DOCSLIB.ORG

Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Bibliography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unconventional Oil and Gas Development Bibliography HEI’S ENERGY RESEARCH PROGRAM Literature Update UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY December 2018 Monthly Update This bibliography includes: Literature compiled by the Health Effects Institute Special Scientific Committee on Unconventional Oil and Gas Development as it developed its October 2015 Research Agenda on the Potential Impacts of 21st Century Oil and Natural Gas Development in the Appalachian Basin and Beyond. Given its specific charge, the Committee focused its literature review on information related to potential impacts of 21st century oil and natural gas development rather than the enormous literature about the technology that underlies it. In the Research Agenda and here, “21st century oil and natural gas development” refers to the onshore development and production of oil and natural gas from unconventional geologic resources as practiced today, recognizing that industry practices continue to change in response to evolving technologies, regulations, and other factors. More recent literature focused on potential human exposure and health effects associated with 21st century oil and natural gas development. ~ We welcome your suggestions of papers that should be included. Please send to [email protected] ~ 12/12/2018 1 HEI’S ENERGY RESEARCH PROGRAM Literature Update TABLE OF CONTENTS STRESSOR AND EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................................. 5 STRESSOR IDENTIFICATION AND PROPERTIES ........................................................................................................... 5 Drilling and Completion Fluid Composition ........................................................................................................... 5 Wastewater Composition ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Solid Waste Composition .................................................................................................................................... 12 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) ............................................................................................ 13 Air Quality Emission Inventories ......................................................................................................................... 14 Reviews and General Resources .......................................................................................................................... 15 STRESSOR FATE AND TRANSPORT ........................................................................................................................... 15 Forensics/Tracers ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Atmospheric Transport ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Surface Releases (Liquid and Solid Waste Products) ........................................................................................... 16 Subsurface Migration .......................................................................................................................................... 17 Hydraulic Fracturing Depth and Fracture Propagation (as it relates to Ground Water Quality) ........................ 18 Reviews and General Resources .......................................................................................................................... 19 AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Methane .............................................................................................................................................................. 19 Ozone .................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Radiation ............................................................................................................................................................. 25 Monitoring Methods and Protocols .................................................................................................................... 26 Monitoring Data and/or Modeling ..................................................................................................................... 27 Appalachia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Colorado/Southwest ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 North Dakota .................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Texas ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Utah and Wyoming .......................................................................................................................................................... 33 U.S. Multi-Regional or National Scale ............................................................................................................................. 33 Canada .............................................................................................................................................................................. 34 International ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Reviews and General Resources .......................................................................................................................... 34 WATER QUALITY AND USE ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Surface Water Quality Baseline Measurements ................................................................................................. 36 Surface Water Quality Monitoring and/or Modeling ......................................................................................... 36 Drinking Water Quality (sourced from groundwater or surface water) ............................................................. 39 Arkansas ........................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Appalachia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Colorado ........................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Texas ................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 Wyoming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Ground Water Quality Baseline Measurements ................................................................................................. 42 Ground Water Quality Modeling and/or Monitoring ......................................................................................... 45 Appalachia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Canada .............................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Colorado and Wyoming ................................................................................................................................................... 46 Montana ........................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Texas ................................................................................................................................................................................ 47 12/12/2018 2 HEI’S ENERGY RESEARCH PROGRAM Literature Update Water Use ........................................................................................................................................................... 48 Reviews and General Resources .......................................................................................................................... 51 SOIL QUALITY ........................................................................................................................................................... 54 SEDIMENT QUALITY ................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pp-03-25-New Dots.Qxd 10/23/02 2:41 PM Page 778
    pp-03-25-new dots.qxd 10/23/02 2:41 PM Page 778 778 PRAESODYMIUM PRAESODYMIUM [7440–10–0] Symbol Pr; atomic number 59; atomic weight 140.908; a lanthanide–series rare earth element; belongs to the cerium group of rare earths; electron con- figuration [Xe] 4f36s2; partially filled f subshell; valence states +3, +4; most 3+ stable oxidation state +3; electrode potential E°/V (aq) for Pr + 3e¯ ↔ Pr is –2.35 V; atomic radius 1.828 Å; first ionization potential 5.46 eV; one natu- rally–occurring isotope, Pr–141; twenty–nine artificial radioactive isotopes known in the mass range 124, 126–140 and 142–154; the longest–lived isotope Pr–143, t1/2 13.57 day, and the shortest–lived isotope Pr–124, t1/2 1.2 second. History, Occurrence, and Uses Mosander extracted from the mineral lanthana a rare earth fraction, named didymia in 1841. In 1879, Boisbaudran separated a rare earth oxide called samaria (samarium oxide) from the didymia fraction obtained from the mineral samarskite. Soon after that in 1885, Baron Auer von Welsbach iso- lated two other rare earths from didymia. He named them as praseodymia (green twin) and neodymia (new twin) after their source didymia (twin). The name praseodymium finally was assigned to this new element, derived from the two Greek words, prasios meaning green and didymos meaning twin. Praseodymium occurs in nature associated with other rare earths in a rel- atively high abundance. It is more abundant than some common metals such as silver, gold, or antimony. The average concentration of this metal in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 8.2 mg/kg.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Intravenous Injections of Radium Bromide. by R
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF RADIUM BROMIDE. BY R. BURTON-OPITZ AND GUSTAVE M. MEYER. (From the Laboratories of Physiology and Physiological Chemistry of Colum- bia University, at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.) PLATE XVI. The present study was undertaken with a view of determining in a general way the effects of intravenous administration of ra- dium upon the circulation and respiration. The problem was sug- gested to us by Dr. William J. Gies, under whose guidance a number of researches, dealing with the more extensive question of the action of radium upon animal and vegetable cells, have re- cently been carried on in the laboratories of Columbia University.1 For the radium used in these experiments we are greatly in- debted to Mr. Hugo Lieber. It was supplied to us in the form of the bromide, in preparations of 240 , iooo, and io,ooo activities. The strength of the solution used was the same in all cases. It contained 45 rag. of the dry substance in 25 c. c. of the solvent; each cubic centimeter of the solution, therefore, contained 1.8 rag. of the radium preparation. The amount of the radium present varies directly with the ra- dio-activity. Preparations of ~,5oo,ooo activity are said to repre- sent pure radium bromide3 Taking this figure as the standard of purity, ~ .8 rag. of the radium preparation of io,ooo activity contained approximately only o.o~ 26 mg., the same quantity of the preparation of ~ooo activity contained o.ooi26 rag.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemistry of Strontium and Barium Scales
    Association of Water Technologies October 20 -23, 2010 Reno, NV, USA The Chemistry of Strontium and Barium Scales Robert J. Ferguson and Baron R. Ferguson French Creek Software, Inc. Kimberton, PA 19442 (610) 935-8337 (610) 935-1008 FAX [email protected] [email protected] Abstract New ‘mystery scales’ are being encountered as cooling tower operators increase cycles to new highs, add ‘reuse’ water to the make-up, and utilize new make-up water sources as part of an overall water conservation strategy. Scales rarely, if ever, encountered in the past are emerging as potential problems. This threat of unexpected scale is compounded because most water treatment service companies do not include barium and strontium in their make-up water analyses. Water sources with even as little 0.01 mg/L of Ba (as Ba) can become very scale-forming with respect to barite (BaSO4) when tower concentration ratios are increased and sulfuric acid used for pH control. Make-up waters incorporating reverse osmosis concentrate can also provide a strontium and barium source. In some cases, produced waters are also being used in an effort for greener water use. This paper discusses the chemistry of the barium and strontium based scales barite (BaSO4), celestite (SrSO4), witherite (BaCO3) and strontianite (SrCO3). Conditions for formation and control from a water treater’s perspective are emphasized. Indices for prediction are discussed. Scale Prediction and the Concept of Saturation A majority of the indices used routinely by water treatment chemists are derived from the basic concept of saturation. A water is said to be saturated with a compound (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Strontium Sulfate Scale Prevention
    Tech Manual Excerpt Water Chemistry and Pretreatment Strontium Sulfate Scale Prevention Strontium Calculation /8/ Sulfate Scale Prediction of SrSO scaling potential is performed in the same way as the previously Prevention 4 described procedure for CaSO4: 1. Calculate the ionic strength of the concentrate stream (Ic) following the procedure described in Scaling Calculations (Form No. 45-D01551-en): Eq. 1 2. Calculate the ion product (IPc) for SrSO4 in the concentrate stream: Eq. 2 where: m 2+ 2+ ( Sr )f = M Sr in feed, mol/L m 2– 2– ( SO4 )f = M SO4 in feed, mol/L 3. Compare IPc for SrSO4 with the solubility product (Ksp) of SrSO4 at the ionic strength of the concentrate stream, Figure 1 in Calcium Fluoride Scale Prevention (Form No. 45-D01556-en). If IPc ≥ 0.8 Ksp, SrSO4 scaling can occur, and adjustment is required. Adjustments for SrSO4 Scale Control The adjustments discussed in Calcium Sulfate Scale Prevention (Form No. 45-D01553-en) for CaSO4 scale control apply for SrSO4 scale control as well. Page 1 of 2 Form No. 45-D01555-en, Rev. 4 April 2020 Excerpt from FilmTec™ Reverse Osmosis Membranes Technical Manual (Form No. 45-D01504-en), Chapter 2, "Water Chemistry and Pretreatment." Have a question? Contact us at: All information set forth herein is for informational purposes only. This information is general information and may differ from that based on actual conditions. Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are www.dupont.com/water/contact-us appropriate for Customer's use and for ensuring that Customer's workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other government enactments.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns NATIONAL BUREAU of STANDARDS
    NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY Research Information Center Gaithersburg, MD 20899 NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. A1 11 00988606 /NBS monograph QC100 .U556 V25-12;1975 C.1 NBS-PUB-C 19 NBS MONOGRAPH 25 " SECTION 12 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Meas- urement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Nuclear Sciences 2 — Applied Radiation 2 — Quantum Electronics 3 — Electromagnetics 3 — Time 3 3 3 and Frequency — Laboratory Astrophysics — Cryogenics .
    [Show full text]
  • Pickard Hall
    (iJ University of Missouri Environmental Health & Safety 180 General Services Building Columbia, MO 65211 PHONE 573-882-7018 FAX 573-882-7940 EMAIL [email protected] WEB ehs.missouri.edu September 25, 2018 Mike LaFranzo Senior Health Physicist Region III - Division of Nuclear Materials and Safety US Nuclear Regulatory Commission 2443 Warrenville Road, Suite 210 Lisle, IL 60532-4352 Re: Response to additional information required to continue amendment review of Pickard Hall Characterization -Reference ML No. 18138A148, Mail Control No. 586692, License No. 24-00513-32, Docket No. 030-02278 Dear Mr. LaFranzo: As requested in the May 1, 2018 decommissioning site visit, please see the attached updated Pickard Hall Site Characterization Plan (SCP) and Pickard Hall Decommissioning Project (PHDP) Radiation Safety Manual (RSM). Revisions to the SCP and PHDP RSM address the NRC's comments from the site visit concerning additional descriptions of radiological airborne controls and monitoring along with further elaboration of the licensee's audit program with regard to quality assurance and quality control monitoring efforts of the contractor while performing work with licensed material. Additionally, MU has included all commitments made in previous requests for additional information into the revised SCP and/or revised RSM. The revisions will supersede any commitments made in prior RAI responses. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at (573) 882-7018. Felicity Beckfield, MS, CHP Radiation Safety Officer cc: Todd Houts, Director, MU Environmental Health & Safety encl: Attachment 1: Pickard Hall Site Characterization Plan Attachment 2: Pickard Hall Decommissioning Project Radiation Safety Manual • Attachment 1: Pickard Hall Site Characterization Plan • • ,, University of Missouri • Pickard Hall Site Characterization Plan Pickard Hall 405 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns
    NBS MONOGRAPH 25—SECTION 4 Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and mainte- nance of the national standards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices for incorporation in codes and specifi- cations advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems ; invention ; and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers m the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's activities is suggested in the following listing of its three Institutes and their organizatonal units. Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Mechanics. Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation Phys- ics. Radio Standards Laboratory:* Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering. Office of Standard Reference Data. Institute for Materials Research.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
    Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride
    [Show full text]
  • DOCUMENT RESUME ED 071 911 SE 015 548 TITLE Project Physics
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 071 911 SE 015 548 TITLE Project Physics Teacher Guide 6, The Nucleus. INSTITUTION Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Project Physics. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW) Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. BUREAU NO BR-5-1038 PUB DATE 68 CONTRACT OEC-5-10-058 NOTE 235p.; Authorized Interim Version EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-S9.87 DESCRIPTORS Instructional Materials; *Multimedia Instruction; *Nuclear Physics; Physics; *Radiation; Science Activities; Secondary Grades; *Secondary School Science; *Teaching Glides; Teaching Procedures IDENTIFIERS Harvard Project Physics ABSTRACT Teaching procedures of Project Physics Unit 6are presented to help teachers make effectiveuse of learning materials. Unit contents are discussed in connection withteaching aid lists, multi-media schedules, schedule blocks, andresource charts. Brief summaries are made for transparencies, 16mm films, and reader articles. Included is information about the backgroundand development of each unit chapter, procedures in demonstrations, apparatus operations, notes on the student handbook, andan explanation of film loops. Additional articlesare concerned with objects dated by radiocarbon, radiation safety, propertiesof radiations, radioactive sources, radioactivity determinationby electroscopes, and radiation detecting devices.Scalers, counters, Geiger tubes, and cadmium selenide photocellsare analyzed; and a bibliography of references is given, Solutionsto the study guide are provided in detail, and answers to test itemsare suggested. The sixth unit of the text, with marginal commentson each section, is also compiled in the manual. The work of Harvard ProjectPhysics has . been financially supported by: the Carnegie Corporation ofNew York, the Ford Foundation, the National Science Foundation,the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the United States office of Education,and Harvard University.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Field Sampling and Preservation Methods for Strontium-90 in Ground Water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho
    EVALUATION OF FIELD SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION METHODS FOR STRONTIUM-90 IN GROUND WATER AT THE IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY, IDAHO By L. DeWayne Cecil, LeRoy L. Knobel, and Steven J. Wegner U.S. Geological Survey and Linda L. Moore U.S. Department of Energy U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4146 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Idaho Falls, Idaho September 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: Project Office U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey INEL, MS 4148 Books and Open-File Reports Section P.O. Box 2230 Box 25425, Federal Center, Bldg. 810 Idaho Falls, ID 83403-2230 Denver, CO 80225 11 CONTENTS Page Abstract. .............................. 1 Introduction. ............................ 2 Purpose and scope. ....................... 4 Geohydrologic setting. ..................... 4 Previous investigations. .................... 6 Acknowledgments......................... 8 Sampling and preservation methods .................. 8 Analytical methods.......................... 9 Reporting of strontium-90 data. ................... 10 Quality assurance .......................... 12 Precision of analytical results ................... 12 Conclusions ............................. 14 References cited. .......................... 15 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Map showing location of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and selected facilities ...... 3 2. Map showing location of selected wells sampled for strontium-90 ..................... 5 TABLES Table 1.--Strontium-90 concentrations and associated analytical uncertainties in ground water from selected wells at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. ..... 17 2.--Statistical comparison of strontium-90 concentrations and associated analytical uncertainties in acidified and unacidified samples of ground water from selected wells, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry of Strontium in Natural Water
    Chemistry of Strontium in Natural Water GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1496 This water-supply paper was printed as separate chapters A-D UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: U.S. Geological Survey. Chemistry of strontium in natural water. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1962. iii, 97 p. illus., diagrs., tables. 24 cm. (Its Water-supply paper 1496) Issued as separate chapters A-D. Includes bibliographies. 1. Strontium. 2. Water-Analysis. I. Title. (Series) CONTENTS [The letters in parentheses preceding the titles are those used to designate the separate chapters] Page (A) A survey of analytical methods for the determination of strontium in natural water, by C. Albert Horr____________________________ 1 (B) Copper-spark method for spectrochemical determination of strontirm in water, by Marvin W. Skougstad-______-_-_-_--_~__-___-_- 19 (C) Flame photometric determination of strontium in natural water, by C. Albert Horr_____._____._______________... 33 (D) Occurrence and distribution of strontium in natural water, by Margin W. Skougstad and C. Albert Horr____________.___-._-___-. 55 iii A Survey of Analytical Methods fc r The Determination of Strontium in Natural Water By C. ALBERT HORR CHEMISTRY OF STRONTIUM IN NATURAL rVATER GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1496-A This report concerns work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with the permission of the Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Minerals Yearbook Strontium
    2005 Minerals Yearbook STRONTIUM U.S. Department of the Interior July 2006 U.S. Geological Survey STRONTIUM By Joyce A. ober Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Hoa P. Phamdang, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Regina R. Coleman, international data coordinator. Domestic strontium consumption decreased for the sixth sodium sulfide, sodium hydrosulfide, and strontium nitrate consecutive year because its major end use, color television businesses. Aligning the two companies’ operations in Germany, faceplate glass production, had declined dramatically in the India, the republic of Korea, and mexico allowed them to United States owing to the shift of production to Asia and compete more efficiently in the changing markets, especially in increased popularity of new flat panel television displays that do Asia (Solvay S.A., 2005). not use strontium carbonate in their glass. Worldwide, strontium ore production increased as a result of significantly expanded Consumption production in China and mexico. Strontium occurs commonly in nature; it averages 0.04% The uSGS estimated the distribution of strontium compounds of the Earth’s crust and is the 15th element in abundance by end use. of the six operations to which a survey request was (MacMillan and others, 1994). only two minerals, celestite sent, five responded. the information collected from this survey (strontium sulfate) and strontianite (strontium carbonate), and the information provided by the u.S. Census Bureau on however, contain strontium in sufficient quantities to make strontium trade were the bases for the end-use estimates listed in its recovery practical. of the two, celestite occurs much more table 2.
    [Show full text]