General Type Studio Since the Early 19Th Century and the Appearance Of

Home , 2 Tone Records, Haas Type Foundry, Impeach the President, Lakim Shabazz, Latin freestyle, Lizzy Mercier Descloux

General Type Studio Mier Aa Aa Aa Aa

Designed by Stéphane Elbaz, Since the early 19th century and the appearance of latin sans serifs, structure Released in 2018. and proportion were explored and combined in many ways before being solidified into canon. The immediate and lasting success of Helvetica¹ and Univers² — two visions of the Moderns’ alphabet — established the contours of what have since been called Neo-grotesques. Alphabets such as Recta³ or Neuzeit-S ⁴ could then be perceived as reactions to this success while still being genuine attempts to combine a modern grotesque and a geometric roman. This represents the starting point of the Mier project. Its shape, structure, and contrast relate equally to both geometric and grotesque canons. A few key glyphs vary (J, M, a, j, t, u, 6, 9, &), forming Mier A and Mier B, in order to highlight this duality.

1. Max Miedinger, Eduard Hoffmann, 3. Alessandro Butti, Aldo Novarese, Haas Type Foundry, Switzerland, Nebiolo, Italy, 1958 1957 4. Arthur Ritzel, Linotype, Germany, 2. Adrian Frutiger, Deberny & Peignot, 1959 France, 1957

Mier A Hair Mier B Hair Mier A Hair Italic Mier B Hair Italic Mier A Thin Mier B Thin Mier A Thin Italic Mier B Thin Italic Mier A Light Mier B Light Mier A Light Italic Mier B Light Italic Mier A Regular Mier B Regular Mier A Italic Mier B Italic Mier A Book Mier B Book Mier A Book Italic Mier B Book Italic Mier A Demi Mier B Demi Mier A Demi Italic Mier B Demi Italic Mier A Bold Mier B Bold Mier A Bold Italic Mier B Bold Italic Mier A ExtraBold Mier B ExtraBold Mier A ExtraBold Italic Mier B ExtraBold Italic Mier A Heavy Mier B Heavy Mier A Heavy Italic Mier B Heavy Italic Mier A Black Mier B Black Mier A Black Italic Mier B Black Italic

Uppercase ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Small capitals abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Lowercase abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Standard punctuation &?!¿¡.,:;•'"“”‘’‚„…_|¦§¶†‡* ‹«»›·-–—()[]{}@ Uppercase punctuation ¿¡�� Stylistic alternates JMjmajtu&69 Proportional lining figures (default) #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Proportional old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Tabular lining figures #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Tabular old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥00123456789 Numerator / Denominator 0123456789/0123456789 Prebuilt fractions ½¼¾ Superscript / Inferior ⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹+−=⁽⁾₀₁₂₃₄₅₆₇₈₉+−=₍₎ Superior alphabet abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Math and miscellaneous symbols ∆Ω∂∫∑∏πμ¤−+×÷=≠±√^<>≤≥~≈�¬∞ℓ°№℮ Accents `�´�ˆ�ˇ��˜�¨�¯�˘�˚�˝�˙�¸˛� Accentuated letters ÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄÆǼĆĈČĊÇĎĐÈÉÊĚËĒĔĖĘlĜĞĠĢĤĦÌÍÎĨ ÏĪĬİĮĲĴĶĹĽĻŁĿŃŇÑŅÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾŒŔŘŖSSŚŜŠŞȘŤ ŢŦÙÚÛŨÜŪŬŮŰŲẀẂŴẄỲÝŶŸŹŽŻŊÐÞÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄ GĜĞĠĢĲĴKĶQRŔŘŖ àáâãäāăåǻąæǽćĉčċçďđèéêěëēĕėę ĝğġģĥħìíîĩïīĭįıĳĵķĺľļłŀńňñņòóôõöōŏőøǿœŕřŗśŝšşșss ťţŧùúûũüūŭůűųẁẃŵẅỳýŷÿźžżŋðþ àáâãäāăåǻąæǽćĉčċ çďđèéêěëēĕėęĝğġģĥħìíîĩïīĭįıĳĵķĺľļłŀńňñņòóôõöōŏőøǿœŕřŗś ŝšşșßťţŧùúûũüūŭůűųẁẃŵẅỳýŷÿźžżŋðþ Shapes ▣◉□○◆■●▶◀▲▼▷◁△▽ Arrows →←↑↓↖↗↙↘

OpenType font format is the current standard for desktop fonts. This format permits to embed a large number of charac- ters and multiple options to access and permute them in a text editor. These features are supported by most common web browsers using ‘font-feature-settings’ with the OpenType labels (‘case’, ’liga’, ’onum’, ’salt’, etc.).

Feature Non-active Active

All capitals ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'case'

Small capitals ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'smcp'

Tabular lining figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'lnum'

Tabular old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'onum'

Fractions 1/2 + 35/168 1/2 + 35/168 'frac' (also 'numr'/'dnom')

Slashed zero 2018 2018 'zero'

Arrows (Stylistic Set 01) -> <- |^ |v /^ \v - < | | / \ 'ss01'

Ordinals 1o 2a No 1o 2a N 'ordn'

Superscript / Superior (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a 'sups'

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1re 2e 3e 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1re 2e 3e

Scientific inferior C2H4O C2H4O 'sinf'

Ligature The Office The Office 'liga'

Stylistic alternates or title alternates Jack j. Mitch & Stuart 1906 Jack j. Mitch & Stuart 1906 'salt' or 'titl' (also accessible through individual Stylistic Sets: ss02 - ss08)

Math and miscellaneous symbols ∆Ω∂∫∑∏πμ¤−+×÷=≠±√^<>≤≥~≈�¬∞ℓ°№℮ Accents `�´�ˆ�ˇ��˜�¨�¯�˘�˚�˝�˙�¸˛� Accentuated letters ÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄÆǼĆĈČĊÇĎĐÈÉÊĚËĒĔĖĘlĜĞĠĢĤĦÌÍÎĨÏ ĪĬİĮĲĴĶĹĽĻŁĿŃŇÑŅÒÓÔÕÖŌŎŐØǾŒŔŘŖSSŚŜŠŞȘŤŢ ŦÙÚÛŨÜŪŬŮŰŲẀẂŴẄỲÝŶŸŹŽŻŊÐÞÀÁÂÃÄĀĂÅǺĄ GĜĞĠĢĲĴKĶQRŔŘŖ àáâãäāăåǻąæǽćĉčċçďđèéêěëēĕėę ĝğġģĥħìíîĩïīĭįıĳĵķĺľļłŀńňñņòóôõöōŏőøǿœŕřŗśŝšşșssť ţŧùúûũüūŭůűųẁẃŵẅỳýŷÿźžżŋðþ àáâãäāăåǻąæǽćĉčċçď đèéêěëēĕėęĝğġģĥħìíîĩïīĭįıĳĵķĺľļłŀńňñņòóôõöōŏőøǿœŕřŗśŝšş șßťţŧùúûũüūŭůűųẁẃŵẅỳýŷÿźžżŋðþ Shapes ▣◉□○◆■●▶◀▲▼▷◁△▽ Arrows →←↑↓↖↗↙↘

Feature Non-active Active

All capitals ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'case'

Small capitals ([email protected]) ([email protected]) 'smcp'

Tabular lining figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'lnum'

Tabular old style figures #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 #€$¢£ƒ¥0123456789 'tnum', 'onum'

Fractions 1/2 + 35/168 1/2 + 35/168 'frac' (also 'numr'/'dnom')

Slashed zero 2018 2018 'zero'

Arrows (Stylistic Set 01) -> <- |^ |v /^ \v - < | | / \ 'ss01'

Ordinals 1o 2a No 1o 2a N 'ordn'

Superscript / Superior (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a (x219 + y524) ÷ z(6+3) ≥ a 'sups'

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1re 2e 3e 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1re 2e 3e

Scientific inferior C2H4O C2H4O 'sinf'

Ligature The Office The Office 'liga'

Stylistic alternates or title alternates Jack j. Mitch & Stuart 1906 Jack j. Mitch & Stuart 1906 'salt' or 'titl' (also accessible through individual Stylistic Sets: ss02 - ss08)

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Marie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been intro-

30 pt Cale produced the single “Re Bop” in New York, and when he decided to start a record label with Jane Friedman he asked Esteban to assist. Cale later introduced Es- teban to Zilkha, and they first established

16 pt Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first established SPY Records to release singles produced by Cale, including records by Harry Toledo, the Nec- essaries, Lester Bangs, Model Citizens and Bob Neuwirth. Zilkha and Esteban then left to set up their own label, ZE Records, a name taken from the initials of their surnames, to record the new music emerging in New York and elsewhere

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company later Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, became categorised as either “Mutant Disco” – a title Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy used for one of ZE’s early compilation albums - or Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell’s Material and “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend of Esteban’s Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide. Many of its releases were first played at the then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour - gave Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage music. ¶ ZE worldwide exposure through the label’s licence ZE developed an independent and surrealist aesthetic identity. It was

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain (who

30 pt (who were signed to London’s Rough Trade Records in the UK), Mathematiques Mod- ernes, James Chance and Alan Vega. It also licensed tracks from other artists and labels, releasing tracks by Soft Cell, The Names,

16 pt Cabaret Voltaire and Tuxedomoon among others. In the early eighties, Cellu- loid had a business relationship with Michael Zilkha and Michael Esteban’s Ze Records; artists including Was (Not Was), Alan Vega, Suicide and Lydia Lunch released tracks on both labels, sometimes simultaneously, and at least one LP (Vega’s eponymous debut) was released with both Celluloid and Ze logos on the

12 pt 9 pt Thanks to the guidance and participation of now Material, who had already recorded a number of sides for Celluloid, and whose prime mover Bill Laswell would play an increasing role in rising producer, Bill Laswell, the 1982 catalogue had the label’s fortunes for the next five years. Celluloid also released an expanded to encompass early hip-hop artists such as album of Futuristic Funk by punk/funk performer and cyberpunk writer B-Side, Fab 5 Freddy, Grandmixer D. St., Phase II -all John Shirley, John Shirley’s Obsession, featuring guitarist Sync66 (Chris Cunningham) and Bassist Jerry Antonias (a.k.a. Jerry Agony) both of recorded at Martin Bisi’s studio in Brooklyn NY; and whom also played with James Chance (a.k.a. James White). By 1983 the Tribe 2. Much of the hip-hop projects was produced label released KONK Party by New York-based No Wave and Afro Punk

60 pt Jerry Calliste Jr. (born Ger- ald C. Calliste Jr., November 26, 1965 in Bronx, New York), also known as Hashim, is an

30 pt In 1983, Calliste Jr. co-founded New York Independent record label Cutting Records Inc. with two partners and recorded under the name Hashim. Calliste Jr., 16, used a $50 Casio keyboard (combo calculator)

16 pt to teach himself how to play keyboards by ear. One year later he went on to write and produce Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) “one of the greatest Electro tracks ever” that during the early 1980s “made it to #43 in the Billboards Dance Disco Charts” and to this day “parts of Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) have been sampled over and over again. → Deep Space Records setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex

12 pt 9 pt his work with Richard Davis under the name ‘Cy- Detroit Techno. → The three individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin Saun- botron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit before derson and Derrick May, also known as the “Belleville Three”. The the group signed to Fantasy records. Along with three, who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, created ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number Of Names’ on Capriccio electronic music tracks in their basement(s). Ironically, Derrick May once described Detroit techno music as being a “complete mistake... Records, the output by Cybotron on Deep Space like George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, with only a is considered to be a landmark at the very birth of sequencer to keep them company.” ¶ While attending Washtenaw

60 pt Tommy Boy Music is an Amer- ican independent record label founded in 1981 by Tom Silver- man. The label is credited with

30 pt launching the music careers of Queen Latifah, Afrika Bambaataa, Digital Under- ground, De La Soul, House of Pain, and Naughty By Nature. Tommy Boy is also credited with introducing genres such as

16 pt EDM, Latin freestyle, and Latin hip hop to mainstream audiences. → Initially, Cold Chillin’ was a subsidiary of Prism Records, but label head Tyrone Williams and Fichtelberg decided to merge their companies, and Prism was absorbed by Cold Chillin’. In 1988, it signed a 5-year distribution deal with Warner Bros. Records, which remained intact for its full duration. However, since Kool G. Rap & D.J. Polo’s

12 pt 9 pt Polo’s third album, Live And Let Die, was rejected independently, and, as such, it did so with various projects throughout the remaining years of activity, including its short-lived distribution by Warner Bros. on behalf of parent company Time deal with the Epic Street division of Epic Records, which released two Warner because of the anti-gangsta and anti-Time albums by the label: the second album by Grand Daddy I.U. and the Warner sentiments that followed in the footsteps of debut solo effort by Kool G. Rap. ¶ Cold Chillin’ also formed a sub-label named Livin’ Large, which released Roxanne Shanté’s and YZ’s second the Cop Killer controversy involving hip hop artist albums along with several titles by other artists, and was distributed by Ice-T, Cold Chillin’ opted to distribute the album inde- former Warner Bros. Records subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as part of

60 pt Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with Cash Box, and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs quitting his

30 pt job as a journalist to run the label. After the label’s first two releases, a distribution deal was signed with CBS Associated Re- cords, although Tuff City severed the link after only a year. The label pioneered the

16 pt of albums of break beats—the building blocks for others to use in their recordings. Fuchs also bought the rights to earlier recordings that were sampled by others, bringing money into the label via licensing costs. One of these, “Impeach The President” by the Honey Drippers, was the subject of a court case with Fuchs filing a lawsuit against Sony Music and Def Jam Recordings for illegally sam-

12 pt 9 pt the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD. The material.Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues and rhythm case was settled out of court. In late 1980s and early and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James Booker, Tuts 1990s Tuff City released a string new hip hop record- Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have been released ings by ANTTEX, Lakim Shabazz, Mark the 45 King by the label. → Deep Space Records: Record Label setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex to release his work with Richard Davis under and YZ. In the mid-1990s, Tuff City launched the Ol’ the name ‘Cybotron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit before the Skool Flava sub-label for reissues of classic hip hop group signed to Fantasy records. Along with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number

60 pt Rough Trade began as a record shop, opened by Geoff Travis on Kensington Park Road, West London, in Feb-

30 pt It was inspired by what Travis has described as the “community-based environment” of the City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco, and specialised in garage rock and reggae. Steve Montgomery, initially a customer of

16 pt of the shop, was offered a job soon after it opened and became its effective co-manager. Travis and Montgomery were joined by a further employee, Richard Scott, in June 1977. ¶ Rough Trade produced its own record for the first time after French punk band Métal Urbain came into the shop asking for assistance in publicising their music. In 1978, the shop began organising a record distribution net-

12 pt 9 pt network, dubbed “The Cartel”, in collaboration with 1980s. It also distributed a range of British fanzines such as No Cure. ¶ The Rough Trade label subsequently issued a single by Jamaican other independent record stores in the UK. This reggae singer Augustus Pablo, the debut EP by Sheffield band Cabaret network enabled small record labels such as Factory Voltaire and the second Stiff Little Fingers single, “Alternative Ulster”. Records and 2 Tone Records to sell their releases na- During 1978, the label released singles by The Monochrome Set, Sub- way Sect, Swell Maps, Electric Eels, Spizzoil and Kleenex. In 1979, Rough tionally. It specialised primarily in European post-punk Trade’s first album, Inflammable Material by Stiff Little Fingers, reached and other alternative rock of the late 1970s and early number 14 in the UK charts and became the first independently

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Ma- rie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been in-

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company later Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, became categorised as either “Mutant Disco” – a Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy title used for one of ZE’s early compilation albums - Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell’s Material and or “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend of Esteban’s Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide. Many of its releases were first played at the then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour - gave Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage music. → ZE worldwide exposure through the label’s licence Metroplex is a techno record label in Detroit, founded in 1985 by tech-

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain (who

12 pt 9 pt Thanks to the guidance and participation of now Material, who had already recorded a number of sides for Celluloid, and whose prime mover Bill Laswell would play an increasing role in rising producer, Bill Laswell, the 1982 catalogue had the label’s fortunes for the next five years. Celluloid also released an expanded to encompass early hip-hop artists such as album of Futuristic Funk by punk/funk performer and cyberpunk writer B-Side, Fab 5 Freddy, Grandmixer D. St., Phase II -all John Shirley, John Shirley’s Obsession, featuring guitarist Sync66 (Chris Cunningham) and Bassist Jerry Antonias (a.k.a. Jerry Agony) both of recorded at Martin Bisi’s studio in Brooklyn NY; and whom also played with James Chance (a.k.a. James White). By 1983 Tribe 2. Much of the hip-hop projects was produced the label released KONK Party by New York-based No Wave and Afro

60 pt Jerry Calliste Jr. (born Gerald C. Calliste Jr., November 26, 1965 in Bronx, New York), also known as Hashim, is an Ameri-

12 pt 9 pt his work with Richard Davis under the name ‘Cy- Detroit Techno. → The three individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin Saun- botron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit derson and Derrick May, also known as the “Belleville Three”. The before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along three, who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, created with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number Of Names’ on Capric- electronic music tracks in their basement(s). Ironically, Derrick May once described Detroit techno music as being a “complete mistake... cio Records, the output by Cybotron on Deep Space like George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, with only a is considered to be a landmark at the very birth of sequencer to keep them company.” ¶ While attending Washtenaw

60 pt Tommy Boy Music is an Amer- ican independent record label founded in 1981 by Tom Silver- man. The label is credited with

60 pt Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with Cash Box, and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs quitting

12 pt 9 pt the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD. material.Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues The case was settled out of court. In late 1980s and and rhythm and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James early 1990s Tuff City released a string new hip hop Booker, Tuts Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have been recordings by ANTTEX, Lakim Shabazz, Mark the released by the label. → Deep Space Records: Record Label setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex to release his work with Richard Davis 45 King and YZ. In the mid-1990s, Tuff City launched under the name ‘Cybotron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit the Ol ’ Skool Flava sub-label for reissues of classic before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along with ‘Sharevari’ by

60 pt Rough Trade began as a record shop, opened by Geoff Travis on Kensington Park Road, West London, in Febru-

30 pt It was inspired by what Travis has described as the “community-based environment” of the City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco, and specialised in garage rock and reggae. Steve Montgomery, initially

12 pt 9 pt network, dubbed “The Cartel”, in collaboration with 1980s. It also distributed a range of British fanzines such as No Cure. ¶ The Rough Trade label subsequently issued a single by Jamaican other independent record stores in the UK. This reggae singer Augustus Pablo, the debut EP by Sheffield band Cabaret network enabled small record labels such as Factory Voltaire and the second Stiff Little Fingers single, “Alternative Ulster”. Records and 2 Tone Records to sell their releases During 1978, the label released singles by The Monochrome Set, Subway Sect, Swell Maps, Electric Eels, Spizzoil and Kleenex. In 1979, nationally. It specialised primarily in European post- Rough Trade’s first album, Inflammable Material by Stiff Little Fingers, punk and other alternative rock of the late 1970s reached number 14 in the UK charts and became the first independent-

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Ma- rie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been

30 pt Cale produced the single “Re Bop” in New York, and when he decided to start a record label with Jane Friedman he asked Esteban to assist. Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first estab-

16 pt Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first established SPY Re- cords to release singles produced by Cale, including records by Harry Toledo, the Necessaries, Lester Bangs, Model Citizens and Bob Neuwirth. Zilkha and Esteban then left to set up their own label, ZE Records, a name taken from the initials of their surnames, to record the new music emerging in New York and

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company later Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, became categorised as either “Mutant Disco” – a Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy title used for one of ZE’s early compilation albums - Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell’s Material or “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend of Esteban’s and Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide. Many of its releases were first played then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour - gave at the Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage ZE worldwide exposure through the label’s licence music. ¶ ZE developed an independent and surrealist aesthetic iden-

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain

12 pt 9 pt Thanks to the guidance and participation of now Material, who had already recorded a number of sides for Celluloid, and whose prime mover Bill Laswell would play an increasing role in rising producer, Bill Laswell, the 1982 catalogue had the label’s fortunes for the next five years. Celluloid also released an expanded to encompass early hip-hop artists such album of Futuristic Funk by punk/funk performer and cyberpunk writer as B-Side, Fab 5 Freddy, Grandmixer D. St., Phase John Shirley, John Shirley’s Obsession, featuring guitarist Sync66 (Chris Cunningham) and Bassist Jerry Antonias (a.k.a. Jerry Agony) II -all recorded at Martin Bisi’s studio in Brooklyn both of whom also played with James Chance (a.k.a. James White). By NY; and Tribe 2. Much of the hip-hop projects was 1983 the label released KONK Party by New York-based No Wave and

60 pt Jerry Calliste Jr. (born Gerald C. Calliste Jr., November 26, 1965 in Bronx, New York), also known as Hashim, is an Amer-

30 pt In 1983, Calliste Jr. co-founded New York Independent record label Cutting Re- cords Inc. with two partners and recorded under the name Hashim. Calliste Jr., 16, used a $50 Casio keyboard (combo

16 pt to teach himself how to play keyboards by ear. One year later he went on to write and produce Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) “one of the greatest Electro tracks ever” that during the early 1980s “made it to #43 in the Billboards Dance Dis- co Charts” and to this day “parts of Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) have been sampled over and over again. → Deep Space Records setup by Juan Atkins before

12 pt 9 pt his work with Richard Davis under the name ‘Cy- Detroit Techno. → The three individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin botron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit Saunderson and Derrick May, also known as the “Belleville Three”. before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along The three, who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number Of Names’ on Ca- created electronic music tracks in their basement(s). Ironically, Der- rick May once described Detroit techno music as being a “complete priccio Records, the output by Cybotron on Deep mistake...like George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, Space is considered to be a landmark at the very with only a sequencer to keep them company.” ¶ While attending

60 pt Tommy Boy Music is an Amer- ican independent record label founded in 1981 by Tom Silver- man. The label is credited with

12 pt 9 pt Polo’s third album, Live And Let Die, was rejected independently, and, as such, it did so with various projects throughout the remaining years of activity, including its short-lived distribution by Warner Bros. on behalf of parent company Time deal with the Epic Street division of Epic Records, which released two Warner because of the anti-gangsta and anti-Time albums by the label: the second album by Grand Daddy I.U. and the Warner sentiments that followed in the footsteps of debut solo effort by Kool G. Rap. ¶ Cold Chillin’ also formed a sub-label named Livin’ Large, which released Roxanne Shanté’s and YZ’s second the Cop Killer controversy involving hip hop artist albums along with several titles by other artists, and was distributed Ice-T, Cold Chillin’ opted to distribute the album by former Warner Bros. Records subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as

60 pt Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with Cash Box, and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs

30 pt job as a journalist to run the label. After the label’s first two releases, a distribution deal was signed with CBS Associat- ed Records, although Tuff City severed the link after only a year. The label pio-

16 pt of albums of break beats—the building blocks for others to use in their recordings. Fuchs also bought the rights to earlier recordings that were sampled by others, bringing money into the label via licensing costs. One of these, “Impeach The President” by the Honey Drippers, was the subject of a court case with Fuchs filing a lawsuit against Sony Music and Def Jam Recordings

12 pt 9 pt the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD. material.Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues The case was settled out of court. In late 1980s and rhythm and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James and early 1990s Tuff City released a string new hip Booker, Tuts Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have hop recordings by ANTTEX, Lakim Shabazz, Mark been released by the label. → Deep Space Records: Record Label setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex to release his work with the 45 King and YZ. In the mid-1990s, Tuff City Richard Davis under the name ‘Cybotron’. Only released two 7” sin- launched the Ol’ Skool Flava sub-label for reissues gles in Detroit before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along

60 pt Rough Trade began as a record shop, opened by Geoff Travis on Kensington Park Road, West London, in Febru-

30 pt It was inspired by what Travis has described as the “community-based environment” of the City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco, and specialised in garage rock and reggae. Steve Montgomery, ini-

16 pt of the shop, was offered a job soon after it opened and became its effective co-manager. Travis and Montgomery were joined by a further employee, Rich- ard Scott, in June 1977. ¶ Rough Trade produced its own record for the first time after French punk band Métal Urbain came into the shop asking for assistance in publicising their music. In 1978, the shop began organising a record

12 pt 9 pt network, dubbed “The Cartel”, in collaboration with 1980s. It also distributed a range of British fanzines such as No Cure. ¶ The Rough Trade label subsequently issued a single by Jamaican other independent record stores in the UK. This reggae singer Augustus Pablo, the debut EP by Sheffield band Cab- network enabled small record labels such as Facto- aret Voltaire and the second Stiff Little Fingers single, “Alternative ry Records and 2 Tone Records to sell their releas- Ulster”. During 1978, the label released singles by The Monochrome Set, Subway Sect, Swell Maps, Electric Eels, Spizzoil and Kleenex. In es nationally. It specialised primarily in European 1979, Rough Trade’s first album, Inflammable Material by Stiff Little post-punk and other alternative rock of the late Fingers, reached number 14 in the UK charts and became the first

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Ma- rie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been

30 pt Cale produced the single “Re Bop” in New York, and when he decided to start a record label with Jane Friedman he asked Esteban to assist. Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they

16 pt Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first established SPY Records to release singles produced by Cale, including records by Harry Toledo, the Necessaries, Lester Bangs, Model Citizens and Bob Neuwirth. Zilkha and Esteban then left to set up their own label, ZE Records, a name taken from the initials of their surnames, to record the new music emerging

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White later became categorised as either “Mutant Dis- and the Blacks, Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, co” – a title used for one of ZE’s early compilation Lydia Lunch, Lizzy Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, albums - or “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend Bill Laswell’s Material and Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide.[2] Many of Esteban’s then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna of its releases were first played at the Paradise Garage club in Wintour - gave ZE worldwide exposure through New York, starting point of Garage music. ¶ ZE developed an

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain

30 pt (who were signed to London’s Rough Trade Records in the UK), Mathema- tiques Modernes, James Chance and Alan Vega. It also licensed tracks from other artists and labels, releasing tracks

12 pt 9 pt Thanks to the guidance and participation of now Material, who had already recorded a number of sides for Cellu- loid, and whose prime mover Bill Laswell would play an increasing rising producer, Bill Laswell, the 1982 catalogue role in the label’s fortunes for the next five years. Celluloid also had expanded to encompass early hip-hop art- released an album of Futuristic Funk by punk/funk performer and ists such as B-Side, Fab 5 Freddy, Grandmixer D. cyberpunk writer John Shirley, John Shirley’s Obsession, featuring guitarist Sync66 (Chris Cunningham) and Bassist Jerry Antonias St., Phase II -all recorded at Martin Bisi’s studio (a.k.a. Jerry Agony) both of whom also played with James Chance in Brooklyn NY; and Tribe 2. Much of the hip-hop (a.k.a. James White). By 1983 the label released KONK Party by

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Marie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been introduced

30 pt Cale produced the single “Re Bop” in New York, and when he decided to start a record label with Jane Friedman he asked Esteban to assist. Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first established SPY Re-

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company later Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, became categorised as either “Mutant Disco” – a title Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy used for one of ZE’s early compilation albums - or Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell’s Material and “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend of Esteban’s Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide.[2] Many of its releases were first played at the then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour - gave Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage music. ¶ ZE worldwide exposure through the label’s licence ZE developed an independent and surrealist aesthetic identity. It was

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain

16 pt Cabaret Voltaire and Tuxedomoon among others. In the early eighties, Celluloid had a business relationship with Michael Zilkha and Michael Esteban’s Ze Records; artists including Was (Not Was), Alan Vega, Suicide and Lydia Lunch released tracks on both labels, sometimes simultaneously, and at least one LP (Vega’s eponymous debut) was released with both Celluloid and Ze logos on the sleeve. Thanks to the

12 pt 9 pt Thanks to the guidance and participation of now rising Material, who had already recorded a number of sides for Celluloid, and whose prime mover Bill Laswell would play an increasing role in producer, Bill Laswell, the 1982 catalogue had expand- the label’s fortunes for the next five years. Celluloid also released an ed to encompass early hip-hop artists such as B-Side, album of Futuristic Funk by punk/funk performer and cyberpunk writer Fab 5 Freddy, Grandmixer D. St., Phase II -all record- John Shirley, John Shirley’s Obsession, featuring guitarist Sync66 (Chris Cunningham) and Bassist Jerry Antonias (a.k.a. Jerry Agony) both of ed at Martin Bisi’s studio in Brooklyn NY; and Tribe 2. whom also played with James Chance (a.k.a. James White). By 1983 the Much of the hip-hop projects was produced by the label released KONK Party by New York-based No Wave and Afro Punk

60 pt Jerry Calliste Jr. (born Gerald C. Calliste Jr., November 26, 1965 in Bronx, New York), also known as Hashim, is an Amer-

30 pt In 1983, Calliste Jr. co-founded New York Independent record label Cutting Records Inc. with two partners and recorded under the name Hashim. Calliste Jr., 16, used a $50 Casio keyboard (combo calculator)

12 pt 9 pt his work with Richard Davis under the name ‘Cy- Detroit Techno. → The three individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin botron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit before Saunderson and Derrick May, also known as the “Belleville Three”. The the group signed to Fantasy records. Along with three, who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, created ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number Of Names’ on Capriccio electronic music tracks in their basement(s). Ironically, Derrick May once described Detroit techno music as being a “complete mistake... Records, the output by Cybotron on Deep Space like George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, with only a se- is considered to be a landmark at the very birth of quencer to keep them company.” ¶ While attending Washtenaw Com-

60 pt Tommy Boy Music is an Amer- ican independent record label founded in 1981 by Tom Silver- man. The label is credited with

30 pt launching the music careers of Queen Lati- fah, Afrika Bambaataa, Digital Underground, De La Soul, House of Pain, and Naughty By Nature. Tommy Boy is also credited with introducing genres such as EDM, Latin free-

12 pt 9 pt Polo’s third album, Live And Let Die, was rejected by independently, and, as such, it did so with various projects throughout the remaining years of activity, including its short-lived distribution deal Warner Bros. on behalf of parent company Time War- with the Epic Street division of Epic Records, which released two albums ner because of the anti-gangsta and anti-Time Warner by the label: the second album by Grand Daddy I.U. and the debut solo sentiments that followed in the footsteps of the Cop effort by Kool G. Rap. ¶ Cold Chillin’ also formed a sub-label named Livin’ Large, which released Roxanne Shanté’s and YZ’s second albums along Killer controversy involving hip hop artist Ice-T, Cold with several titles by other artists, and was distributed by former Warner Chillin’ opted to distribute the album independently, Bros. Records subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as part of its deal with

60 pt Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with Cash Box, and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs quitting his

30 pt job as a journalist to run the label. After the label’s first two releases, a distribution deal was signed with CBS Associated Records, although Tuff City severed the link after only a year. The label pioneered the release

12 pt 9 pt the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD. The material.Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues and rhythm case was settled out of court. In late 1980s and early and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James Booker, Tuts 1990s Tuff City released a string new hip hop record- Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have been released by ings by ANTTEX, Lakim Shabazz, Mark the 45 King the label. → Deep Space Records: Record Label setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex to release his work with Richard Davis under the and YZ. In the mid-1990s, Tuff City launched the Ol’ name ‘Cybotron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit before the Skool Flava sub-label for reissues of classic hip hop group signed to Fantasy records. Along with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number

60 pt Rough Trade began as a record shop, opened by Geoff Tra- vis on Kensington Park Road, West London, in February 1976.

30 pt It was inspired by what Travis has described as the “community-based environment” of the City Lights Bookstore in San Francis- co, and specialised in garage rock and reggae. Steve Montgomery, initially a customer

16 pt of the shop, was offered a job soon after it opened and became its effective co-manager. Travis and Montgomery were joined by a further employee, Richard Scott, in June 1977. ¶ Rough Trade produced its own record for the first time after French punk band Métal Urbain came into the shop asking for assistance in publicising their music. In 1978, the shop began organising a record distribution network,

12 pt 9 pt network, dubbed “The Cartel”, in collaboration with 1980s. It also distributed a range of British fanzines such as No Cure. ¶ The Rough Trade label subsequently issued a single by Jamaican reg- other independent record stores in the UK. This gae singer Augustus Pablo, the debut EP by Sheffield band Cabaret Vol- network enabled small record labels such as Factory taire and the second Stiff Little Fingers single, “Alternative Ulster”. During Records and 2 Tone Records to sell their releases na- 1978, the label released singles by The Monochrome Set, Subway Sect, Swell Maps, Electric Eels, Spizzoil and Kleenex. In 1979, Rough Trade’s tionally. It specialised primarily in European post-punk first album, Inflammable Material by Stiff Little Fingers, reached number and other alternative rock of the late 1970s and early 14 in the UK charts and became the first independently released album

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Marie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been introduced

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company later Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, became categorised as either “Mutant Disco” – a Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy title used for one of ZE’s early compilation albums - Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell’s Material and or “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend of Esteban’s Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide. Many of its releases were first played at the then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour - gave Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage music. → ZE worldwide exposure through the label’s licence Metroplex is a techno record label in Detroit, founded in 1985 by tech-

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain (who

60 pt Jerry Calliste Jr. (born Ger- ald C. Calliste Jr., November 26, 1965 in Bronx, New York), also known as Hashim, is an

12 pt 9 pt his work with Richard Davis under the name ‘Cy- Detroit Techno. → The three individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunder- botron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit son and Derrick May, also known as the “Belleville Three”. The three, before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, created elec- with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number Of Names’ on Capric- tronic music tracks in their basement(s). Ironically, Derrick May once described Detroit techno music as being a “complete mistake...like cio Records, the output by Cybotron on Deep Space George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, with only a se- is considered to be a landmark at the very birth of quencer to keep them company.” ¶ While attending Washtenaw Com-

60 pt Tommy Boy Music is an Amer- ican independent record label founded in 1981 by Tom Silver- man. The label is credited with

12 pt 9 pt Polo’s third album, Live And Let Die, was rejected by independently, and, as such, it did so with various projects throughout the remaining years of activity, including its short-lived distribution Warner Bros. on behalf of parent company Time War- deal with the Epic Street division of Epic Records, which released two ner because of the anti-gangsta and anti-Time Warner albums by the label: the second album by Grand Daddy I.U. and the sentiments that followed in the footsteps of the Cop debut solo effort by Kool G. Rap. ¶ Cold Chillin’ also formed a sub-label named Livin’ Large, which released Roxanne Shanté’s and YZ’s second Killer controversy involving hip hop artist Ice-T, Cold albums along with several titles by other artists, and was distributed by Chillin’ opted to distribute the album independently, former Warner Bros. Records subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as part of

60 pt Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with Cash Box, and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs quitting his

12 pt 9 pt the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD. material.Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues and rhythm The case was settled out of court. In late 1980s and and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James Booker, Tuts early 1990s Tuff City released a string new hip hop Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have been released by recordings by ANTTEX, Lakim Shabazz, Mark the the label. → Deep Space Records: Record Label setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex to release his work with Richard Davis under the 45 King and YZ. In the mid-1990s, Tuff City launched name ‘Cybotron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit before the the Ol’ Skool Flava sub-label for reissues of classic group signed to Fantasy records. Along with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number

60 pt Rough Trade began as a record shop, opened by Geoff Tra- vis on Kensington Park Road, West London, in February 1976.

12 pt 9 pt network, dubbed “The Cartel”, in collaboration with 1980s. It also distributed a range of British fanzines such as No Cure. ¶ The Rough Trade label subsequently issued a single by Jamaican other independent record stores in the UK. This reggae singer Augustus Pablo, the debut EP by Sheffield band Cabaret network enabled small record labels such as Factory Voltaire and the second Stiff Little Fingers single, “Alternative Ulster”. Records and 2 Tone Records to sell their releases During 1978, the label released singles by The Monochrome Set, Subway Sect, Swell Maps, Electric Eels, Spizzoil and Kleenex. In 1979, nationally. It specialised primarily in European post- Rough Trade’s first album, Inflammable Material by Stiff Little Fingers, punk and other alternative rock of the late 1970s reached number 14 in the UK charts and became the first independent-

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Ma- rie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been in-

12 pt 9 pt Much of the music produced by the company later Within a short time, ZE Records became one of the more hip labels of its time, signing up such new talent as James White and the Blacks, became categorised as either “Mutant Disco” – a Was (Not Was), Kid Creole and the Coconuts, Lydia Lunch, Lizzy title used for one of ZE’s early compilation albums - Mercier Descloux, Cristina, The Waitresses, Bill Laswell’s Material and or “No Wave”. Chris Blackwell - a friend of Esteban’s Richard Strange, together with more established performers including John Cale and Suicide.[2] Many of its releases were first played at then-girlfriend, fashion editor Anna Wintour - gave the Paradise Garage club in New York, starting point of Garage music. ZE worldwide exposure through the label’s licence ¶ ZE developed an independent and surrealist aesthetic identity. It

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain

12 pt 9 pt Thanks to the guidance and participation of now Material, who had already recorded a number of sides for Celluloid, and whose prime mover Bill Laswell would play an increasing role in rising producer, Bill Laswell, the 1982 catalogue had the label’s fortunes for the next five years. Celluloid also released an expanded to encompass early hip-hop artists such as album of Futuristic Funk by punk/funk performer and cyberpunk writer B-Side, Fab 5 Freddy, Grandmixer D. St., Phase II -all John Shirley, John Shirley’s Obsession, featuring guitarist Sync66 (Chris Cunningham) and Bassist Jerry Antonias (a.k.a. Jerry Agony) both of recorded at Martin Bisi’s studio in Brooklyn NY; and whom also played with James Chance (a.k.a. James White). By 1983 Tribe 2. Much of the hip-hop projects was produced the label released KONK Party by New York-based No Wave and Afro

60 pt Jerry Calliste Jr. (born Gerald C. Calliste Jr., November 26, 1965 in Bronx, New York), also known as Hashim, is an Amer-

16 pt to teach himself how to play keyboards by ear. One year later he went on to write and produce Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) “one of the greatest Electro tracks ever” that during the early 1980s “made it to #43 in the Billboards Dance Dis- co Charts” and to this day “parts of Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) have been sampled over and over again. → Deep Space Records setup by Juan Atkins before

12 pt 9 pt his work with Richard Davis under the name ‘Cy- Detroit Techno. → The three individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunder- botron’. Only released two 7” singles in Detroit son and Derrick May, also known as the “Belleville Three”. The three, before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, created with ‘Sharevari’ by ‘A Number Of Names’ on Ca- electronic music tracks in their basement(s). Ironically, Derrick May once described Detroit techno music as being a “complete mistake... priccio Records, the output by Cybotron on Deep like George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, with only a Space is considered to be a landmark at the very sequencer to keep them company.” ¶ While attending Washtenaw

60 pt Tommy Boy Music is an Amer- ican independent record label founded in 1981 by Tom Silver- man. The label is credited with

12 pt 9 pt Polo’s third album, Live And Let Die, was rejected independently, and, as such, it did so with various projects throughout the remaining years of activity, including its short-lived distribution by Warner Bros. on behalf of parent company Time deal with the Epic Street division of Epic Records, which released two Warner because of the anti-gangsta and anti-Time albums by the label: the second album by Grand Daddy I.U. and the Warner sentiments that followed in the footsteps of debut solo effort by Kool G. Rap. ¶ Cold Chillin’ also formed a sub-label named Livin’ Large, which released Roxanne Shanté’s and YZ’s second the Cop Killer controversy involving hip hop artist albums along with several titles by other artists, and was distributed Ice-T, Cold Chillin’ opted to distribute the album by former Warner Bros. Records subsidiary Tommy Boy Records as

60 pt Aaron Fuchs was a journalist with Cash Box, and Tuff City was one of the earliest hip hop labels, with Fuchs quit-

12 pt 9 pt the track on recordings by LL Cool J and EPMD. material.Another sub-label, Night Train International, was established to re-release Academy, Lucky Four and Magic Touch blues The case was settled out of court. In late 1980s and rhythm and blues music. Works of Professor Longhair, James and early 1990s Tuff City released a string new hip Booker, Tuts Washington and Lenny LaCour, among others, have hop recordings by ANTTEX, Lakim Shabazz, Mark been released by the label. → Deep Space Records: Record Label setup by Juan Atkins before Metroplex to release his work with the 45 King and YZ. In the mid-1990s, Tuff City Richard Davis under the name ‘Cybotron’. Only released two 7” launched the Ol’ Skool Flava sub-label for reissues singles in Detroit before the group signed to Fantasy records. Along

60 pt Rough Trade began as a record shop, opened by Geoff Travis on Kensington Park Road, West London, in Febru-

16 pt of the shop, was offered a job soon after it opened and became its effective co-manager. Travis and Montgomery were joined by a further employee, Rich- ard Scott, in June 1977. ¶ Rough Trade produced its own record for the first time after French punk band Métal Urbain came into the shop asking for assistance in publicising their music. In 1978, the shop began organising a record distri-

12 pt 9 pt network, dubbed “The Cartel”, in collaboration with 1980s. It also distributed a range of British fanzines such as No Cure. ¶ The Rough Trade label subsequently issued a single by Jamaican other independent record stores in the UK. This reggae singer Augustus Pablo, the debut EP by Sheffield band Cab- network enabled small record labels such as Facto- aret Voltaire and the second Stiff Little Fingers single, “Alternative ry Records and 2 Tone Records to sell their releas- Ulster”. During 1978, the label released singles by The Monochrome Set, Subway Sect, Swell Maps, Electric Eels, Spizzoil and Kleenex. In es nationally. It specialised primarily in European 1979, Rough Trade’s first album, Inflammable Material by Stiff Little post-punk and other alternative rock of the late Fingers, reached number 14 in the UK charts and became the first

60 pt In 1977, Esteban signed French new wave band Ma- rie et les Garçons, and asked John Cale - who had been

30 pt Cale produced the single “Re Bop” in New York, and when he decided to start a record label with Jane Friedman he asked Esteban to assist. Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they

16 pt Cale later introduced Esteban to Zilkha, and they first established SPY Re- cords to release singles produced by Cale, including records by Harry Tole- do, the Necessaries, Lester Bangs, Model Citizens and Bob Neuwirth. Zilkha and Esteban then left to set up their own label, ZE Records, a name taken from the initials of their surnames, to record the new music emerging in

60 pt Celluloid began by releasing American no-wave and French avant-garde pop by artists such as Métal Urbain

30 pt (who were signed to London’s Rough Trade Records in the UK), Mathema- tiques Modernes, James Chance and Alan Vega. It also licensed tracks from other artists and labels, releasing tracks

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 (2018) landets største byområde kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende en del af Region Hovedstaden og af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over for de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est diffici- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la 10 and 8pt situation en France est difficile : le : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouve- malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la ments royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- contestation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique duc d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de public sont vides : pris de panique

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und en- Diese Epoche begann mit der Aus-

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt illetve székvárosát csak a reform- reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A kortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentő- közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból je- sebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve lentősebb) város nevét előre helyezve előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mással- Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve előfordult

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo di Susa, che collega la città con la del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città vicina Francia attraverso il traforo

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – sto- Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica lica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de la Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los 10 and 8pt orígenes del núcleo original de la ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la ac- ciudad se encontraban en una isla tual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua fe- del asentamiento fue Spal, que nicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno puede también leerse como Ispal. En

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo di Susa, che collega la città con la vi- del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città cina Francia attraverso il traforo del

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica – stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe Polski i województwa mazowieckie- miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na go, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubel- na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est diffici- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la 10 and 8pt situation en France est difficile : le : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouve- malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la con- ments royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- testation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de public sont vides : pris de panique

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt illetve székvárosát csak a reform- reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A kortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentő- közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempont- sebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve ból jelentősebb) város nevét előre előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mással- helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il di Susa, che collega la città con la vi- traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta cina Francia attraverso il traforo del

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica – stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe Polski i województwa mazowieckie- miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, go, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubel- na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 (2018) landets største byområde kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen af Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende en del af Region Hovedstaden og af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over for de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est diffici- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la 10 and 8pt situation en France est difficile : le : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouve- malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la con- ments royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- testation des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique d’Enghien. Les caisses du Trésor face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de public sont vides : pris de panique

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamenta- Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann rische Demokratie in Deutschland mit der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt illetve székvárosát csak a reform- reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A kortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentő- közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempont- sebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve ból jelentősebb) város nevét előre előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mással- helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di da sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il di Susa, che collega la città con la vi- traforo del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta cina Francia attraverso il traforo del

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Wars- 10 and 8pt zawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica Pol- – stolica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe ski i województwa mazowieckiego, miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, Prawa miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubel- na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 (2018) landets største byområde kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende del af Region Hovedstaden og for af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est difficile : La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt ation en France est difficile : malgré la malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouvements vigilance de Fouché, la contestation royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Enghien. Les des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique face aux hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de récupérer vides : pris de panique face aux ten-

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamenta- Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit rische Demokratie in Deutschland der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und ende- bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del che collega la città con la vicina Fran- Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei cia attraverso il traforo del Frejus, Valli

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes 10 and 8pt del núcleo original de la ciudad se en- la ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la contraban en una isla del Guadalqu- actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamien- ivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamiento to fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua fue Spal, que puede también leerse fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno como Ispal. En lengua fenicia el signi-

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 (2018) landets største byområde kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende del af Region Hovedstaden og for af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est diffici- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt ation en France est difficile : malgré la le : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouve- vigilance de Fouché, la contestation ments royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de vides : pris de panique face aux ten-

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamenta- Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit rische Demokratie in Deutschland der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und ende- bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del che collega la città con la vicina Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei Francia attraverso il traforo del Frejus,

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 (2018) landets største byområde kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende del af Region Hovedstaden og for af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est diffici- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt ation en France est difficile : malgré la le : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouve- vigilance de Fouché, la contestation ments royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique hien. Les caisses du Trésor public face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de sont vides : pris de panique face aux

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamenta- Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit rische Demokratie in Deutschland der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und ende- bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo del che collega la città con la vicina Fran- Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città dei cia attraverso il traforo del Frejus,

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – sto- Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica lica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto Polski i województwa mazowieckie- kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie go, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

Danish København er Danmarks hovedstad og er med 1.308.893 København er Danmarks hovedstad 10 and 8pt og er med 1.308.893 indbyggere indbyggere (2018) landets største byområde omfattende 18 (2018) landets største byområde kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en del af omfattende 18 kommuner eller dele heraf. Fra 1. januar 2007 er byen en Region Hovedstaden og for de sydlige deles vedkommende del af Region Hovedstaden og for af Region Sjælland. Byområdet er præget af byspredning over de sydlige deles vedkommende

French La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situation en France est diffici- La prise d’Ulm. Mi-août 1805, la situ- 10 and 8pt ation en France est difficile : malgré la le : malgré la vigilance de Fouché, la contestation des mouve- vigilance de Fouché, la contestation ments royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- des mouvements royalistes s’intensifie après l’exécution du duc d’Eng- hien. Les caisses du Trésor public sont vides : pris de panique hien. Les caisses du Trésor public face aux tensions internationales, les épargnants tentent de sont vides : pris de panique face aux

German Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenössisch auch Deutsche Repu- Als Weimarer Republik (zeitgenös- 10 and 8pt sisch auch Deutsche Republik) wird blik) wird der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschichte von 1918 der Abschnitt der deutschen Geschi- bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamentarische chte von 1918 bis 1933 bezeichnet, in dem erstmals eine parlamenta- Demokratie in Deutschland bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit rische Demokratie in Deutschland der Ausrufung der Republik am 9. November 1918 und ende- bestand. Diese Epoche begann mit

Hungarian Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, illetve székvárosát csak a Pestet és Budát, Magyarország fő-, 10 and 8pt illetve székvárosát csak a reform- reformkortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, közös nevükön. A kortól kezdődően emlegették együtt, gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempontból jelentő- közös nevükön. A gyakoribb forma a nagyobb (és nemzeti szempont- sebb) város nevét előre helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve ból jelentősebb) város nevét előre előfordult a magyar nyelvhez jobban illeszkedő, a mással- helyezve Pest-Buda volt, de elvétve

Italian Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Torino sorge nella pianura delimitata 10 and 8pt dai fiumi Stura di Lanzo, Sangone e Sangone e Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da sud verso Po (quest’ultimo attraversa la città da nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, sud verso nord), di fronte allo sbocco di alcune vallate alpine: Val di Susa, che collega la città con la vicina Francia attraverso il traforo che collega la città con la vicina Fran- del Frejus, Valli di Lanzo, Val Sangone. Torino è detta “la città cia attraverso il traforo del Frejus,

Polish Warszawa, miasto stołeczne Warszawa (m.st. Warszawa) – sto- Warszawa, miasto stołeczne War- 10 and 8pt szawa (m.st. Warszawa) – stolica lica Polski i województwa mazowieckiego, największe miasto Polski i województwa mazowieckie- kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, na Nizinie go, największe miasto kraju, położone w jego środkowo-wschodniej części, Środkowomazowieckiej, na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa na Nizinie Środkowomazowieckiej, miejskie uzyskała przed 1300. W 1569 mocą unii lubelskiej na Mazowszu, nad Wisłą.¶ Prawa

Spanish Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los orígenes del núcleo original de Sevilla en la Antigüedad. Los 10 and 8pt orígenes del núcleo original de la la ciudad se encontraban en una isla del Guadalquivir, en la ciudad se encontraban en una isla actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original del asentamien- del Guadalquivir, en la actual zona de la Alfalfa.60 El nombre original to fue Spal, que puede también leerse como Ispal. En lengua del asentamiento fue Spal, que fenicia el significado de Spal es literalmente la isla de Baal, uno puede también leerse como Ispal. En

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