Rural Development in Poland the Role of Policy, Tourism and Human Capital
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MONOGRAPH RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND THE ROLE OF POLICY, TOURISM AND HUMAN CAPITAL MONOGRAPH RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN POLAND THE ROLE OF POLICY, TOURISM AND HUMAN CAPITAL SCIENTIFIC EDITORS Piotr Bórawski Agnieszka Brelik Bazyli Czyżewski Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomiczno-Społecznej w Ostrołęce Ostrołęka 2014 4 RECENZENCI - REVIEWERS Professor James Beierlein – Pennsylvania State University, the USA Professor H Louis Moor – Pennsylvania State University, the USA Professor James W Dunn – Pennsylvania State University, the USA Associate Professor Elżbieta Jadwiga Szymańska – Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Poland Phd Iwona Pomianek – Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Poland Phd Agnieszka Sapa – Poznań University of Economics, Poland. Composition and preparation for printing – Marek Jadczak Projekt okładki – Cover Design Arkadiusz Bloch ISBN 978-83-935057-3-9 © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomiczno-Społeczna w Ostrołęce • Ostrołęka 2014 High Economic Social School Publishing House • Ostrołęka 2014 ul. Kołobrzeska 15 07- 410 Ostrołęka Tel./ fax 29 7691034 www.wses.edu.pl e-mail: [email protected] Punkt Informacji Europejskiej w Ostrołęce Publikacja wydana ze wsparciem finansowym Europe Direct - Ostrołęka Komisji Europejskiej w ramach projektu Europe Direct Ark. wyd. 7,5 Druk: Drukarnia LIBRA-PRINT Daniel Puławski www.libra-print.pl 5 TABL E OF COntents MAIN ABBREVIATION . .9 INTRODUCTION .....................................................11 PART I POLICY AND DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS 1. DEVELOPING A MODEL OF SUSTAINABLY-COMPETITIVE AGRICULTURE (Gordon Purvis, Liam Downey, Theodore R Alter) . .15 1.1. Introduction ......................................................15 1.2. The Concept of Sustainable Competitiveness ............................16 1.3. A Biological Model ................................................18 1.4. Knowledge Management ............................................18 1.5. New Opportunities at the European Level. 21 1.6. Educational Needs .................................................21 1.7. Summary Conclusions ..............................................23 2. INNOVATION NETWORK OF RURAL TOURISM AS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE COMMERCIALISATION OF TOURIST SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS (Żuchowski Ireneusz, Agnieszka Brelik, Bogusz Małgorzata) . 25 2.1. Introduction ......................................................25 2.2. Rural Tourism as a Component of the National Tourism. .26 2.3. Network Product of Rural Tourism ....................................27 2.4. Purpose and Methods of Construction of a Network of Rural Tourism ........29 2.5. Conclusion .......................................................29 3. AMBIENT IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGROTOURISM FARMS (Małgorzata Bogusz, Agnieszka Brelik, Ireneusz Żuchowski). 31 3.1. Introduction. 31 3.2. Purpose, Scope and Methodology of Research ...........................32 6 Table of Contents 3.3. The Institutional Environment – Characteristics ..........................33 3.4. Results ..........................................................35 3.5. Summary. 43 4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF NATURAL VALUES ON DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE VOIVODESHIP (Magdalena Obuchowicz, Rafał Obuchowicz) .................44 4.1. Introduction ......................................................44 4.2. Objective and Methods .............................................47 4.3. Results ..........................................................49 4.4. Conclusions ......................................................52 5. INFLUENCE OF SELECTED ECONOMIC FACTORS ON DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF POLAND (Magdalena Obuchowicz, Rafał Obuchowicz). .55 5.1. Introduction ......................................................55 5.2. Objective and Method . .58 5.3. Results ..........................................................61 5.4. Conclusions . .63 PART II THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 6. STATUS OF HUMAN CAPITAL, ITS ROLE IN INNOVATION AND OPPOrtUNITIES FOR STRENGTHENING THE ENTERPRISES OF THE FOOD INDUstry IN THE YEARS 2007-2011 (Krzysztof Firlej) . .67 6.1. Introduction ............................................67 6.2. Aim and Methods of the Study .......................................68 6.3. Results ..........................................................70 6.4. The Role of Human Capital in the Innovation of Enterprises of the Food Industry in the Years 2007-2011 .............................................71 6.5. Summary and Conclusions ..........................................74 Table of Contents 7 7. HUMAN CAPITAL IN POLISH AGRICULTURE IN THE BACKGROUND OF EUROPEAN UNION (Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Elżbieta Jadwiga Szymańska) . .75 7.1. Introduction ............................................75 7.2. Aim and Methodology ..............................................76 7.3. Definition and Structure of Human Capital in EconomicTheory .............76 7.4. Methods of Human Capital Measurement ...............................79 7.5. Rural Population in Poland and Other Countries of European Union .........80 7.6. Chosen Characteristics of Human Capital in Polish Agriculture .............82 7.7. Conclusions ......................................................84 8. OPTIMAL HEDGING WITH CUMULATIVE PROSPECT THEOry CONCERNING PEOPLE BEHAVIOUR (Jonathan Tuthill). 86 8.1. Introduction ......................................................86 8.2. Valuation Functions ................................................86 8.3. Probability Weighting. 88 8.4. Hedging Model. .89 8.5. Data. 90 8.6. Results ..........................................................91 8.7. Power Valuation Functions. 91 8.8. Power Weighting Function - Futures Only Results ........................92 8.9. Power Weighting Function – Futures and Options Results ..................98 8.10. S Shaped Weighting Functions. 102 8.11. S Shaped Weighting Function – Futures Only Results. 103 8.12. S Shaped Weighting Function - Futures and Options Results ...............104 8.13. Conclusion ......................................................106 9. NEW AND BEGINNING DAiry FARMERS: A CASE STUDY APPROACH (James W. Dunn, Andrew Martin) . 108 9.1. Introduction .....................................................108 9.2. Family ssues. 110 9.3. When to Start ....................................................111 9.4. Buying Cows ....................................................112 8 Table of Contents 9.5. Debt Management. 112 9.6 Other Issues .....................................................112 9.7. Conclusions .....................................................113 10. EVALUATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN DAIRY FARM OWNERS ACCORDING TO THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION (Piotr Bórawski, James W Dunn) . 115 10.1. Theoretical Consideration About Human Capital. .115 10.2. Changes in Polish Countryside. .117 10.3. Objective and Methods ............................................118 10.4. Methods of Human Capital Measurement .............................119 10.5. Synthetic Quality and Financial Measure. .121 10.6. Conclusions. 122 11. “EuROPE 2020” STRATEGY BASED ON HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT (Paweł Niewiadomski) . 124 11.1 Introduction. 124 11.2. Seven Flagship Initiatives in Frame of “Europe 2020” Strategy ............125 11.3. Main Priorities of “Europe 2020” Strategy. 126 11.4. Smart Growth – an Economy Based on Knowledge and Innovation .........127 11.4.1. Flagship Initiative: “Innovation Union” .........................128 11.4.2. Flagship Initiative: „Youth on the Move” .......................129 11.4.3. Flagship Initiative: „A Digital Agenda for Europe” . .130 11.5. Inclusive Growth – a High-Employment Economy Delivering Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. .131 11.5.1. Flagship Initiative: „An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs” ..........132 11.5.2. Flagship Initiative: „European Platform against Poverty” . 133 11.6. Human Capital Development in Frame of National Development Strategy 2020 . .134 11.6.1. Increasing Labor Force Participation ...........................135 11.6.2. Improvement of Human Capital ...............................136 11.6.3. Increasing Labor Mobility and Spatial Mobility. 139 MAIN ABBREVIATIONS AAC – Agricultural Advisory Centers ARMA – Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture CAP – Common Agricultural Policy CSO – Central Statistical Office EAFRD – European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development EC – European Commission ESCO – European Skills, Competences and Occupations ESF – European Social Fund EU – European Union GAC – Good Agricultural Condition GDP – Gross Domestic Product GUS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office) ICT – Information and Communication Technologies LAG – Local Action Groups MO – Municipal Office MRiRW – Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozowju Wsi (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) NGO – Non Governmental Organisations OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PES – Public Employment Services PGR – Państwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne (State Farm) RAF – Rural Accommodation Facilities RDP – Rural Development Programme SAPARD – Sector Operating Program and Rural Development Program SME – Small and Medium-sized Enterprises WIG – Warszawski Indeks Giełdowy (Warsaw Stock Exchange Index) INTRODUCTION The problem of tourism function in the multifunctional development of rural areas has not been recognized and is gaining on meaning because European Union is focusing activities on natural