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Indigenous Natural Enemies of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

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Indigenous Natural Enemies of the Invasive Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ABSTRACT Title of Document: INDIGENOUS NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE INVASIVE BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG, HALYOMORPHA HALYS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) Ashley Lynn Jones, Master of Science, 2013 Directed By: Associate Professor Paula Shrewsbury, Department of Entomology Brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species native to Southeastern Asia. Since its arrival into the U.S., BMSB has become an economically important pest in many cropping systems, including woody ornamental plants. Here I have explored the potential impact of indigenous natural enemies on BMSB in woody ornamental nursery systems in Maryland. When sampling for indigenous natural enemies in 2012 and 2013, I found seven species of egg parasitoids attacking BMSB with especially high parasitism rates from Anastatus reduvii. Overall egg mortality averaged 58% and parasitism rates increased from32% in 2012 to 44% in 2013. When sampling for predators as biological control agents, predation was low overall. I found that Arilus cristatus consumed more BMSB than any other predator species tested though low abundances were observed in the field. I also found that the use of sentinel egg masses may underestimate rates of parasitism. INDIGENOUS NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE INVASIVE BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG, HALYOMORPHA HALYS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) By Ashley Lynn Jones Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2013 Advisory Committee: Associate Professor Paula M. Shrewsbury, Chair Associate Professor Cerruti R.R. Hooks Professor Michael J. Raupp © Copyright by Ashley Lynn Jones 2013 Dedication This work is dedicated to all of my family and friends for their unwavering support throughout every endeavor of my life. I am so fortunate to have this amazing network of endless love and encouragement. To my Dad, who is my greatest hero, has always taught me all the right lessons about how to succeed and be happy in this world. He has always had my back and no words can ever really express my love and gratitude for all he has done for me. To my Mom, who defines love and support of her children, has never been shy to tell me how proud she is and even in hard times has never backed down in her efforts to aid me in my life path. I am so lucky and proud to have such a strong woman to look up to, I am forever grateful. To Crystal, who has shown me a kindness and compassion I have seen equal in no other, has taught me so many invaluable lessons on how I can only wish to carry myself. I will always look up to your sense of caring, love, and pride you seem to always find in others. To my sister, who probably taught me the most about life, has always loved and supported me. Through thick and thin, I will always love you. To my Aunt Tina and John, for always providing love and laughs when I needed them most. To my close friends, for not only helping me get through school, but showing me that it is possible to find family in unfamiliar places. To all of my family and friends, I could not have done it without you, I love you all. ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Paula Shrewsbury. Upon our first meeting, I knew that with her guidance, wisdom, and experience, I would be able to accomplish any goal I may have set for myself. Paula is an incredible scientist with an ability to portray and organize information in a way many wish they could. She is also a wonderful person who I have come to admire greatly as a professional and a mentor. I cannot thank Paula enough for the amount of hard work, patience, and support she has given me throughout my graduate career. I would also like to thank Cerruti Hooks for his support and advice, which were instrumental in the creation and execution of this work. I would like to thank Mike Raupp for the invaluable advice and time spent on generating and understanding these studies. I would like to thank the aforementioned for serving on my advisory committee and assisting me in every aspect along the way. I would also like to thank the members of the Shrewsbury, Raupp, and Dively labs for all of their support, both personal and professional. Most notably Dave Jennings, Erik Bergmann, and Nancy Harding have been not only great friends, but reliable sources of support and advice. The field technicians who aided me in these studies were truly the backbone of this research. Without them, data collection on this scale would have been impossible. These wonderful people include Kelly Jackson, Stokes Aker, Caroline Brodo, Rory Peabody, Chris Riley, and Ryan Wallace. iii I could not have completed this project without the owners and staff of our nursery sites. I would like to thank Steve Black, Kelly Lewis, and Nick Graves for their cooperation and enthusiasm for our work. I would also like to thank a fellow graduate student and my great friend, Grace Kunkel, for making the transition into graduate life a lot easier. Without the support and friendship you have given me, I would not have been able to fully enjoy this leg of my academic career as I did. iv Table of Contents Dedication ..................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................v List of Tables .............................................................................................................vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................viii Chapter 1: Field surveys of egg mortality and indigenous egg parasitoids of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in mid- Atlantic woody ornamental nurseries ........................................................................1 Abstract ................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................2 Methods................................................................................................................10 Study Sites and Experimental Design ............................................................10 Field Sampling of Trees for Eggs ..................................................................11 Assessment of Egg Fate .................................................................................12 Statistical Analysis .........................................................................................13 Results ..................................................................................................................14 Discussion ............................................................................................................16 Chapter 2: Survey and evaluation of endemic predators of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, in woody ornamental nurseries of the mid-Atlantic 25 Abstract ................................................................................................................25 Introduction ..........................................................................................................25 Methods................................................................................................................28 Field Sites.......................................................................................................28 BMSB and Predator Field Density ................................................................28 Laboratory Feeding Trials..............................................................................29 v Statistical Analysis .........................................................................................30 Results ..................................................................................................................31 BMSB and Predator Field Density ................................................................31 Laboratory Feeding Trials..............................................................................31 Discussion ............................................................................................................32 Chapter 3: Comparison of sentinel and naturally laid egg masses for assessing parasitism of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ............................................................................................................41 Abstract ................................................................................................................41 Introduction ..........................................................................................................42 Methods................................................................................................................44 Study Sites .....................................................................................................44 Sentinel Egg Mass Preparation ......................................................................45 Wild Egg Mass Searching ..............................................................................46 2012 Sentinel Egg Mass Output and Pairing with Wild Egg Masses
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