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Improving Feather Cover a Guide to Reducing the Risk of Injurious Pecking Occurring in Non-Cage Laying Hens

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Improving Feather Cover a Guide to Reducing the Risk of Injurious Pecking Occurring in Non-Cage Laying Hens Improving Feather Cover A guide to reducing the risk of injurious pecking occurring in non-cage laying hens 2013 © University of Bristol Introduction This guide summarises strategies available to reduce the risk of injurious pecking occurring in non- cage laying hens during both rearing and laying. Beak-trimming and alterations to lighting are commonly practised to control injurious pecking, but these are not ideal in terms of bird welfare. The strategies discussed in this guide offer many ways of reducing the risk of injurious pecking occurring, which may also offer other benefits. Injurious pecking (IP) is an umbrella term covering a group of behaviours; gentle and severe feather pecking, vent pecking, and cannibalistic pecking. Gentle feather pecking (GFP) consists of gentle pecks to the tips of the feathers. This type of feather pecking (FP) usually does not result in much damage and is often ignored by the recipient. It can indicate a welfare problem in the bird performing the behaviour, and precede more serious pecking. Severe feather pecking (SFP) causes the most damage to Cannibalistic pecking occurs when SFP the recipient; it consists of forceful pecks and pulls of has led to feather loss and bald feathers that are frequently eaten and results in feather patches. Pecking can then continue on loss especially on the back, vent and tail area. Victims of the skin, leading to wounds and may SFP often initially move away, squawk or confront the eventually lead to the victim’s death pecker in response to receiving SFP, which are painful. If due to excessive blood loss, tissue SFP continues, however, victims have also been observed damage & infections. to surrender to being pecked and remain still. A separate form of cannibalistic pecking is Although aggressive pecking often does cause vent pecking, where the pecker pecks at damage, it is generally directed towards the the vent of the victim and may pull out the head and neck of another bird. We don’t inner organs. This type of cannibalistic include this as part of IP (or cover it in this pecking can also develop in well-feathered guide) because the reasons (or motivations) for birds and is sometimes seen around the birds showing aggression towards each other onset of egg laying. are not the same as those underlying IP. Introduction cont. • It occurs in the majority of free range flocks, in varying degrees of severity. • It is a welfare concern as the removal of feathers is painful for the birds and it is associated with increased mortality. • Where IP occurs there is an increased risk of cannibalism. • The stress caused by IP can increase the susceptibility of the flock to disease and can directly increase the spread of disease through a flock. • It can lead to decreased productivity and increased feed consumption as birds with poor plumage use more energy to keep warm. Tip: Look for feather damage around the back and on the base of the tail, this is where SFP often starts. Pick Feather pecking is primarily a redirected foraging some birds up and check under the behaviour. Birds can start to forage or even feed on each outermost feathers for any signs of other’s feathers when they do not have a balanced diet or baldness particularly around the base sufficient opportunities in their surroundings for normal of the tail. Also listen to the flock and feeding and foraging behaviour. Factors such as stress, see if you can hear any characteristic disease and overcrowding can reduce normal foraging ‘squawks’ which could be from a behaviour and trigger injurious forms of pecking. victim of SFP. Frequent inspections will enable you to monitor Based on scientific evidence and experience your flock for pecking and tackle any problems as from industry this guide will take you early as possible. Look closely at their behaviour through risk factors which have been when you inspect the house, noting instances identified for IP and strategies that can be where one bird directs pecks towards the body used to prevent it. Although there is no feathers of another, particularly if this is done prescriptive cure, recent studies have shown repeatedly, or appears to cause the pecked bird the more proactive the management of a pain. Also look out for feather eating. Finally, flock, the less likely it is to show high levels keep an eye out for plumage damage. This might of injurious pecking. Consequently, consider be difficult to spot – it generally starts with the adopting as many of the strategies as you tips of the tail feathers looking ragged, and can to prevent IP. This guide does not perhaps broken. But there may also be some bare attempt to tackle any other welfare or areas; look out for this on the back at the base of productivity issues, although there may be the tail, and in the downy feathers of the rump. indirect benefits when adopting some of the strategies suggested. Contents This advice guide has been split in two sections; Strategies for Lay and Strategies for Rear. There are central strategies that run through both periods and it is worth reading through both sections, even if you are only planning on applying them to one. The rearing section has been included as it is not always appreciated that pecking can begin during the rearing period. Although plumage damage may be difficult to spot due to moulting during rear, direct observations have found IP as early as five weeks of age. Furthermore, behaviour developed during this period can have a lasting effect on the flock during lay. So it may be that you can nip the problem in the bud by reducing the likelihood of injurious pecking developing at rear. 1. Transition to Lay 2. Placement Period Priorities 3. Access to Range 4. Encouraging Range Use 5. Managing the Range 6. Maintaining Litter Quality 7. Foraging and Dustbathing 8. Feeding the Birds 9. Heath and Hygiene 10. Management at Lay 11. House design 12. Verandas 13. Litter Quality in Rear If you have any questions regarding the guide or you see injurious 14. The Environment in Rear pecking call the team at the 15. Rearing Facilities University of Bristol (0117 331 9144). 16. Environmental Enrichment Alternatively contact the Welfare 17. Management at Rear Outcomes Advisor at AsureWel 18. Feeding the Pullets (animalwelfareadvisor@assurewel. org) or tel: 0117 314 5174). 19. Diet Changes and Achieving Evenness Transition to Lay 1. Experiencing many changes when moving from the rearing to the laying house can be very stressful for pullets and can start them on the path towards feather pecking. Where possible the transition should be managed in ways that reduce the number of changes. Contact and visit your rearer if at all possible. Aim to mirror/match the rearing houses with the laying house for a ‘seamless transition’. The aim is to reduce the number of new things the birds need to adapt to, and hence the amount of stress they experience. If possible, match: • drinker and feeder type and heights It is well worth visiting your flock at rear, to understand how • time lights on and off they’re reared and so the rearer understands your needs. • type of light bulbs • time feeders are run One study found that rearing birds on the laying farm • perch type/system reduced the risk of feather pecking. To reduce the stress of transport, the journey length and the time that birds are without water and feed should be kept to a minimum. Avoid mixing birds from different rearing groups at placement. Birds should be regularly weighed from arrival. If flocks arrive uneven, then producers should make every effort to even them out e.g. delaying lay whilst feeding up. Two studies have found that onset of lay before 19 weeks increased the risk of feather pecking, and before 20 weeks increased the risk of vent pecking. Timing the onset of lay is a skill, as one has to balance these considerations with the fact that producing large eggs is associated with vent pecking and problems with prolapses, yet earlier onset of lay reduces the likelihood of larger eggs. Your breed company should be able to offer advice on the timing of lay with regards to body weight and breed characteristics. • Two studies have suggested that purchasing birds at a younger age, and consequently allowing them range access at an earlier age, increases range use and reduces feather pecking. It may also ease the birds’ transition to the laying house. • A few commercial rearers allow their pullets access to the range which may improve the use of the range in your adult birds. • Ideally purchase from rearers who have installed slats and perches, so that their rearing houses match your intended laying house. Placement Period Priorities 2. The placement period is a particularly stressful time for the birds. Those first few weeks after transfer lay the foundation for how the flock will perform. It is vital that the pullets are managed in ways that reduce the stress experienced at this time. Allowing access to good quality, friable litter from day one and throughout the whole laying period is the single most important strategy to encourage foraging behaviour and reduce feather pecking, particularly the severe forms. The pullets would have had access to litter at rear and may be highly frustrated by its loss. In addition, by holding the pullets up on the slats you are increasing the effective stocking density. Both these factors can lead to injurious pecking. ‘’I would never lock the birds up on the slats again at placement. I’ve got a better, calmer flock by giving access straight away’’ Richard Morris, FR producer Giving the birds early access to the range is associated with greater range use later in the laying cycle.
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