Some Studies of the Effects of Additives on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties

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Some Studies of the Effects of Additives on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research Volume 21 # No. 2 # July 2004 Some Studies of the Effects of Additives on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties. III. Ingredients Reportedly Used in Various Commercial Cigarette Products in the USA and Elsewhere* by Alan Rodgman 2828 Birchwood Drive, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103-3410, USA CONTENTS similar to identified components of tobacco and/or tobacco smoke. The validity of this statement is obvious when the Summary .................................. 47 compounds in the DOULL et al. list are cataloged as in 1 Introduction ............................. 49 Table 1. Those tobacco ingredients that are not individual 2 Studies on compounds listed by DOULL et al. ... 53 compounds but are naturally-occurring oils, resins, etc. or 3 Studies on mixtures listed by DOULL et al. ..... 73 extracts of naturally-occurring materials not only contain 4 Compounds listed by DOUL et al. that are many of the compounds listed by DOULL et al. as tobacco components of mixtures listed by additives but also contain many of the same compounds DOULL et al. ............................. 73 present in tobacco. 5 Discussion.............................. 77 Detailed examination of the literature on the chemical and 6 Conclusions............................. 85 biological properties of the recently used tobacco ingredi- 7 Ingredients used outside of the USA.......... 88 ents listed by DOULL et al. plus a massive amount of 8 Acknowledgments ........................ 91 chemical and biological data generated during the past References ................................. 91 several decades indicates that not only does none of the DOULL et al. listed ingredients contribute any significant adverse chemical properties to cigarette mainstream smoke SUMMARY (MSS) but also none affects adversely the biological properties of the MSS. In the mid-1980s, each major US cigarette manufacturer The chemical factors examined included: a) The effect on prepared a list of those ingredients added at that time to its MSS composition of the ingredients added to cigarette cigarette products. The lists were combined into one and tobacco at the usual use level or several times that. In two submitted to the US Office of Smoking and Health in 1986. major series of studies, one by CARMINES et al. and one by It comprised 599 entities. On the basis of extensive litera- BAKER et al., the effect of the added ingredient on the ture survey and examination of much unpublished data concentration in mainstream smoke of specific components from the Tobacco Industry members on the chemistry and defined as toxicants was determined. The CARMINES et al. toxicology of the ingredients, a panel of eminent toxicolo- study involved analysis of the smoke components sug- gists assessed the safety of each listed ingredient with gested by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission regard to its pyrolysate components and its possible effect and of concern to the International Agency for Research on when added to cigarette tobacco on the chemical and Cancer (IARC). The BAKER et al. study involved analysis biological properties of the cigarette mainstream smoke. of the so-called “Hoffmann analytes” in cigarette smoke. b) Subsequently, DOULL et al. listed the 599 ingredients and The nature of the pyrolysis products generated during the summarized the conclusions of the panel on their effect on smoking process or during pyrolysis of an individual the chemical and biological properties of cigarette smoke. ingredient under conditions approximating those in the In addition to the panel and DOULL et al., other investiga- cigarette pyrolysis zone. In many instances when the added tors have noted that many of the compounds used as ingredient is a compound, a significant percentage of it is ingredients in cigarette tobacco blends are identical with or transferred unchanged to the MSS and sidestream smoke *Received: 5th August 2003 – accepted: 23rd December 2003 47 (SSS). The small percentage not transferred intact to the usw. oder Extrakte natürlich vorkommender Stoffe handelt, smoke is seldom converted to an MSS component possess- enthalten nicht nur viele der von DOULL et al. als Tabak- ing significant toxic properties. additive aufgeführten Substanzen sondern auch viele der The extensive biological studies that showed no significant Substanzen, die im Tabak enthalten sind. adverse effect of the MSS from ingredient-containing Eine umfassende Übersicht der Literatur zu den chemi- cigarettes included: a) The specific tumorigenicity to schen und biologischen Eigenschaften der gegenwärtig ver- laboratory animal skin of the mainstream cigarette smoke wendeten und von DOULL et al. aufgeführten Tabakzusatz- condensate (CSC) from ingredient-containing cigarettes vs. stoffe und eine große Anzahl chemischer und biologischer the mainstream CSC from ingredient-free cigarettes. b) Daten der letzten Jahrzehnte weist darauf hin, dass keine Exposure of laboratory animals via inhalation to the MSS der von DOULL et al. gelisteten Substanzen signifikant from ingredient-containing cigarettes vs. the MSS from nachteilige chemische und biologische Wirkungen auf den ingredient-free cigarettes. c) Determination in a variety of Hauptstromrauch (MSS) dieser Zigaretten ausübt. tests of the in vitro genotoxicity of the mainstream particu- Die untersuchten chemischen Faktoren beinhalten: a) Die late phase and/or vapor phase. Auswirkung der Tabakzusatzstoffe auf die Zusammen- In addition, the results of non-tobacco-related studies are setzung des MSS bei Hinzufügen zum Zigarettentabak in available in which many individual compounds on the üblicher oder mehrfach erhöhter Menge. In zwei umfas- DOULL et al. list were assayed for mutagenicity in the senden Untersuchungsreihen, einer von CARMINES et al. Ames test with several strains of Salmonella typhimurium. und einer weiteren von BAKER et al., wurde die Auswir- An excellent example is the 1984 study by ISHIDATE et al. kung von Zusatzstoffen auf das mengenmäßige Vorkom- who examined the mutagenicity of many compounds men spezifischer, als toxisch definierter Substanzen im included as additives in Japanese foods. Over 40 of the Hauptstromrauch bestimmt. Bei der Studie von CARMINES compounds exhibiting non-mutagenicity also occur on the et al. wurden jene Rauchkomponenten bestimmt, die von DOULL et al. tobacco ingredient list. der US Verbraucherschutzorganisation Consumer Product Assessment of the total chemical and biological data cited Safety Commission vorgeschlagen wurden und denen von herein provides a noteworthy contradiction to the much der International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) repeated assertions – with no data supporting them - that Bedeutung zugeschrieben wird. In der Untersuchung von the ingredients added to cigarette tobacco result in signifi- BAKER et al. wurden die Rauchinhaltsstoffe der sogenann- cant adverse changes in the chemical and biological ten „Hoffmann“-Liste untersucht. b) Die Natur der properties of the cigarette MSS. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 Pyrolyseprodukte, die während des Rauchvorgangs oder (2004) 47–104] während der thermischen Zersetzung von Einzelsubstanzen unter Bedingungen, die denen in der Pyrolysezone der Zigarette ähneln, entstehen. Wenn es sich bei dem Zusatz- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG stoff um eine Einzelsubstanz handelt, geht häufig ein signifikanter Anteil unverändert in den MSS und Neben- Mitte der 1980er Jahre erstellte jeder US Zigarettenhersteller stromrauch (SSS) über. Der geringe Anteil, der nicht intakt eine Liste der Substanzen, die zur damaligen Zeit den in den MSS übergeht, wird selten zu einem MSS Inhalts- Zigaretten zugesetzt wurden. Diese Listen wurden in einer stoff mit signifikant toxischen Eigenschaften zersetzt. einzigen zusammengefasst und im Jahre 1986 der US Die umfassenden biologischen Studien, in denen sich bei Gesundheitsbehörde „Office of Smoking and Health“ Zigaretten mit Zusatzstoffen keine signifikant nachteiligen vorgelegt. Diese Liste umfasste 599 Einträge. Auf der Basis Wirkungen auf den Hauptstromrauch zeigten, beinhalten: einer umfassenden Literaturübersicht und unter Heranzie- a) Die spezifische tumorigene Wirkung des Rauchkonden- hung einer Vielzahl unveröffentlichter Daten der Tabakindu- sats von Zigaretten mit Zusatzstoffen im Vergleich zum strie über die chemischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften Kondensat von Zigaretten ohne Zusatzstoffe auf der Haut der Zusatzstoffe bestimmte ein Gremium aus bekannten von Versuchstieren. b) Inhalative Tierversuche mit dem Toxikologen die Sicherheit jeder einzelnen aufgeführten MSS von Zigaretten mit beziehungsweise ohne Zusatz- Substanz im Hinblick auf die bei der Pyrolyse entstehenden stoffen. c) Bestimmung der in vitro Genotoxizität der Substanzen und die möglichen Auswirkungen auf die Partikel- und/oder Gasphase des MSS in einer Vielzahl von chemischen und biologischen Eigenschaften des Hauptstrom- Untersuchungen. rauchs von Zigaretten. Anschließend stellten DOULL et al. Außerdem stehen die Ergebnisse von nicht tabakbezogenen diese 599 Substanzen in einer Liste zusammen und fassten Studien zur Verfügung, bei denen viele Einzelsubstanzen die Schlussfolgerungen der Kommission über die Auswir- der Liste von DOULL et al. in Bezug auf ihre Mutagenität kung dieser Substanzen auf die chemischen und biologischen im Ames Salmonella typhimurium Test untersucht wurden. Eigenschaften des Zigarettenrauchs zusammen. Ein exzellentes Beispiel ist die Studie von ISHIDATE et al. Zusätzlich zu diesem Gremium
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