DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rational Actor Model

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rational Actor Model Foreign Policy Decisions: New Zealand Involvement in East Timor 2000–2002 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Of Master of Arts in Political Science in the University of Canterbury by Susannah Gordon University of Canterbury August 2008 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Political Science and Communication Department of the University of Canterbury, which provided financial support via the Marsden Fund. Thanks are also due to the Peace and Disarmament Education Trust for their financial assistance for this project. I remain grateful to the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade for allowing access to its archives, and for its helpful Historical Research Grant, as well as for the Ministry’s provision of leave which has enabled me to undertake this project. I remain indebted to all those Ministers and officials, from MFAT and from other government departments, who gave their time to be interviewed, or to discuss this thesis with me. I should note, however, that the analysis, conclusions and opinions contained in this thesis are my own, and do not in any way represent the official view of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. My thanks also go to my supervisor Associate Professor John Henderson, and to other staff and students in the Political Science Department of the University of Canterbury for their advice and encouragement. As always, I am entirely grateful to my husband Murray for his consistent support. SHG 2008 2 Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY 5 Allison and the study of foreign policy decision-making 6 The East Timor case study 13 Methodology for this study 16 Allison’s models 19 Critical responses to Allison’s models: a literature survey 38 Using Allison’s approach for a New Zealand case study 54 Conclusions 59 CHAPTER TWO: NEW ZEALAND INVOLVEMENT IN EAST TIMOR USING A RATIONAL ACTOR MODEL 60 States as unitary actors 61 The ‘problem’ of East Timor 63 The national interests at stake 65 Government decisions explained using a rational actor model 74 Allison’s Model I proposition tested 83 Conclusions 83 CHAPTER THREE : NEW ZEALAND’S INVOLVEMENT IN EAST TIMOR USING AN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR MODEL 85 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 86 Official Development Assistance 99 The New Zealand Defence Force 107 New Zealand Police 115 The New Zealand Customs Service, the Department of Corrections, The Department for Courts 120 Coordination Mechanisms across the New Zealand Government 124 Allison’s Model II propositions tested 126 Conclusions 129 3 CHAPTER FOUR : NEW ZEALAND’S INVOLVEMENT IN EAST TIMOR USING A GOVERNMENTAL POLITICS MODEL 131 The Players 132 The Structure of the Game 143 Government decisions explained using a governmental politics model 146 Allison’s Model III propositions tested 163 Conclusions 169 CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION: 170 The usefulness of Allison’s Models as decision-making theory 170 The usefulness of Allison’s models for this case study 176 Should Allison’s models be used for future studies? 182 Implications for policy-makers 189 Conclusions 194 REFERENCES 195 4 Chapter One: Introduction and Methodology This thesis sets out to examine how New Zealand foreign policy decisions were made with respect to the peacekeeping and peace support intervention in East Timor1 from 2000 to 2002. Examining this intervention requires an attention to theoretical models for explaining foreign policy decision making, an understanding of complex peace support operations and how they work and how the New Zealand government decision-making system operates in particular. The thesis aims to assess whether the popular theoretical models for explaining foreign policy decisions developed by Graham Allison help explain the decisions of a small country’s participation in a regional and peace support multinational operation, and whether they help predict future decisions. The framework used for examining foreign policy decision-making is Graham Allison’s influential work The Essence of Decision, which was first published in 1971, and revised and reissued in 1999 (Allison 1971; Allison and Zelikow 1999). Allison’s work examined the case study of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, which was considered “the defining moment of the nuclear age” (Allison and Zelikow 1999: 11). It offered three different models for explaining how the decisions were taken, which Allison hoped would make explicit the conceptual models used by professional analysts of foreign affairs, policy makers and ordinary citizens when they think about problems of foreign and military policy. Allison argued that the “largely implicit conceptual models [currently used] have significant consequences for the content of their thought” (Allison and Zelikow 1999: 3). This first chapter of this thesis explains the centrality of Allison’s work in the modern study of foreign policy decision making, and why his models have therefore been used as the basis for this thesis. It will discuss whether Allison’s models function as 1A note on nomenclature: the country referred to in this thesis as East Timor officially changed its name to Timor-Leste upon independence in May 2002. Because for the majority of the time period covered by this thesis—2000-2002, it was a territory under UN mandate, and was known as East Timor, we have chosen to use this name within this text. However when referring to events in that country in later years (e.g. the violence in 2006) we use the name Timor-Leste. We note that official documents of that country and references to it do not use the hyphen consistently. 5 international relations “theory”. It will then describe Allison’s three models in some detail, before going on to examine some of the ways in which they have been critiqued. Finally the first chapter will then go on to discuss some of the advantages and constraints of these models for analysis of a small country’s foreign policy in a complex peacekeeping context. The subsequent chapters of this thesis take each of Allison’s three paradigms in turn and ‘test’ whether evidence for or against them is apparent from the case study. The conclusion then returns to some of the critiques of Allison’s theories, and discusses whether these are applicable for the case study in question. The overall finding from this study is that on one hand, the three models do indeed offer some useful insights into decision making in the case study. They prove that “light can be shed on the same object from many angles at once” (Welch 1992:142). On the other hand, this thesis cannot conclude that any of these paradigms in itself is a straightforward or universal theory for decision making or that any particular model has unique predictive power for future scenarios. What they do not offer, as some commentators have lamented, is “successful theories that permit general causal inferences, provide cogent explanations and improve predictions” (Welch 1992: 116). Allison and the study of foreign policy decision- making Before discussing Allison’s models in detail, it is important to outline how the study of decision-making fits within the field of the study of foreign policy. The decision making approach to the study of foreign policy was developed in the 1950s and 1960s, with scholars seeking to find a conceptual framework and identifiable variables to test decision scenarios and predict outcomes. Proponents sought to highlight the importance of the internal setting for decision making, social structure and behaviour within a state as well as the decision-making process (Snyder, Bruck et al. 1962; Braybrooke and Lindblom 1963; Rosenau 1967). Some scholars focused on the range of problems or issues which decision-makers must handle (Rosenau 1966; Rosenau 1967), while others looked at variables related to decision makers themselves (Hermann 1978). The approach sought to be positivist science; that is, it aspired to suggest logical propositions which could then be 6 tested by empirical observation of reality.2 In one example, a scholar sought to take all the variables identified in Snyder, Bruck and Sapin’s model and test these in the case of the United States’ decision to enter the Korean war (Paige 1968)3. Despite the important advances it had made, the decision-making approach was criticized in the 1970s for overly narrowing the number of variables studied in order to show clear relationships between variables and outcomes. As one critic noted “this lack of comprehensiveness…resulted in an oversimplification of policy-making behaviour” (Rosati 1981: 239 n 9). Another theme in the American political science literature of the 1950s and 1960s was a focus on bureaucracies and the split (what Allison calls ‘fractionated’) nature of presidential power. Richard Neustadt is most often associated with the focus on bargaining at the intra-governmental level, although Samuel P. Huntington, Warner Schilling, Charles Lindblom and Roger Hilsman also studied these aspects. These scholars sought less to develop schema whereby decisions could be predicted, but rather, they highlighted the complexities of power in the real world. Allison’s 1971 Essence of Decision (Allison 1971) and Morton Halperin’s 1974 Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (Halperin 1974) are the two works most often associated with the establishment of the school of “bureaucratic politics” in the 1970s, which focused both on decision-making processes and on bargaining within the bureaucracy and government. Allison’s work importantly aimed to combine both an 2 Positivism is most often associated with nineteenth century writer Auguste Comte, regarded as the first sociologist. By the 1950s, the “received view” of positivism was that science could be presented as a product, that is, as linguistic or numerical statements. Positivists held that these should demonstrate logical structure and coherence and should be testable; i.e. verified, confirmed or falsified by the empirical observation of reality.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Zealand Hansard Precedent Manual
    IND 1 NEW ZEALAND HANSARD PRECEDENT MANUAL Precedent Manual: Index 16 July 2004 IND 2 ABOUT THIS MANUAL The Precedent Manual shows how procedural events in the House appear in the Hansard report. It does not include events in Committee of the whole House on bills; they are covered by the Committee Manual. This manual is concerned with structure and layout rather than text - see the Style File for information on that. NB: The ways in which the House chooses to deal with procedural matters are many and varied. The Precedent Manual might not contain an exact illustration of what you are looking for; you might have to scan several examples and take parts from each of them. The wording within examples may not always apply. The contents of each section and, if applicable, its subsections, are included in CONTENTS at the front of the manual. At the front of each section the CONTENTS lists the examples in that section. Most sections also include box(es) containing background information; these boxes are situated at the front of the section and/or at the front of subsections. The examples appear in a column format. The left-hand column is an illustration of how the event should appear in Hansard; the right-hand column contains a description of it, and further explanation if necessary. At the end is an index. Precedent Manual: Index 16 July 2004 IND 3 INDEX Absence of Minister see Minister not present Amendment/s to motion Abstention/s ..........................................................VOT3-4 Address in reply ....................................................OP12 Acting Minister answers question.........................
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States
    Order Code RL32876 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States Updated June 16, 2005 Bruce Vaughn Analyst in Southeast and South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States Summary New Zealand and the United States continue to have strong ties despite some differences. These close ties are based on shared cultural traditions and values. Differences between the United States and New Zealand emerged in the mid 1980s over New Zealand’s policy to ban nuclear armed and nuclear powered ships from its ports. This led to a defacto split between the United States and New Zealand within the context of the Australia-New Zealand-United States (ANZUS) alliance. Despite this issue, New Zealand is a regular contributor to international peace operations and has contributed troops to the war against terror in Afghanistan and to assist reconstruction efforts in Iraq. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Helen Clark, who will likely seek a third term as prime minister in elections that must be held before September 2005, New Zealand is seeking a closer economic relationship with the United States through a free trade agreement (FTA). The United States is New Zealand’s second most important trading partner after Australia. While the overall volume of trade with new Zealand is relatively small, at U.S.$5 billion in 2004, progress on the FTA is viewed as politically significant. In February of 2005, Representatives Jim Kolbe and Ellen Tauscher launched the Friends of New Zealand Congressional Caucus.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Penal Populism?
    The Power of Penal Populism: Public Influences on Penal and Sentencing Policy from 1999 to 2008 By Tess Bartlett A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Criminology View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington School of Social and Cultural Studies Victoria University of Wellington June 2009 Abstract This thesis explains the rise and power of penal populism in contemporary New Zealand society. It argues that the rise of penal populism can be attributed to social, economic and political changes that have taken place in New Zealand since the post­war years. These changes undermined the prevailing penal­welfare logic that had dominated policymaking in this area since 1945. It examines the way in which ‘the public’ became more involved in the administration of penal policy from 1999 to 2008. The credibility given to a law and order referendum in 1999, which drew attention to crime victims and ‘tough on crime’ discourse, exemplified their new role. In its aftermath, greater influence was given to the public and groups speaking on its behalf. The referendum also influenced political discourse in New Zealand, with politicians increasingly using ‘tough on crime’ policies in election campaigns as it was believed that this was what ‘the public’ wanted when it came to criminal justice issues. As part of these developments, the thesis examines the rise of the Sensible Sentencing Trust, a unique law and order pressure group that advocates for victims’ rights and the harsh treatment of offenders.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Based Strategic Planning for Sustainable Regional Tourism
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for-the degree of Doctor of Philosophy . In Management and International Business at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand. Kenneth George Munro Simpson 2001 Abstract This thesis is concerned with the processes involved in the determination of tourism policies and development plans, at a sub-national levp.,i in New Zealand. In part icular, it pursues a broad goal which aims : To investigate the validity of :.·takeholder participation and strategic orientation as significant contributor.� to sub-national tourism planning effectiveness in New Zealand. The thesis builds upon the premise that attention to these two foundation issues, at the outset of the planning process, cn:.ates a secure base fo r future planning activity, and that the additional effort required by this approach is rewarded by enhanced support for the development direction subsequently chosen. Within this context, five specific research objectives are established : 1. Describe tf.e structural arrangements that have been established to guide lOilrism'planning activities in New Zealand. 2. Ascertain tile methods used by national, regional, and local agencies to determine lOurism development strategies at a national, regional and local level. 3. Evaluate t'1e extent to which sub-national tourism development strategies incorporate the principles of stake holder participation and strategic orientation. 4. Establish quantitative levels of local resident support for a cross-section sample of sub-national tourism development strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Local Governance: Lessons from New Zealand for Japan
    Comparative Local Governance: Lessons from New Zealand for Japan by Harufumi Shiba A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy School of Government Victoria University of Wellington 2008 Abstract This study concerns local governance in Japan and whether lessons can be derived from New Zealand and other countries. There are significant differences in the constitutional arrangements of Japan and New Zealand and the history and cultural influences that shape local governance in each country. The case studies, which compare three different policy areas in both countries, confirm, however, the usefulness of the comparative analysis. This is not a parallel comparison; the focus is more on lesson learning from different systems and styles of local administrations. The Japanese local government sector is more subject to control and guidance from the centre. A premise of this study is that that a greater degree of autonomy for local government in Japan will be beneficial. ‘Governance’ is a term used in different ways in many contexts. In this study emphasis is placed on the ‘means for achieving direction, control and coordination of individual or organizational units on behalf of their common interests’ (Hill and Lynn Jr, 2004, p. 6). It is associated with the notion of ‘steering’ rather than ‘rowing (Osborne and Gaebler, 1993). Governance is not synonymous with government . In a decentralised environment, local governance concerns the way different interests are settled among, broadly, central government , local authorities and communities . The power balance among central government, local authorities and communities is at the centre of analysis in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Law Society 1869-2019
    A Changing Profession NEW ZEALAND LAW SOCIETY 1869-2019 BY GEOFF ADLAM 18 LAWTALK 932 · SEPTEMBER 2019 NEW ZEALAND LAW SOCIETY ◂ Portrait of Sir James Prendergast, ca 1890–1900 Ref: 1/2-031752-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand On 20 November the New Zealand Law Society Act 1869 Amendment Act 1877 makes it lawful for Law Society members to form a district law society in any Supreme Court district and to elect a Council. The New Zealand Jurist says the number of legal prac- titioners in New Zealand is 225. 1869 1870 1875 1876 1877 On 19 February by warrant James Prendergast is the Governor appoints a appointed Chief Justice. As 12-man Council with James far as can be determined, Prendergast, Attorney- no successor as President General, as President. was appointed. On 3 September Parliament passes the New Zealand Law Society’s Act 1869, for all bar- risters and solicitors of the Supreme Court lawfully practising within the Colony of New Zealand to “for ever hereafter be and be called one body politic and corporate in deed and in law by the name of style of ‘The New Zealand Law Society’.” The New Zealand Law Society is the second lawyers’ organisation to come into exist- ▸ New Zealand Law ence. On 16 October 1868 the Canterbury Society’s Act 1869 District Law Society was established at a New Zealand Acts As meeting in Christchurch. Enacted, NZLII 19 NEW ZEALAND LAW SOCIETY SEPTEMBER 2019 · LAWTALK 932 ◂ Sir Āpirana Ngata, photographed in 1910 by Herman John Schmidt Ref: 1/1-001566-G.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief to Government
    Lumley House 3-11 Hunter Street PO Box 1925 Wellington 6001 Tel: 04 496-6555 Fax: 04 496-6550 www.businessnz.org.nz Rt Hon Helen Clark Prime Minister Hon Ruth Dyson Minister ACC, Labour Hon Lianne Dalziel Minister Commerce, Small Business Hon Judith Tizard Minister Consumer Affairs Hon Trevor Mallard Minister Economic, Industry & Regional Dvpt Hon Steve Maharey Minister Education Hon David Parker Minister Energy, Transport Hon David Benson-Pope Minister Environment Hon Michael Cullen Minister Finance, Tertiary Education Rt Hon Winston Peters Minister Foreign Affairs Hon David Cunliffe Minister Immigration Hon Mark Burton Minister Local Government Hon Peter Dunne Minister Revenue Hon Phil Goff Minister Trade, Trade Negotiations Brief to Government This briefing contains a number of recommendations for which Business NZ seeks your support during the life of this Government: Section 1: Background: economic issues Section 2: Background: desired policy outcomes Section 3: Recommended initial policy outcomes Section 4: About Business NZ Section 2 Desired policy outcomes lists many of the desired outcomes promoted by Business NZ during the last Parliamentary term. They continue to represent the outcomes desired to achieve a business-friendly environment and a growing economy. Section 3 Recommended initial policy outcomes lists potential activity areas that would help lead towards our desired policy outcomes and that may be capable of reaching a successful conclusion over the next 12 – 18 months, given the makeup of the Government and Parliament. These are issues where a positive start can be made, and on which we hope to engage with you in constructive dialogue. Please accept my best wishes for this Parliamentary term.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Service Commission for the Year Ended 30 June 2003
    1A. 2 Report of the Parliamentary Service Commission for the year ended 30 June 2003 Presented to the House of Representatives pursuant to Schedule 2, Clause 11, of the Parliamentary Service Act 2000 A. 2 2 REPORT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SERVICE COMMISSION Membership and Committees The Parliamentary Service Commission comprises representatives from all parties represented in Parliament. The membership of the Parliamentary Service Commission from 1 July 2002 was: Rt. Hon Jonathan Hunt, MP (Chair) David Benson-Pope, MP (representing the Labour party) Peter Brown, MP (representing the NZ First party) Gerry Brownlee, MP (representing the Leader of the Opposition, and the National party) Hon Mark Burton, MP (representing the Leader of the House, and the Labour party) John Carter, MP (representing the National party) Rod Donald, MP (representing the Green party) Hon Peter Dunne, MP (representing the United Future New Zealand party) Hon Richard Prebble, C.B.E., MP (representing the ACT New Zealand party) Hon Matt Robson, MP (representing the Progressive Coalition party) The Interim Commission between Parliaments comprised: Rt. Hon Jonathan Hunt, MP (Chair) Rick Barker, MP (representing the Leader of the House) Hon Roger Sowry, MP (representing the Leader of the Opposition) The House Committee was a committee of the Commission and its membership comprised: Ann Hartley, MP (Chair) Marc Alexander, MP Deborah Coddington, MP 3A. 2 Darren Hughes, MP Sue Kedgley, MP Pita Paraone, MP Pansy Wong, MP A sub-committee to review security measures at Parliament was constituted and its membership comprised: John Carter, MP (Chair) David Benson-Pope, MP Ron Mark, MP Hon Mark Burton, MP, and John Carter, MP, were the Parliamentary Service Commission appointees to the Parliamentary Corporation pursuant to section 29(1)(c) of the Parliamentary Service Act 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iron Rule of Political Contest 33 4 the Everyday Paradox 47 Conclusion to Part One 59
    With Respect Parliamentarians, officials, and judges too Mark Prebble Institute of Policy Studies First printed in 2010 Institute of Policy Studies School of Government Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington © Institute of Policy Studies ISBN 978–1–877347–38–2 IPS 167 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced without the permission of the Institute of Policy Studies. Copy editors: Belinda Hill and Victor Lipski Indexer: Diane Lowther Cover design: Milne Print Cover illustration: ‘Benefits of Good Government’ (detail, inverted); tapestry by Mark Prebble based on the painting by Ambrogio Lorenzetti Printed by Milne Print To information and information technology staff in government agencies who ensure government websites have accessible and accurate information. Their efforts contribute to honesty and openness in the New Zealand government Contents Preface vii Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 Part One: Principle, Contest and Clash: The basics Introduction to Part One 9 2 Constitutional Principles Come from History 11 3 The Iron Rule of Political Contest 33 4 The Everyday Paradox 47 Conclusion to Part One 59 Part Two: Parliament is Sovereign: Or so they say Introduction to Part Two 63 5 Who Makes the Law? 65 6 Who Is in Charge Here? 89 7 Who Makes Things Happen? 105 8 Who Controls Parliament? 119 Conclusion to Part Two 127 Part Three: Parliament in Action Introduction to Part Three 131 9 Making Governments 133 10 Making Laws 147 11 Funding Governments 159 12 Scrutinising Government 173 13 Representation 189 Conclusion to Part Three 207 v With Respect: Parliamentarians, officials, and judges too Part Four: Conclusion 14 Conclusion: Their parliament, and ours too 211 Afterword: A Summary 215 References 217 Cases cited 226 Index 227 vi Preface This book originated in a series of research papers and discussions convened by the Institute of Policy Studies in 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report for the Year Ended 30 June 2008
    A.2 Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2008 Parliamentary Service Commission Te Komihana O Te Whare Premata Presented to the House of Representatives pursuant to Schedule 2, Clause 11 of the Parliamentary Service Act 2000 Report of the Parliamentary Service Commission About the Parliamentary Service Commission The Parliamentary Service Commission is constituted under the Parliamentary Service Act 2000. The Commission has the following functions: • to advise the Speaker on matters such as the nature and objectives of services to be provided to the House of Representatives and members of Parliament; • recommend criteria governing funding entitlements for parliamentary purposes; • recommend persons who are suitable to be members of a review committee; and • consider and comment on draft reports prepared by review committees. The Commission may also require the Speaker or General Manager of the Parliamentary Service to report on matters relating to the administration or the exercise of any function, duty, or power under the Parliamentary Service Act 2000. Membership, Subcommittees and Committees The membership of the Commission is governed under sections 15-18 of the Parliamentary Service Act 2000. Members of the Commission are: • the Speaker, who also chairs the Commission; • the Leader of the House, or a member of Parliament nominated by the Leader of the House; • the Leader of the Opposition, or a member of Parliament nominated by the Leader of the Opposition; • one member for each recognised party that is represented in the House by one or more members; and • an additional member for each recognised party that is represented in the House by 30 or more members (but does not include among its members the Speaker, the Leader of the House, or the Leader of the Opposition).
    [Show full text]
  • — Protest on February 15 —
    Socialist Worker Monthly#4 • February 2003 • $2 Review WE CAN STOP THIS WAR — PROTEST ON FEBRUARYSocialist Worker Monthly Review15 February — 2003 1 What’s on LONDON NEW YORK ROME ATHENS BRISBANE February 15 – International day of action against the war on Iraq Up to 10 million people around the world [email protected] Maunder tel 732 4010 e-mail are expected to protest against war on Iraq [email protected] or Rev Alan PALMERSTON NORTH Cummins tel (03) 768 7667. on February 15. (Note change of date – 13 February) Some of the cities organising protests are Peace March in solidarity with the inter- CHRISTCHURCH shown above. national protest against the greatly esca- Celebrate the International Day of Anti- It will be by far the biggest and most lating the 12 year war on Iraq. Assemble War Action at the Peace Picnic – with en- widespread demonstration of opposition yet at 11-45am on the Railway land, Pitt St for tertainment including The Cooltones, a march to the Square and Te Marae o Oakley Grenell, Anne Low, DJs, stalls and seen. Join the actions in your area! Hine. All welcome to contribute / speak. speakers. Please bring a white flower with For more info contact Manawatu Peace you. From 1pm, at Victoria Square, for AUCKLAND Collective, tel (06) 357 7882, email more info contact Peace Action Network March up Queen Street from QEII Square [email protected] tel (03) 981 2825. at 12 noon. Organised by Global Peace & Justice Auckland. For more info contact WELLINGTON DUNEDIN John Minto, email [email protected], or March and Rally for Peace in the Middle March and Rally to Oppose War in Iraq, Mike Treen email [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Structures and Organisation of Rtos
    http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Regional Tourism Organisations in New Zealand from 1980 to 2005: Process of Transition and Change by Anne Zahra A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosphy at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management University of Waikato 2006 Abstract This thesis is a historical case study tracing the establishment and evolution of Regional Tourism Organisations (RTOs) in New Zealand. It describes their role, structure and functions and the political processes that have influenced how they have operated and changed from 1980 to 2005. RTOs are examined in the context of government policies, local and national politics and tourism private and public sector relationships. RTOs were central to many of the key recommendations of the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 (NZTS 2010) released in 2001.
    [Show full text]