Public Walking Space a Study of Commercial Pedestrian Streets in Copenhagen, Stockholm and Nanjing
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Public Walking Space A study of Commercial Pedestrian Streets in Copenhagen, Stockholm and Nanjing Blekinge Institute of Technology Spatial Planning with an emphasis on Urban Design in China and Europe Author: Guan Wang Tutor:Gunnar Nyström Karlskrona, Sweden 2011 Abstract This diploma work is built up around the topic on public walking spaces, based on the investigation and analysis of commercial pedestrian streets of Copenhagen in Denmark, Stockholm in Sweden and Nanjing in China. It intends to compare the pros and cons of these commercial pedestrian streets and enhance each other by extracting their positive attributes to improve the current situation and public walking space design. This work is constructed as follows: Firstly, the background and problems of public space and public walking space are introduced, and then the history of the subject and its classification are elaborated. Secondly, the relative theories of urban public space and walking space were investigated to provide the theoretical and scientific support to this thesis. Besides, in the case studies, the commercial pedestrian streets in three cities are analyzed respectively, in terms of context, location, transport situation, human-scale design and culture expression. Furthermore, regarding to how people use the public waling space, the investigations and interviews of these three walking streets were carried out. People are classified according to their different activities, and at the same time, their various relative demands for the streetscape are analyzed. 15 people from each street were selected randomly in the interview to provide feedback on four types of questions: traffic, protection, comfort, and enjoyment, which are proposed according to the 12 urban life qualities criteria of Jan Gehl’s research. Their answers are gathered and referenced in the final design proposals. Finally, Hu’nan Road, the commercial street in Nanjing is renewed in the light of all the previous studies. Through the work of the overall planning, transportation planning, and streetscape design, the author tries to solve current problems in the public walking streets, and improve the unsatisfactory status in the public walking street. Keywords: Public walking space, Commercial street, Human activities, Streetscape renovation Acknowledgement I would like to give my sincere thanks to all the people who have helped me during my work. First and foremost, I would like to thank my tutor of this thesis, Gunnar Nyström for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired me greatly to work in this thesis and his support motivated me to keep my original idea. He has given me valuable comments on my thesis from the structure of my thesis to the finalization. Secondly, I would also like to thank Anna Hessle, Staffan Sundström, Jona Jernberg, and Jenny Carlsson who are working in SWECO. They have offered me great help with general ideas and provided me with a lot of valuable case studies. Besides, I would like to thank the Blekinge Institute of Technology for providing me with a good environment and facilities to complete this thesis. Also, I would like to thank my friend Jing Zang, Hang Yin, Mohsin Kamal and other friends who have helped me collect the information of my thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family. I wouldn't complete my thesis without their support and encouragement. Thank you all! Content Chapter I Introduction................................................................................................ 1 1 Background..................................................................................................... 1 2 Problems......................................................................................................... 2 3 Choice of Subject ............................................................................................ 3 3.1 Development history.............................................................................. 3 3.1.1 European development ............................................................... 3 3.1.2 Chinese development.................................................................. 6 3.2 Classification of commercial walking space........................................... 8 3.2.1 By traffic ...................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 By spatial form ............................................................................ 8 4 Research Questions and Aim .......................................................................... 8 5 Delimitation ..................................................................................................... 9 6 Methodology and technical approach ............................................................ 10 Chapter II – Theories research.................................................................................11 1 Definitions and relevant theoretical perspective..............................................11 1.1 Concept of space .................................................................................11 1.2 Concept of public space .......................................................................11 1.3 Meaning of place spirit ........................................................................ 12 1.4 Definition of urban walking space ........................................................ 12 2 Relevant theories of walking space ............................................................... 13 2.1 Theories of modern urban roads development .................................... 13 2.2 Theories of public urban life ................................................................ 14 Chapter III – Cases studies ..................................................................................... 16 1 Case study in Copenhagen ........................................................................... 17 1.1 Contexts of Copenhagen..................................................................... 17 1.1.1 History....................................................................................... 17 1.1.2 Transport................................................................................... 17 1.2 Strøget ................................................................................................ 18 1.2.1 Background............................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Location and edge..................................................................... 18 1.2.3 Transport services..................................................................... 19 1.2.4 The human scale and detail design in pedestrian space............ 21 1.2.5 Cultural expression.................................................................... 26 1.3 Summary............................................................................................. 27 1.3.1 Successful points ...................................................................... 27 1.3.2 Shortcomings ............................................................................ 28 2 Case study in Stockholm ............................................................................... 28 2.1 Contexts of Stockholm......................................................................... 28 2.1.1 History....................................................................................... 29 2.1.2 Transport................................................................................... 29 2.2 Drottninggatan..................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Background............................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Location and edge..................................................................... 30 2.2.3 Transport services..................................................................... 31 2.2.4 Green and blue structure........................................................... 33 2.2.5 The human scale and detail design in pedestrian space............ 34 2.2.6 Cultural expression.................................................................... 36 2.3 Summary............................................................................................. 37 2.3.1 Successes................................................................................. 37 2.3.2 Shortcomings ............................................................................ 37 3 Case study in Nanjing ................................................................................... 37 3.1 Contexts of Nanjing............................................................................. 38 3.1.1 History....................................................................................... 38 3.1.2 Transport................................................................................... 38 3.2 Hu’nan Road ....................................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Background............................................................................... 39 3.2.2 Location and edge..................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Land use ................................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Transport services..................................................................... 39 3.2.4 The human scale and detail design in pedestrian space............ 41 3.2.5 Cultural expression...................................................................