DOCSLIB.ORG

Commentary on the Failed Asylum of Turkish Kurds in Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Commentary on the Failed Asylum of Turkish Kurds in Japan Department of International Studies Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 2017 Master’s Thesis Destiny of a Nation Denied: Commentary on the failed asylum of Turkish Kurds in Japan (日本におけるトルコ系クルド人の庇護不認定処分に対する批判的検討) Submitted 23 January, 2018 Adviser: Professor Mikiyasu Nakayama Co-Adviser: Professor Masahide Horita, Professor Riki Honda Hirotaka Fujibayashi 藤林 大貴 Table of Contents Page List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ vi Abstract .................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Backgrounds .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.3. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4. Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 2: Kurdish Diaspora and A Path to Japan ...................................................................... 16 2.1. What is the Kurd? .......................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Kurdish Question in Turkey ............................................................................................ 25 2.3. Kurdish Migration beyond “Kurdistan” .......................................................................... 33 2.4. Kurdish Migration to Japan ............................................................................................ 37 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 41 3.1. Theories of International Relations ................................................................................. 41 3.2. Analytical Liberalism ..................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Why Analytical Liberalism? ............................................................................................ 55 3.4. Applying Analytical Liberalism to this Study .................................................................. 63 Chapter 4: Exterior Dimension .................................................................................................. 66 4.1. Structure of International Refugee Regime ..................................................................... 66 4.2. Paradigm Shifts of International Refugee Regime ........................................................... 73 4.3. State Responsibility and “Burden-Sharing” .................................................................... 75 Chapter 5: Interior Dimension ................................................................................................... 80 5.1. Context of Refugee Governance in Japan ....................................................................... 80 5.2. Current System of Refugee Governance in Japan ............................................................. 83 5.3. Key Actors of Refugee Governance in Japan .................................................................. 90 Chapter 6: History of Japan’s Refugee Governance and Turkish Kurd Asylum ........................ 105 6.1. Emergence of Japan’s Refugee Governance .................................................................. 105 6.2. Reformations of Japan’s Refugee Governance .............................................................. 107 6.3. International Responses to Japan’s Refugee Governance ................................. 112 6.4. “Refoulement” of Kurdish Asylum-Seekers in Japan .................................................... 114 ii Chapter 7: Discussions ............................................................................................................ 129 7.1. Analysing the Strategic Interaction of Interior and Exterior Dimensions ....................... 129 7.2. Ideal and Reality of Refugee Governance ..................................................................... 132 7.3. Consequences of Denial: Kurdish Legal Limbo in Japan .............................................. 135 Chapter 8: Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 144 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 152 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 198 iii List of Illustrations Page Map 1. Kurdistan .................................................................................................................. 21 Table 1. Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism .................................................................. 43 Table 2. Fundamental Assumptions of Analytical Liberalism ................................................. 50 Table 3. A Two-Stage Model of State Behaviour ................................................................... 53 Table 4. A Two-Stage Model in this Study ............................................................................. 65 Table 5. Overview of the Refugee Status Determination Process in Japan .............................. 87 Table 6. Chronology: Japan’s Refugee Governance and Turkish Kurd Asylum .................... 128 Appendix 1. Annual Number of Applications for Refugee Status in Japan ........................... 198 Appendix 2. Top 10 Countries of Origin of Asylum-Seekers in Japan .................................. 199 Appendix 3. Annual Number of Applications for Refugee Status in Japan from Top 10 Countries ...................................................................... 200 Appendix 4. Annual Trends of Refugee Status Determination in Japan ................................ 201 Appendix 5. Annual Trends of Refugee Status Determination for Turkish(-Kurd) Asylum-Seekers in Japan .................................................. 202 iv Acknowledgement My first word of thanks goes to all of the informants of this study. Their names cannot be disclosed here, but I would like to acknowledge and appreciate their kind supports for my research. I am grateful as well for the professors of the Department of International Studies at the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, at the University of Tokyo, that ensured the completion of this project. In particular I would like to express my gratitude to my main-advisor, Professor. Mikiyasu Nakayama, and co-advisors, Professor. Masahide Horita and Professor. Riki Honda for their insights and constructive suggestions. Their worthwhile comments could help me writing this thesis. I would like to offer my special thanks to the professors of Institute of International and Civil Security at the Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – Dr. Ash Rossiter, Dr. Brendon J. Cannon, and Dr. Athol Yates. I spent nearly one year in total working as a visiting researcher of the Khalifa University and they have been mentors, friends and colleagues throughout my time in Abu Dhabi, and they have been a constant source of inspiration through their work, ideas, and commitment to the area. I am especially grateful to Dr. Ash Rossiter because this project started when I first talked with him about the topic of this thesis - Kurdish migration to Japan – and he told me so many things important for my life. He is one of the most influential person for my life, and the enjoyable time with his lovely family is a precious memory for me. I have also had numerous influential discussions with Dr. Brendon J. Cannon, who gave me the opportunities to broaden my research interests. Though I cannot name everyone, but discussions with and feedback from the friends of mine in both of the University of Tokyo and the Khalifa University have either directly or indirectly contributed to this thesis. I would also like to acknowledge all of those who have helped me pursuing my study. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support and patience of my family during the time which took to complete this work and in assisting me with the preparation of its final form. Their numerous supports have gotten me through the difficult times. v Abbreviations AKP Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi CIA Central Intelligence Agency DDKO Derimci Dogu Kultur Ocaklari EU European Union ICRRA Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IOM International Organization for Migration JFBA Japan Federation of Bar Association LDP Liberal Democratic Party MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MOJ Ministry of Justice NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIMBY Not In My Back Yard PKK Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan RCJ Refugee Council Japan RHQ Refugee
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq and the Kurds: the Brewing Battle Over Kirkuk
    IRAQ AND THE KURDS: THE BREWING BATTLE OVER KIRKUK Middle East Report N°56 – 18 July 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. COMPETING CLAIMS AND POSITIONS................................................................ 2 A. THE KURDISH NARRATIVE....................................................................................................3 B. THE TURKOMAN NARRATIVE................................................................................................4 C. THE ARAB NARRATIVE .........................................................................................................5 D. THE CHRISTIAN NARRATIVE .................................................................................................6 III. IRAQ’S POLITICAL TRANSITION AND KIRKUK ............................................... 7 A. USES OF THE KURDS’ NEW POWER .......................................................................................7 B. THE PACE OF “NORMALISATION”........................................................................................11 IV. OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS................................................................ 16 A. THE KURDS.........................................................................................................................16 B. THE TURKOMANS ...............................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Kurds for the Empire: “The Young Kurds” (1898-1914)
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Istanbul Bilgi University Library Open Access Kurds for the Empire: “The Young Kurds” (1898-1914) Djene Rhys Bajalan 107671001 İSTANBUL BİLGİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARIH YÜKSEK LİSANS PROGRAMI Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Christoph K. Neumann 2009 Kurds for the Empire: “The Young Kurds” (1898-1914) Osmanlıların Kürd Taraftarları: “Jön Kürdler” (1898-1914) Djene Rhys Bajalan 107671001 Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Christoph K. Neumann : .......................................... Jüri Üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Erdem Kabadayı : .......................................... Jüri Üyesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ahmet Kuyaş : .......................................... Tezin Onaylandığı Tarih : ......................................... Toplam Sayfa Sayısı: Anahtar Kelimeler (Türkçe) Anahtar Kelimeler (İngilizce) 1) Kürtler 1) Kurds 2) Milliyetçilik 2) Nationalism 3) Osmanlılık 3) Ottomanism 4) Kürtçülük 4) Kurdism 5) Jön Türkler 5) Young Turks ii Abstract Kurds for the Empire: “Young Kurds” (1898-1914) During the final years of its existence, the Ottoman Empire witnessed the proliferation of so- called “ethnic” journals and associations. That is, journals and associations which sought to represent and promote the interests of particular ethnic communities residing in the vast domains of the Sultan. While these journals and organisations entertained the broader socio- political objective of ‘awakening’, by means of education, their community, this invites the question: to what ends? In traditional historiography, the presence of such journals and associations has been taken as a sign of the historical obsolescence of the ‘multi-ethnic’ state. This point of view holds that the formation of these journals and organisations was the first ‘proto-nationalist’ stage in a progressive development which ultimately culminated in the formation of fully fledged nationalist movements and new nation-states.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurdish Nationalist Movement and External Influences
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1980-12 The Kurdish nationalist movement and external influences Disney, Donald Bruce, Jr. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17624 '";. Vi , *V ^y NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS THE KURDISH NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES by Donald Bruce Disney, Jr. December 1980 The sis Advisor: J. W. Amos, II Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited T19 «—,rob J Unclassified "wi.fy * N°* StCUHlTY CLASSIFICATION r>* THIS »>GI '•*>•« D«t Knlmrmd) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM •f*OAT NUMlf* 2. OOVT ACCCUION MO. J MKCl»lCNT'S CATALOG NUMBER. 4 TiTlE ,«.*Ju »mH) s. TY*e of neponT * rewoo covcncd The Kurdish Nationalist Movement Master's Thesis; and External Influences December 1980 * »I»ro»l»INQ owe. «I»OKT NUMIIR 7. AuTmO*><*> • contract o« chant HumUtnf) Donald Bruce Disney, Jr., LCDR, USN * RfBFORMINO OWOANI2ATION NAME AND >QD*tii tO. *«OG*AM CLEMENT. RBOjECT. T as* AREA * «OMK UNIT NUDUM Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 M CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO ADDRESS 12. MFOUT DATE Naval Postgraduate School December, 1980 Monterey, California 93940 II. MUMBER O' WAGES 238 TT MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AOORESSfll if>'M*ml Ifmm Controlling Ottlc*) It- SICURITY CLASS. <al Iftlm report) Naval Postgraduate School Unclassified Monterey, California 93940 Im DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Ihlt *•»•»!) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT at (»• •*•„•«( rnrnfm** In #I»c* 20, // dittfmt rrmm Mf rt) IE. SUFFLCMCNTARY NOTES '» KEY *O*0l (Continue em remem »!<*• It r\eceeeiy em* itemttty m, ilect IHMHMMP Kurds, Kurdish Nationalism, Kurdish Revolts, Kurdish Political Parties, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Sheikh Ezzedin, Abdul Rahman Qassemlu, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, UK, U.S., U.S.S.R., Israel, PLO, Armenians 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Lympic Proportions Oby Régis Arnaud Author Régis Arnaud
    COVER STORY • “Amazing Tokyo” — Beyond 2020 • 5-3 lympic Proportions OBy Régis Arnaud Author Régis Arnaud Olympic Enthusiasm one-third of the country’s annual budget for 1964, and 3.4% of Japan’s GDP. Most of this investment was spent in the layout of the The 2020 Tokyo Olympics seem to have become the rationale for Tokyo-Osaka Shinkansen bullet train (which started only nine days any political and economic decision in Japan. Each public speech before the opening ceremony of the 1964 Olympics), the Shuto must now mention at some point the 2020 Olympics to be taken kosoku (the suspended highway that runs above the streets of seriously. Most policies seem to have this event as a final goal. At the Tokyo) (Photo 1), and many subway lines. In the following years, same time, the country is bathing in nostalgia for the 1964 Tokyo Japan laid down the Meishin Nagoya-Osaka highway (1965), the Olympics, by almost all accounts a stunning success for Japan and Tomei Tokyo-Osaka highway (1969), and, last, the Sanyo Shinkansen Tokyo. between Osaka and Fukuoka (1975). In short, much of Japan’s It is indeed inevitable to put in parallel the 1964 Olympics and the transport infrastructure of today rests on the foundations of what 2020 Olympics. The decision to give the first Olympics to Tokyo was was drawn up at the time and on the occasion of the 1964 Tokyo announced in 1959, when the prime minister was no other than Olympics. Nobusuke Kishi, the very grandfather of current Prime Minister The impact of this event was also felt on the global stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Kerman Xv.—Xvi
    KERMAN XV.—XVI. LANGUAGES 301 968. Robert Joseph Dillon, “Carpet Capitalism and the Trade of the Kerman Consular District for the Year Craft Involution in Kirman. Iran: A Study in Economic 1902-03 by Major P. Sykes, His Majesty’s Consul,” Anthropology,” Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1976. House of Commons Pari iamentary Papers, Annual Series Arthur Cecil Edwards, The Persian Carpet: A Survey of o f Trade Reports, Cd.1386, 1903. Idem, “Report for the the Carpet-Weaving Industry of Persia, London, 1975. Year 1905-06 on the Trade of the Kerman Consular Dis­ A. H. Gleadowe-Newcomen, Report on the Commercial trict,” House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, Annual Mission to South-Eastern Persia During 1904-1905, Series of Trade Reports, Cd.2682, 1906. Ahmad-'Ali Calcutta, 1906. James Gustafson, “Opium, Carpets, and Khan Waziri Kermani, Jografia-ye Kerman, ed. Moham- Constitutionalists: A Social History of the Elite House­ mad-Ebrahim Bastani Parizi, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1974. holds of Kirman, 1859-1914,” Ph.D. diss., University of Hans E. Wulff, The Traditional Crafts of Persia: Their Washington, 2010. Leonard Michael Helfgott, Ties that Development, Technology, and Influence on Eastern and Bind: A Social History o f the Iranian Carpet, Washing­ Western Civilization, London, 1966. ton, D.C., 1 994. L. Haworth, “Diary for the Week Ending (J a m e s M. G u s t a f s o n ) November 12 1905,” U. K. National Archives, Kew, F.O. 248/846. International Monetary Fund, Islamic Republic of Iran—Statistical Appendix, IMF Country Report No. 04/307, September, 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Integration of the Kurds in Turkey
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1979 The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey Kathleen Palmer Ertur Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ertur, Kathleen Palmer, "The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey" (1979). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2890. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2885 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. l . 1 · AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ·Kathleen Palmer Ertur for the Master of Arts in Political Science presented February 20, 1979· I I I Title: The Political Integration of the Kurds in Turkey. 1 · I APPROVED EY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: ~ Frederick Robert Hunter I. The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the situation of the Kurdish minority in Turkey within the theoretical parameters of political integration. The.problem: are the Kurds in Turkey politically integrated? Within the definition of political develop- ment generally, and of political integration specifically, are found problem areas inherent to a modernizing polity. These problem areas of identity, legitimacy, penetration, participatio~ and distribution are the basis of analysis in determining the extent of political integration ·for the Kurds in Turkey. When .thes_e five problem areas are adequate~y dealt with in order to achieve the goals of equality, capacity and differentiation, political integration is achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • Only Shinran Will Not Betray Us
    Only Shinran Will Not Betray Us: Takeuchi Ryō’on (1891-1967), the Ōtani-ha Administration, and Burakumin Jessica L. Main Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Jessica L. Main, 2012 Table of contents Table of contents i Abstract iii Résumé v Acknowledgements vii A note on usage and conventions x Introduction: Buddhist ethics and buraku discrimination 1 Shin Buddhism and burakumin 2 The story of a burakumin, “Satoru Kawada” 5 Institutional ethics and conflict within the Ōtani-ha sect 15 Buddhist ethics and socially engaged Buddhism 26 Dissertation outline: reading Shin Buddhist ethics in modern history 40 PART I Causing discrimination: Shin Buddhism’s historical responsibility 47 1 Theories of buraku discrimination and the role of Buddhism 47 The study of burakumin in English language scholarship 49 Buddhism as source of discriminatory beliefs: 67 Shin Buddhist preachers deploying discriminatory beliefs 70 2 Shin Buddhism, devotion, and separating the pure from the polluted 81 Shin Buddhism in a nutshell 84 Purity, pollution, and devotion 99 Historical discrimination in Shin Buddhism 107 PART II Curing discrimination: Shin Buddhism’s revolutionary potential 125 3 Buddhism and human rights: egalitarian doctrine and charitable work 125 Shimaji Mokurai’s “The Theory of Human Rights” 126 Contemporary arguments for Buddhism and human rights 135 Ahistorical arguments about “Buddhism” and “human
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia
    PROTEST AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Chiavacci, (eds) Grano & Obinger Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia East Democratic in State the and Society Civil Edited by David Chiavacci, Simona Grano, and Julia Obinger Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia Between Entanglement and Contention in Post High Growth Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia Protest and Social Movements Recent years have seen an explosion of protest movements around the world, and academic theories are racing to catch up with them. This series aims to further our understanding of the origins, dealings, decisions, and outcomes of social movements by fostering dialogue among many traditions of thought, across European nations and across continents. All theoretical perspectives are welcome. Books in the series typically combine theory with empirical research, dealing with various types of mobilization, from neighborhood groups to revolutions. We especially welcome work that synthesizes or compares different approaches to social movements, such as cultural and structural traditions, micro- and macro-social, economic and ideal, or qualitative and quantitative. Books in the series will be published in English. One goal is to encourage non- native speakers to introduce their work to Anglophone audiences. Another is to maximize accessibility: all books will be available in open access within a year after printed publication. Series Editors Jan Willem Duyvendak is professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. James M. Jasper teaches at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Civil Society and the State in Democratic East Asia Between Entanglement and Contention in Post High Growth Edited by David Chiavacci, Simona Grano, and Julia Obinger Amsterdam University Press Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • CIS Newsletter 15.2
    CENTER FOR IRANIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Vol. 15, No. 2 SIPA-Columbia University-New York Fall 2003 ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA SHIRIN EBADI WINNER OF Fascicles 1 and 2 of Volume XII Published; Fascicle 3 in Press 2003 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE The first and second fascicles way in which Hedayat’s satire per- of Volume XII of the Encyclopædia meates many of his short stories. Iranica were published in the Sum- Hillmann reviews plots and themes mer and Fall of 2003. They fea- of Hedayat’s fiction, some fifty or ture over 120 articles on various as- more works written from the mid- pects of Iranian culture and history, in- 1920s through the mid-1940s, and cites cluding four series of articles on spe- features of Hedayat’s distinctive ways cific subjects: four entries on Sadeq of narration which advanced the capa- Hedayat, four entries on Hazara groups bilities of the language in Persian lit- in Afghanistan, four entries on Helmand erature and served as an indigenous River, and eight entries on Herat. model for later Iranian short story writ- ers and novelists. Shirin Ebadi, lawyer and human SADEQ HEDAYAT rights activist who contributed the en- AND PERSIAN LITERATURE Persian literature is also treated in try CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN IRAN to the the following eight articles: HASAN Encyclopædia Iranica and whose book Four articles discuss the life and GHAZNAVI, poet at the court of History and Documentation of Human work of Sadeq Hedayat, the foremost Bahramshah Ghaznavi, by J. S. Rights in Iran was published by the modern Persian fiction writer who had Meisami; HATEF ESFAHANI, influential Center for Iranian Studies in 2000, was a vast influence on subsequent genera- poet of 18th century, by the late Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq's Provincial Elections
    IRAQ’S PROVINCIAL ELECTIONS: THE STAKES Middle East Report N°82 – 27 January 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE 2005 ELECTION, ITS DISCONTENTS AND ITS LEGACY.............................. 2 A. IMBALANCED COUNCILS ..............................................................................................................2 1. Ninewa (capital: Mosul) ..............................................................................................................2 2. Diyala (capital: Baaquba) ............................................................................................................4 3. Anbar (capital: Ramadi)...............................................................................................................5 4. Baghdad .......................................................................................................................................6 5. Basra ............................................................................................................................................7 B. DYSFUNCTIONAL GOVERNANCE AND THE ROLE OF RELIGION......................................................8 C. ELECTORAL LEGISLATION ..........................................................................................................11 D. TO VOTE OR NOT TO VOTE?.......................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix SCAPIN 919, “Removal and Exclusion of Diet Member”
    Appendix SCAPIN 919, “Removal and Exclusion of Diet Member” May 3, 1946 a. As Chief Secretary of the Tanaka Cabinet from 1927 to 1929, he necessarily shares responsibility for the formulation and promulgation without Diet approval of amendments to the so-called Peace Preservation Law which made that law the government’s chief legal instrument for the suppression of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly, and made possible the denunciation, terror- ization, seizure, and imprisonment of tens of thousands of adherents to minor- ity doctrines advocating political, economic, and social reform, thereby preventing the development of effective opposition to the Japanese militaristic regime. b. As Minister of Education from December 1931 to March 1934, he was responsible for stifling freedom of speech in the schools by means of mass dismissals and arrests of teachers suspected of “leftist” leanings or “dangerous thoughts.” The dismissal in May 1933 of Professor Takigawa from the faculty of Kyoto University on Hatoyama’s personal order is a flagrant illustration of his contempt for the liberal tradition of academic freedom and gave momentum to the spiritual mobilization of Japan, which under the aegis of the military and economic cliques, led the nation eventually into war. c. Not only did Hatoyama participate in thus weaving the pattern of ruth- less suppression of freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of thought, hut he also participated in the forced dissolution of farmer-labor bodies. In addition, his indorsement of totalitarianism, specifically in its appli- cation to the regimentation and control of labor, is a matter of record.
    [Show full text]