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THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE COURSE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS, GRADES 1 - 7 ZIMBABWE RHODESIA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Allen, Irma Acosta Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 13:41:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282449 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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ANN 4330P VII .18106'3131 761-4700 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE COURSE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS, GRADES 1-7 IN ZIMBABWE RHODESIA by Irma Acosta Allen A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 0 © Copyright 1980 Irma Acosta Allen THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Irma Acosta Allen entitled The Development of an Environmental Science Course for Primary School, Grades 1-7 in Zimbabwe Rhodesia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy . -So, /?<?* L(. 30, im Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement w / SoSo Dissertation Direc Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: yj(JA^iaa ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer gratefully acknowledges the help and cooperation of education officers, supervisors, teachers and pupils from the African Division of the Ministry of Education, and in particular of the members of the Education Development Unit, i.e., Bill Warke, David Witt, Nathan Goto, John Burmeister, and Kathleen Rea. Also, many thanks go to the representatives of government departments and community agencies who participated in the project. Sincere appreciation is extended to my committee members, Dr. Mark Smith, Dr. Paul Allen, Dr. Ivan Lytle, and Dr. Robert Hoshaw, and especially to Dr. Robert Letson (Chairman) for cooperation and assistance with this "long distance" endeavor. Special gratitude goes to Professor Peter Gilbert, without whose constant interest and guidance this venture would not have been possible, and to my excellent colleagues, Sylvia Parker and Chivarange Chimombe, for their enthusiastic support and cooperation in all the time-consuming research activities. Most heart-felt thanks is expressed to my husband, Dale, and to my sons, Roger, Wayne, and Keith, who generously provided the invaluable material and moral support needed to see this research through. Finally, this dissertation is lovingly dedicated to my parents, Alfonso and Viola Acosta, outstanding educators, who embued me with a iii IV love for education and an appreciation of the variety of life in this wonderful, complex world. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi ABSTRACT xii CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Primary Science Curriculum Development in Africa ... 5 Statement of the Problem 14 General Terms of Reference for Primary Education . 14 Directives of the Environmental Education Committee to the Environmental Science Working Party 15 Objectives of the Study 16 Assumptions 18 Limitations 18 Validity 19 Definitions 19 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 22 Environmental Education 22 Curriculum and Instructional System Design 35 3. PROCEDURES FOR THE STUDY 39 4. RESULTS OF THE STUDY 48 Needs Assessment 48 Environmental Education Needs Expressed by the Profession 48 Environmental Education Needs Expressed by Local Professional Environmentalists 62 Environmental Education Needs as Expressed by the Profession and Society Through Interviews and Meetings 65 Environmental Education Needs Identified Through First-Hand Observation and Teaching Experience in the Classroom 70 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Environmental Education Needs Arising from a Review of Current Geography, Science, and Gardening Courses 74 Definition of Aims and Objectives for the Course .... 85 Objectives Recommended for Primary Education in General in the Lewis/Taylor Report 85 Broad Objectives Recommended in the Lewis/Taylor Report for Environmental Science 86 Suggestions for Objectives from Teachers Through Questionnaire I 87 Objectives for Environmental Education as Suggested by the Literature in General 88 Aims and Objectives for the Environmental Science Course as Defined by the Environ mental Science Working Party 91 Analysis of Alternate Ways to Meet Needs 94 System Components 99 Philosophical Basis 99 Broad Aims of the Environmental Science Course . 102 Content Areas 103 Concepts Underlying Content 103 Skills and Attitudes 107 Methods and Strategy—Possible Approaches 108 Anticipated Role of the Participants 110 Language, Grouping, and Time 112 Analysis of Resources Available, Resources Required and Constraints 113 Resources Available 113 Resources Required 124 Constraints 127 Instructional Materials 128 Present Policy 128 Views of Teacher Trainers, Education Officers, Supervisors, and Headmasters 130 Some Instructional Materials Being Used in Other Countries 132 Instructional Materials Currently Being Used in the Schools 133 Classroom Trials of Materials by Team 135 Instructional Materials for the Environmental Science Course 136 Discussion 137 Pvipil Assessment 138 Procedures from the Literature 138