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Greatgods I N Sam Ot H Rac E

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Greatgods I N Sam Ot H Rac E D E D I CATI HESPERIA 72 (2003) O N BY TH E Pages 3I-39 TH ESSALIAN LEAGUE TOTHE GREATGODS I N SAM OT H RAC E AB STRACT Thedocument published in thisarticle was found in 1986during excavations in the Sanctuaryof the GreatGods at Samothrace.The inscriptionrepre- sentsa dedicationby the ThessalianLeague to the GreatGods. It provides important informationabout theThessalian League in the 2nd centuryB.C., oneof the mostactive periods in the League'shistory, and contributes to our knowledgeof placesin mainlandGreece that sent theoroito Samothrace. Thenew 1. An earlierversion of inscriptionpresented here was recovered in excavationsunder- this article taken waspresented at the AnnualMeeting bythe Institute of FineArts of NewYork Universit,v in the Sanctu- ofthe ArchaeologicalInstitute of aryof theGreat Gods at Samothrace.lThe documentinforms us thatthe Americain SanAntonio, Texas, in ThessalianLeague sent sacred ambassadors to Samothracebetween 170 December1986 (Pounder 1987).The and140 B.C. It alsoallows us to identifytheleader ofthe delegation, Damo- documentis alsoincluded in Dimitrova thoinos,son of 2002,pp. 132-145. Leontomenesand a memberof aprominent Pheraian family, asthe strategos We wouldlike to thankJamesR. of the Leaguein 161/60.Moreover, the documentnicely McCredie,director of the Samothrace supplementscurrent evidence about the League'shistory during one of Excavations,for permission to publish themost active periods of its existence,following liberation from Mace- thisdocument, for commentingon our donianrule. manuscript,and for his generoussup- portof ourwork at Samothrace.Letters fromChristian Habicht of the Institute forAdvanced Study, Princeton, of 13 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION January1987 to RobertPounder, in whichhe discussedvarious aspects of Samothraceinv. 01.2 Fig. 1 theinscription, and of 26 November 2001to NoraDimitrova, in whichhe H. 0.804,W. 0.47,Th. 0.20,H. of letters:0.010-0.025 m proposedvaluable revisions,have been Blockof veryhelpful. We arealso indebted to coarse-grainedwhite marble, broken below, smooth on the left, KevinClinton (Cornell University) for rough-pickedin back, moderately rough-picked above, built into a wallof hisuseful corrections a andcomments, Byzantinestructure in the northwestcorner of theNeorion. Twodowel RachelKitzinger (VassarCollege) for holeswith pour channels are visible on top,placed in oppositecorners. herhelpful advice, and Alain Bresson Onehole is situated0.055 m fromthe left edge and 0.04 m fromthe front. (Universitede Bordeaux) for his valu- The ablesuggestions. We secondoccurs in a similarposition in theright rear corner, with some wishto acknowl- lead edgewith gratitude assistance from the preservedin it.The position of thedowel holes suggests that a rectan- HaightFund of VassarCollege. We gularobject, possibly a relief,covered the top of thebase. There is a small, alsothank the Hesperiaanonymous shallowrectangular cutting (ca. 0.05 m wide)approximately midway down reviewersfortheir carefia1 remarks. theleft side,0.045 m fromthe front edge. American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org Xfi .:iFs i w 1 fi l N Si S E. | II 5 0N l X| lE . 0i S El S FiprecationbytheThessalianLeaetom , '^1. Blockwith inscribed dedi- 32 ROBERT L. POUNDER AND NORA DIMITROVA _ the GreatGods in Samothrace. 91l PhotoN. Dimitrova Discussion:McCredie 1990, p. 184 (briefmention); Pounder 1987 (abstract). 170-140B.C. T0 XOLVOV)£as0C@V 0£0 LC,£yaXO tg £zt 0£XR0ZV vacat ca. 0.02 m tO0OLVOV TOV A£0VTOR£VOVC 5 <)tRovtxovtov <)tAtssov 4!£ootL@9 Iloc,ufpRov Tov BOC0VXA£60VG Avxoxov Tov Bo0vxA£ovg AooooCxv vacat ca. 0.02 m £zt aOL£Xg Nv,ufpo8XRoovTov@£@V8OV. DEDICATION BY THE THESSALIAN LEAGUE 33 EPIGRAPHICAL COMMENTARY The lettersare clear, carefully executed in comparisonwith most other Samothracianinscriptions, and adorned with finials. The omicron and theta areusually smaller (0.010-0.012 m) thanthe otherletters. The lettering resemblesthat of threeSamothracian records of theoroi-proxenoi2and a new theoroilist mentionedby ChryssaKaradima.3 It is consistentwith letteringin 2nd-centuryinscriptions, notably a Samothracianlist of theoroi- proxenoi4 anda municipaldocument of Skotoussa,dated by the eponyms of theThessalian League to 161/60B.C.S GENERAL COMMENTARY Thisdocument is a dedicationby the Thessalian Confederacy to theGreat Godsin Samothrace.The Thessaliandelegation consists of two citizens fromPherai and two fromLarisa. It is headedby the PheraianDamo- thoinos,son of Leontomenes,without doubt none other than the strategos of theThessalian League in 161/60.6The otherthree theoroi seem to be unknown,although (with the exceptionof Bathykles)their names are at- testedin Thessaly.7 The expression£zt 0£Xt0ZV in line3 shouldbe understoodas "repre- sentedby the theoroi"or somethingsimilar. A parallelfor such usage can be foundin Delianinventory lists, e.g., IG XI.2 184, 186, 188, 190,and manyothers, where a gift by a certaindelegation, whose leader is men- tionedby name,is referredto as"ocuo0n,uoc £zt R0Xt0£Xt00V so-and-so." Damothoinos,son of Leontomenes(line 4), is knownfrom other in- scriptions,where he is mentionedas strategos of the League.8He waspart of a famousPheraian family, whose members, attested from the 3rdcen- turyB.C. untilthe 1st centuryA.C., performedimportant public duties. Both his great-grandfatherEpikratidas and his grandfatherDamothoi- nosII weregymnasiarchs atPherai, ca. 241 and216 B.C., respectively.9His fatherLeontomenes, son of Damothoinos,was strategos of theThessalian Leaguein 186/5, as IG IX.2 64, 67, and 274 testify.In the nextyear, 185/4,Leontomenes' brother (and Damothoinos's uncle) Pausanias held 2. Samothrace2.1, no.23;IGXII.8 document,see Kramolisch1978, p.57, andPhilonikos in IG IX.2 65, line 11; 163,171. n.3. 234I,line 32;257, line 1. Philipposis 3. Karadima1995, p.492. 6. AlthoughDamothoinos is not a verycommon name in Thessalyand 4. IGXII.8 170b(mid-2nd cen- calledarchitheoros, the listingof his is foundelsewhere in Pherai,IG IX.2 turyB.C. or shortlythereafter). The namebefore those of the othertheo- 415, lines51-52. dateof this documentis basedon the roisuggests that he wasprobably 8. Pouilloux1955, pp.443-459 mentionin line 67 of a Timapolis, the mostimportant member of the (SEGXV 370);SIG3 668, line 19 son of Euphragoras,attested also in delegation. (seeSEG XXVIII 505);and possibly Lindos2,223 (ca.149)and 228 (138), 7. Forinstance, the namePamphilos Axenidis1939, line 21 (see SEG andin line 79 of two ambassadorsof is attestedin IG IX.2474A, line 42; XXVIII505). For the two restorations KingAttalos II (159-138)or III (138- 5175line 54; 557, line25; 562, line 17; in SEG XXVIII505, see Kramolisch 133). Lykiskosin IG IX.2 lO9a,line 38; 121, 1978,p.58. 5. Pouilloux1955, pp.443-459 line 1; 275, lines8-9; 288, line 12; 9. See Kramolisch1978, pp.28,31. (= SEGXV370). Forthe dateof this 290a,line 2; 527, line 1; 851,line 1; 34 ROBERT L. POUNDER AND NORA DIMITROVA thatsame office. Damothoinos's grandson, Leontomenes, son of Megalo- kles,was also strategos, ca.100-90.1° A datebefore 170 B.C. forthe presentinscription is unlikely:Damo- thoinos,son of Leontomenes,would probably have been too youngto headthe embassy.As justnoted, his father,Leontomenes, son of Damo- thoinos,was strategos in 186/5, whichsuggests that he wasprobably be- tween40 and55 yearsold at the time.His sonwas then probably born betweenca. 205 and190, and in 170would have been between 20 and35 yearsold, not a veryplausible (though theoretically possible) age to hold suchan important public office as the headof anembassy. The eponymousking Nymphodoros, son of Theondas(lines 10-11), is otherwiseunattested. The rarename Theondas, however, occurs else- wherein connectionwith Samothrace: a Hadra vase from Egypt mentions a Samothracianambassador to Alexandrianamed Theondas, who died in 219 B.C.ll Accordingto Livy,a Theondaswas an eponymousking of Samothracein 168 B.C.12 The nameis alsoattested on coins,dating per- hapsfrom the same year, 168.13 The eponymous king recorded in the present dedicationwould have been too old between170 and140 B.C. (thesug- gesteddate of the document,see below) to havebeen the sonof the am- bassadorTheondas. He wouldhave been at least 55-85 yearsold at thattime, if we assumethat his father had died as early as age 40, whichis possible,but unlikely. He mighthave been the sonof theother Theondas, who was kingin 168. This wouldmean that if the inscriptionis to be datedca. 160 B.C., the timeof Damothoinos'sservice as strategos, Nym- phodorosmust have served as eponymousking at a relativelyearly age (ca.40), whilehis fatherserved at a relativelylate age (ca.60), whichis theoreticallypossible. A datearound 150-140 B.C. forthe inscription would suit this scheme a bit better,but of courseone cannot be surewhether the twokings were indeedfather and son. It is alsounclear whether the ambassadorTheondas wasrelated to theeponymous king of 168, butthe time interval is compat- iblewith the possibilitythat he wasthe latter'sgrandfather, thereby con- 10. Kramolisch(1978, p.31) pro- formingto the Greekcustom of namingthe grandsonafter his grandfa- videsa usefulstemma of Damothoi- ther.In viewof the name'srarity, the hypothesis that the eponymous king nos'sfamily. 11. Sammelbuch1, p. 1639. of 168 wasthe grandson ofthe ambassadorTheondasandthe father ofthe 12. Livy45.5.6-12. Nymphodorosin the presentinscription is attractive. 13. Ashton(1988) demonstrates Thus,a datebetween 170 and 140 canbe safelysuggested,
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