pine woods to the public garden 2. Post-war reconstruction challenges 3. The Hippodrome and the Pine Residence V. Socio-cultural dimension of Horsh Beirut VI. Current situation of the park a. Horsh Beirut: Landscape features b. Rules and restrictions inside Horsh Beirut VII. Existing legal framework a. National regulations and directives b. Local regulations and masterplan VIII. Appendices Appendix 1: Surrounding areas Appendix 2: Violations, threats and regularizations Appendix 3: Photographic survey Appendix 4: Maps and aerial views Appendix 5: Law no. 131 dated 30/4/2019: Protection of Horsh Beirut Appendix 6: Horsh Beirut in the “City Greening Plan” (Plan Vert) and the “Soft Mobility Plan” (Liaison Douce) Appendix 7: The “Horsh Beirut for All” Campaign Appendix 8: Relevant sources and web links. 2. COMPETITION GUIDELINES I. Competition type II. Eligibility III. Awards IV. Competition schedule and milestones HORSH BEIRUT COMPETITION BRIEF 2 a. Competition’s site visit b. Question and answer period c. Submission of entries d. Jury e. Jury deliberations f. Announcement of finalists and press release g. Exhibition and awards ceremony V. Deliverables a. Concept note b. Report c. Drawings d. CD-ROM e. Other VI. Official language VII. Exhibition, Publication and promotion VIII. Ownership of entries IX. Handing of deliverables HORSH BEIRUT COMPETITION BRIEF 3 “HORSH BEIRUT COMPETITION” Reimagining Horsh Beirut COMPETITION BRIEF This design competition is organized by NAHNOO (referred to herewith as the “Organizer”), in conjunction with POMED (Project on Middle-East Democracy) and BEIRUTIYAT, and under the patronage of the Order of Engineers and Architects (OEA) in Beirut, in collaboration with the Urban Planners’ Association UPA.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Story -1- from 10000 BC to 2011 AD
    Syria Story -1- from 10000 BC to 2011 AD The homeland of the human civilization is a victim of the Global Market know more, think more, help more Book under printing under Book book under printing under book http://www.infosalam.com/home/syria_story/ https://www.facebook.com/pages/Stop-World-War-III-in-Syria/489005137809173 Damascus, the capital of Syria, is the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Back to 10000 B.C Damascus is the daughter of Barada river Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth Imaginary painting of The ancient city of Mari (2900 – 1759 BC) in the east of Syria The Ugaritic Alphabet – the first standard Alphabet human knew. It was created by ancient Syrians Phoenician around 1300 BC (Syria - Ras Shamra) The desert city of Palmyra, whose ruins are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, grew large in the Syrian desert in the 1st and 2nd centuries (A.D.). St John's Chapel inside the Ummayad mosque The holy destination for Muslims and Christians Water Wheels in Hama, 1500 years old Saladin accepts the surrender of Guy de Lusignan and the European armies following the massive success of Saladin at the Battle of Hattin Aleppo (7000 years old) an old photo Ottoman troops parading through Damascus, near Marjeh Square, during World War I in 1914 The same place where Djemal Pasha al-Saffah, "the Blood Shedder", being responsible for the hanging of many Lebanese, Syrian on 6 May 1916 On 1918 Syria was free of Ottoman occupation Damascus 1920 Al-Hamidia The main marketing
    [Show full text]
  • Country Coding Units
    INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) .
    [Show full text]
  • GOURAUD Le Libérateur De Sedan Es Guerres Ont Contribué À Sortir De L’Anonymat Des Hommes Courageux L Au Parcours Exemplaire
    SEDAN Notre Histoire Novembre 1918 GOURAUD le libérateur de Sedan es guerres ont contribué à sortir de l’anonymat des hommes courageux L au parcours exemplaire. Découvrons ici celui qui vint à Sedan, le 17 septembre 1924, afin de participer à l’inauguration du monument aux morts de 1914-1918. Gouraud avait foulé une première fois le sol sedanais le 17 novembre 1918, à la tête de sa IVe Armée, afin d’entériner la Libération, suite à l’Armistice signé le 11 novembre 1918. Rappelons toutefois que la dernière bataille de la Grande Guerre avait lieu sur la Meuse, au pied du Signal de l’Épine, à Vrigne-Meuse, les 10 et 11 novembre… par Gérald DARDART Olivier GOBÉ Personnage énigmatique Saint-Cyr en 1888. Il avait intégré la 73e promo- tion, celle du « Grand Triomphe » (celle de Noi- Issu d’une famille de médecins originaire de zet de Charleville). Sous-lieutenant, il rejoint Vendée, Henri Eugène Gouraud voit le jour le le 21e bataillon de Chasseurs à pied (BCP) de 17 novembre 1867 dans la rue de Grenelle à Montbéliard ; il aurait préféré partir dans l’Em- Paris. Le personnage est énigmatique. Les his- pire colonial mais son père s’y est opposé. Lieu- toriens se demandent toujours s’il était un com- tenant le 1er octobre 1892, il s’oriente, soutenu battant violent et intelligent, un fou furieux, par sa mère, vers l’infanterie coloniale. ou un manchot casse-cou… Une chose est sûre, profondément chrétien, à l’écoute, il était par- ticulièrement respecté de ses subordonnés. Les Vingt ans en Afrique sources relatives à la Grande Guerre le men- Il part pour l’Afrique dès 1894.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lines That Bind
    THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT ANDREW J. TABLER, EDITOR THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT Andrew J. Tabler, editor THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. Policy Focus 151, December 2016 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this pub- lication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2016 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 Design: 1000colors Cover image: 1916 map by Royal Geographical Society, annotated by Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot. CONTENTS List of Maps iv ANDREW J. TABLER 1 Introduction FABRICE BALANCHE 3 The Levant: Fragmentation and Remapping MICHAEL KNIGHTS 26 Iraq: Identifying a Steady State DAVID POLLOCK 32 Ending a Century of Subjugation: Sykes-Picot’s Kurdish Legacy DAVID SCHENKER 38 Jordan: Resilience and Stability amid Persistent Challenges SAM MENASSA 46 Lebanon, Sykes-Picot, and U.S. Foreign Policy SONER CAGAPTAY 53 Turkey Faces Its Toughest Tests GHAITH AL-OMARI 58 Palestine: State Institutions Before State Lines DAVID MAKOVSKY 65 Israel’s Enduring Struggle over Land BRIGITTE CURMI 70 The Arab World in 2016: Bringing the State Back In MARTIN KRAMER 79 Repairing Sykes-Picot Contributors 86 MAPS MAP 1 19th Century French, British, and Russian Imperialism in the Mediterranean 6 MAP 2 The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 8 MAP 3 Population of States under Mandate, 1922 10 MAP 4 The Levant after 1919 Versailles Treaty 12 iv ANDREW J.
    [Show full text]
  • M a P P I N G Refugee Skills and Employability Data and Analysis from the Talent Catalog
    SEPTEMBER SEPTEMBER 2017 M A P P I N G REFUGEE SKILLS AND EMPLOYABILITY DATA AND ANALYSIS FROM THE TALENT CATALOG DATA AND ANALYSIS FROM THE TALENT CATALOG TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 – Introduction 4 Talent Beyond Boundaries 5 The Pilot Project 6 The Talent Catalog 7 2 - Talent Catalog Analysis 8 Outreach, Registration, and Data Collection 9 Methodology 10 3 - Data Analysis Summary 12 4 - Data Analysis 14 Occupation 15 Table 1.1, Top 10 Industries 15 Table 1.2, Top 30 Occupations 16 Nationality 17 Table 2, Top 15 Nationalities 17 Table 2.1, Top 10 Current Locations of Syrian Participants in the Talent Catalog 18 Table 2.2, Top 10 Current Locations of Palestinian Participants in the Talent Catalog 18 Table 2.3, Current Locations of Iraqi Participants in the Talent Catalog 18 Table 2.4, Top 10 Occupations of Syrian Participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.5, Top 10 Occupations of Palestinian Participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.6, Top 10 Occupations of Iraqi Participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.7, Top 5 Languages (Other than Arabic) Spoken by Syrian participants in the Talent Catalog 19 Table 2.8, Top 5 Languages (Other than Arabic) Spoken by Palestinian Participants in the Talent Catalog 20 Table 2.9, Top 5 Languages (Other than Arabic) Spoken by Iraqi Participants in the Talent Catalog 20 Location 21 Table 3, Top 10 Locations 21 Education 22 Table 4.1, Post-Secondary Education Levels 22 Chart 4.2, Types of Post-Secondary Education by Percent 22 Table 4.3, Top 10 Majors for People with Post-Secondary Schooling 22 Table
    [Show full text]
  • The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History 7-28-2006 The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland David Thomas Ruskoski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ruskoski, David Thomas, "The Polish Army in France: Immigrants in America, World War I Volunteers in France, Defenders of the Recreated State in Poland." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/1 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POLISH ARMY IN FRANCE: IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA, WORLD WAR I VOLUNTEERS IN FRANCE, DEFENDERS OF THE RECREATED STATE IN POLAND by DAVID T. RUSKOSKI Under the Direction of Gerald H. Davis and Christine M. Skwiot ABSTRACT Independent Poland ceased to exist in 1795 and the various insurrections to restore the Polish state were thwarted by the Germans, Austro-Hungarians, and Russians. During the First World War, Polish statesmen called upon the thousands of Polish immigrants in the United States to join the Polish Army in France, a military force funded by the French government and organized by the Polish Falcons of America and Ignacy Paderewski, the world-famous Polish pianist. Over 20,000 men trained in Canada and fought in the final months of the war on the Western front.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Syria By
    Explaining Syria by Esmond Wei An honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science Undergraduate College Leonard N. Stern School of Business New York University May 2015 Professor Marti G. Subrahmanyam Professor Joseph Foudy Faculty Adviser Thesis Adviser Acknowledgments I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to my thesis adviser, Professor Joseph Foudy. Throughout this entire process of formulating, conducting, and articulating this thesis, Professor Foudy has been there to provide insight, direction, and resources to make this entire endeavor possible. I appreciate all that he has done throughout the school year and recognize that none of this would be possible without him. I would also like to thank Professor Marti Subrahmanyam for his commitment to the Stern Honors Program. It was truly an unique program to participate in and it would not have been possible without Professor Subrahmanyam and others committing to the program in the manner that they have. Explaining Syria Abstract: The Middle-East has historically been a hotbed of tension, instability, and conflict. Yet, despite the volatile dynamics in the region, until recent years, the region has been governed surprisingly resilient regimes. Only recently, did the Arab Spring dislodge these resilient governments. As the spotlight is currently on the world’s response against the Islamic State and the ongoing civil war in Syria, the popular explanation to this conflict is that sectarianism drove Syria into this crisis. However, we believe that sectarianism alone did not cause the war. Rather, it was a regime that enacted economic policies that strengthened its grip on power but sacrificed long-term effects on growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Intermediaries in Post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Local Intermediaries in Post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity
    Local Intermediaries in post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Local Intermediaries in post-2011 Syria Transformation and Continuity Edited by Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Contributors: Armenak Tokmajyan Ayman Al-Dassouky Hadeel Al-Saidawi Roger Asfar Sana Fadel Published in June 2019 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung P.O. Box 116107 Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2210 Lebanon This publication is the product of a capacity building project for Syrian researchers that was designed and implemented by Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur. Each participant conducted independent research and authored a paper under the editors’ supervision. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be printed, reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Layout and Cover Design: Milad Amin Translation and Editing: Hannah Massih, Livia Bergmeijer, Niamh Fleming- Farrell, Rana Sa’adah and Yaaser Azzayyat CONTENTS Building from the Wreckage Intermediaries in Contemporary Syria........................................................4 Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Politics of Rural Notables...........................................................................21 Armenak Tokmajyan What We Can Learn from the Rise of Local Traders in Syria........................43 Ayman Al-Dassouky Informal State-Society Relations and Family Networks in Rural Idlib..........67 Hadeel Al-Saidawi The Role of the Christian Clergy in Aleppo as Mediators The Nature of Relationships and their Attributes.......................................93 Roger Asfar The Leaders of Damascus The Intermediary Activists in the 2011 Uprising.........................................119 Sana Fadel Building from the Wreckage Intermediaries in Contemporary Syria Kheder Khaddour and Kevin Mazur Seven years of war in Syria have shattered many of the social and political relations that existed before the conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberal Tought in the Eastern Mediterranean
    Liberal !ought in the Eastern Mediterranean Late 19th Century until the 1960s Edited by Christoph Schumann LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 !!"#$%&''()*(+,-+./+'00111+++"#$%&''()*(+,-+./+'00111+++ 223*435667111*8598621:;3*435667111*8598621:; CHAPTER THREE “LIBERAL COLONIALISM” AND MARTIAL LAW IN FRENCH MANDATE SYRIA Michael Provence Introduction Imperialism has dramatically returned to the Middle East. For many in the region, particularly in Palestine, the age of colonialism never ended, but some intellectuals in Europe and America have welcomed a new age of muscular imperialism. Niall Ferguson, for whom the principal lament of today’s neo-imperialism is that Winston Churchill can no longer lead its charge and Rudyard Kipling can no longer sing its praises, writes widely from his endowed Harvard chair. Many glib commentators like to blame all the problems of the Middle East today on British and French imperial maneuvers to fashion dependencies out of the lost provinces of the Ottoman Empire—as if malicious European diplomats somehow invented the ancient !ssures between Shiites and Sunnis, or willfully encouraged Jewish settlers to colonize Palestine.1 European diplomats of the interwar Middle East may not have been malicious, but widespread ignorance, short-sighted incompetence, and self-delusion certainly bequeathed a miserable inheritance to the post- colonial era. Colonial authorities zealously exploited and deepened sectarian and class cleavages in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine. More than encouraging Jewish colonization, British politicians quite literally deeded Palestine to Europe’s Zionist movement, and in so doing gave the world the Arab-Israeli con"ict. In the Middle East, endless su#ering and misery are widely viewed as the colonial legacy of the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle Over Horsh Beirut an Analysis of Discourses
    Sources: Nahnoo NGO THE STRUGGLE OVER HORSH BEIRUT AN ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSES DIANA EL HALAWANI Joint European Master in Environmental Studies – Cities and Sustainability Master’s Thesis Supervisor: Daniel Galland June 2nd, 2017 1 Abstract This research concerns Horsh Beirut; the largest remaining public green space in Beirut, Leba- non. A field hospital project being constructed on part of it, has turned it into a contested space against a social service claimed to support poor neighborhoods in the area. The research carries a critical discourse analysis to analyze the discourses by different actors over the project’s lo- cation, legality and need. It identifies metaphors, storylines and emblematic issues within which problems are constructed. Discourse coalitions were also broadened by analyzing power rela- tions and interests. The municipality’s perception of this space, enacted through former policies, has also contributed to its contested nature. The case of Horsh Beirut analyzed shows how powerful actors have, through discourse, not only achieved hegemony over the physical public space where the project is being established, but also over the public’s opinion. This research argues that the struggle over Horsh Beirut is not only a struggle against private interests, but also a struggle to regain citizens’ democratic right to participate in developing this space. Thus, it concludes on the kind of interventions needed. 2 Table of Contents 1 Prelude ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]