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1 Universite D'antananarivo Faculte Des Sciences UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE PALEONTOLOGIE ET D’ANTHROPOLOGIE BIOLOGIQUE MEMOIRE DE RECHERCHE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) EN SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L’EVOLUTION OPTION: Paléontologie et Evolution Biologique Spécialité: PRIMATOLOGIE ACTIVITES ET MODELE DE DISPERSION DE Daubentonia madagascariensis (Gmelin, 1788) MALE DANS LA FORET CLASSEE DE KIANJAVATO, SUD-EST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté publiquement le 24 Mars 2015 Par RANDIMBIHARINIRINA Roger Doménico Devant les membres du jury: Président : Monsieur ANDRIAMIALISON Haingoson, Maître de Conférences Rapporteur : Madame RAHARIVOLOLONA Brigitte Marie, Maître de Conférences Co-rapporteur : Monsieur Edward Emile LOUIS Jr., PhD, DVM Examinateurs : Monsieur RANDRIANASY Jeannot, Maître de conférences : Monsieur RANAIVOARISOA Jean Freddy, Maître de Conférences 1 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE PALEONTOLOGIE ET D’ANTHROPOLOGIE BIOLOGIQUE MEMOIRE DE RECHERCHE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES (DEA) EN SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L’EVOLUTION OPTION: Paléontologie et Evolution Biologique Spécialité: PRIMATOLOGIE ACTIVITES ET MODELE DE DISPERSION DE Daubentonia madagascariensis (Gmelin, 1788) MALE DANS LA FORET CLASSEE DE KIANJAVATO, SUD-EST DE MADAGASCAR Présenté publiquement le 24 Mars 2015 Par RANDIMBIHARINIRINA Roger Doménico Devant les membres du jury: Président : Monsieur ANDRIAMIALISON Haingoson, Maître de Conférences Rapporteur : Madame RAHARIVOLOLONA Brigitte Marie, Maître de Conférences Co-rapporteur : Monsieur Edward Emile LOUIS Jr., PhD, DVM Examinateurs : Monsieur RANDRIANASY Jeannot, Maître de conférences : Monsieur RANAIVOARISOA Jean Freddy, Maître de Conférences 2 Remerciement REMERCIEMENT REMERCIEMENT Nous tenons adresser nos sincères remerciements à l’ensemble des personnes qui d’une façon ou d’une autre, ont bien voulu apporter leur concours pour la réalisation de ce mémoire. Nos reconnaissances et nos profondes gratitudes vont: Monsieur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson, Professeur Titulaire, Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui par sa gratitude, a autorisé de soutenir ce mémoire. Monsieur RAKOTONDRAZAFY Amos Fety Michel, Professeur Titulaire, Responsable de la formation doctorale en Sciences de la Terre et de l’Evolution Monsieur RAKOTONDRAZAFY Raymond, Professeur, Responsable de la formation 3ème cycle de la Science de la Terre et de l’Evolution. Monsieur ANDRIAMIALISON Haingoson, Maitre de conférences, Chef de Département de la Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique de la Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, pour les facilités administratives qu’il nous a toujours réservé. Et Il a consacré une partie de ses temps précieux pour juger ce travail et également accepté de présider le jury. Madame RAHARIVOLOLONA Brigitte Marie, Maître de Conférences, Enseignant chercheur du Département de la Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo qui a bien voulu m’orienter, m’encadrer, me diriger et m’accompagner tout au long de l’élaboration de ce travail. Ses grandes qualités scientifiques et ses compétences nous ont été très bénéfiques dans la réalisation de ce mémoire. Monsieur RANDRIANASY Jeannot, Maître de conférences, et Monsieur RANAIVOARISOA Jean Freddy, Maître de Conférences, Enseignants chercheurs du Département de la Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo qui ont bien voulu accepter d’examiner ce travail malgré leurs multiples occupations. i Remerciement Docteur Edward Emile LOUIS Jr., PhD, DVM, Fondateur et Directeur Général de Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership, qui nous a montré une grande bienveillance pour avoir facilité notre insertion dans son programme, sur le plan financier, matériels et morales Qu’il trouve ici nos sincères remerciements. Nos vives remerciements s’adressent aussi à tous les enseignants et les personnelles du Département de la Paléontologie et d’Anthropologie Biologique, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo Nos honorables remerciements vont aussi à toutes les équipes du Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership (à l’étranger ou à Madagascar) qui m’ont beaucoup aidé dans la réalisation de ce mémoire. Leur disponibilité, l’intérêt particulier qu’ils ont accordé à nos recherches pour la réussite de ce travail, leur rigueur scientifique, leurs remarques et suggestions nous ont profondément marqués. Enfin, nous ne saurions terminer sans remercier les personnes suivantes : - Aux autorités locales de Kianjavato - Nos guides locaux : Monsieur Toupha, Dédé, Dagah, Dadah, et Nicolas - Tous ceux, qui de près ou de loin, nous ont aidés et conseillés dans la réalisation de ce travail. - Tous nos amis et tous les membres de ma famille, pour leurs soutiens Que tous soient vivement remerciés et que DIEU vous bénisse! R.R. Doménico ii Résumé RESUME Cette étude a été effectuée dans la Forêt Classée de Kianjavato, au Sud-est de Madagascar. Elle a duré un an : Octobre 2013 - Octobre 2014. Elle a pour but de compléter les informations sur l’histoire naturelle de Daubentonia madagascariensis. Deux individus mâles ont fait l’objet de notre étude. Pour atteindre les objectifs spécifiques, plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées telles que : la « radio tracking » et le « focal animal sampling » pour déterminer les activités des individus ; et la méthode du « Minimum Convex Polygon » pour étudier le modèle de leur dispersion dans leur habitat. Les résultats ont montré que le mâle de Daubentonia madagascariensis consacre la majorité de son temps à s’alimenter et à se déplacer. Comparée à d’autres espèces de lémurien, il ne se repose que pendant très peu de temps. Sa nourriture est principalement composée de larves, de graines de Canarium madagascariensis et de Canarium boivinii et d’insectes. Il complète son régime alimentaire avec du nectar de Ravenala madagascariensis. Il montre une préférence significative envers les larves. Les Aye-aye mâles dénichent ces derniers dans des branches d’arbres partiellement mortes, des arbres morts et dans des troncs de bambou adulte. Pourtant, ils cherchent les insectes dans les fleurs sèches de Ravenala madagascariensis et au niveau des branches de Dypsis linea. Le territoire des deux individus occupe respectivement une superficie de 974 Ha et de 822 Ha. Ils se chevauchent entre eux ; et l’un recouvre presque en totalité celui d’une femelle. Leur territoire semble être délimité par les sources de larve dans la forêt. Et la dispersion des mâles dans son habitat ne dépend uniquement pas de la répartition spatiale de leur nourriture. Elle pourrait être aussi liée à d’autres facteurs, comme la recherche d’une femelle. Mots clés: lémurien nocturne, Daubentonia madagascariensis, écologie, Kianjavato, Sud- est de Madagascar iii Abstract ABSTRACT This study was carried out at The Kianjavato Classified Forest, southeastern Madagascar, from October 2013 to October 2014. The main goal is to complete available data on the natural history of Daubentonia madagascariensis. For that two males were followed. Several methods were used to reach particular aims of this study. Activity budget has been evaluated through the “radio tracking” and “focal animal sampling” methods; and individual’s dispersal pattern has been investigated by using the “Minimum Convex Polygon” method. Results showed that male Daubentonia madagascariensis spends most of its time on feeding and traveling. Compared to other lemur species, its resting part is very small. Larvae, insects, seeds of Canarium madagascariensis and Canarium boivinii make up the bulk of its diet. These foods were supplemented by nectar of Ravenala madagascariensis. The male Aye-aye showed significant preference on larvae. It extracts larvae from branches of partially dead woods, in dead woods, and adults’ trunk of bamboo. Additionally, the animal finds insects in dried flowers of Ravenala madagascariensis, and in Dypsis linea branches. Home range sizes of the two individuals are, respectively, 974 Ha and 822 Ha. They overlap; one male’s territory has been found to nearly overlap those of the female. Their territory seems to be bounded by the larvae sources in the forest. Males’ dispersal in their habitat depends not only on the spatial distribution of their food. It could also be related to other factors, such as the search for a female. Key words: nocturnal lemurs, Daubentonia madagascariensis, ecology, Kianjavato, southeastern Madagascar. iv Table des matières Table des matières REMERCIEMENT ............................................................................................................................. i RESUME ........................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... iv Table des matières .............................................................................................................................. v LISTE DES FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... vii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................... viii LISTE DES ANNEXES .................................................................................................................
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