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Home , Agabetes, Anastatus, Boreus, Cerodontha, Diplolepis (wasp), Eukiefferiella

Spring 2002 Vol. 21, No. 1

NEWSLETTER OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (TERRESTRIAL )

Table of Contents

General Information and Editorial Notes ...... (inside front cover) News and Notes Activities at the Entomological Societies’ Meeting ...... 1 Summary of the Scientific Committee Meeting...... 3 Biological Survey Website Update ...... 12 The Alberta Lepidopterists’ Guild...... 13 Project Update: Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands ...... 14 Canadian Perspectives: The Study of Dormancies and Life Cycles...15 The Quiz Page...... 19 Virtual Museum of the Strickland Museum of Entomology ...... 20 Arctic Corner Introduction ...... 22 Alaska Insect Survey Project...... 22 European Workshop of Invertebrate Ecophysiology 2001...... 23 Selected Future Conferences ...... 24 Answers to Faunal Quiz...... 26 Quips and Quotes ...... 27 List of Requests for Material or Information ...... 28 Cooperation Offered ...... 34 List of Email Addresses...... 35 List of Addresses ...... 37 Index to Taxa ...... 39 General Information

The Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) appears twice yearly. All material without other accreditation is prepared by the Secretariat for the Biological Survey.

Editor: H.V. Danks Head, Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) Canadian Museum of Nature P.O. Box 3443, Station “D” Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4 TEL: 613-566-4787 FAX: 613-364-4022 E-mail: [email protected]

Queries, comments, and contributions to the Newsletter are welcomed by the editor. Deadline for material for the Fall 2002 issue is July 15, 2002.

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Editorial Notes The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) develops and coordinates national initiatives in taxonomic and ecological entomology on behalf of the Canadian Museum of Nature (formerly the National Museum of Natural Sciences) and the Entomological Society of Canada. This Newsletter communicates information about systematic and faunistic entomology that may be of interest in Canada, and reports especially on activities relevant to the Biological Survey.

This newsletter will also be available soon on the Survey’s website at: http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/bschome.htm Vol. 21, No. 1 1

News and Notes

Activities at the Entomological Societies’ Meeting he 2001 Joint Annual Meeting of the Ento- Entomology in parks: general values and needs. Tmological Society of Canada and the Ento- H.V. Danks mological Society of Ontario took place in Ni- The state of entomological inventory, monitoring, agara Falls, 20-24 October 2001. The meeting and systematic research in Ontario’s protected was attended by more than 250 people. Many areas system. W.J. Crins and D.A. Sutherland student members presented papers, with 39 en- diversity studies in southern Ontario trants for the student paper competition. Items parks. S.A. Marshall in the program or associated with it included: Perspectives on the role of entomological informa- A plenary session on “2001: An Insect Odyssey”. tion in designing and sustaining Canada’s net- Symposia on “Emerging Technologies in Pest work of conservation lands. G.J. Umphrey Management” and “Tree Fruit Entomology” Entomology and Canada’s national parks. D. Workshops on “Entomology in Parks and Protected Rivard Spaces”, “Bringing to the Public”, “Deal- Linking the functional roles of airborne insects with ing with New Insect Introductions”, “Entomol- their peatland black spruce habitats: a justifica- ogy of Vineyards in Canada”, and “Spatial Anal- tion for boreal forest ecosystem preservation. ysis in Applied Entomology” A.M. Deans, S.M. Smith and J.R. Malcolm Submitted papers in 5 sessions The effects of burn season (spring, summer, fall) on An extensive poster session the spider fauna of a tallgrass prairie in southern A student paper competition, in four sessions, for Manitoba. D. Wade the President’s prize of the Entomological Soci- Untangling the threads of boreal spider ety of Canada and the student paper prize of the bioindication. D.P. Shorthouse, J.R. Spence Entomological Society of Ontario. and W.J.A. Volney The ESC Heritage Lecture, given by Dr. Freeman Influence of pea aphid sex pheromone on natural McEwen, entitled “Milestones in Canadian En- enemy populations in alfalfa fields. M.J. Uddin, tomology” (including mention of the Biological N.J. Holliday, P.A. MacKay, W. Powell, J.A. Survey of Canada) Pickett and S. Graves The ESC Gold Medal Address given by Dr. John Zoogeography and gall specificity of Torymus Spence (: ) inhabit- Governing Board and Annual General ing rose galls induced by Diplolepis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Canada. S. J. Meetings also took place, the Gold Medal and Rempel and J.D. Shorthouse other honours were awarded, and there were many opportunities for informal exchange of Abundance and species richness of information, including an opening reception (Coleoptera) in prairie ponds of southern Mani- and a banquet. toba. M. Alperyn and R. Roughley Papers on systematics and related themes Diptera diversity in a Quebec old growth forest. E. Fast The following titles include some of the papers of faunal interest that were presented in of canopy arthropods in eastern tem- the various scientific sessions, including post- perate forests. C. Vance, S. Smith and J. ers. (Interesting treatments on a range of other Malcolm subjects also were presented in the various ses- A new of parathalassiine from Baltic sions.) amber, with a cladistic analysis of the 2 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Microphorinae + lineage Molecular of two cryptic species: (Diptera: ). S.E. Brooks and J.M. Gryllus rubens and G. texensis. M. Seifried, P. Cumming Barnfield, D. Gray and M.H. Richards Classification, reconstructed phylogeny, and Systematics of the Nearctic species of Cerodontha biogeography of Nearctic Brychius Thomson (Cerodontha) (Diptera: ). S. (Coleoptera: Haliplidae). T. Mousseau and R. Boucher Roughley Microsatellite analyses of relationship in eusocial Coevolution of Heliconius spp. and their Passiflora sweat bees. R. Beattie, R. Paxton and M.H. host-plants: a phylogenetic comparison. A. Richards Ossowski and F.F. Hunter Responses in arthropod diversity to sugar maple de- Physical gene mapping on blackfly polytene chro- composition. S. Murray, S. Smith and T. mosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization Wheeler (FISH). M. Spironello and F. Hunter Investigating apple aphid genotypes using A phylogenetic investigation of Nearctic Simulium microsatellites. R.G. Foottit, G. Lushai and T. s.s. (Diptera: Simuliidae) using cytochrome b, Lowery cytochrome oxidase II and elongation factor Carabid fauna of vineyards. H. Goulet, L. Lesage, 1-alpha. M. Smith and D. Currie N.J. Bostanian and C. Vincent Metabolic cold adaptation and its hemispheric Insects of vineyards in British Columbia. T. Low- asymmetry in insects. A. Addo-Bediako ery Genetic relatedness and aggression within and Entomology of New York vineyards. G.E. Loeb among populations of the western thatch ant, Formica obscuripes Forel. R. Hepburn, B. S. Woodnesting aculeates for teaching and research. Lindgren and D. Heath P. Hallett Carnivorous plants: A dual role for arthropods? Carabid in aspen forest along an urban-rural G.L. Murza and A.R. Davis gradient. D. Hartley and J.R. Spence Recruitment of natural enemies to an introduced Larval morphology of Crotch bark . N. Rudzik and S.M. Smith (Coleoptera: : Dytiscideae): the hy- pothesis of sister-group relationship with guild of Delia radicum (L.), in canola in subfamily revisited. Y. Alarie Prairie Provinces. K.S. Hemachandra and N.J. Holliday Holarctic distributions in Diptera: the role of the re- searcher. T.A. Wheeler Parasitoid communities of concealed insect pests: a case study of the cherry bark tortrix. W. Jenner, Long-term changes in species U. Kuhlmann, J. Cossentine and B. Roitberg compostion on fescue grassland at Stavely, Al- berta, and dry mixed (short grass) grassland at Seasonal abundance and distribution of Mamestra Onefour, Alberta, in response to grazing and brassicae L. (: ) and its weather. D.L. Johnson parasitoids in organic vegetable fields in Swit- zerland. N. Lauro, U. Kuhlmann, P. Mason and N. Holliday Vol. 21, No. 1 3

Summary of the meeting of the Scientific Committee of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), October 2001 The Scientific Committee met in Ottawa tended and successful. A second expedition on October 11-12, 2001. will be run next summer, probably for one week in a different grassland site. Details would be Scientific projects announced later. Potential sites, components, The various scientific projects of the and timing were discussed. Survey were discussed, including the following A proposal for a symposium on the progress. grasslands project has been accepted by the pro- gram committee for the 2002 ESC joint Annual 1. Grasslands Meeting in Winnipeg and this symposium is in- The draft of a grasslands prospectus was tended as the driving force behind the first vol- discussed. It is intended to support the project ume planned from the project, focussing on by outlining the scientific concept and other in- habitat-based studies. formation, to help get other people interested in the project as well as support funding applica- 2. Seasonal adaptations tions. The current draft expands the review of This project on seasonal adaptations existing knowledge on grasslands and adds a continues to progress on several fronts, with pa- section on procedures. The final document pers published or submitted on dormancy re- would be posted on the Biological Survey sponses in insects and related themes, as well as website and its Executive Summary included in conference presentations. Some interesting re- the next Grasslands Newsletter. The maps are sults have come from student work on mito- still in draft and some decisions remain about chondrial status during winter and a manuscript which grasslands and how much detail should is being drafted. Additional invited contribu- be included. tions on seasonal adaptations are being pre- The Committee endorsed the draft, ap- pared. preciating especially the thorough coverage of 3. Arctic invertebrate biology work to date and concluding that the document nicely shows a plan, an organization and some Dr. James Kruse, museum curator of en- proposed projects, that will help to persuade co- tomology at the University of Alaska, Fair- operators across the country of the merits of the banks, is trying to set up an Alaska insect sur- project. Some possible ways to supplement the vey, modelled in part after the Biological Sur- draft and its conceptual framework, and refer- vey of Canada. He is seeking cooperators as ence to the role of the Biological Survey, were well as funds for the project [see p. 22]. Dr. also suggested. It was agreed that a final docu- Shorthouse reported on his travel to the Fort ment would be produced, including photo- Severn area of Ontario, the most southern tun- graphs, for posting on the web and for a limited dra, and collected interesting arthropod mate- print run. rial including new records and one new species. An update was provided about the grass- 4. Insects of Keewatin and Mackenzie land project collecting expedition at the Onefour substation, held with the assistance of A northern canoe trip like the one in Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in June / 2000 had not been possible in 2001. Instead July 2001, and designed to bring people to- there was a very successful collecting trip in the gether to collect and share information. The Great Slave Lake area. Plans are proceeding for Onefour area is of interest because it is the a trip to the Thelon River in the summer of northernmost extension for a number of species 2002. This will necessitate numerous permits. from the U.S. and there has been a lot of insect Several participants are already committed, po- collecting there. The expedition was well at- tentially for 2 ½ weeks in early July. Very inter- 4 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

esting results have already come from the mate- mens in collections. Various examples of re- rial collected in 2000 from the Horton River. cently introduced or recently spread introduced Other northern areas will be visited in future species were given. years. A possible synthesis of results from the Horton River expedition is being discussed. 3. Survey website A detailed report on progress with and Other scientific priorities problems of the Survey website was given, in order to illustrate that the amount of time re- 1. Arthropod fauna of soils quired to put something on the web is often un- An update on the project appeared in the derestimated. The process of not only getting fall newsletter [Newsletter of the Biological content but also dealing with other necessary Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) details uses up a lot of energy and resources. 20(2): 51-57, 2001.]. Information on confer- Even simple adjustments (e.g. to links) are very ences and publications was circulated (e.g. The time consuming. On the positive side the site Soil Ecology Society Conference. 2001 A Soil seems to be well received and contains useful Odyssey. May 20-23, 2001; the draft document content. Three potential problems are being ad- on “Soil Biodiversity. Issues for Canadian Ag- dressed. One continuing problem is the delayed riculture” will be published in a special issue of posting of new material and changes because of the Canadian Journal of Soil Science in 2002). the need to work through the Entomological So- Various collaborative projects on arthropods ciety of Canada. Also, the ESC plans to reorga- from grasslands soils and other habitats con- nize its web site and probably to serve it else- tinue. A digitized version of the catalogue of where (i.e. not at the University of Alberta), so oribatids of North America (originally pub- that the Survey is trying to keep updated on the lished as a memoir in 1987) has been posted at ESC issue, while at the same time exploring http://www.earthworksresearch.com/ergdownl other options. Finally, the Survey's database oad.htm. needs to be refined to get proper functionality on the web, but first decisions are needed about 2. Invasions and reductions the structure and the long-term stability of the A workshop on “Dealing with new in- website platform. It is hoped that all of these is- sect introductions” was organized for the ESC sues will soon be clarified, so that appropriate annual meeting, and a continuing event is being adjustments to the website can be implemented considered, with specialized workshops on var- [and see p. 12 ]. ious aspects of dealing with new introductions 4. Brief on standards for specimen data labels and invasions. The year 2001 was conspicuous for new introduced pests. A national workshop The brief had been produced and well on invasive alien species is taking place in No- received [Wheeler, T.A., J.T. Huber and D.C. vember, and the topic is attracting a lot of atten- Currie. 2001. Label data standards for terres- tion at both scientific and managerial levels. trial arthropods. A brief prepared by the Biolog- ical Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). New problems and new species are re- Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Ar- ceived regularly by the pest diagnostic clinic for thropods) Document Series No. 8, ISBN the province of Quebec. However, it is some- 0-9689321-0-X. 20 pp.]. Ways to make this and times difficult to identify taxonomists who can other Survey briefs available in French were identify difficult insects. This shortage of ex- discussed and such possibilities will be investi- pertise is an area of growing concern for the gated further. clinic and many other groups such as growers. It was pointed out that the key to solving some of these problems is also having documentation about the past situation in the form of speci- Vol. 21, No. 1 5

5. Publication of systematic and faunistic The Committee discussed various questions, papers such as the numbers of vouchers and who Given the need for outlets for systematic would house them. A one-page article to alert and faunistic works, especially a niche for spe- people would be useful (because the people cies descriptions, faunal inventories, checklists, who need to be informed do not read the exist- descriptions of life stages, descriptive ecologi- ing literature). However, a well-documented cal papers, and so on, the Lyman publication se- brief would be more powerful to other audi- ries will be revitalized by Dr. Wheeler, primar- ences because of the examples. These possibili- ily through publication online with pdf files ties would be pursued by the subcommittee posted on the web. However, there will be si- chaired by Dr. Wheeler. multaneous publication of hard copies for those 7. The cost of insect identifications who do not have sufficient technical resources, to honour standing subscriptions and exchange The Committee discussed a draft docu- agreements and to satisfy the requirements of ment to consider the real cost of insect identifi- the international commission to validate new cation, how the societal cost of identifications names. Page charges would be probably be free can be minimized, and guidelines for fair pay- for students, amateurs and retired entomolo- ments, including a tabulation of costs for insect gists and low even for those with institutional identifications as given on various web sites. funds. The next step in revitalizing the series The Committee is especially interested in iden- will be to secure enough manuscripts. An edito- tifications from diversity surveys, involving a rial board would have associate editors for each large diverse fauna from a particular area. Re- of the major taxa. The publication would con- cently, identifications have been solicited tinue to come out irregularly as it does now un- through electronic images. The Committee dis- til the number of manuscripts warrants more cussed ways to arrive at the fair costs for such regular publication, but turn-around time for work. For example, the fees charged by institu- manuscripts would be faster than most current tions may not reflect the true cost. Moreover, outlets. The difficulty in finding publication there are costs such as those to voucher the outlets is not a problem just for entomologists, specimen. Prices charged may depend on the but also for botanists and other zoologists. nature of the client, as well as the diversity of species and the speed of identification. Some 6. Voucher specimens Committee members focussed on the time re- The Committee discussed how best to quired (and even including processing time for put forward the recommendations that: 1. samples as well as time for identification). It Granting agencies should make it explicit that was also suggested that data on the time re- depositing voucher specimens is as important quired could be solicited, e.g. by questionnaire. as other requirements; 2. The editorial policy of The subcommittee (chaired by Dr. journals should require – not just recommend – Behan-Pelletier) agreed to consider such possi- that vouchers be deposited; and 3. Collections bilities further, including both the content of the have to be encouraged to accept vouchers and document and whether it should be a brief, a provide guidance to those who wish to deposit Bulletin article or some sort of other publica- voucher specimens. For example, a one-page tion. article that repeats the message already found in 8. Systematics and NSERC other papers could be prepared, as could a lon- ger document describing what can happen if Members of the Committee had at- recommended procedures are not followed tempted to help Dr. Packer in trying to raise the (such as studies that are now useless because profile for systematics during the GSC18 vouchers were not deposited), as well as posi- reallocations exercise. However, little support tive examples (such as older studies that are still had been forthcoming from the remainder of the current because the vouchers remain available). committee and even less from external review- 6 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

ers, so that Dr. Packer was frustrated by the re- ject, funding for biodiversity projects, and ar- sults of his efforts. The Committee recognized thropods and fire. that reallocation involves a relatively small pro- portion of the total budget. Nevertheless, there Liaison and exchange of information is relatively little systematics representation on the GSC, and moreover existing members tend 1. Canadian Museum of Nature to recommend their replacements. This process Dr. Robert Anderson, Project Leader - results in a similar make-up of the committee Issues in Biodiversity, Canadian Museum of from one year to the next. NSERC appears to Nature reported, on behalf of Dr. Mark Gra- believe that more representation for systema- ham, that the Museum is creating a new 5-year tists is unlikely. To offset these tendencies, and strategic plan for fiscal years 2003/04 to because there is always a systematics compo- 2007/08. Renovations of the Victoria Memorial nent and a connection to evolution in grant ap- Museum Building are underway. Architectural plications to GSC18. Dr. Shorthouse and Dr. plans and capital fundraising for new exhibits Wheeler volunteered to work on an initiative to have begun. The current focus is on a new fossil see if all the relevant biological societies could gallery. The Museum has received funds to re- recommend a potential systematics-minded place and update scientific equipment, includ- member of the grant selection committee. It ing a Philips scanning electron microscope, would also be good to identify to NSERC how electron microprobe and x-ray facility, a DNA many systematists there really are in the various sequencer, updated microscopy facilities and disciplines. equipment and software for a multi-media com- puter room. As part of the Canadian delegation, 9. Monitoring of continuing priorities Dr. Graham attended a recent Governing Board Updated information on earlier or cur- meeting for the Global Biodiversity Informa- rently less active Survey projects on the Cana- tion Facility (GBIF). Dr. James Edwards is the dian fauna was reviewed, including arthropods Chief Executive and the Secretariat office is be- of peatlands, aquatic insects of freshwater ing established at the University of Copenha- wetlands, arthropod fauna of large rivers (see gen. abstracts about work in large northern Canadian Dr. Anderson noted that NSERC has fi- rivers at nalized a guide for grantees to consider when http://www.wkap.nl/jrnltoc.htm/1386-1980), acquiring research collections. The guide can arthropod ectoparasites of vertebrates, arthro- be found on the NSERC website and clearly pods of the Yukon (including a recent paper on lays out basic responsibilities for the disposi- agromyzid diversity in The Canadian Entomol- tion of specimens. He also noted some new con- ogist 133(5): 593-621], arthropods of special siderations for those doing work in the north. habitats, climate change (Natural Resources For example, field support from the Polar Con- Canada has recently published a new plant tinental Shelf Project may be limited in the fu- bioclimatic zone map for Canada at ture. The Museum has received a number of http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/climate/hardi- good applications for its visiting fellowship ness/intro.html), environmental appraisal (in- program. A draft CMN Collection Develop- cluding recent work using the reference condi- ment Plan has been circulated among interested tion approach), and agroecosystems (including parties including some members of the Scien- work on the biocontrol network, on Wolbachia, tific Committee and comments are encouraged. and on dung beetles). Finally Dr. Anderson noted that Dr. Irwin 10. Other priorities Brodo’s excellent book on The Lichens of North America has been published [see The Committee also discussed priorities http://www.lichen.com/book.html]. such as old-growth forests, endangered species, damaged ecosystems, the faunal analysis pro- Vol. 21, No. 1 7

Members of the Committee requested an sented to the staff and Board of Trustees last overview of the key points of the Museum’s June and a revised document intended for a collection development plan. Dr. Anderson ex- broader group of people is now near comple- plained that the Museum has limited resources tion. Ms. DiCosimo explained that many people and therefore needs to set priorities in consider- on the Committee would be asked to help in ing such issues as: Will the user community consultations. outside the museum make good use of the col- She added that the Collection Develop- lections database being developed and at what ment Plan mentioned earlier is one part of the level? Should the Museum be developing col- larger look at the Museum’s role as a national lections in areas where there is no research staff museum, to allow all to contribute to something and if so why? Should the Museum continue to larger in a rational way. For the CMN specifi- work on the recognized strengths of the collec- cally the plan will guide its decisions on what is tion? If there are other good collections in Can- acquired and held in the collections and what ada should the CMN’s policy be to pass rele- should be placed elsewhere. She encouraged vant material to those collections? comments of any sort. Ms. DiCosimo said that Members of the Committee commented the architect chosen for the VMMB renovations on aspects of the plan, for example whether the will be publicly announced in November and national collection is physically located in one that work will begin in 11 months. Work will place or whether it should be considered a dis- consist of 3 years of planning and 3 years of persed collection that exists in a variety of construction. Dr. Rodrigo Gamez, the head of places. Because the document seems to reflect INBio, will be visiting the Museum during Oc- some diversity of viewpoints from the internal tober. In response to a question from Dr. committee, the opinions of outside people on Marcogliese, Ms. DiCosimo said that the possi- some of the key issues are very valuable. It was bility of new modules for the Biological Survey pointed out that the document appears to ask will be considered during discussions of the what kind of museum the national collection Museum’s national role, and decisions on ex- should be, but such a choice will influence how pansion will be made in 2002/03. The model of the remainder of the questions are answered. the Biological Survey has been touted as the The Museum wishes to be a leader but comes most successful example to date of this sort of across as very indecisive in the document, de- cooperation. spite the wish conveyed to the Museum by pub- Members of the Committee commented lic consultations a few years ago that the Mu- further about the draft Collections Develop- seum should provide leadership. In particular, it ment Plan. The document seeks was not clear what recipients of the document time-consuming comment on large philosophi- are being asked to do. Mr. Kieran Shepherd cal principles. It was suggested that a follow-up (chair of the committee developing the plan) email with a set of clearer questions might elicit was invited to address the Committee later in a more directed response. An impression is cre- the meeting. ated by the current draft that although a leading Ms. Joanne DiCosimo, President, Cana- institution wishes to solidify its role, questions dian Museum of Nature, spoke to the Commit- are asked in such a nebulous way that no leader- tee in the afternoon. She explained that the ship is visible. If (as the document implies) the 5-year strategic plan already mentioned is in- Museum wants to be told what its role should tended to provide a new definition of service for be, such an inquiry duplicates the consultation the national museum. The Museum has been in- process of a few years ago. Another question- tent on developing that vision within the frame- naire had been sent about collections and work of the museum family across the country databasing which also was a combination of and therefore particularly in the last few months specific questions at the detailed level but more other natural history museums are being in- vague questions at the higher organization level volved in the process. A draft plan was pre- — but Ms. DiCosimo pointed out that this sur- 8 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) vey was from the Canadian Museums Associa- and send them to him; he would prepare a fol- tion’s special interest group on natural history low-up email message. Members of the Com- collections rather than from the CMN. mittee pointed out that they will assist with the Mr. Kieran Shepherd, Collection Man- document, and the point of critical comments at ager of Earth Sciences, Canadian Museum of the meeting was to provide some focus as to Nature, spoke to the Committee on Friday how the Committee can best assist. morning. The new collections development 2. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research plan is intended to provide a framework for how Centre the national collections will develop over the next several years. The CMN wants to play a Dr. Lianne Dwyer, Acting Director leadership role but also within a partnership. He ECORC, reported that Dr. Jean-Marc asked that people look at the recent draft docu- Deschênes has a new assignment until at least ment on its merits and be as critical as neces- March 2002 and that she is acting in his position sary, and he offered to answer questions infor- during that period. As a result of the depart- mally or formally by phone, email, etc. Mem- ment’s transition and desire to refocus re- bers of the Committee reiterated some of the sources 3.5% of funds were withdrawn from questions raised earlier. Mr. Shepherd said that every unit for everything (including the Museum’s collections policies have non-discretionary items) for the last half of the changed over the last 15 years and the Museum fiscal year. Two systematists in entomology is now trying to re-establish its role in a national will have retired by the end of this year - Dr. context. He hoped to get as many comments as Don Bright and Dr. Evert Lindquist. Staffing possible to help formulate the plan and also to for a new coleopterist has been requested but facilitate discussions with other federal and because of the reorganization such decisions provincial partners. He pointed out that Can- are on hold. Dr. Dwyer commented that ada’s natural heritage includes many collec- ECORC is very fortunate to have a number of tions across the country. Members of the Com- research associates who help to curate the col- mittee emphasized that one of the important lections. Entomologists from the Canadian mandates of the national museum should be a Food Inspection Agency and the Canadian For- willingness to house voucher specimens. Other est Service also collaborate and work on site members suggested that the Museum should with ECORC. consolidate its own objectives before approach- Dr. Dwyer reminded the Committee that ing the community. Mr. Shepherd agreed that it the Centre’s collections are dispersed in several is important to be a leader but he thought that in buildings. An estimate to centralize and retrofit the past nobody had followed the Museum be- collections has been submitted. cause it deviated so far from the norm that it Dr. Dwyer explained that the depart- was almost unacceptable from a scientific per- ment is currently in a state of flux, because it spective. He maintained that, even if the docu- wants to eliminate the various branch structures ment seems tentative or unsure, the Museum to give a very horizontal and inclusive struc- believes in its fundamental role as a leader in ture. To date 17 teams have been formed to de- collections development for Canada’s natural liver program objectives. Many science initia- heritage. In response to the suggestion that such tives rely heavily on the research branch so that a statement should have been made at the begin- the research branch has developed four national ning of the document to set a more decisive program areas in environmental health tone, Mr. Shepherd explained that the CMN did (biodiversity has a high profile here, which ties not want to offend others or appear to state that in with biocontrol), sustainable production sys- the direction was already established and others tem, bioproducts and processes, and food safety must follow it. and quality. The environmental health program Mr. Shepherd encouraged Committee is being headed by Dr. Deschênes. For all of the members to put some of these views in writing programs, work is continuing on developing Vol. 21, No. 1 9

science plans and assembling technical and sci- egy to incorporate Canada’s contribution to entific working groups. Much work since the GBIF. Dr. Dwyer commented that there seems federal-provincial meeting in Whitehorse this to be a coordinated effort to build on the interest past summer has been developing a memoran- in biodiversity and the stated intention of the dum to cabinet to identify areas in the science government to provide funding for research and agenda that require additional funding. The development in areas in the public good. In strategy of the biodiversity network was part of summary, Dr. Dwyer emphasized that the fu- that. ture looks good for biodiversity and In terms of partnerships, ECORC is a biosystematics within the government, al- member of the Federal Biosystematics Partner- though how much security issues will dominate ship - an advisory body on biosystematics and the government agenda remains to be seen. biodiversity issues. It is also the advisory body The importance of library resources, for implementation and participation in GBIF, even in the face of cutbacks, was emphasized for which Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada is by the Committee, and indeed the functions of the signatory. GBIF, BKIN etc. are dependent upon library fa- Dr. Dwyer reminded the Committee cilities. Moreover, for much systematic work about the Canadian Biodiversity Network Con- on insects the only access to relevant literature ference held in Ottawa last March. The strategy is through the ECORC library. for a Biodiversity Knowledge and Innovation A new book on biological control pro- Network (BKIN) has recently been released. grams in Canada, 1981 - 2000 has just been The strategy accords with the federal govern- published. The butterfly node of the Biota of ment’s announcement of plans to double re- Canada Information Network is going online. search and development spending by the year The project could move forward with other 2010, with the life sciences considered a high modules when funding becomes more stabi- priority. The document shows how to derive the lized at the federal level. maximum benefit from the collective acquisi- Several Committee members expressed tion and sharing of knowledge related to concern that most of the initiatives recently dis- biodiversity. Two main activities are ongoing. cussed are essentially wheel spinning. Informa- A website will be launched before the end of tion that is already available through existing 2001. The website is to provide real time re- collections is being harvested, but little is being search and search capabilities of multiple Cana- done to add to the information, e.g. revision of dian institutional collections, with access to groups and the expertise to do them. However, data on approximately 500,000 specimens from the research branch of Agriculture and about 15 Canadian institutions, as the begin- Agri-Food Canada rearranges its focus and ning of the first Canadian GBIF node. The other themes every couple of years, whereas the ef- activity that arose from the March meeting is fort put into constructing plans might be better the continued support of ITIS - the Integrated used in implementing a plan. Another regular Taxonomic Information System. event appears to be the proliferation of acro- The five Natural Resource Departments nyms that do not seem to result in any concrete (5NR) were involved in the Canadian action. Information is organized and packaged Biodiversity Network Conference and continue but sooner or later there will be no new informa- to develop biodiversity and to keep that initia- tion to package and the same subsets of data tive high on the government’s agenda. They are will be put into numerous websites without an emphasizing that the federal government is the increase of actual knowledge at the basic level. largest holder of biodiversity knowledge - both Projects such as the Biota of Canada Network in collections and data. The 5NR propose to es- that could be used to do the basic research of tablish a secretariat to develop and implement a what lives in the country, what it does and how national biodiversity knowledge network strat- it interacts with human activities seem to be de- 10 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

ferred in favour of new packaging exercises. is stable (500 - 600) with a good complement of Even the initial focus of BKIN seems to be dif- students. Organization of the 2001 annual fusing. meeting to be held in Niagara Falls is complete. Dr. Dwyer acknowledged the frustration The Society is considering setting up its own in- expressed by those members of the Committee. dependent website, although the ESC has been However, she maintained that activities just de- sharing server space with the Survey at the Uni- scribed as repackaging are necessary to garner versity of Alberta. One of the reasons the ESC enough resources for everything from chairs in is considering this move is because of the in- universities to maintaining collections to devel- creased demands for electronic publishing and oping the expertise to do research. She noted other member services and also the Society’s that at ECORC there are problems finding desire to have a distinctive website and URL. trained professionals even for replacements, Dr. Foottit explained that a number of issues and keeping the existing collections up to date. have to be considered and the Society wants to No individual organization will be able to do be very careful with respect to copyright issues everything that should be done. Rather, the and cost implications, for example. Electronic work will have to be achieved in collaboration publishing is not as inexpensive as is sometimes with other institutions in Canada and the United assumed. Dr. Foottit reminded the Committee States. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada can- that the Society is still looking for an editor for not have the expertise to address even those or- the Canadian Entomologist. The current editor ganisms important to agriculture and so is look- will retire in a year. ing for expertise around the world. Dr. Dwyer 4. Parasitology module, Canadian Society of reiterated that new ideas, initiatives, acronyms, Zoologists etc. are part of what is necessary to convince the government and the population in general that Dr. Marcogliese reported that the Parasi- the work is more than an esoteric exercise but is tology module has been involved in two main a fundamental need. She added that at ECORC activities. One project is the protocols for moni- the majority of scientists continue with their toring parasites in biodiversity studies. The pro- scientific work and only 2 or 3 people are work- tocol for fish parasites is complete and has been ing on the “packaging exercise”. It was also posted on the EMAN website. The bird and her- pointed out that for the first time in the last 20 petology protocols have been accepted and are years at the Agriculture Research branch, the currently being translated. An author is also current restructuring exercise is recognizing the available for the parasites of mammals. The concepts of biodiversity (i.e. systematic biol- other major initiative by the parasitology mod- ogy) and the environment and not just commod- ule is the national stickleback parasite survey, ity-based directions. which is an international IBOY (International Biodiversity Observation Year) project, and is The chair of the Committee expressed supported by Parks Canada. 26 participants his appreciation of Dr. Dwyer’s explanation but from around the world participated in the first emphasized the need for money, facilities and field season. An IBOY meeting in June was at- direction applied towards collecting data, and tended by people involved in the core projects. he hoped that Dr. Dwyer would take that mes- IBOY modelled itself after the International sage back to her organization. Physical Year in 1957 but is not having the 3. Entomological Society of Canada same impact. How to maintain the initiative is being discussed. Dr. Robert Foottit, President of the En- tomological Society of Canada, reported that Various reports and publications of in- the Society is in good financial shape due in terest to the Survey, including a paper on the part to the growth of some investments. The importance of submitting specimens after DNA value of the Society’s headquarters building has been extracted, and one on implications of also has increased. Membership of the Society climate change for parasitism of in the Vol. 21, No. 1 11 aquatic environment. Dr. Marcogliese noted In British Columbia, Forest Renewal BC that the major parasitologist Dr. Roy Anderson funding is on the decline and provincial agen- of the University of Guelph died during 2001. cies are also experiencing difficulties. Work The extensive reprint collection of the late Dr. continues on some specific projects on Leo Margolis on fish parasitology is no longer Hemiptera, for example, and on endangered maintained at the Nanaimo Pacific Biological species and conservation issues. Station, and its disposition is uncertain. The On the Prairies, the expanded parasitology symposium at the May 2002 meet- Lethbridge Research Centre facilities will be ing of the Canadian Society of Zoologists is en- operational by the summer of 2002. The Uni- titled: Parasitism - Evolution and Ecology of versity of Lethbridge recently opened a techno- Arthropod Host Interactions. logically advanced Library Information Net- Dr. Marcogliese noted that every federal work Centre. Dr. Rob Anderson is now at the department is sending cabinet memoranda to University of Winnipeg, working on mosqui- Treasury Board concerning the “environment”, toes. Dr. Pat Mackay has retired from the De- which seems to be becoming another buzz word partment of Entomology at the University of without any meaning. He echoed earlier com- Manitoba; the department is hoping for a re- ments that there is little progress in support of placement. Databasing of the J.B. Wallis Mu- concrete work and products, including lack of seum supported by a CFI grant is proceeding support for the parasitology module, the decline slowly. At the University of Alberta systemat- of the parasitology discipline in Canada (in con- ics work is strong and healthy. The Strickland trast to some U.S. initiatives), and the lack of Museum received funds from CFI and the Al- appropriate recognition of the systematics cri- berta government to upgrade the physical struc- sis, for example even within the Canadian Soci- ture of the collection. More specimen data have ety of Zoologists. been entered into a database for the Virtual Mu- seum website [see p. 20]. The many other activ- 5. Other agencies and societies ities include a school outreach project, the Al- The Committee also considered items berta Lepidopterists’ Guild, and new graduate related to the Coleopterists Society (including a students and a postdoctoral fellow. Many other new journal, the Coleopterists Society Mono- biodiversity projects are proceeding at the Uni- graphs), the All-species organization versity. Two faculty positions are open for en- (http://www.all-species.org/index.html), the tomologists there. The recently published first North American Benthological Society (which volume of American Beetles contains many includes a taxonomy fair at its annual meetings, chapters by Canadian entomologists. and publishes an annual bibliography In Ontario, projects at Laurentian Uni- (http://www.benthos.org), and Parks Canada versity, the University of Toronto, the Royal (no response had been received to a letter sent Ontario Museum and elsewhere were noted. by the Survey following discussion with a Parks In Quebec there are new positions at the representative at the last meeting). Université de Montréal. McGill University has a new chair in forestry. The annual meeting of Other items the Societé d’entomologie du Québec takes place the first week of November, preceded by 1. Reports on regional developments of a meeting of an action committee on the promo- potential interest tion of entomology in Quebec, to discuss scien- Information of interest to the Survey tific research, the economic value of entomol- from different regions of the country was pro- ogy, policy issues, promotion, education and vided. However, in the absence of some mem- training. All provincial government people in- bers, more information was available from volved in taxonomy have been relocated to the some regions than others. same building. A committee on the invading 12 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) lady beetle has been established with represen- poorly attended event last year. A huge snow- tatives of many provincial ministries, universi- fall last winter aided the overwintering success ties and the federal government. The Associa- of many insects and the mosquito problem per- tion des entomologistes amateurs du Québec is sisted all summer. There was a lot of media cov- very active, and publishes the journal Fabreries erage and other concerns dealing with these and which is encouraging more biodiversity papers, other species. Some key grant applications and documentation of range expansions, etc. An- projects in the Maritimes were outlined. nual outings to collect insects at Mt. St. Hilaire (which took place from the late 1800’s to the 2. Other matters 1920’s) have been resurrected this year. Several The Committee also considered recent graduate students are working on systematics information on topics such as international liai- projects at the Lyman Museum. sons, membership of the Scientific Committee, In Newfoundland and the Maritimes, the the timing of the Committee meeting normally annual meeting of the Acadian Entomological held in October, operations of the Biological Society was successful this year, after the Survey Secretariat, and recent publications of interest.

Biological Survey Website Update he website of the Biological Survey of Can- quired for studies of the Canadian fauna, Tada (Terrestrial Arthropods) has moved – long a regular feature of this newsletter but not far. The Department of Biological Sci- (see p. 28), is now available on the ences at the University of Alberta is still kindly website and will be updated as new re- hosting our website but we have a new URL quests are received. (see below). The Survey continues to update The full text of survey publications such and expand its website. Some of the new or ex- as newsletters and briefs continue to be posted. panded features that invite your participation Recent additions include a brief that provides include: recommendations on how to prepare data labels Faunal Analysis Project. Detailed species lists for collections of terrestrial arthropods (Publi- from Canada and its Insect Fauna (Danks cations - Briefs - Label Data Standards for 1979) have been posted with links to up- Terrestrial Arthropods). Of particular interest dated, revised numbers for each group as to students is a document that provides informa- they become available. Updated informa- tion on some of the available funding sources tion for the Phthiraptera was recently for graduate study and research in biodiversity added. Many groups still lack updates, (Publications - Briefs - Information on however, and additions are encouraged. Biodiversity funding: Funding sources for List of Workers (database). This list of person- graduate students in arthropod biodiversity). nel is a source of information on individu- Those interested in the Survey’s major als interested in the systematics and project on Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands faunistics of the terrestrial arthropods of should check this area for project updates. A Canada. An online form is available to up- bibliography about prairie, tallgrass prairie, date your information. An updated format prairie arthropods and/or fire was recently for the database is in progress and will be added. operational soon. The Survey’s website can be found at: Requests for Material or Information. This list http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/bs of requests for material or information re- chome.htm. Vol. 21, No. 1 13

The Alberta Lepidopterists’ Guild (www.biology.ualberta.ca/uasm/alb.lep.guild.htm) n October 16, 1999 the Alberta Lepidop- will be expanded in the near future. Two other Oterists’ Guild (ALG) was formally inaugu- significant and active collections of Alberta rated at Olds College, Alberta. The founding Lepidoptera are housed at the Canadian Forest group of 16 people comprised a mixture of am- Service’s Northern Forestry Centre in Edmon- ateur and professional entomologists with a ton, and at Old’s College in Olds; ALG mem- particular interest in Lepidoptera, or at least bers curate both. Many members also maintain with a willingness to encourage and support significant private collections. those of us who do. The stated objectives of the Since our establishment group members new society are to support and encourage the have been involved in a number of study and appreciation of Alberta Lepidoptera. Lepidoptera-related projects. Alberta provin- We also thought that an official organization cial government personnel (several of whom would facilitate collecting permits for provin- are members of the group) have been very cial parks and other protected areas, and wider co-operative in providing permission to collect access to funding for group projects. in provincial parks and other protected areas in Since that time the group has almost tri- return for information on the Lepidoptera fauna pled in size. Most active members of ALG are found there. This co-operation has culminated interested mainly in particular groups of the Al- in members of ALG being invited to join in fau- berta fauna, which have received less at- nal surveys of a number of newly established tention than the butterflies since Ken Bowman Wilderness Parks in extreme northern Alberta stopped collecting some 50 years ago. New in both 2000 and 2001 (and planned for technology, such as mini-generators, low-cost 2002-2004). All costs are covered, and funding UV and MV bulbs, flatbed scanners and the is provided to ALG to prepare reports of the Internet, has contributed to the resurgence of in- Lepidoptera taken during these surveys. Mem- terest in the moth fauna by making it much eas- bers of the group have also been invited to give ier to obtain and identify specimens. The author talks or put on “Moth Nights,” complete with of “Butterflies of Alberta” and the five sheets and lights, for a number of Natural His- co-authors of “Alberta Butterflies” are all mem- tory and Conservation groups. ALG Members bers of ALG as well. have also been active in participating in or orga- Another event that contributed to our nizing many of the record number of butterfly growth was the return of Felix Sperling to the counts that are done in Alberta each season. But University of Alberta, where among other du- perhaps most importantly we have done a lot of ties he took on the position of Curator of the collecting in the hitherto largely ignored areas Strickland Museum of Entomology. The histor- of the province, including the Grasslands and ical Bowman Lepidoptera collection was soon Boreal Forest regions. re-energized into a growing, working collection The most ambitious project in our short once again. In conjunction with the museum, a history is planned for the summer of 2003, Virtual Museum Project was initiated (and see when we will host the Annual Meeting of the p. 20). Funding was obtained to have the Lepidopterists’ Society at Olds College. Olds is macro-lepidoptera in the collection databased close to both the mountains and the arid grass- and posted, and to help produce species pages lands, and is an ideal location for a wide variety with color images, information on range, host of Lepidoptera. plant and other data, as well as dot-maps that If you would like more information are generated and updated from the database. about the group, or are interested in joining This is an ongoing project, but already pages for ($10.00 Canadian for annual membership), some 200 species of Alberta macro- have contact the Treasurer, Greg Pohl, at been completed. The Guild also has a [email protected]. web-page on the Museum’s Website), which Gary Anweiler, [email protected] 14 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Project Update - Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands

Terry A. Wheeler Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, [email protected]

he Grasslands Project continues to gather brief review of research to date on the arthro- Tmomentum (I will resist the use of prairie pods of Canadian grasslands. fire metaphors). Since the last Project Update (Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada Grasslands Publication Planning (Terrestrial Arthropods) 20 (1): 14-15) there The first major product of the Grass- has been progress on various aspects of the Pro- lands Project will be a volume entitled (tenta- ject. tively) Arthropods of Canadian grasslands: ecology and interactions in grassland habitats. Grasslands Prospectus The focus of the chapters in the volume will be The Grasslands Prospectus will soon be the ecological relationships and interactions of posted on the Project web page. This document arthropods in selected grassland habitats. This is the framework for ongoing development of ecological approach is intended as a comple- the Grasslands Project and describes the scope, ment to the taxonomic inventory-based ap- objectives, rationale and anticipated products of proach such as that taken in the Biological Sur- the project. The prospectus also contains an vey of Canada’s Insects of the Yukon. Taxo- overview of grassland habitats in Canada and a nomic inventories and species level analyses

Collecting at Onefour (photo by J.D. Shorthouse) Vol. 21, No. 1 15

will be the focus of a planned subsequent vol- maries of recent research are published annu- ume arising from this project. A final list of ally in the Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands chapters and authors for the ecological volume Newsletter. is currently being compiled. For more informa- Field research by individual collabora- tion on this volume please contact Terry tors continues on several taxa in grassland sites Wheeler. across the west. In addition to individual field- Grasslands Symposium 2002 work, a series of annual group field meetings in key grassland habitats is planned. The first of Some of the chapters to be published in these meetings was organized by Rob Roughley the above volume will be presented as invited and Kevin Floate at the Agriculture and papers at a formal symposium on Ecology of Agri-Food Canada substation near Onefour, Al- Arthropods in Canadian Grasslands at the Joint berta in 2001. A detailed summary of the field Annual Meeting of the Entomological Societies meeting will appear in the next issue of the Ar- of Canada and Manitoba, to be held in Winni- thropods of Canadian Grasslands Newsletter peg, Manitoba on 08 October 2002. As for the (Issue 8). The tentative habitat for the 2002 col- volume described above, the focus of the sym- lecting expedition is the tallgrass prairie of posium will be ecological and habitat based southern Manitoba. This trip will provide the studies on selected grasslands or taxa. Although opportunity to collect in one of the most geo- some symposium contributors have already graphically restricted, threatened and perhaps been confirmed, final organization continues. the most species-rich of Canada’s grassland For more information contact the symposium types. In addition, a variety of other grassland organizer, Terry Wheeler. habitats (oak savanna, fescue prairie) are within Ongoing Research and Fieldwork driving distance of the tallgrass prairie sites. A list of recent and ongoing research For more information on this year’s field trip projects in Canadian grasslands is maintained contact Rob Roughley on the Grasslands Project web page and sum- ([email protected])

Canadian Perspectives: The Study of Insect Dormancies and Life Cycles

H.V. Danks Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4

daptations of insects in terms of life-cycle cycles, and recent syntheses suggest that a Apatterns and how these are controlled are wider view of how life cycles evolve and are especially striking and significant in northern controlled is desirable. This perspective, ex- countries such as Canada. plained in more detail by Danks (1987, 1991, Dormancies are one of the key adapta- 1992, 1993, 1994a, b, 1999b, 2001, 2002) is tions of insects to seasonal events and have at- summarized here. A very similar summary in tracted a great deal of study. But dormancies are French is available in Danks (1999a). only one component in the timing of insect life 16 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Dormancies Table 1. Synopsis of environmental factors There are two main kinds of dormancy, influencing seasonal development in insects quiescence and diapause. During quiescence, (from Danks 1994a). + acts indirectly, as a cue or seasonal token; x acts directly, as a regulator; development stops due to currently adverse * can act either indirectly or directly. conditions such as low temperatures. During diapause, morphological development is sup- pressed through a form of central control and Factor Stage of development not simply by the direct action of environmental influenced factors. Many of the complexities of insect life Diapause Diapause Growth cycles stem from forms of diapause. However, Induction Develop- Rate attempts to classify diapause into discrete cate- ment gories are unsatisfactory, because the develop- mental programmes of different species repre- Photoperiod + + + sent a continuum of adaptations to a variety of circumstances, and so are extraordinarily di- Light intensity + + x verse. Temperature level + + *

Control of development Thermoperiod + ? Some factors act directly as simple regu- lators. For example, temperature plays this role Food + + x in normal circumstances, because metabolism and hence development is typically faster at Moisture/Humidity + (+) x higher temperatures within the usual range. De- Density + * velopment may also be controlled by cues or environmental tokens that act indirectly rather Mates/mating + + than as regulators. For example, the diapause of many species is influenced by photoperiod. In Chemicals + + x addition, some life-cycle stages respond to short-term stimuli, such as the specific condi- tions that prompt hatching of the eggs of mos- quitoes and other species. Life-cycle pathways Viewing the life cycle as a series of al- The life cycles of a few species are con- ternative pathways (for several examples see trolled entirely by direct effects, especially in Danks 1987, 1991, 1994a) helps to visualize the sheltered habitats where conditions change reg- effects of all of these possible influences. The ularly and predictably. However, patterns of de- alternatives are chosen during the development velopment of most species include control by of each individual by a variety of internal (ge- cues. Even when cues exert a dominant influ- netically programmed) mechanisms linked ence on how the life cycle is controlled, dor- with various external or environmental con- mancy is only one element of the control, be- trols. cause growth rates and other elements are in- volved. For example, photoperiod and crowd- The complexity of such pathways sug- ing can modify growth as well as development gests that insect life cycles should be analysed by their indirect action. Table 1 shows the wide not by static assessment of particular range of environmental factors that have so far dormancies, but rather by means of flow charts been reported to influence diapause and growth that identify the options available to a given rate. species and show how the individual elements are governed. Even complex life-cycle patterns can nonetheless be understood through con- cepts of ordinary development. Diapause and Vol. 21, No. 1 17

its completion are simply special forms of de- sensitivity and response to a wide range of envi- velopment, although sometimes they have ronmental cues in almost any stage, and varia- long-term requirements for particular levels of tion in the extent and duration of sensitivity. environmental conditions or for changes in However, even a relatively small number of those conditions. Concepts such as regulation successive developmental choices can generate (continuous control of rates), switches (choices many different routes of development. among set alternatives), gates (limits), potentiation (on-off switches) and successive Trade-offs requirements (a given stage must be reached be- Because resources of time, space and en- fore a subsequent development is feasible) ap- ergy are finite, any species survives by maxi- ply to both dormant and non-dormant develop- mizing fitness though multiple trade-offs be- mental pathways. tween competing demands for the resources. For example, a given species is unlikely to be By examining life-cycle pathways in able to reach a very large size very quickly, be- this way, entomologists can identify key deci- cause of constraints of food or physiology. It sion points that govern the flow of the life cycle could complete the life cycle quickly but not at of a given species. Phenological variations a huge size, or it could grow very large (and among individuals and years, and other factors, hence be able to deposit many eggs) but rela- can then be understood. Without such an ap- tively slowly. Traits that depend on common el- proach, many entomologists will instead con- ements tend to be correlated, and the develop- tinue to monitor the incidence of diapause at a mental pathway may make certain trade-offs few temperatures and a few photoperiods, or to unfeasible. classify diapause into arbitrary types. Such pro- cedures contribute little to our understanding of Again, trade-offs must be integrated into life cycles in nature because for most species the life cycle in a general sense, for example to they seriously underestimate environmental achieve a balance between seasonal synchrony and genetic complexity. to take advantage of favourable times of year, flexibility to counter unexpected variations, Levels of complexity and variability to buffer risk. Nevertheless, Different species have life cycles of dif- time, space and energy are not necessarily lim- ferent complexity, of course. More complex iting in any particular situation. For example, control systems typically generate more precise there may be plenty of time for development to developmental responses or allow for adaptive be completed before the end of the growing sea- flexibility and variability. Complex systems son. Consequently, identifying trade-offs (by tend to include a large rather than a small num- modelling and other means) is complex, as for ber of dormant stages, multiple possible routes the life-cycle controls themselves. However, it of development within a single dormant period provides another way to understand the struc- rather than a single fixed pathway, a wider vari- ture of the life cycle. ety of environmental controls used to time the stages, and the control of growth as well as de- Generalizations velopment by environmental cues. Many exper- Seasonal conditions vary very widely, iments on diapause have not been designed to so that different demands are placed on differ- take account of such possibilities. ent species and on the same species in different places. A review of the many responses studied Integration of responses so far suggests generalizations such as the fol- From a broad perspective, therefore, lowing. dormancy and other responses to the environ- · Similar environmental challenges can be ment are integrated throughout the life cycle. solved in many different ways. For example, The wide range of adaptations includes ar- species can avoid unsuitable conditions by rested, retarded or accelerated development, moving between habitats or microhabitats, 18 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

reducing the number of annual generations, time, space and energy, because life cycles inte- modifying development, or switching foods. grate the use of available resources. · Similar responses can evolve independently In other words, life cycles respond to in different species. Parallel adaptations are broad forces and integrate many factors. Conse- very common. For example, winter diapause quently, information from additional elemen- of many temperate species is induced by tary experiments on diapause, or yet other ex- short photoperiods and low temperatures, amples of already well known responses to par- and ended by exposure to cold. ticular individual factors, will not be very help- ful. Rather, multifaceted studies of insect life · Responses evolve in combination. cycles as a whole are called for. A wide range of Organisms survive all conditions and investigations should evaluate the ecological selective pressures simultaneously, so that setting and combined responses of well charac- responses are assembled in sets and not terized species from well characterized envi- separately. ronments. Studying numerous life-cycle ele- · A single response may contribute to many ments simultaneously in this way is most likely functions in one species. For example, slower to reveal the principles underlying the evolution growth may help to increase survival when and control of life cycles and of their dormancy food is limited, permit ambiguous components. environmental signals to be monitored for a longer period, delay entry into the diapause References stage and so reduce summer mortality of Danks, H.V. 1987. Insect dormancy: an ecological perspec- tive. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthro- dormant individuals, allow additional food to pods), Ottawa. 439 pp. be stored, and so on. Danks, H.V. 1991. Life-cycle pathways and the analysis of · The same response may serve different complex life cycles in insects. Can. Ent. 123: 23-40. functions in different species. For example, Danks, H.V. 1992. Long life cycles in insects. Can. Ent. 124: large egg size can reduce the duration of 167-187. subsequent larval development, or resist Danks, H.V. 1993. [Seasonal adaptations in insects from the adverse conditions better, or enhance larval high arctic.] pp. 54-66 in M. Takeda and S. Tanaka (Eds.), [Seasonal adaptation and diapause in insects]. survival, depending on the species. Bun-ichi-Sogo Publ., Ltd., Tokyo. (In Japanese). · Trade-offs between potentially Danks, H.V. 1994a. Diversity and integration of life-cycle interdependent traits are not inevitable. For controls in insects. pp. 5-40 in H.V. Danks (Ed.), Insect example, resources may not be limiting in life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecologi- cal consequences for seasonality and diapause control. some circumstances, and priority needs such Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. as individual survival are met first. Danks, H.V. 1994b. Insect life-cycle polymorphism: current These generalizations confirm the diver- ideas and future prospects. pp. 349-365 in H.V. Danks sity and complexity of the responses as well as (Ed.), Insect life-cycle polymorphism: theory, evolution and ecological consequences for seasonality and their close integration. diapause control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Future work Danks, H.V. 1999a. La dormance et les cycles biologiques. The evolution of dormancies and other Antennae 6 (2): 5-8. life-cycle components is governed largely by Danks, H.V. 1999b. The diversity and evolution of insect the range and predictability of seasonal condi- life cycles. Ent. Sci. 2: 651-660. tions. Therefore, in order to understand life cy- Danks, H.V. 2001. The nature of dormancy responses in in- cles, we need to assess habitat conditions and sects. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 65 (3): their variability in detail at the same time as the 169-179. biological responses. Insights into life-cycle Danks, H.V. 2002. The range of insect dormancy responses. evolution are possible too by analysing poten- Eur. J. Ent. 99: in press. tial selective forces related to the supply of Vol. 21, No. 1 19

The Quiz Page

— test your knowledge of Canada and its fauna —

1. What is the most westerly point of Canada?

2. How many Canadian place names, including creeks, etc. are based on the common English family name “Smith” [e.g. Smiths Falls, Fort Smith, Smith Sound, Mount Robert Smith]?

3. Name five families of insects that contain several or many species known to aestivate as adults.

4. What are “sand flies”?

5. Name 20 families of Canadian insects containing species of parasitoids that attack other terrestrial arthropods.

[Answers on p. 26] 20 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Virtual Museum of the Strickland Museum of Entomology

Felix A.H. Sperling Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, [email protected]

he Strickland Museum of Entomology at graph is calculated for the seasonal distribution Tthe University of Alberta is developing a of the specimens recorded in the database, with web-accessible database of its holdings, as well only one increment on the histogram for any as species pages for many of the represented unique combination of locality plus date. As of species. Although there are now many February 2002, the database contains over web-accessible museum databases in existence, 20,000 specimen records and over 300 species and even more assemblages of species pages, pages. Currently, the largest numbers of species this site is unique by integrating specimen data pages are available for macrolepidoptera (by with more general species information. The Gary Anweiler and Chris Schmidt), Trichoptera collection and species data reside in Multi (by Andy Nimmo), and Coleoptera (Gerry MIMSY 2000, an Oracle-based relational data- Hilchie and Danny Shpeley). Species pages are base management system. The University of avidly solicited from entomologists with exper- Alberta Department of Museums and Collec- tise in particular taxonomic groups, and we tions (Jim Whittome and Victor Gatnicki) pro- have commitments for pages on duced the site in collaboration with the Depart- (Dan Johnson), thrips (Bruce Heming) and ment of Biological Sciences (Felix Sperling and stoneflies (Lloyd Dosdall), among others. Stu- Danny Shpeley). dents in my Insect Taxonomy class also write a The Virtual Museum of Entomology site small number of species pages as term papers, provides a number of tools for searching the and these will eventually be incorporated into Strickland Museum’s database. When “Search the Virtual Museum after review by specialists. the Collection” is selected, the system defaults Anyone with entomological expertise who is to the “Specimen Search”. This allows a search willing to contribute species pages will be wel- of the individual specimens in the collection comed with open arms. and provides a link to the species information Search Functions: associated with each specimen. Alternatively, the “Species Search” allows a search of the spe- Specimen Search cies represented in the collection and provides a The specimen search is comprised of link to the specimen records of that species. In text boxes and radio buttons. All text boxes, both cases, the search results can be plotted on with the exception of the text box for date range an Alberta map (please note that this functional- collected, allow for multiple values to be en- ity only applies to specimens collected in Al- tered. A semi-colon must separate each value. berta.). Also available is a search tool based on Partial search terms may be entered into any the specimen’s Specimen/Sample Number, as text box. (e.g. astarte will return Boloria well as a hierarchical search function that al- astarte). Date Range Collected: Enter a date lows searches via taxonomic classification. range in the FROM and TO text boxes. Only 4 Species pages include images wherever digit years may be entered. To search for speci- possible, and may include multiple images per mens collected within a particular year, enter species (as is the case for many Cicindela). A Vol. 21, No. 1 21 the same year into the FROM and TO text view of the classification allows the user to dig boxes. through the hierarchical layers. The hierarchy starts with Phylum Arthropoda. Click on the Species Search icons preceding the taxonomic names to open The species search is comprised of text or close ranks in the hierarchy. Click on the tax- boxes. All text boxes allow for multiple values onomic name to get listings for included speci- to be entered but a semi-colon must separate mens. each value. Partial search terms may be entered into any text box. (e.g. bor will return species FastFind Search with boreal habitats). Habitat: This field in- Each object in the Strickland Museum cludes a freeform of major habitat associations has a unique Specimen/Sample Number. When of each species. searching for objects using the Specimen Diet Info: This field includes a freeform Search, the Specimen/Sample Number of any description of items that each species is known object(s) of interest can be recorded by the user. to eat. During the next visit to this site, the Speci- men/Sample Number(s) can be entered to re- Hierarchical Search turn quickly to specific object record(s). Up to The Hierarchical Search is a resource for six Specimen/Sample Numbers can be entered manipulating an indented tree view of the at one time using Fast Find. Example: Linnaean classification system. Using a tree UASM471. 22 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

ARCTIC Corner

News about studies of arctic insects

Introduction rctic Corner provides a forum for news of particular arctic interest, replacing the Biological Sur- Avey’s newsletter Arctic Insect News (1990-2000). Contributions to Arctic Corner are welcomed by the Editor (see inside front cover).

The Alaska Insect Survey Project James Kruse, University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6960 USA, [email protected]

ess is known about the insect fauna of The objectives of the AIS are as follows: LAlaska than about any other major region in (1) Research. The AIS proposes to focus taxo- the United States and Canada. The identity, bi- nomic expertise on Alaska insects using sites ology and wider environmental relationships of that have been established for both long and many Alaska species remain unknown, making short term studies. A focus on historical and comparisons to partial historical data and LTER sites offer the unique opportunity to inte- neighboring northern areas impossible. No con- grate ecological and systematics research as centrated, coordinated efforts are underway to well as expand collaborative efforts in entomol- inventory Alaskan invertebrates. The Alaska ogy. Sites chosen along natural transects in Insect Survey (AIS), an indispensable system- poorly known areas, particularly in boreal atic inventory on a powerful, in- Beringia, will optimize the potential for the dis- ternet-accessible database, is proposed to rem- covery of new species. The resulting database is edy the incomplete knowledge of Alaskan di- expected to enable and invigorate studies in versity and biology. The database will make in- systematics, biogeography and ecology. (2) formation available on the results of new ex- Training. The AIS will train students in ploratory collecting, providing a desperately curation, phylogenetic systematics, morpho- needed baseline to monitor the change in spe- logical and molecular investigation, cies composition as is predicted to be a result of biogeography, entomological field techniques, climate change, and stimulating continued re- and databasing. (3) Coordination and Products. search into systematics, biogeography, and The AIS is a plan for long-term and coordinated ecology. Managers will have access to an insect studies of Alaska insects. Participation by sci- faunal inventory to make legitimate geograph- entists and relevant organizations are actively ical comparisons and have the scientific basis sought. A yearly Summer Field Workshop will required for habitat and species protection. enhance coordination of the project at all levels and encourage collaboration. Results of the in-

Arctic Corner Vol. 21, No. 1 23

ventory will be available on a web-accessible tories program. Several BSC collaborators have database. Research will be published and keys already expressed interest in helping with the and other interactive products will become AIS project, and I look forward to approaching available on the internet as they are completed. others with specific needs as they arise. If you The idea for the AIS was inspired by the would like to volunteer your expertise on a cer- Biological Survey of Canada, and the literature tain group or groups, I would be happy to hear concerning it. The early conceptual papers pro- from you by email: [email protected] (note the duced by Drs. Danks, Downes, and Ring were number one, not a small L) or by post: Dr. highly influential on the strategy outlined in the James Kruse, University of Alaska Museum, AIS grant proposed to the U.S. National Sci- 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6960 ence Foundation’s Biotic Surveys and Inven- USA.

European Workshop of Invertebrate Ecophysiology 2001 he fourth European Workshop of Inverte- Many papers from the workshop have Tbrate Ecophysiology (EWIE IV) was held been submitted for publication – they are cur- in St. Petersburg, Russia, 9-15 September 2001. rently in review for the European Journal of The meeting was attended by about 100 people, Entomology or Acta Societatis Zoologicae half of them from Russia but many from else- Bohemicae. (Proceedings of the 1995 and 1998 where, including delegates from 12 European workshops can be found in Eur. J. Ent. 93(3), countries as well as Japan, Canada, the United 1996 and 96(2), 1999.) States and South Africa. The scientific program The fifth EWIE will be held at Roskilde was very full and included sessions on diapause University, Denmark, during 2004, hosted by and life-cycle strategies, variation in Dr. Hans Ramlrv [[email protected]]. ecophysiological traits, overwintering and cold hardiness, the effects of temperature and Hugh Danks thermoregulation, and water relations and res- piration. The main programme comprised 17 invited and 36 contributed lectures and more than 50 poster presentations. Halfway through the meeting, a social day allowed visits to parts of St. Petersburg State University, Peterhof pal- ace, and the canals of St. Petersburg. The workshop was dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Alexander Danilevky (1911-1969), author of ground-breaking re- search on insect diapause and of the famous book Photoperiodism and seasonal develop- ment of insects (1961; English translation 1965), who worked at St. Petersburg State Uni- versity. It was well organized at that university by Prof. Vladilen Kipyatkov, assisted by Elena Lopatina and others. Many presentations dealt with diapause, so that there was somewhat less emphasis than in earlier workshops on polar and cold-hardiness themes.

Arctic Corner Vol. 20, No. 1 24

Selected Future Conferences

Organization Date Place Contact

Entomological Conferences

Entomological Society of 2002, 6-9 Oct. Winnipeg, MB (with the Entomological Society of Canada Manitoba) Organizing Committee Chair, Don Dixon (204-945-3861, [email protected]); Robert Lamb, Program Subcommittee Chair, [email protected]

2003 British Columbia P. de Groot, [email protected]

Entomological Society of America 2002, 17-20 Nov. Fort Lauderdale, ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, FLA MD 20706-3115; [email protected]

2003, 26-30 Oct. Cincinnati, OH ESA, see above

5e Conference Internationale 2002, 14-18 July Montréal, Québec Dr. Daniel Coderre, Département des Francophone d’Entomologie Sciences Biologiques, Université du (CIFE) and Société d’entomologie Québec à Montréal, C.P. 888, Succ. du Québec Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8 [email protected] http://www.seq.qc.ca/CIFE_2002.htm

4th International Conference on 2002, 21-26 July Banff, Alberta http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/cours Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens es.hp/ttp4.hp/nfhome.htm TTP4 Conference Secretariat, Depart- ment of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Uni- versity of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, 780-492-1279, [email protected]

5th International Conference of 2002, 22-26 Beijing, China Chao-dong ZHU, Institute of Zool- Hymenopterists July ogy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Haidian, Zhongguancun Road 19#, P. R. China; [email protected] http://www.ioz.ac.cn/zcd/

11th International 2002, 5-9 August Potsdam, http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/Hort/as Auchenorrhyncha Germany cu/tymbal/meetings.htm Congress Prof. Dr Hannelore Hoch, Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Institut für Systematische Zoologie, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin Germany Vol. 21, No. 1 25

Organization Date Place Contact

XI International Congress of 2002, 8-13 Merida, [email protected]; Acarology Sept. Yucatan, http://www.ibiologia.unam.mx/x Mexico i_ica/Congress.htm

5th International Congress of 2002,29 Brisbane, http://www.uq.edu.au/entomol- Dipterology Sept. - 4 Oct. Australia ogy/dipterol/diptconf.html

VIIth European Congress of 2002, 7-13 Thessaloniki, Symposium Secretariat: Labora- Entomology Oct. Greece tory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, Aristotle Univer- sity of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki Greece; [email protected]

XXII International Congress 2004, 15-20 Brisbane, Jim Cullen, CSIRO Entomology, of Entomology Aug. Australia [email protected] Myron Zalucki, University of Queensland, Australia [email protected]

Collections / Museums / Systematics

Society for the Preservation of 2002, 8-13 Montreal, http://www.spnhc.org/2002/ Natural History Collections May Quebec Jean-Marc Gagnon, Canadian Annual Meeting Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4; [email protected]

Natural Science Collections 2002, 6-9 Washington, http://www.ascoll.org/annualme Alliance Annual Meeting June DC eting/2002/2002annlmtg.htm (formerly the Association of Association of Systematics Col- Systematics Collections) lections, 1725 K Street NW, Suite 601;Washington, DC 20006-1401; gen- [email protected]

Other subjects (especially those relevant to Survey projects)

North American Benthological 2002, 28 Pittsburgh, http://www.benthos.org/Meet- Society 48th Annual Meeting May - June 1 Pennsylvania ing/index.htm

41st Annual Meeting of the Ca- 2002, 8-11 Lethbridge, http://home.uleth.ca/~goatcp/csz nadian Society of Zoologists May AB /english/index.html (includes symposia on “Prairie Cam Goater, [email protected] Biodiversity” and “Parasitism - Evolution and Ecology of Ar- thropod/Host Interactions”) 26 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Answers to Faunal Quiz

[See page 19]

1. The western border of the Yukon Territory is at 141 ° W, so that the most north-westerly point of Canada is Demarcation Point, YT [note that the Queen Charlotte Islands reach only 133 ° 11¢ W].

2. Listed in recent gazetteers are 439 Canadian place names based on the family name Smith.

3. Insect families with adults known to aestivate include Noctuidae and other moths and butterflies, Chrysopidae among the lacewings, Limnephilidae among the caddisflies, and several families of beetles such as Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, and Carabidae.

4. The term "sand flies" normally refers to certain Psychodidae, especially the species of Phlebotomus in Europe, Asia and Africa, and of Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia in North, Central and South America (and the Caribbean Islands), that transmit several unpleasant diseases to humans, including leishmaniasis. Some Canadian psychodids bite amphibians or reptiles, but none bites humans. In North America, the term "sand flies" is often used instead or as well to refer to biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) of the genera Culicoides and Leptoconops that bite humans. And the term is even used occasionally there for black flies (Simuliidae) that attack humans.

5. Many families of Canadian insects contain (or are exclusively) parasitoids, including families such as Braconidae, , Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, , Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, , Eucharitidae, Perilampidae, Torymidae, , Chalcididae, Eucoilidae, Proctotrupidae, Diapriidae, Scelionidae, Platygastridae, Ceraphronidae and Bethylidae among the Hymenoptera, and families such as Phoridae, Conopidae, Sarcophagidae, Rhinophoridae and Tachinidae among the Diptera, as well as the Stylopidae.

Corrections: From the quiz in Newsletter 20 (2), pp. 58, 66. Question 2: Typical developmental stages of mites should include the tritonymph (third nymphal instar), because it is the plesiomorphic state among the Acari even though it has been lost in many groups [contributed by Evert Lindquist]. Question 4: The dipteran family Corethrellidae (formerly part of Chaoboridae) also begins with the letter C [contributed by Art Borkent]. Vol. 21, No. 1 27

Quips and Quotes

Good enough isn’t good enough. (Anon.)

There are two kinds of people: those who don’t know and those who don’t know they don’t know. (Robert B. Reich)

The specialist learns more and more about less and less until, finally, he knows everything about nothing; whereas the generalist learns less and less about more and more until, finally, he knows nothing about everything. (”Dawson’s Law”)

Dead men tell no tales — and many who are alive aren’t very informative either. (Anon.)

Two views of ants

At high tide fish eat ants; at low tide ants eat fish. (Thai proverb)

The ant has made himself illustrious Through constant industry industrious. So what? Would you be calm and placid If you were full of formic acid? (Ogden Nash) 28 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

List of Requests for Material or Information Required for Studies of the Canadian Fauna 2002

his list is intended to facilitate cooperation among entomologists by encouraging those who visit Tsuitable areas while engaged in other studies to collect material of particular interest to workers elsewhere. Similar lists that were circulated in previous years prompted the transmission of several use- ful sets of material, and the efforts of the various cooperators were much appreciated. Minimum data requested with all specimens are, of course, locality, date, collector and habitat. (**denotes address reference; listed on page 37)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 1 Acari (free living Anywhere, but es- Berlese-Tullgren funnel extraction V.M. 1 and parasitic terres- pecially subarctic from subaquatic substrates, from Behan-Pelletier; E.E. trial and aquatic and arctic Canada, grasses and sedges, and from bird Lindquist; I.M. mites) Canadian grass- and mammal nests, would be espe- Smith lands cially fruitful (preserve in 75% ethanol +5% glycerine). 2 Adelgidae Anywhere Preserve insects and bark, needles R. Foottit 1 (conifer woolly or galls in 70% ethanol. Specimen aphids) records and host plant records. 3 Aleyrodidae North America Preserve insects and host plant ma- R. Foottit 1 (whiteflies) terial in 70% ethanol. Adults may be dried. Specimen records and host plant records. (Canadian Na- tional Collection deficient in all species, including pest species). 4 Anthomyiidae North America Specimens with biological data G.C.D. Griffiths 2 (especially reared specimens) in the genera Strobilomyia (conifer cone maggots), Lasiomma (larvae mainly in dung or bird nests), Egle (larvae in willow and poplar cat- kins), Chirosia (incl. Pycnoglossa) (larvae phytophagous in ferns), and Acrostilpna (biology un- known). Vol. 21, No. 1 29

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 5 Anthomyzidae New World Adults from any habitat, but K.N. Barber 3 often associated with graminoids. Preservation in 70% ethanol preferred. Maliase and especially pan trap residues are acceptable and valuable. General descrip- tion of herbaceous cover and soil moisture advantageous. 6 Aphididae Anywhere Preserve in 70% ethanol. R. Foottit 1 (aphids) Specimen records and host plant records. 7 Asilidae North Amer- Pinned adults. R.A. Cannings 4 (robber flies) ica 8 Braconidae Anywhere Pointed or in ethanol. M. Sharkey 5 9 Bumble bees Anywhere in Include floral host if any. Col- R.C. Plowright 6 Canada lect and preserve dry (but specimens that have already been put into ethanol are ac- ceptable). 10 Butterflies Arctic Preserve papered or pinned K.W. Philip 7 (see also 34) (collecting / preserving infor- mation supplied on request) [for Alaska Lepidoptera Sur- vey] 11 Ceratopogonidae Anywhere in Send in fully topped-up vials A. Borkent 8 Canada of 70% ethanol. Reared mate- rial is especially valuable; pro- vide type of substrate or habi- tat if material is reared. 12 Cercopidae Canada and Specimens (preferably not in K.G.A. Hamil- 1 (froghoppers, Alaska ethanol if possible), records ton spittlebugs) and host records. 13 Chalcidoids, Holarctic Incl. sweep-net samples (see G.A.P. Gibson 1 especially also 43) (collect into ethanol). Eupelmidae Reared material is especially useful. 14 : Nearctic and Reared material preferred but B. Bilyj 9 Larsia Palearctic will accept all stages in etha- () fresh waters nol or on slides. 15 Chironomidae: All areas, es- Include sampling method, W.B. Morton 10 Eukiefferiella, pecially On- habitat information. Tvetenia tario () 30 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 16 Chrysomelidae Anywhere, but Mounted or unmounted and pre- L. LeSage 1 (leaf beetles) especially in Can- served in acetic alcohol (70 etha- ada nol: 25 water: 5 parts glacial acetic acid). Include accurate (species level) host plant information. 17 Cicadellidae Canada and Alaska Specimens (preferably not in etha- K.G.A. Hamilton 1 (leafhoppers) nol), records and host records. 18 Coccoidea North Preserve insect and host plant ma- R. Foottit 1 (scale insects) America terial in 70% ethanol. Specimen records and host plant records. 19 Coleoptera Canada For teaching. Material from mass Y.H. Prévost 11 (adults or collections accepted. (Kill larvae immatures) in boiling water removed from the heating element, let cool and trans- fer to 70% ethanol.) 20 Coleoptera Northern Will collect S. Ont. in exchange; A. Morgan 12 (identified) Canada has N.W.T. duplicates to exchange for identification. 21 Curculionidae Anywhere, but es- Adults can be pinned, pointed, or D.E. Bright 1 (weevils) pecially northern preserved in ethanol. Record host Canada plant information if possible. 22 Cynipidae: insect Anywhere Maturing to mature galls. Remove J.D. Shorthouse 13 galls from domestic galls from plants and place in plas- and wild roses tic bags. Try to segregate galls of different species. Preserve any emergents in 70% ethanol. 23 Dermaptera: Amérique du Nord A sec ou dans l’alcool. J.C. Tourneur 14 Forficula et autres régions si auricularia possible (perce-oreille européen / European earwig) 24 Diprionidae North America Living diprionid sawflies of any L. Packer 15 (diprionid sawflies) species, identified or unidentified. Record foodplant. Contact in ad- vance about shipping. 25 Dytiscidae Canada, Alaska Adults and larvae; adults should be D.J. Larson 16 (predaceous diving and northern USA pinned or if in ethanol preliminar- beetles) ily sorted. 26 Eupelmidae: North America Reared materials with associated G.A.P. Gibson 1 sexes are particularly important, regardless how few in number. 27 Formicidae (ants) Anywhere Record type of habitat and nest A. Francoeur 17 site. Include brood if possible (pre- serve in ethanol). Vol. 21, No. 1 31

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 28 Fungal pathogens Anywhere Place any fungus-infected D. Strongman 18 of insects (esp. of specimens in a vial. (Identifi- deuteromycetes cation of the fungus available and ascomycetes) on request.) 29 Halictidae North America Particularly from blueberries. L. Packer 15 (sweat bees) Pinned or preserved. Include brown and flower record if available. black spp. only 30 Hemiptera: Anywhere Aquatic and semi-aquatic G.G.E. Scudder 19 Heteroptera Heteroptera from acid waters (bugs) (an indication of pH would be useful). Terrestrial Heteroptera from bogs. Pre- serve in ethanol. 31 Insects on snow Especially Chionea (Tipulidae), Boreus S. Cannings 20 western moun- (), Capniidae tains (Plecoptera): preserve in 70% ethanol. 32 Isoptera (ter- N. America Preserve in 75% ethanol; try T.G. Myles 21 mites) incl. Mexico to collect as many soldiers as possible. 33 Leiodidae Northern for- Most easily collected by win- S.B. Peck 22 (=Leptodiridae) est and tundra dow traps or flight intercept areas; prairies traps; and car nets (Can. Ent. and grasslands 124: 745, 1992) (collect into ethanol). 34 Lepidoptera Arctic For revisionary work on the J.D. Lafontaine 1 (see also 10) holarctic fauna. 35 Lepidoptera Manitoulin Is- Records for use in monograph J.K. Morton 23 land and sur- of the region. Information on rounding old records from collections islands would be particularly wel- come. 36 Lygaeidae Anywhere Material can be collected in G.G.E. Scudder 19 ethanol. 37 Mallophaga Anywhere Preserve specimens in 70% T.D. Galloway 24 ethanol; host species is ex- tremely important. 32 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 38 Microlepidoptera North America, Include collecting method and J.F. Landry 1 (excluding Pyralidae esp. west in time of day collected. Kill with and Tortricidae) dry/arid habitats ammonia fumes. Field-pin; in- and prairies (CNC struction leaflet and field kit avail- deficient in all able on request. western species) 39 Milichiidae Anywhere Malaise traps are particularly pro- J. Swann 25 ductive; also any found in associa- tion with ant nests extremely ap- preciated. Preserve in 70% etha- nol. 40 Odonata (dragon- North America Include 2-3 word habitat descrip- R.A. Cannings 4 flies) tion. Adults preferably in enve- lopes or papered, prepared by im- mersing in acetone for 24 hours, then dried; larvae in 70% ethanol. 41 Opiliones Canada and adja- Preserve in 75% ethanol, espe- R. Holmberg 26 (harvestmen) cent states cially adults with notes on habitats. 42 Anywhere J-T. Yang 27 43 Parasitic Anywhere Including selected unsorted Mal- L. Masner 1 Hymenoptera aise, suction, pan or pitfall trap collections (pan trap kits and in- structions supplied free on re- quest). 44 Phoridae Anywhere; espe- Collect into 70% ethanol: espe- B.V. Brown 28 cially boreal cially interested in Malaise trap samples from boreal forest. 45 Pipunculidae Anywhere in North Adults can be pinned, pointed or E. Georgeson 29 (big-headed flies) America preserved in ethanol. 46 Psyllidae North America Preferably preserve in glycerine or R. Foottit 1 dried. Specimen records and host plant records. 47 Pteromalidae: North America Reared materials with associated G.A.P. Gibson 1 Pachyneuron sexes are particularly important, regardless how few in number. 48 Salticidae (jumping Canada Adult specimens preseved in 70% D. Shorthouse, C. 30 spiders) ethanol. Include habitat informa- Buddle tion, specific location of collec- tion, collecting method. 49 Scelionid egg para- Anywhere Especially from Grylloidea; pre- L. Masner 1 sites of Orthoptera serve in ethanol. 50 Sciomyzidae Anywhere Preferably pinned L. Knutson 31 Vol. 21, No. 1 33

Material Areas of Collecting Methods, Name of ** Requested Interest Notes Requester 51 Silphidae Canada Include habitat and trapping R. Lauff 32 method. Malaise trap material welcome. 52 Simuliidae North Amer- Preserve larvae in Carnoy’s D.C. Currie 25 (black flies) ica, esp. west- solution (1 glacial acetic acid: ern and north- 3 absolute ethanol). Reared ern species adults with associated pupal exuviae preferred. Instructions available on request. 53 Siphonaptera Anywhere Preserve specimens in 70% T.D. Galloway 24 (fleas) ethanol; host species is ex- tremely important. 54 Solpugida Canada Preserve in 75% ethanol, espe- R. Holmberg 26 (sun spiders) cially adults with notes on habitat. 55 Sphaeroceridae Anywhere, Collect into ethanol. S.A. Marshall 33 esp. arctic or Acalyptrate fraction of trap high eleva- samples welcomed. tions 56 Symphyta Boreal and Larvae and adults collected by H. Goulet 1 (sawflies) arctic Canada Malaise trap, sweeping, etc. (collect into 70% ethanol). Identify larval food plant as far as possible. 57 Tabanidae Canada Include habitat and trapping R. Lauff 32 method. Malaise trap material welcome. 58 Thysanoptera North Amer- (Preserve in 70% ethanol). R. Foottit 1 (thrips) ica Specimen records, habitat, host plant records where ap- plicable. 59 Trichoptera Anywhere Larvae, pupae and adults, es- G.B. Wiggins 25 (caddisflies) pecially collections that might lead to species identification of through association with adult. Preserve adults dry or in 80% ethanol, larvae and pupae in Kahle’s fluid or 80% ethanol. 60 [Identifications] High Arctic Specimens of soil animals in G. Søvik 34 return for identifications. 61 Taxonomic ex- Alaska For Alaska Insect Survey pro- J. Kruse 35 pertise for de- ject (see article on p. 22). Var- terminations ious taxa, but especially for large and speciose groups of Hymenoptera and Diptera. 34 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Cooperation Offered

a. Identification of groups of interest in Most but not all of entries in list above. return for a sample of duplicate specimens.

b Willing to sort material from certain See entries 5, 13, 19, 43, 51, 55, 57 above residues, bulk samples, etc.

c. Field kits or instructions available on See especially entries 38, 43, 52 above. request.

d. Exchange of specimens. Several requesters, including entries 7, 20, 40, 53 above.

e. Limited collecting in Coppermine area, A. Gunn (address 36 below). N.W.T., if particular material required.

f. Soil animals from Ellesmere and Axel G. Søvik (see entry 60 above) Heiberg Island, Island, arctic Canada.

g. Material in exchange for identifications. G. Søvik (see entry 60 above)

h. Caterpillars, larval sawflies, aphids and P. Hallett (address 37 below) mites available on request from trapnests for solitary bees and [and see Am. Bee J. 2001, pp. 133-136, 441-444].

i. Insect material from grassland and D.L. Johnson (address 38 below) adjacent habitats at Onefour, Alberta, is available for examination. Vol. 21, No. 1 35

List of Known Email Addresses

(by requester name)

Barber, K.N...... [email protected] Behan-Pelletier, V.M...... [email protected] Borkent, A...... [email protected] Bright, D.E...... [email protected] Brown, B.V...... [email protected] Cannings, R...... [email protected] Cannings, S...... [email protected] Currie, D.C...... [email protected] Foottit, R...... [email protected] Francoeur, A...... [email protected] Galloway, T.D...... [email protected] Gibson, G.A.P...... [email protected] Goulet, H...... [email protected] Griffiths, G.C.D...... [email protected] Gunn, A...... [email protected] Hallett, P...... [email protected] Hamilton, K.G.A...... [email protected] Holmberg, R...... [email protected] Johnson, D.L...... [email protected] Knutson ...... [email protected] Kruse, J...... [email protected] Lafontaine, J.D...... [email protected] Landry, J.F...... [email protected] 36 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

Larson, D.J...... [email protected] Lauff, R...... [email protected] LeSage, L...... [email protected] Lindquist, E.E...... [email protected] Marshall, S.A...... [email protected] Morgan, A...... [email protected] Morton, J.K...... [email protected] Myles, T.G...... [email protected] Packer, L...... [email protected] Philip, K.W...... [email protected] Prévost, Y.H...... [email protected] Scudder, G.G.E...... [email protected] Sharkey, M...... [email protected] Shorthouse, D.P...... [email protected] Shorthouse, J.D...... [email protected] Smith, I...... [email protected] Søvik, G...... [email protected] Strongman, D...... [email protected] Swann, J...... [email protected] Tourneur, J.C...... [email protected] Vol. 21, No. 1 37

List of Addresses

1. Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 2. 117 Collingwood Cove, 51551 Range Road 212A, Sherwood Park, AB T8G 1B2 3. Canadian Forest Service, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 5M7 4. Royal British Columbia Museum, P.O. Box 9815, Stn. Prov. Govt., Victoria, BC V8W 9W2 5. Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 5 - 225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, U.S.A. 6. 482 Montée de la Source, Cantley, QC J8V 3H9 7. University of Alaska, Institute of Arctic Biology, P.O. Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000 U.S.A. 8. 1171 Mallory Road, R1-S20-C43, Enderby, BC V0E 1V0 9. 12 Westroyal Road, Etobicoke, ON M9P 2C3 10. 3 Woodridge Dr., Guelph, ON N1E 3M2 11. Faculty of Forestry and the Forest Environment, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1 12. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 13. Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 14. Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8 15. Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Downsview, ON M3J 1P3 16. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John*s, NF A1B 3X9 17. Département des Sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 9555 boul. de l*Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1 18. Department of Biology, St. Mary*s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3 19. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5 20. B.C. Conservation Data Centre, Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9344 Stn. Prov. Govt., Victoria, BC V8W 9M1 21. Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3 22. Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 23. Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 38 Newsletter of the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods)

24. Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 25. Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen*s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6 26. Athabasca University, Centre for Natural and Human Science, Athabasca, AB T9S 1A1 27. Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan 28. Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, U.S.A. 29. Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 130, Shubenacadie, NS, B0N 2H0 30. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 31. 4 rue des Erables, Clapiers, France 34830 32. Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5 33. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 34. Biological Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway 35. University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, PO Box 756960, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-6960 36. Wildlife and Fisheries Division, Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Government of the Nortwest Territories, Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8 37. Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 38. Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Vol. 21, No. 1 39

Index to Taxa (entry nos.)

Arachnida Diptera Anthomyiidae .... 4 Solpugida ...... 54 Anthomyzidae .... 5 Opiliones ...... 41 Asilidae...... 7 Araneae Ceratopogonidae . . . 11 Salticidae ...... 48 Chironomidae ....14,15 Acari ...... 1,60,h Milichiidae ...... 39 Hydracarina .....1 Phoridae ...... 44 Collembola ...... 60 Pipunculidae .....45 Insecta ...... 28,31,6,i Sciomyzidae .....50 Odonata...... 40 Simuliidae ...... 52 Plecoptera ...... 31 Sphaeroceridae ....55 Isoptera ...... 32 Tabanidae ...... 57 Dermaptera ...... 23 Tipulidae ...... 31 Orthoptera ...... 42,49 Siphonaptera ...... 53 Mallophaga ...... 37 Lepidoptera...... 10,34,35,38,h Hemiptera ...... 30 Trichoptera ...... 59 Adelgidae...... 2 Hymenoptera Aleyrodidae ..... 3 parasitic Hymenoptera 8, 13, 26, 43, Aphididae ...... 6,h ...... 47,49 Cercopidae ...... 12 Aculeata ...... 9,29 Cicadellidae .....17 Apidae ...... 9 Coccoidea ...... 18 Braconidae ...... 8 Lygaeidae ...... 36 Chalcidoidea .....13,47 Psyllidae ...... 46 Cynipidae...... 22 Thysanoptera ...... 58 Diprionidae...... 24 Coleoptera ...... 19,20 Eupelmidae...... 13,26 immatures ...... 19 Formicidae ...... 27 Chrysomelidae ....16 Halictidae...... 29 Curculionidae ....21 Pteromalidae .....47 Dytiscidae ...... 25 Scelionidae ...... 49 Leiodidae ...... 33 Symphyta...... 24,56,h Silphidae ...... 51 Fungi ...... 28 Mecoptera ...... 31