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Too long a sacrifice Can make a stone of the heart O when may it suffice? That is Heaven's part, our part they dreamed and are dead - 1916 To murmer name upon name, As a mother names her child When sleep at last has come On limbs that had run wild. What is it but nightfall? No, no, not night but death; Was it needless death after all? For England may keep faith For all that is done and said. We know their dream; enough To know they dreamed and are dead; And what if excess of love Bewildered them till they died? I write it out in a verse- MacDonagh and MacBride And Connolly and Pearse Now and in time to be, Wherever green is worn, they dreamed and are dead Are changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born.

W B Yeats Limerick 1916 1916

ISBN: 978-0-905700-24-3

John J Quilty and his wife Madge in the Brisco car, used by the By Dr Matthew Potter | William O’Neill | Brian Hodkinson | Edited by Jacqui Hayes 1 Volunteers for the ill-fated trip to Kerry to meet and the Aud. (Courtesy Joe Quilty) 1 1916 Cover 6 page.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 17:59 Page 2

We know their dream; enough to know they dreamed and are dead

William Butler Yeats

Copyright Information: Authors: Design and Print: Published by Limerick City and County Council Dr. Matthew Potter, Historian, Limerick Archives AViD Graphic Design, Limerick © Limerick City and County Council William O’ Neill, Scholar Limerick Museum and The Daly family as returned in the 1901 census. Note that although Eileen, Kathleen and Madge Daly were all were and Madge Daly Kathleen that although Eileen, Note in the 1901 census. as returned family The Daly of one example This is just or occupation. as having no profession returned were at the time, they working the estimating for are centuries twentieth and early nineteenth of the late returns the census unreliable how (National Archives). in the Irish workforce number of women © Copyright of photographs remain with Archives and PhD candidate, of Limerick contributors Brian Hodkinson, Acting Curator, Limerick Museum and assistant editor of the Old Limerick Journal. A Christian Brothers classroom, where nationalism and Catholicism blended Editor: seamlessly under the stern discipline of the teachers (Limerick Museum). Jacqui Hayes, Limerick City and County Archivist 2 2 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 1

THEY

reamereamereameare dead &the story of Limerick in 1916

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Acknowledgements

This publication forms part of Limerick Museum and Archives programme commemorating the 1916 Rising. It acts as a part- ner to an exhibition of the same name.

As part of our research we were lucky to have the support of experts in this period and we would like to gratefully acknowl- edge their generous support and enthusiasm; Dr Angus Mitchell, Fr Brian and Tom Toomey.

We would also like to thank the families of those who shared their images and recollections with us at a number of road- shows as part of the process of gathering information. Carmel Healy Hennigan, James Hennessy, Martina Breen, Mary Wall, Michael O'Halloran, Charlotte Gleeson, Sam McCarthy, Sean Collins, Noelle Sheedy, Thomas Riordan, John Collins, John McCormack, John Power, Pat McSweeney, Paul Barrett, Timo- thy Hunt, Sam Windrim, the Slattery family, Joe Quilty, Dan Neville, Breda Howlett, Pat Dargan, Michael Conway, the Cregan, Colivet and O’Loughlin families.

We would like to thank the contributors to the commemora- tive edition of the Old Limerick Journal who have researched key aspects of Limerick in 1916 and facilitated access to their research; Tom Toomey for his work on the GAA in Limerick and on Robert Monteith’s time as a fugitive on a Limerick farm; Dr Angus Mitchell for his work on Roger Casement and Limerick’s role in the planned Rising; Denis O’Shaughnessy who charted the initial horrified press reaction to the Rising;

2 Dutch Billy Architecture on Mary Street, Limerick (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 3

Jennifer M Levey for her work on Limerick’s economic diffi- culties in 1916 due to the First World War and also her work on changes to time keeping in 1916; John Harrold for his work on Fr Eugene Sheehy and Helen Litton for her work on Eamonn Dore and Cumann na mBan. Sincere thanks to Tom Donovan editor of the Old Limerick Journal for his generosity and courtesy in facilitating access to this research presented in detailed articles.

Thanks to: Ken Bergin, Special Collections in UL for access to the wonderful Daly papers, to Catriona Crowe of Limerick Genealogy, Helen Litton and the O’Sullivan family for their courtesy in sharing images of the Daly family, to Alan English editor of the and Grainne Keays for facilitat- ing access to the original copies of the Limerick Leader and Chronicle, to Sharon Slater and Des Long for providing images, to the institutions who provided images: the National Library, the Irish Jesuit Archives, the Imperial War Museum, the South Library, the Digital Repository of (DRI), the National Archives, the Irish Military Archives and the Royal Irish Academy.

Thanks to the Limerick 1916 Commemoration committee, Damien Brady, Tony Storan, Tom Cassidy, Paul Foley and Padraig Power for their support, to Martina Burke, MA in History, UL placement student for her work on this project; to Ruairi Walsh of St Paul’s National School for his advice and to the Umbrella Project for their ongoing support for the Museum.

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Independent Ireland was born vibrant republican tradition of the fifteen leaders executed in the and the represented by the veteran in the aftermath were Limer- 1916 Proclamation is its birth and his ick men; Ned Daly and Con certificate. The Rising set in large, warm but formidable Colbert. motion the series of events family of eight nieces and one that resulted in the creation of nephew. Before 1916, the the in 1922 and Dalys played a major part in the declaration of an Irish was part of promoting and funding repub- Republic in 1949. The story of an international movement licanism, without which the this great national drama has that swept all of Europe, Rising might never have been often been told elsewhere. The affecting numerous nations possible. Of the six major rebel story of the major role that such as the Finns, Poles, Limerick played in 1916 is told strongholds in Dublin, one was Czechs, Croats and Ukrainians. in these pages. commanded by a Limerick city Although situated on the West- man, Ned Daly and another by £££££ ern edge of Europe, Limerick Eamon de Valera, who grew was very much swept up in up in . Limerick had a much more this great revival of the conti- Another County Limerick man, important role in the Rising nent’s submerged peoples. from comm- than is often realised. The orig- anded one of the lesser rebel inal plans envisaged the city strongholds. Many other and county playing a central Limerick people fought in the role in both the fighting and This book paints a portrait of Rising and their contribution is the distribution of the German Limerick in 1916, a dynamic highlighted in this book. Two arms shipment. Limerick had a place, situated in a fast-chang-

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ing world. Modern inventions ‘they dreamed and are All of them are remembered in such as the motor car, electric this book, as in remembering light, radio, the aeroplane, dead’ them we commemorate them. cinema, plastic, even the zip- fastener had only recently Many others also dreamed and appeared. Education had a lot died at this time in the spread to all sections of soci- nation’s history: the Irish ety. The local newspapers were Volunteers who fought the full of the First World War, and British Empire on the streets everyone knew someone fight- of Dublin; the thousands of ing. While some sections of the Irish who fought in the armed community were prospering, forces of Britain and other the poor were suffering from allied armies in the Great War; wartime high prices and short- the RIC constables who found ages. Even women’s clothes themselves transformed from were taking on their modern everyday policemen to hate form. figures; those who manned the home front in the factory, W B Yeats wrote of the Rising the farm, the schoolroom and leaders that: the workshop.

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Contents

1 Introduction 4 2 A Portrait of Limerick in 1916 8 3 The Rise of Limerick Nationalism 44 4 Limerick and the First World War 78 5 Limerick and the Rising 93 6 The Dalys: A Family at War 127 7 Changed Utterly 142 8 Bibliography 164 Endnotes 175 Index 188

Diary of the Irish Revolution in West Limerick by Charles Wall, Commandant, West Limerick Battalion of the 7 (Courtesy Wall family). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 8

8 Moore Street, , County Limerick, as it looked at the time of the Rising (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 9

2 A Portrait of Limerick in 1916 9 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 10

This portrait of Limerick sets Michael S McGrath, Medical In 1916, Limerick city had a the scene for Limerick’s role in Superintendent Officer of Hea- high rate of infant mortality, the Irish Revolution. In 1916 lth reported that ‘Limerick with 100 children under the Limerick was a semi-industrial was very much behind the age of one year dying the city. Some major industries times as regards the provision previous year.3 Better diet had provided work for generations of sanitary accommodation’. increased people’s resistance of families, but there was also He was very concerned about to illness however and by 1910 a lot of unemployment and the resulting spread of diseases those who survived childhood under-employment. Social from human waste deposited and reached the age of fifteen welfare was limited to outdoor on the streets and lanes warn- could expect to live until the relief under the hated Poor ing that, until the problem was age of sixty-four.4 The stan- Law system and a lack of eradicated: dard of living was also improv- employment brought families ing and the average Irish 1 close to poverty quickly. ‘it will be utterly person was one and a half times better off in 1913 than impossible to have a they had been in 1870. In 1916, Disease and deaths in healthy city.’ were better off than Spaniards, Portuguese unsanitary streets In 1915, there were three cases and Greeks and had roughly of diphtheria, twenty-three of the same standard of living as One third of people in Limerick scarlatina, fourteen of typh- Italians and Norwegians.5 city lived in dirty and over- oid and four of continued fever crowded conditions - mainly in Limerick. Tuberculosis was Limerick was far more rural in in the Englishtown, Irishtown a major killer, with 119 fatali- 1916 than nowadays, as 75 per 2 and Carey’s Road area of the ties in 1915. McGrath desc- cent of the population lived in city. Most of these lived in ribed how experiments in country areas (in 2016 it was dwellings with no running disposing of human waste 50 per cent).6 Agriculture was water or sewerage systems. using buckets first and then the biggest industry employing night carts was unsuccessful nearly 60 per cent of the work- and ‘another trial is about to force while 75 per cent of be given to the use of the bins.’ farmers had farms of less than fifty acres.7

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Conditions in the poorer areas water and the filthy houses of Limerick city, where the must contribute largely to it’ average number of children and that ‘the houses there are per family was seven, were to be seen in a state of squallor grim.10 In some homes, the and filth such as you would same pot was often used to scarcely believe.’14 cook and wash clothes.11 In 1911, it was claimed that there Nevertheless by 1916 the posi- was nowhere in Ireland ‘with tion in the city was slowly worse slum dwellings than improving. The number of Limerick or where proper families living in tenements houses for the poor are more and one-room flats had necessary.’12 In 1913, 20 per dropped from 60 per cent in cent of the city’s housing stock 1871 to 33 per cent in 1911.15 consisted of 1,050 tenement A tale houses, and another 15 per By 1914 Limerick Corporation cent were one-room flats.13 and private charitable comp- of two anies had built 253 fine arti- cities In 1885, former Mayor William sans dwellings, but this was Spillane had stated that too little to supply the major ‘scarcely any of the tenement demand. These houses were In 1916, housing played a houses have back yards... a not available to the poorest major role in the the quality of great many are without closets families as rents were rela- Limerick citizens’ lives.8 [toilets].. they throw the refuse tively high. Limerick was a tale of two out of doors... the floors are cities and by 1916 many upper very bad... earthen floors; all ™ ™ ™ and middle class people had the basements are full of holes, ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ moved out of the city centre to nothing could be worse; roofs Housing fine houses on the North also are often broken. He Circular Road, South Circular described how he had seen in County Road, O’Connell Avenue, ‘two families living in a cellar Limerick Corbally and Road. with eight people living in it’ While many business people and instances of where ‘there Conditions were also slowly continued to live over the shop was no furniture at all and improving in the county, in the city centre, some of the people sleep on the floor.’ Georgian houses near Arthur’s Concerning Limerick city’s though at a faster rate than in Quay and Irishtown had high death rate, Spillane the city. In the thirty years become tenements.9 maintained that ‘the want of prior to 1916 hundreds of good

Advertising was well developed by 1916, and even the horrors of the First World War were used to sell products, as in 11 this humorous example (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 12

12 Some of the worst housing conditions in Limerick city could be found in Arthurs Mews,off Francis Street, behind Arthur's Quay (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 13

quality labourers’ cottages had three-year old grandson ‘Eddie’ whose accommodation cons- been built by the Boards of (later Eamon) de Valera.16 isted of ten or more rooms Guardians under the Labourers’ doubled.17 Acts. In 1885, the Coll family The number of people living in of moved from a one- one-room mud cabins in Nevertheless, housing in roomed thatched cottage to a Limerick city and county County Limerick was still poor. ‘new slate-roofed three- dropped from one in three In 1910, the Limerick Leader roomed labourers’ cottage families in 1871 to one in described a house in nearby.’ The family consisted twenty families in 1911. Betw- as being ‘situated in filthy of Mrs Coll, her two adult sons een 1871 and 1911, the surroundings’ and as being ‘a and adult daughter, plus a number of Limerick families specimen of the wretched

Plans for dwellings to be built in Garryowen (1903). Limerick Corporation built its first social housing scheme in 1887 13 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 14

hovels that are to be found in A semi the assembly line system and some of the congested areas.’ It was the largest clothing fact- was fifteen or sixteen feet long industrial city ory in Ireland.23 and ten feet high, with a door that ‘the average sized person The flour milling industry was would find difficult to enter Limerick had four bacon flourishing in 1916 supplying without stooping.’ The roof factories which were world flour for the war in Europe. ‘was thatched and in a state of famous for their bacon and Milling was one of Limerick’s decay.’18 In 1913, the Leader used the most advanced oldest industries. By 1916 carried another report, technology of the time: Goodbodys were the leading referring to ‘deserving poor Matterson’s, Shaw’s, O’Mara’s millers, having taken over people’ in rural areas living in and Denny’s. It was the proud Bannatyne’s Mills and ‘hovels that... a respectable pig boast of the Limerick bacon Russell’s Mills. The Harris would not live in.’19 The Irish industry that when pigs family had a mill on Henry Land and Labourers Asso- entered the production line, Street while the Maguire ciation was set up in 1894 to ‘nothing was wasted except family ran a mill on Francis 21 fight for the rights of small the squeal.’ In 1892, Shaws Street as well as Curraghgower farmers and agricultural labo- had an advanced telephone Mill in Croom. Many young urers. One of its main policy system (only sixteen years boys followed their fathers or aims was to provide more after the telephone was inve- uncles into the mills at cottages for labourers.20 nted), with lifts to every fourteen years of age. These 22 floor. were often paid low wages as Few houses had bathrooms, so ‘boys’ for many years into people washed in large tin The Limerick Clothing Factory adulthood.24 baths in the bedroom or in at Lord Edward Street was wash hand basins. Mass- working at full capacity during In 1916, Cleeves Condensed produced bars of soap were 1916, making military unif- Milk Company was thriving widely available. Toothpaste orms for the and with over 3,000 employed in had become popular since its commercial suits. In 1915 the nineteen factories throughout introduction almost sixteen workers received a war bonus Munster. These produced years previously. Toothbrushes as they were doing so much butter, condensed milk, toffee, were usually made of bristles overtime. Set up in 1850 by Sir cocoa, milk and sweets. taken from pigs’ necks. Peter Tait, it was a pioneer of

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A poster showing the wide range of produce available from Matterson’s Bacon Factory (Limerick Museum). 15 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 16

16 Limerick Clothing Factory, which operated from 1850 to 1974 provided employment to generations of Limerick men and women. The clothing factory won the contract to produce all the Irish Volunteers uniforms (Courtesy Sharon Slater). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:13 Page 17

Limerick dockworkers made a at home were often not of Mary Immaculate , difficult living and were included. Many women were had established the college in typical of the under-empl- badly paid. Their wages were 1898 and was still running it oyment and casual labour of only half those of a male wage in 1916.29 25 the time. Dock labourers had labourer and only around one- The Rise no contracts and were empl- sixth of a skilled male worker. oyed as needed when a ship By far the biggest category of of docked. They worked outdoors working women were Literacy unloading and loading ships at domestic servants. Without all hours in all sorts of electricity, running water and weather, carrying enormous modern appliances, house- In 1916, the national school loads and handling hazardous work took a great deal of time system had been providing free materials such as fertilisers, and effort and many ordinary education to all primary school chemicals and oil. In 1863, the farms and households had children since 1831 and had an Limerick Dock Labourers domestic servants.28 impressive record.30 National Union was formed to fight for literacy levels rose from 33 dockers’ rights. To join, ‘a man In 1916 some Limerick women percent in 1851 to 84 per cent had to have a close relative, were very successful business in 1911.31 In 1911 93 per cent most often his father, who was people. Madge Daly managed of Limerick people could read a member of the Society.’26 the Daly family bakery for and write.32 An increasingly many years and also built up a confident and educated popu- large property portfolio all WomEn lation became involved in over Limerick. Florence Vere nationalist organisations such AT Work O’Brien and Maude Kearney as the GAA, Gaelic League, ran thriving Limerick lace According to the 1911 census, Irish Volunteers and Cumann making enterprises. Women in the female proportion of the na mBan. the religious life were also workforce was 29 per cent in powerful and influential, as Limerick city and 20 per cent school principals, hospital in County Limerick.27 How- matrons and philanthropists. ever, the number of women in Limerick-born Sister Paul the workforce was unde- Quinlan the founding principal restimated as women working

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Primary schools

In 1916, there were 276 primary schools in Limerick with 104 boys’ schools, 75 girls’ schools and 97 mixed. Mixed schools usually had separate playgrounds, one each for boys and girls.33 Ned Daly attended Leamy’s on Hartstonge street where he learned book-keeping. The school had an enrolment figure of 520, but attendance was poor as an average of 410 were generally present on a daily basis.34

Teachers were poorly paid and in winter, schools were often cold, with large rooms heated by an open fire near the teac- her’s desk. Toilets were out- doors, discipline was strict and corporal punishment was common.

Subjects taught included Eng- lish, History, Geography and

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Ballyorgan Boys School, eight miles from , County Limerick (Limerick Museum). 19 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 20

In 1911, 93 per cent of Limerick People could read and write.

20 St Mary’s Girls’ School, Bishop Street (Courtesy Sharon Slater). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 21

A boys primary school c. 1910 (Limerick Museum). 21 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 22

22 College team 1917-18. Team games were an integral part of boarding school life, mainly because of their influence on character-building (Irish Jesuit Archives). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 23

Science. Irish had been rece- subjects were regarded as College run by the Jesuits. 40 ntly added to the curriculum inferior. Padraig Pearse, an as a result of a campaign led by educationalist as well as a Limerick was a pioneer in the Gaelic League.35 political activist, described Irish technical education as its secondary education as ‘the Municipal Technical Institute In 1916, most Limerick chil- Murder Machine.’ He said that was one of the oldest in the dren left school around the age it was country, having opened in of fourteen to get a job and 1893. By 1916 it was housed in support their families. ‘a lifeless thing without a magnificent red brick build- a soul’ ing on O’Connell Avenue. However, ‘the Tech’ was not which treated education like popular with middle class The Murder families who avoided sending ‘some sort of their children there.41 The 38 Machine manufacturing process.’ Limerick School of Art and Design had been established in The Christian Brothers played 1852 and since 1911 was There were sixteen secondary a major role in promoting nati- housed in the Municipal Tech- schools in Limerick city and onalism among their pupils. In nical Institute.42 county. Only four of these had Limerick city, Sexton Street both male and female pupils, CBS, which was both a Less than 5 per cent of children of which , run by national and secondary school, progressed to secondary educ- the , was the was the most popular school ation.43 Nearly all secondary 36 largest. The school curr- with as many as 2,000 schools were fee paying. iculum was dominated by the students enrolled. Among its Eamon de Valera walked annual state examinations as past pupils were John and Ned fifteen miles a day from Bruree results determined the amount Daly while Con Colbert, Sean to the CBS school in Charleville of grant aid paid to each Heuston and Eamon de Valera before winning a scholarship 37 39 school. Greek, Latin, math- all attended CBS Schools. to the elite Blackrock College.44 ematics, history and geography Other important secondary were seen as the essential schools were Laurel Hill, run subjects for professional jobs, by the Faithful Companions of while science and technical Jesus (FCJ) nuns and Mungret

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24 Patrick O’Farrell and Mary Vaughan married on 1st at St. John’s Cathdral, Limerick (Courtesy Breda Howlett). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 25

Limerick was one of the few Southern and Western Railw- revolution. Aeroplanes, rail- urban areas in Ireland with ays and moved from his native ways, telephones, typewriters third-level institutions. In Dublin to work in Limerick and electric light had all 1898, Mary Immaculate Coll- Railway Station. Ned Daly and become cornerstones of ege had been founded by the Con Colbert both moved to modern society. The radio was Sisters of Mercy as a teacher Dublin where they worked as invented in 1901 and the training college for girls. By clerks, Daly with a builders aeroplane in 1903. Huge 1916, it had around 100 providers and then a wholesale advances had been made in students.45 chemist and Colbert with a medicine with the introduction bakery.46 of modern anaesthetics (1846), Ireland’s expanding education antiseptic surgery (1869), and system provided a large A Technological x-rays (1895).47 number of clerks for a growing World bureaucracy. The executed The First World War saw a 1916 leader Sean Heuston was By 1916 the world had rush of new inventions that a clerk with the Great undergone a technological made life at home and on the battlefield easier. The army put zip fasteners on their uniforms for the first time.48 Wristwatches, which had been invented in 1868, had become very fashionable and were very useful on the batt- lefield to time attacks.

Mary Immaculate College was founded in 1898 and constructed between 1899 and 1901 (Limerick Museum). 25 The wrist watch was popularised during the First World War (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 26

26 Golf was popular with the Limerick middle classes (Limerick Museum). Isobel Frances, Mary and Josephine Vaughan. Isobel Frances and Mary both attended (Courtesy Breda Howlett). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 27

Motor Car

The first motor car was registered in Limerick in 1904. Trains, bicycles and cars all played a major role in the planning and imple- mentation of the 1916 Rising. Sport & Leisure

In 1916, people worked sixty hours a week with only Sunday off leaving very little free time. However, this was an improvement on the eighty hour week of previous decades, which meant that working class people had some limited time for leisure activities. 4 9 Golf, horse racing, athletics, hockey, bowling, Gaelic games, rugby and rowing were all popular activities in 1916. Despite the war, the music hall, theatre and cinemas were all booming.

Limerick city had a long tradition of opera and operetta, with the works of Gilbert and Sullivan occupying a special place 27 in the repertoire of both local and visiting opera companies (Limerick Museum). ). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 28

28 The first rules for ladies’ hurling or camogie were drawn up in 1903. Note the formal attire and impractical long skirts of the players (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 29

This was a golden era for Limerick athletics with success in a series of . In the 1908 Olympics held in , Limerick athletes won two gold medals: Timothy Ahearne in the and John Flanagan in the hammer as well as 29 one silver medal: Con Leahy in the (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 30

Three-year old Mary Ita Larkin from Reen’s Pike, Ardagh, County Limerick, on holidays in Ballybunion c. 1918. 30 Increasing leisure time enabled more people to enjoy vacations by the sea, though only the very rich could afford foreign holidays (Courtesy Healy family). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 31

In 1916 cinema was new and already popular. The first cinema in Ireland had opened in Dublin in 1909 and in 1910 ‘The Rink’ opened in Limerick at Clontarf The Theatre Royal on Henry Street Place.51 By 1916 there were four was one of the leading theatres in cinemas in Limerick. Charlie Ireland and could hold 1,300 Chaplin, Mary Pickford and people. ‘The stage was spacious Douglas Fairbanks were the stars of the day.52 Films were still silent and the theatre was so constructed so they were accompanied by an that no matter what part of the orchestra or a piano. house one was in, the stage never appeared far away.’ Charles ****** Dickens, Harry Houdini, Limerick Shortly after the Easter Rising, on opera singer Joseph O’Mara and 5 October 1916, Limerick Museum English opera star Dame Clara Butt opened its doors to the public for all performed there.50 the first time in .53

Limerick Museum opened in 1916 and soon began to attract visitors of all ages (Limerick Museum). In 1916, Charlie Chaplin was already a household name for Limerick cinemagoers (Limerick Leader). 31 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 32

In 1916 Limerick had a large decline of the GAA, which was in 1876.58 Garryowen and network of libraries. Limerick caused by the Parnell split, and Shannon Clubs were both City Library was in Pery quarrels between the Catholic founded in 1884 and Young Square while Rathkeale, clergy and the .55 Munster was founded in 1895. , Ballysteen, Croa- Later, the city developed ‘a gh, , Kilcolman, Palla- The middle classes had culture of parish-based junior skenry and Shanagolden all introduced rugby to the city rugby.’59 had libraries mainly funded by and it later spread to the the famous philanthropist working classes in order to Andrew Carnegie.54 have sufficient numbers.56 ROWING Limerick had a tradition of Rugby strong men who worked at Limerick’s location on the hard physical manual labour in longest river in Ireland meant Limerick was the only place in the milling, bacon and other that the Shannon played an Ireland where rugby was industries and were drawn to important role in city life. In 57 played by all classes. In the rugby. The first recorded 1916 the city had rowing 1890s, rugby’s rise was rugby club in Limerick was clubs. Shannon had been assisted by the temporary founded in Rathkeale in 1874, founded in 1866 by clothing followed by Limerick County manufacturer Sir Peter Tait.

32 Limerick city owed its very existence to its strategic location on the . By 1916, the river had become a major leisure facility as well as a source of employment (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 33

Limerick rugby derived its flourishing tradition and mass appeal to pioneering sportsmen such as William Lamb Stokes 33 of Barrington Street and Charles Barrington of Glenstal Castle (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 34

Limerick Rowing Club was set today. By 1850, the main up in 1870, Athlunkard in Monster Houses streets of , Rathkeale, 1898, St Michael’s in 1901 and Newcastlewest and St John’s, later Curraghower, In Limerick city, large had all taken on their current in 1914.60 department stores known as appearance.64 ‘monster houses’ such as Rowing and rugby fitted Todd’s, McBirney’s and Cann- Mud OR together very well into the ock’s employed hundreds of social life of Limerick as many people and many of the staff Dust played rugby in the winter and lived in-house under the strict rowed during the summer. In supervision of their managers. Street and road surfaces were St Mary’s Parish, men played Most shopkeepers had young poor as tarmacadaming was rugby with Shannon and apprentices who received on not to be introduced in 61 rowed with Athlunkard. the job training for seven years Limerick until the 1920s.65 The and received a small annual road surface used in 1916 was John Daly, who though an IRB wage of around £10.63 soft limestone chip which activist, was also a prosperous quickly turned to mud or dust, baker, was angry when his ****** depending on the weather application to join Shannon Shopkeepers were the conditions. ‘During the winter Rowing Club was refused due backbone of Limerick city and months, our city thoroughfares to his Fenian background and every town in the county. are practically rivers of slimy prison record. As a respectable Many lived over their premises mud… while in summer they businessman, he regarded this often with their staff and are in an almost equally as an unwarranted snub. apprentices objectionable state by reason Instead, the local nationalists of the blinding suffocating dust presented him with his own On the eve of the Easter Rising with which they were rowing boat, which was in 1916 the centre of Limerick covered.’66 handed over to him in a city and Limerick towns and colourful ceremony. 62 villages looked very similar to {{{{{{{{{

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Patrick and Rutland Streets, Limerick. In 1916, many business people lived over the shop, although the wealthiest 35 merchants tended to live in the suburbs (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 36

36 The fashions of the time are illustrated in this fine photograph of Michael Colivet and Annie Hartigan on their wedding day in 1912 (Courtesy Colivet and O’Loughlin families). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:14 Page 37

deeply unfashionable and its Women’s underwear had only Rising wearers were sometimes recently become known as called ‘shawlies.’ Young Ned ‘lingerie.’ It usually comprised Hemlines Daly was so embarrassed at a pair of knickers that reached being brought to school by a below the knees, a loose, shirt- maid wearing a shawl that he like chemise and a petticoat or In 1916, hemlines were rising- used to throw stones at her.68 underskirt. Men’s underwear the most radical change in consisted of a one piece women’s fashions for over Men wore three-piece suits garment made up of a vest and 2,500 years. Because so many with shirts and ties. Mous- close fitting ankle-length trou- men had joined the armed taches were popular with sers, known as long johns.70 forces, more women were young men while older men Pyjamas, a fashion brought working in factories, banks still wore the beards that had from India, became incr- and post offices, as fire- been fashionable in the late easingly popular for sleepwear, fighters and as bus conductors nineteenth century. All men but many continued to favour and they needed to wear more wore boots and a hat or a cap the old-fashioned night shirt.71 practical clothes. Corsets were when outdoors. Upper and less restrictive and skirts were middle class men wore either calf-length and narrow, often homburg or bowler hats for worn with a matching coat. everyday wear, and top hats on Lace went completely out of formal occasions. Working fashion, with serious cons- class men and boys from all equences for the Limerick lace classes wore flat caps with industry. Hair was worn large peaks on them. pinned up. Hats had shrunk from their Edwardian sple- Boys wore knee length trou- ndour.67 sers, long socks, short butt- oned jackets, caps and boots. Many older and less well-off Girls wore smocks or pinafores women in both town and over calf length dresses.69 country still wore black shawls, particularly widows. By 1916 the shawl had become

Women’s fashions in 1916 were in transition between the restrictive corseting of Edwardian times and the more natural 37 silhouette of the 1920s (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:15 Page 38

38 These advertisements demonstrate that consumer society was well established in early twentieth-century Limerick, at least for an affluent minority (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:15 Page 39

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People rarely bought clothes completely worn out. Clothes and Greenwich Mean Time ready-made in shops. Instead were valuable and often (GMT) on 1 October. Before they chose their material and passed on to relatives. The 1916, Ireland had its own time brought it to a tailor or dead were buried in shrouds keeping system known as dressmaker. Many women made of cotton or linen as Dublin Mean Time which was worked as dressmakers and clothes were too valuable to twenty-five minutes behind lace makers. In 1911, there discard. Britain’s system of GMT as the were 634 tailors, 985 mill- sun rises and sets in Dublin iners/dressmakers and 418 Changing Times just over twenty-five minutes shirtmakers/seamstresses in later than it does in London. Limerick city and county.72 In 1916, Ireland made two Much of the country followed Poorer people bought second- changes to its time-keeping local time and cities set their hand clothes, which were only system: it adopted Daylight town clock by measuring the discarded when they were Saving Time (DST) on 21 May position of the sun.

40 Young girls wore pinafores to keep their clothes clean (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:16 Page 41

In 1916, DST, was introduced Mr. Knight, a well known Irish time-keeping retained its in Britain and Ireland under nautical optician suggested the individuality. Ernie O’Malley, the Summer Time Act and best way to make the alte- an IRA organiser during the clocks moved forward an hour ration was that ‘all pendulums War of Independence, wrote from 21 May 1916.63 Germany should be stopped gently and that ‘there was a difficulty of had already made the change remain so for 35 minutes. three different times for coun- to save costs and increase Striking clocks may be set cils and classes. Summer time production as part of the war right by moving the hands was kept by cities, some towns effort. In Ireland, farmers’ forward and striking hour by and the railway; new time was groups raised concerns that hour the full eleven hours, and an increase of 25 minutes on the new system would stopping short 25 minutes of old Irish time to synchronise interfere with early morning the full hours.’75 with English time; as yet milking.74 In October GMT was punctual time had not come.’76 also introduced to bring Ireland and Great Britain in line for the first time, ironically only months after the Rising.

The standardisation of Irish time-keeping was a slow process, by no means completed in 1916 (Courtesy Halpin family). 41 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:16 Page 42

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44 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:16 Page 45 3 The Rise of Limerick Nationalism

Main Street, Doon, County Limerick (Limerick Museum). 45 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 46

Three strands of Irish Nationalism

In 1916, parliamentary, physi- cal force and cultural nation- alism were all part of the Irish political landscape.77 The parliamentary tradition, which sought full or partial inde- pendence by peaceful means, appeared to be the strongest. By 1914 the Irish Party led by John Redmond seemed to have finally achieved the goal of Home Rule for Ireland and had massive popular support. All of Limerick’s parliamentary seats and local authorities were under its control.78

Limerick, like the rest of Ireland, was in two minds about where it stood on the national question. On the surface at least, people seemed content with being part of the .79 Democrati- cally elected county councils had been set up in 1898. The Wyndham Land Act (1903) had transferred most of the land

46 Limerick as a Fenian stronghold: John Daly, Tom Clarke and a temporarily bearded Sean MacDiarmada (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 47

from landlords to tenants. 1916 that physical force psychologically as well as Education was under church nationalism, which aimed to legally, like Scotland, an control. Home Rule was prom- gain full independence by force integral part of the ised once the war was over. of arms, seemed almost dead. United Kingdom.82 In 1966, Garret Fitzgerald At the same time, a strong noted that the 1916 Rising had Since 1858, its torchbearers undercurrent of extremism been: had been the Fenians, officially and anti-English sentiment known as the Irish Republican was widespread, partially due planned by men who feared Brotherhood (IRB). Republi- to the legacy of the .80 that without a dramatic canism was marked by a series Limerick Volunteer Liam Forde gesture of this kind, the of rebellions: the United Irish- later stated that ‘the tales of sense of national identity men (1798), Robert Emmet the evictions and the suffer- that had survived all the (1803), the Young Irelanders ings endured prior to and hazards of the centuries (1848) and the Fenians (1867). during the earlier years of my would flicker out These gave rise to the myth of life were principally responsi- ignominiously within their the ‘Pheonix Flame’; that ble in arousing my rebel life time, leaving Ireland republicanism was always instincts and in the shaping of my national outlook.’81

It was clear that Irish nation- alists wanted ‘independence’ but were vague about what form it should take. Few were prepared to fight for it, and were content with Home Rule, a limited form of self-govern- ment. The Fenian Flame

Home Rule was so strong in

The funeral of O’Donovan Rossa, , 1 August 1915 (National Library of Ireland). 47 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 48

48 Photograph taken by Roe McMahon after the Union Pipers Competition in the Rotunda, Dublin, 2 July 1912; the only woman is Mrs J J Murphy of Limerick (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 49

dying and being reborn, as the war ended: ‘England’s diffi- cultural nationalist, who every Irish generation struck a culty is Ireland’s opportu- produced the first modern blow for freedom. nity.’83 English-Irish dictionary (1904).85

After a long period of decline, The Joyce brothers from Bally- the IRB was reformed from An Irish Ireland organ, in East Limerick were 1907 by young recruits such as important contributors to the and Sean Cultural nationalism was movement. Patrick Weston MacDiarmada, who had the inspired by Ireland’s unique Joyce (1827-1914) was a support of Fenian veteran Tom heritage - its language, litera- pioneer in Irish place names, Clarke. Having expelled many ture and sports. From the traditional music, history and elderly, apathetic members, 1880s onwards new move- many other fields. His brother they shaped the IRB into a ments emerged that aimed to (1830-83) tightly organised and highly revive and promote Irish wrote many poems and songs, disciplined force. In 1915, it culture. The Gaelic Athletic including ‘The Boys of emerged into the open when Association (GAA), Gaelic Wexford’ and ‘The Wind that Padraig Pearse delivered his League and the Irish Literary Shakes the Barley’ (which gave famous oration at the funeral Revival all helped to shape a its name to the 2006 film 86 of IRB leader Jeremiah sense of Irish identity.84 directed by ). O’Donovan Rossa in Glasnevin Cemetery. His ringing conclu- By 1916, the majority of Limer- ZZZZZZZ sion, ‘the fools, the fools, the ick people had re-imagined fools!- they have left us our Ireland as a nation with its Fenian dead, and while Ireland own history and rich culture in The GAA holds these graves, Ireland a way that they had not before Founded in 1884, the Gaelic unfree shall never be at peace’ the 1880s and 1890s. This was Athletic Association (GAA) was a call to arms aimed at the largely due to the flourishing aimed to preserve and revive current generation of young state of the GAA and Gaelic traditional Irish sports includ- Irish people. By 1916 the IRB League in both city and county. ing hurling, football, handball was well organised, had infil- and athletics.87 Among the first trated the GAA, Gaelic League Timothy O’Neill Lane (1852- clubs to be established in and Irish Volunteers and was 1915) from , Limerick were South Liberties, committed to a rebellion before County Limerick, was a major St Patrick’s and Commercials in

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the city and , Castle- efforts to oppose them.89 As a total participants) took part in connell, and result, Limerick GAA went into the Easter Rising. However, Boher in the county. In 1887- a steep decline and rugby took many GAA members also 88, Limerick, represented by hold in Limerick city.90 After joined the British armed Commercials Club, won the 1900, the GAA underwent a forces. In 1916, ‘there were- first All-Ireland Football great revival. The City Board many more GAA men fighting final.88 was established in 1902 and in British army uniforms in the number of clubs increased France, than there were in the For the first twenty years of its steadily.91 GPO.’ Later it continued ‘to existence, the GAA was divided engage with the British by bitter disputes, mostly The GAA provided many authorities to safeguard the caused by the IRB’s efforts to recruits to the Irish Volun- organisation’s sporting opera- use the GAA for recruits and teers. In total, 302 of its tions’ going so far as to meet the ’s strong members (20 per cent of the with General Maxwell after he had presided over the execu- tions of the 1916 leaders.’ After the Rising, the GAA even issued a statement denying any involvement in the fight- ing.92

On 18 April 1916, only a week before the outbreak of the Easter Rising, the death occu- red in Dublin of Frank Dineen (1863-1916), the only person to be both president (1895-98) and secretary (1898-1901) of the GAA. A native of Ballylan- ders, County Limerick, he had also been responsible for the GAA’s acquisition of Croke Park in 1913.93

50 Cultural nationalism in action: pipers and hurlers from on a 1910 hurling tour to Belgium marching to the site of the Battle of Fontenoy (Jesuit Archives Dublin). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 51

£ £ £ £ £ The declined Limerick, although Eamon de sharply in the nineteenth Valera’s grandmother was a century, mainly because native Irish speaker, she never English was the language of spoke Irish with him, and he The Gaelic League government, economic life and had to learn it as an adult in in the eyes of many, of the Gaelic League. Founded in in Limerick progress. In Bruree County 1893 by a group of scholars,

List of official collectors of Gaelic League subscriptions in Limerick, organised by parish and ward, 1916 (Limerick Museum). 51 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 52

the League was a desperate In 1902 the Limerick City Cultural nationalism had deep- attempt to preserve and revive branch of the Gaelic League ened and widened a sense of the Irish language. By 1916 it came up with the idea of Irish separateness. The grow- had become part of the cult- making St Patrick’s Day a ing importance of the Catholic ural and social life of Ireland.94 national holiday. As a result of Church with its heritage of a national campaign, led by persecution during the Penal Inspired by the centenary of two Limerick men, James era also helped create an image the 1798 rebellion, the first O’Mara MP, whose family of Britain as being anti- branch in Limerick city was owned one of Limerick’s four Catholic, anti-Irish and alien. established in 1898. Branches bacon factories and the fourth sprang up all over the city and Earl of Dunraven, St Patrick’s county, as a new generation of Day became the official men and women took part in national holiday in 1903.95 the celebration of Irish culture. Travelling teachers called Although timirí held Irish language wanted to keep the League classes in the city at the Town non-political, it encouraged Hall, CBS Sexton Street and many to regard Ireland as a Bridge Street and in the county distinct nation with a separate in and other history and culture, which towns. They also taught Irish should therefore be an inde- music and dancing, creating a pendent state. Many major new lively social scene for figures from Limerick or asso- many people. Josephine ciated with Limerick, active in Vaughan was one of many the national movement young girls from Limerick who between 1916 and 1921, were attended Irish classes and won involved with the Gaelic The Irish medals for Irish language League, including Eamon de proficiency at feiseanna, Valera, Con Colbert, Edward Volunteers which began to be held regu- Daly, Sean Wall, Michael larly at this time. O’Callaghan, Kate O’Callaghan, While the GAA and Gaelic Maire O’Donovan and George League developed nationalist Clancy. sentiment, the Irish Volun-

An official booklet of Irish Volunteers marching songs that once belonged to Commandant Michael Colivet. By 1916, the 52 people of Limerick were accustomed to seeing official and unofficial armies marching in public to the accompaniment of stirring martial music (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 53

In 1902 the Limerick City branch of the Gaelic League came up with the idea of making St Patrick’s Day a national holiday. As a result of a national campaign, led by two Limerick men, James O’Mara MP, whose family owned one of Limerick’s four bacon factories and the fourth Earl of Dunraven, St Patrick’s Day became the official national holiday in 1903. (Limerick Museum)

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This image of an Irish Volunteers gathering at Athenry, County , on 29 June 1914 gives some idea of the huge numbers that had joined since the organisation’s establishment only seven months previously. Note that very few are in 54 uniform (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 55

A group of Irish Volunteers at Laffan’s Field, Killonan, c. May/June 1915 (Courtesy McSweeney family). 55 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 56

teers provided the army with afford it wore civilian clothes national revival, the Limerick which the IRB were able to with a brown belt with ‘Irish IRB had been reorganised finally stage their long- Volunteers’ written on it.96 under the leadership of future awaited rebellion. However, at Mayor of Limerick, George the instigation of Eoin The Limerick branch was Clancy (who was to be killed MacNeill, the Volunteers were launched with great enthu- by the in 1921) founded in 1913 for entirely siasm on 25th of January 1914 and James Ledden. Due to different reasons, to oppose at a meeting attended by their efficiency, the Limerick the Ulster Volunteer Force and hundreds of people at the IRB quickly took control of the to insist on Home Rule being Athenaeum Hall on Cecil local Volunteers. When the granted. A Volunteering craze Street. Among the attendance Irish Volunteers split in 1914 swept the country and 150,000 were Roger Casement, Padraig over the question of part- joined up. The uniform was Pearse, future murdered icipation in the war, 7,000 of grey-green in colour, with the Mayor of Limerick Michael the Limerick branch supp- harp on both buttons and cap O’Callaghan and IRB member orted Redmond and became badges, but those who couldn’t James Ledden.97 As part of its part of his National Volu-

Some of the Limerick Irish Volunteers who camped at Killonan, near Limerick city, on the night of Easter Sunday/Easter 56 Monday 1916. They are holding imitation rifles, which illustrates how the lack of arms was a major factor in Commandant Michael Colivet’ s decision to obey Eoin MacNeill’s orders not to participate in the Rising (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 57

Group of Volunteers officers, taken on 26 July 1914, before the split in the organisation. Robert Monteith is in uniform on the left. Notice that two of them are in civilian clothes, including Ned Daly wearing light grey hat. The Volunteer uniform was grey-green in colour, with the harp on both buttons and cap badges. Limerick Clothing Factory produced the Irish Volunteers uniforms including those worn by Pearse, De Valera and Ned Daly (Limerick Museum). 57 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 58

nteers, while 500 opposed him teers in Limerick City, but Irish Volunteers gained more and remained with the Irish we were also to make use of support, while the security Volunteers, who continued to his services in the county, forces were lulled into a false be strongly linked with the and, on the nights he was sense of security. 101 IRB. not engaged in training with the city Volunteers, he In contrast, the National The first secretary of the travelled to the outlying Volunteers were in decline by Limerick Volunteers was Con towns and villages, begin- 1916, their numbers depleted Cregan (1880-1966), a native of ning with Ballylanders, and by recruitment to the British Newcastle West who was a Newcastle West and later army. Some of its members staunch Redmondite and editor Galbally. Training revived began to doubt the wisdom of of the Limerick Leader from as a result of Monteith’s Redmond’s commitment to the 1910 to 1960.98 efforts. Some time later in war effort. James Maloney 1915, we were able to from remained a member After the split, the Irish parade over three hundred until after the Rising but Volunteers in Limerick men in Ballylanders.100 recalled that ‘somehow his prospered. Critically, the light faded in our minds. We former mayor John Daly and The recruiting agent for began to question among his family sided with the Irish County Limerick was future ourselves his wisdom and to Volunteers providing their cabinet minister , relate his mouthings with what home as a meeting place while who held weekly officer train- we knew of Ireland’s past.’102 his niece Madge Daly, as ing courses in Ballylanders president of the Limerick attended by men from On one occasion in Ballysimon, branch of Cumann na mBan, Galbally, , Kilf- a body of well armed Irish raised much funding for the innane and as Volunteers marching with Volunteers.99 Liam P Manahan well as Ballylanders itself. Monteith at their head passed later remembered how recr- some National Volunteers, who uiting agent Robert Monteith: Both the general public and the had just one rifle between RIC became familiar with the them. Disillusioned, the came to Limerick to take sight of an alternative army National Volunteers promptly charge of the training and openly drilling and parading on changed sides en masse.103 organisation of the Volun- a regular basis. As a result, the

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The Whit mistaken belief that they Daly); two future Lord Mayors Sunday would receive an enthusiastic of who were to die in the welcome similar to that acco- War of Independence (Tomás Riot (1915) rded the local branch when MacCurtain and Terence they marched through the city MacSwiney); a future Mayor of The Irish Volunteers were on St Patrick’s Day, 1914. Limerick (George Clancy) and deeply disliked by the families two future anti-Treaty leaders of the many Limerick soldiers Prominent Irish Volunteer who died in the Civil War fighting in the European war. leaders from all over Ireland ( and Liam This culminated in an ugly arrived in Limerick by train. Mellows).104 confrontation on Whit Sunday These included six of the 23 May 1915. The scene was future 1916 leaders (Padraig 1,100 Volunteers and 220 set when Limerick was chosen Pearse, , Tom members of the Fianna took as the venue for the 1915 Clarke, Sean MacDiarmada, part in the march through the Volunteer national rally, in the Thomas McDonagh and Ned city centre which passed

Some nationalist Jesuits in the organised their students into an Irish Volunteer Corps. Here, they are parading in Mungret, outside Limerick city, on St Patrick’s Day, 1915 (Jesuit Archives, Dublin). 59 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 60

without incident. However, the country. In May 1912, the they were attacked twice, first RIC reported that it had a as they marched through the membership of 210 and that Irish-town area, and secondly Fianna Limerick was the only centre as they approached the of significant Fianna activity railway station. During the in the country. The Limerick branch even had its own riot, bottles and stones were Fianna Hall in the back garden hurled at the marchers. Eireann of the Daly residence on 15 Large numbers of soldiers’ Barrington Street, opened in families lived in both areas Although traditionally, the 1912 which was ‘capable of and the wives, sisters and Irish Volunteers have occupied seating some hundreds... mothers of men serving on the centre stage in the historiogra- [with] additional space for Western Front and Gallipoli phy of the Rising, two other exercises and drill.’ 106 were furious at what they organisations in Limerick, regarded as the disrespect to Fianna Eireann and Cumann Heuston seems to have been a their men shown by the anti- na mBan also played a very strict disciplinarian and war Volu-nteers. On the other important, though often over- superb organiser. Madge Daly hand, the Volunteers and their looked role. later recalled that he ‘planned supp-orters accused the rioters each year’s Fianna programme Fianna Eireann was founded in advance, arranging classes, of being ‘intoxicated rowdies’, in 1909 by Countess lectures, marches and exami- drunk with alcohol provided Markievicz and Bulmer nations for the boys. He by pro-British elements.105 Hobson as a sort of Irish realised that the success of boy scouts on the Fianna movement depended model of Baden-Powell’s on keeping the boys fully occu- ZZZZZZZ recently established scouting pied and interested. Sean movement. They were called himself took charge of drill, after the mythological Irish signalling and general scout warriors led by Fionn Mac training.’107 Not surprisingly, Cumhaill. The Limerick Fianna Eireann was thor- branch was founded in 1911 oughly infiltrated by the IRB, and under the direction of of which Heuston himself was Sean Heuston, became the a member. largest and most dynamic in

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A group of prominent separatists outside the Fianna Hall, behind John Daly’s residence, 15 Barrington Street, Limerick 61 (Courtesy Des Long). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 62

Group of Fianna Eireann taken outside the Fianna Hall, at the back of John Daly’s residence, 15 Barrington Street, in 1913. 62 Sean Heuston, who is seated in the centre, holding a walking stick, had moulded the Limerick Fianna into the largest and strongest branch in Ireland (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 63

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Robert Monteith (1879-1956)

From Newtownmountken- In 1915, Monteith went to was a wanted man, Monteith nedy, Co. Wicklow, Robert Berlin to assist Sir Roger Case- was hidden by the Laffans in a Monteith served with the ment in recruiting an Irish ditch beside their farmhouse. British Army (1895-1903) and nationalist brigade from He was fed and looked after by later the Ordnance Survey among the Irish prisoners of the family and somehow Office. A convert to radical war. However, their plans managed to avoid detection, nationalism, he came to Limer- were changed when they despite numerous police ick with Ernest Blythe and learnt of the impending rebel- searches. The growing radical- worked at reorganizing and lion in Ireland. Casement and isation of County Limerick is training the Irish Volunteers. Monteith secured a shipment demonstrated by the manner Although Monteith had to deal of arms to be delivered by the in which former Redmondite with innuendoes that he was a Aud in . They Laffan concealed Monteith for British spy, he successfully arrived by German submarine so long and with the knowl- recruited men from Castlecon- and came ashore at Banna edge of his family and farm nell, Killonan, Limerick city Strand. Casement was workers. In December 1916 and Meelick. Training was arrested, but Monteith found Monteith escaped via Liver- usually carried out on the farm his way back to Laffan’s farm pool, to the USA where, except of wealthy local farmer Batt in County Limerick.109 for a brief return to Ireland in Laffan (1878-1947) in Killo- the 1950s, he spent the rest of nan.108 Here, throughout Easter week his life.110 and for months after when he

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Robert Monteith in the uniform of a Volunteer officer, 26 July 1914. Note the similarity of the uniform to that of a British 65 army officer (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 66

of the period. Passionately while Mary’s cousins Conor Mary interested in the Irish lang- and Kitty O’Brien from uage, Mary’s friend Erskine brought their yacht the Spring Rice Childers, an English author Kelpie.114 Having taken and civil servant sympathetic delivery of the arms off the and the to Irish independence, enco- Belgian coast, they made it uraged her to become involved safely to Ireland, despite a Howth Gun in radical nationalism. During naval spot-check in Spithead, a the War of Independence, she brief encounter with the HMS - Running established a branch of Forward and terrible storms. Cumann na mBan in Foynes, The Asgard arrived into Howth When the Ulster Volunteers sheltered IRA men on the run Harbour on 26 July, 1914 successfully imported arms in and organised First Aid where they were met by a 112 April 1914 many had agreed classes. large party of Volunteers, with Padraig Pearse that ‘the including Ned Daly. The arms only thing more ridiculous By contrast, her cousin Sir on the Kelpie were transferred than an Ulsterman with a rifle Cecil Spring Rice (1859-1918) to another yacht which arrived is a Nationalist without one.’111 was British Ambassador to the in Kilcoole, , This prompted Limerick USA (1912-18). He was author on 1 August. woman into of the British patriotic hymn ‘I suggesting that arms should Vow to Thee my Country’ and In total, 1,500 Mauser rifles also be imported for the Irish played a major role in bringing and 49,000 rounds of ammu- Volunteers. America into the war on the nition from a Hamburg-based Allied side.113 munitions firm were brought Daughter of Lord Monteagle, into Ireland, thus proving the Mary Spring Rice (1880-1924) The gun-running was vast majority of the arms used was from Foynes, County organised and two yachts in the 1916 Rising. The Limerick. Her aristocratic sailed to Belgium to pick up shipment was a huge coup- 115 family provided one of the the arms. On board the Asgard militarily and politically. most unusual examples of the were Mary Spring Rice, political and cultural divisions Childers and his wife Molly

66 (left) and Mary Spring Rice (right) on board the Asgard during the Howth Gun-Running (National Library of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 67

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68 The Howth Gun-Running was instigated by a Limerick woman, Mary Spring Rice and among the Volunteer officers who organised the landing of the arms at Howth was Limerick man Ned Daly (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 69

Cumann na The Limerick branch of or other members of the organ- Cumann na mBan was founded isation.117 mBan on 5 June 1914 in the Gaelic League rooms, 18 Thomas Madge Daly was elected as the Street, with over 100 women first president of the Limerick Cumann na mBan’s very active joining.The national organisa- branch, a post which she was part in the nationalist move- tion had been established two to hold almost continuously ment was largely forgotten months previously in Dublin. until 1924. Other prominent until recently. Once independ- Most of the Limerick Cumann members of the first commit- ence was won, they became na mBan came from families tee were Maire O’Donovan ‘the invisible army’ in a state steeped in the republican (vice president), Mollie Killeen whose women were expected tradition, and were related to (secretary) Annie O’Dwyer to be wives and mothers.116 Volunteers, Sinn Féin activists (treasurer), Tessie Punch,

Cumann na mBan membership card, setting out the aims of the organisation, belonging to C. O'Neill, Abbey Bank Row, 69 Limerick (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 70

Group of Limerick City Volunteers and Cumann na mBan at Batt Laffan’s Field, Killonan, near Limerick city in 1915. Back (left to right): Ned O’Toole, James O’Driscoll, Alphonsus O’Halloran, John Grant, James Ledden, Liam Forde, George Clancy, David Hennessy, James Kirby, James McInerney, Stephen Dineen, Commandant Michael Colivet, James Dalton, Patrick Walsh, Robert Monteith. Front (left to right): Mrs Bermingham, Mary Clancy, Miss Downey, Mrs McCormack, Eileen Crowe, Eileen O’Donoghue, Siún O’Farrell, Madge Daly, Carrie Daly (Haselbeck Collection).

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Maggie Tierney, Una proceeds were used to fund the During this period, the O’Donoghue, Kate O’Cal- Volunteers, na Fianna and principal centres for IRB laghan, and Madge’s younger Cumann na mBan them- activity were Clarke’s sister Laura Daly. Committee selves.119 tobacconist shop at 77 Amiens meetings were held in the Daly Street, Dublin and Daly’s bakery premises on 26 William Planning house at 15 Barrington Street and public events in the Street.120 Fianna Hall on Barrington the Rising Street.118 By December 1915, the police in Limerick were informed Having acquired a potential Madge Daly recalled that that local republicans were army through infiltrating the ‘classes were started immedi- planning to strike a blow for Irish Volunteers, the IRB were ately for first aid, home nurs- Irish Independence.121 As the now in a position to create an ing, drilling, signalling, and Military Council worked in opportunity from Britain’s instruction in the care and use secret, the actual contents of current difficulty. In 1915, of arms.’ Military training was their plans remain vague even MacDiarmada and Clarke provided by Robert Monteith, to the present day.122 started planning a potential while local doctors and nurses rebellion, and set up the IRB’s ‘gave first aid and nursing It seems clear that as late as Military Council, which was lectures voluntarily.’ The two months before the Rising, even more secretive than the branch organised Irish dances, a major role for Limerick was IRB itself. Later all seven concerts and lectures given by envisaged. This was largely signatories of the 1916 a variety of speakers, including due to John Devoy, head of Proclamation were mem- Padraig Pearse, Roger Case- , the IRB’s sister bers of the Council. ment, Terence MacSwiney and organisation in the USA, which Subsequently, other IRB Sean MacDiarmada. Madge funded Irish separatism before members on both sides of the Daly proudly spoke of the 1916. He favoured landing Atlantic would be made aware sound business sense of the arms and German troops in of the plans. To plan the branch: ‘we always charged Limerick city, both because of Rising, a series of meetings admission to these functions, its strategic location and as the were held in Dublin and John and all members, except the home of a strong Volunteer Daly’s home in Limerick. Fianna had to pay.’ The organisation.123

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In 1924, the aged Fenian leader John Devoy (1842-1928) made his first visit to Ireland for forty-five years. A supporter of 73 the Treaty, he is pictured here entering Government Buildings, Dublin to meet W.T. Cosgrave (National Library of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 74

From the start, the plan and join the City Battalion in consisted of the seizure of £ £ £ £ £ its attack on the city.125 strongholds in Dublin, and the delivery of German arms to The revised plan also envis- As Roger Casement and Robert the West of Ireland, the distri- aged a major role for Limerick. Monteith prepared to board bution of which would lead to Once the German arms ship- the submarine on route to a rising throughout the coun- ment arrived in Kerry, they Kerry, Casement was given a try. In the early stages, the would be moved via a hijacked flag of Limerick by Thomas St. possibility of the German arms train to Limerick, where the John Gaffney, a Limerick man and German soldiers arriving local Volunteers were to take of strongly anti-British views, in Limerick, was seriously delivery of their portion of the who had been in the US diplo- considered. The German arms. The West Limerick matic corps in Germany. troops would distribute the battalion would be responsible Gaffney ‘commissioned him, in arms and join the Volunteers in for arms distribution around the event of the capture of my the fighting. Limerick would Newcastle West. The remain- native city, to raise the flag be surrounded by the Limer- der of the shipment would over King John’s Castle.’126 The ick, Clare and Kerry Volun- continue on the same train to flag was seized by the RIC teers. In January 1916, Count Clare and Galway. The Limer- when Monteith and Casement Johann von Bernstorff, ick City and came ashore in Banna Strand German ambassador to the battalions were to join the and was later produced as USA, was informed by Devoy train as it passed through to evidence at Casements trial for that arms should be delivered Galway. Meanwhile, the City treason in London.127 to Limerick between 20 and 23 Battalion was to assemble at of April. Bernstorff then Killonan on Easter Sunday and forwarded a message to Berlin launch an attack on the mili- entitled ‘Arms to Limerick, tary and police barracks in the West Coast of Ireland.’ city. The Galtee Battalion, However, the German Army Tipperary Town Company, refused to send troops and units from Doon and Castle- changed the location of the connell and the Clare units arms delivery to Ballyheigue were to overpower Crown Bay, North Kerry.124 forces in their respective areas

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This flag bearing the Limerick city coat of arms was given to Sir Roger Casement by Thomas St John Gaffney before Casement and Robert Monteith left on a submarine for Kerry. The flag was seized when Casement was arrested at Banna Strand. It was presented as evidence at his trial in London and remained in the Imperial War Museum in London since. In 2016, the flag was on loan to Limerick Museum from the Imperial War Museum for the exhibition ’They Dreamed and are Dead - Limerick 1916’. © Imperial War Museum (FLA 867 (A)) 75 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 76

Madge Daly (1877-1969)

The Daly sisters, whose central role in at this time is described in chapter 6, were at the heart of Cumann na mBan in Limerick. Madge Daly was the second eldest of the Daly family and like all of them, was a staunch republican. She worked in the millinery (hat) department in Cannock’s department store before taking over the daily running of her uncle’s bakery on William Street in 1898. A born entrepreneur, Madge turned it into a lucrative business and in 1912, acquired another premises on Sarsfield Street, which she turned into a confectionery shop. She also acquired a great deal of property all over Limerick city. By creating this source of funding for the republican movement, Madge Daly can be truly described as one of the architects of the 1916 Rising.

As president, Madge administered Limerick Cumann na mBan with the same vigour as her businesses, and was admired by many senior republicans, particularly Robert Monteith and Padraig Pearse, who was initially wary of having women trained in military drilling. Robert Monteith regarded Cumann na mBan as vital to the Irish Volunteers in Limerick, stating that:

not only did the women learn to use firearms, but they showed a lead to the men in many ways. They organised an efficient Red Cross service, collected funds, were active recruiters, and relieved the monot- ony of hard work by social affairs, dances, outings etc. In fact without their help the Volunteer movement could never have been the success it was.128

Madge was furious with Michael Colivet and the Limerick City Battalion of the Irish Volunteers (which the Dalys had financed and equipped) for not fighting in 1916. After the Rising, she was involved in setting up and financing a second Limerick City Battalion. She also played a major role in caring for the families of the executed and imprisoned. The Daly family was always under surveillance during the War of Inde- pendence and their house was raided by the Black and Tans. During the Civil War, the Dalys took the anti- Treaty side and the bakery was damaged by pro-Treaty forces. Compensation was later paid and the business continued to flourish.

Madge lived for the rest of her life with her mother (who died in 1937) and her sisters Agnes and Carrie who worked with her in the business. They owned one of the first motor cars in Limerick and flew regularly to Germany where Madge underwent treatment for her severe arthritis. All three are buried in Mount Saint Lawrence Cemetery, Limerick.

76 Cheque signed by Madge Daly on behalf of her uncle John, made payable to Tom Clarke. Although John Daly was nomi- nally in charge of the family bakery, it was actually run by Madge (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 77

This letter was written by John Redmond from his shooting lodge in County Wicklow to Limerick Leader editor 77 Con Cregan who was a strong admirer of his (P115 Con Cregan Collections, Limerick Archives). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 78

78 Market day in Abbeyfeale, County Limerick, early twentieth century. Note the total absence of motor vehicles (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 79

4 Limerick and the First World War

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Limerick and the ered death and injury on an alties. Each side tried to break unprecedented scale. Machine the stalemate by first pounding First World War guns and artillery dominated the enemy trenches with the battlefield, so that soldiers artillery to force a way advancing unprotected over through and then sending in Somme. The whole history open ground were mown waves of soldiers to over- of the world cannot contain down. The only solution was whelm them. The result was a more ghastly word. to dig in and by 1916 a series disastrous, with masses of - Friedrich Steinbrecher of parallel trenches stretched soldiers cut to pieces in a hail from the Swiss border to the of bullets.129 By 1916, the war had changed Belgian coast. Any attempt to the world forever and news of cross the barbed-wire-filled At least 244,000 Irishmen its progress filled the local no-man’s land between the served in the armed forces of newspapers. Millions had suff- trenches resulted in high casu- the English speaking countries

The march of death: a haunting image of the Western Front (Imperial War Museum, London). 80 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 81

during the war. In addition to fought with such bravery that Limerick. Interestingly, his those already serving, 4,000 he was later awarded the family had established Barri- Limerick men joined up betw- , the highest ngton’s Hospital in the city, een 1914 and 1918, of whom military decoration awarded which treated many wounded over 1,000 were killed.130 for valour in the British armed Limerick soldiers from the forces. Six of his sons served in front and later wounded the First World War, including Volunteers in the War of Inde- Patrick, a sergeant with the pendence.133 Connaught Rangers, who died at Gallipoli (1915).131 Seven McKnight brothers from The Western Front Limerick fought in the British Army during the First World The two great battles of 1916 132 War and one was killed. were Verdun and the Somme. In February the Germans Sir Charles Barrington (1848- launched an offensive against 1943) of Glenstal Castle was the French Army to take director of recruiting for

By 1916, Limerick had a strong military tradition. Generations of Limerick men had fought in countless wars on every conti- nent. Limerick was a garrison town with four barracks and a long history of recruitment to the British army. During the First Boer War (1881), John Danagher aged twenty from St Mary’s Parish, Limerick,

Bright and colourful posters were used to drum up enthusiasm for the war (South Dublin Library).

Most recruits to the British armed forces in Ireland came from urban areas. This poster is a vain attempt to redress the 81 balance (Courtesy James Walker, Dublin). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:17 Page 82

Verdun. In order to relieve pressure on Verdun, the British launched their own offensive against the Germans, on the Somme. July 1st 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme was the bloodiest day in British military history, but seen from a Limerick perspective September was the grimmest month when the 16th Irish Division was put into the front line. Five Limerick men died on the first day of the Somme out of forty-three Limerick men killed in July. September 3rd, 9th, and 15th saw respectively ten, fourteen and ten Limerick men killed with a monthly total of sixty- four. The battle ended in November.134 Limerick Men on the Forgotten Fronts of 1916

While World War One is usually associated with the carnage of the Western Front,

82 Recruiting posters made clever use of the German invasion of Belgium, a small Catholic country like Ireland, to encourage recruitment (South Dublin Library). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 83

having been killed in action, but three later died of wounds.137

Limerickman, Private Thomas O’Brien, died of his wounds on the 9th September in the German colony of Tanganyika (modern Tanzania) which was invaded from British Uganda by a large contingent of South African troops. He is remem- bered on a gravestone in Glin Roman Catholic churchyard as twenty-three Limerick men (Iraq) which was engaged in well as on the war memorial in also died on less well known heavy fighting against the Tanzania.138 fronts in 1916. In addition, Turks for the next four years. three Limerick sailors Fourteen Limerick men died in drowned. One man died in this campaign in 1916, nine of India and Limerick’s last whom were serving with the casualty of the Gallipoli Connaught Rangers.136 campaign died of wounds on 5th of January and was buried In October 1915 a joint British in Turkey. Lieutenant Lee who and French force landed in died in France on 4th July had Salonika (Greece) to assist served in the forces which had Serbia against Austrian and taken South-West Africa (now Bulgarian forces. Eight Lime- Namibia) from the Germans at rick men, serving in a variety the outbreak of the war.135 of regiments died on this front in 1916. Disease was as big a In 1914 the British landed a killer as the fighting, as none force at Basra in Mesopotamia of the men are recorded as

Limerick was a major garrison town with four barracks: New (now Sarsfield) Barracks, Castle Barracks, Strand Barracks 83 and the Artillery Barracks, above, pictured in 1898 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 84

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

2nd Private James Pierce, 1st Gunner Patrick Bond, 5th Private John William Yates, 3rd Private Timothy Ahern, 2 S P P Gloucestershire Regiment. KIA Royal Field Artillery Royal Army , KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW O R ( Newcastlewest Cappamore (Coventry) Limerick Newcastlewest R T A D P 3rd Sapper Bernard J. McSweeney, Stoker Michael Cosgrove, 7th Private Michael Downes, 6th Private Patrick Connors, L L Royal Engineers Royal Naval Reserve, drowned Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA R R St Michaels Church Street, Rathkeale Old Francis Street St. John's 2 P F D R D 5th Seaman Michael Doran, 2nd Company Sergeant Major 10th Private Joseph Hannan, 7th Seaman William Elligot, L P Royal Naval Reserve, DOW William Thomas Vause, DCM, King's Liverpool Regiment, KIA Royal Naval Reserve, drowned P R Taylor's Row, John St. Middlesex Regiment, DOW Limerick Limerick M R S Limerick and London c O 6th Gunner John Cotter, 17th Private John Kelly, 8th Private Patrick Coleman, R E P Royal Garrison Artillery 4th Private James Bell, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW B t Donaghmore and Blackboy Pike Royal Munster Fusiliers Prospect Row, Limerick Tooreen, Croom I F Ellen St. 2 P C 7th Private Patrick Cronin, 18th Private Patrick Cusack, 9th Private Patrick Healy, I R G Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 6th Fireman Michael Burke, Royal Munster Fusiliers KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW B R Donnelly's Lane, Carey's Road Mercantile Marine, drowned Glin Maiden street, Newcastlewest R A Limerick L A 8th Private William O'Donnell, 20th Private Robert Houlihan, Private Mortimer O'Sullivan, B P C Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 9th Private Michael McCarthy, Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW F R R Ardpatrick Royal Army Service Corps Roches Road, Rathkeale Newcastlewest S F Limerick D 9th Private Christopher Lowe, 21st Private Michael Casey, 11th Lance Corporal Patrick L A P Royal Irish Regiment 14th Gunner Thomas O'Connell, Connaught Rangers, KIA Meehan, Regiment, DOW C R C St. Patrick's, Limerick Royal Garrison Artillery, KIA Ballybricken Rathkeale F L M St. Michael's, Limerick D 11th Private David Madden, 27th Private William O'Connell, 12th Private Charles Tuite, R P Royal Munster Fusiliers, 15th *Staff Nurse Elizabeth Grace Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW P D O died as POW Stewart, Queen Alexandra's Nicker, and Ool St. John's Limerick R B M Newcastlewest Imperial Nursing Service S 28th Lane Corporal George Madeley, 13th Private John , K Limerick 17th Lance Corporal Peter Fitzger Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA W L ald, Royal Munster Fusiliers, 16th Private Denis Curtin, High Road, Limerick L R DOW F 18th Private Patrick Cusack, G Kilmallock Ballingarry C Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA ( 21st Private John Lillis, 20th Second Lieutenant Thomas Glin B P Connaught Rangers, KIA Richard Beamish Lloyd, C Private Patrick Kelly, L Limerick Royal Army Service Corps S Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW M Cartown, Kildimo Sergeant George Piper, Carey's Road, Limerick F P Connaught Rangers, KIA 23rd Private John Joseph Guinane, L T 19th Lance Sergeant Patrick Barry, Rathkeale Royal Munster Fusiliers R South Lancashire Regiment, KIA P St Michael's Limerick L 22nd Private George Raphael Gibb, , Newcastlewest R Connaught Rangers, DOW Corporal Patrick Keane, F P 20th Private Michael McNamara, Island Road Cottages Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C R Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW St. Michael's, Limerick B 29th Private John Lillis, Connaught St. Munchin's J Rangers, KIA 25th Captain George Browning, k P Private Christopher O'Donnell, Limerick Special List K R Connaught Rangers Carass Court, Croom N 30th Private John Gavin, Garryowen C Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 27th Lance Corporal John Irwin, M 21st Captain Dan Sheehan, C Vize's Field, Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA B Irish Volunteers, drowned at I Ellen Street, Limerick 31st Private James FitzGerald, Ballykissane 2 L M Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Corporal John Nash, Ballintubrid, Newcastlewest F L Anhid, Croom Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW F 24th Constable James O'Brien, B John Street, Limerick R Dublin Metropolitan Police, F 84 shot in Dublin B Glin

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May Limerick P G P P 24th Shoeing Smith Charles Private George Gardiner, 1st Private Patrick Leen, 5th G R R R W O'Gorman, 2nd Reserve Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA (Royal Irish) Lancers, DOW N C L N Regiment of Cavalry, Taylor's Row, John St. Abbeyfeale DOW Dublin Casualties in 29th Private Patrick Greene, S S P P Limerick 2nd Lance Corporal Patrick R R R R KIA Royal Inniskilling Ryan, Irish Guards, KIA S C O S 26th Private John Mooney, Fusiliers, DOW Doon , KIA Doon S C P S 3rd Private Francis Corbett, Context Limerick R W K R ed Private Patrick O'Grady, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA T M L L Michael O'Connor, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA St. Michael's L civilian, killed during Old Pallas, Pallasgreen G P P Rising 4th Edward Daly, Irish Volun Private Patrick Shea, A total of 288 Limerick people fell R P R R W Ballyhahill teers, executed D R P T Irish Guards, KIA Frederick (O'Curry) Street during the conflicts of 1916. Nine E 27th Private John Best, Royal Cappamore P P P Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA Rifleman Arnold Hayden, of these were a result of the Easter Gunner William Treston, R F R R W Ballyorgan, Kilmallock Royal Irish Rifles, DOW D M G M st Royal Field Artillery Adare Rising while the remaining 279 fell L Lance Corporal William Abbeyfeale on the various fronts of the war or P P P Burke, Royal Munster Private John O'Dea, 30th Corporal Michael Enright, R P R R W Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA died of natural causes while in Royal Munster Fusiliers, A R R N St. John's L DOW service. It is clear that in 1916 the P P L 5th Private James Kennedy, Lance Corporal Timothy Ardagh war had a greater impact on the R G C M W Cronin, Royal Dublin Royal Army Medical Corps Captain Cecil Herbert S R B R Fusiliers, KIA Limerick and Scotland people of Limerick than the Easter Michael Furnell, S Drumcollogher 139 P P P Royal Garrison Artillery Private Albert Rising. Many Limerick soldiers R * R R W O'Callaghan, Royal Private John Cunneen, DOW also returned suffering from severe d S N S Royal Inniskiling Fusiliers, Ballyclough Munster Fusiliers, DOW N I St. Michael's Limerick L P KIA wounds, physical and mental, L L R R Watergate Lance Corporal Michael having witnessed the carnage of a P H L Lance Corporal James Ryan, Royal Irish D I Fusiliers, DOW Gallipoli and the Somme. P Garland, Cameronians K B Cappamore R (Scottish Rifles) KIA Bruff P S G 6th Private William Kelly, Of the nine killed in connection C R Connaught Rangers, DOW P Lance Corporal Walter L R St. Mary's, Limerick with the Rising, three were Irish R W Mills, Royal Dublin C S C Fusiliers, KIA Private Michael Munroe, Volunteers: Ned Daly and Con C P Limerick The King's (Liverpool L , R R Regiment), DOW Colbert were executed after the S IA Private Edward Storan, S Limerick K Royal Inniskilling Rising. Donal Sheehan was C C Fusiliers, KIA Private John Noone, P drowned in County Kerry on the I R Castleconnell Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R W S Brennan's Row way to pick up arms from the Aud. P S Jane Costello, Civilian, R C killed in rising Private Patrick Shine, Two were in the Royal Irish P l, L S Kilmallock Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C Constabulary (James O’Brien and C Newcastlewest P G Constable Christopher Christopher Miller); two were in R L Miller, RIC, killed in rising C 8th Cornelius (Con) Colbert, V R Ballycahane, the British Army (Charles I Irish Volunteers, executed E P B 28th Lance Corporal Peter Moanleana, Castlemahon O’Gorman and Patrick Leen); and R L B Fitzgerald, Royal Munster 9th Lance Corporal David two were civilians caught in the A R Fusiliers, DOW C Best, Royal Munster J Rockhill, Kilmallock crossfire (Jane Costello and D Fusiliers, KIA s Ballyorgan, Kilmallock Michael O’Connor). 85 G

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June JuLY 11th Private Patrick Gallery, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 10th Private Terence Neville, 26th Private Michael Gleeson, 1st Private Edward Hartney, Royal P P P S St. John's Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, accident Munster Fusiliers, KIA S R I R Walsh's Lane, Edward Street New Road, Rathkeale Duggan's Row, Limerick G L L W 14th Major James FitzGerald Bannatyne, 11th (Prince Albert's Private Francis Sheahan, 28th Private John Foran, Private James Harvey, P P B P Own) Hussars, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA R R M A Fanningstown Castle Market Alley, Limerick Killoughteen, Newcastlewest St. Michael's Limerick S C L K 16th Lance Corporal Patrick Hogan, 11th Private John Moloney, Private Thomas Halvey, Company Sergeant Major D P L S Lancashire Fusiliers, KIA Welsh Regiment, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Robert Modler, Royal R R G B Limerick Kilmallock Edward St. Limerick Inniskilling Fusiliers KIA L G N B Court Matrix, Rathkeale K L 19th Private John Goulding, 16th Private William Harnett, Sergeant Henry O'Brien, P P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA , KIA Irish Guards Captain John Forrest Ruttledge R R P P Ardagh Newcastlewest Shanagolden MC, West Yorkshire Regiment, KIA S H G R Castleconnell C D 21st Rifleman William Carroll, Captain James Parker, Private Charles O'Shaughnessy, P P B London Regiment (Post Office Royal Army Medical Corps Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Sergeant John Smith, R T P Rifles), KIA Limerick St. Michael's Limerick Hampshire Regiment, KIA S R R L Wolfe Tone Street Limerick K N N 17th Lieutenant James St. John 29th Lance Corporal Patrick Foran, R R 26th Private Patrick Lillis, Dundon, Royal Army Medical Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 3rd Private George Patrick H C P D Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Corps Josses Lane, Mungret Street McNamee, Suffolk Regiment, KIA D M R S Garvey's Long Lane, Clare Ascot Terrace, O'Connell Avenue Limerick C B B Private James Hanley, Street K Private Thomas Hogan, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 4th Lieutenant Frederick Henry P P Private William Lynch, Royal Irish Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest Norris Lee, Irish Guards, DOW R C R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Limerick Limerick D R K Corporal Patrick Hogan, Athea, Ardagh C 22nd Sergeant James Murphy, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Private Francis McDonnell, P P Lieutenant Gerald Spring-Rice, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Maiden Street, Newcastlwest Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW K P R Border Regiment, KIA Fedamore River Lane, Mary Street B R N 30th Private Martin Kennedy, Mount Trenchard, Foynes A C Private Patrick Sweeney, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 5th Private William Bourke, P 28th Private Patrick O'Gorman, Connaught Rangers Punches Lane, Carey's Road, Connaught Rangers, Drowned P C R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Glue Yard Lane, Sand Mall Limerick , Knocklong R S N St. John's Square, Limerick C L Private Robert Mulcahy, 23rd Private Joseph Conway, 7th Corporal Thomas Connelly, L P 29th Sergeant Michael Cullinane, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Leinster Regiment, KIA P R Royal Irish Fusiliers St Michael's, Limerick St. Michael's, Limerick St. John's Limerick R D S Abbeyfeale S F Private Timothy O'Dwyer, Lance Corporal Patrick Lynch, Private John Tuohey, C L Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA P Private Daniel Sheehan, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW B R Bowman Street, Limerick R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Stradbally, Castleconnell A M P , Abbeyfeale Private John Williams, Lance Corporal Thomas O'Brien, 8th Major Clement Ignatius Ryan, M P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Essex Regiment, KIA S R St. Mary's, Limerick Rathkeale Scarteen R C A P 25th Private Jeremiah McAuliffe, 9th Private Denis Hayes, O S P Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Leinster Regiment, DOW I R R Chapel Street, Bulgaden F N S Private James H Wilson, L Corporal John McGrath, P Canadian Expeditionary Force, P B Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C executed R R St Munchin's Limerick S Limerick W L Second Lieutenant William 10th Private John Byrnes, 2 S P Brabazon Owens, Royal Munster Fusiliers R R Royal Engineers Limerick W A Hazeldene, Limerick Private James Gammel, P P 86 Royal Irish Fusiliers, KIA R R Hospital L F Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 87

August P M P P P yal 11th Private Robert Alfred, Private Thomas Gleeson, 1st Private Patrick Scully, Sergeant Frederick Roughan, S R R M South African Infantry, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA W N D Graigue, Adare Limerick Limerick West Watergate M B P P P Private John O'Dwyer, Private Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Bombardier Christopher 25th Private William Hartnett, O R R R KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Magner, Royal Field Artillery Australian Infantry, KIA F M K S St. John's Limerick Chapel Lane Rathkeale Limerick Knockadiveen, Abbeyfeale L P P C 15th Driver Daniel Golden, Private John O'Connell, 4th Lance Sergeant Daniel 28th Sergeant Major Albert L W R R Royal Field Artillery, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Greene, DCM, MM, Boucher Heaney, Rifle L K E I Limerick Glenbrohane, Knocklong Northumberland Fusiliers, KIA Brigade C Kilcolman, Ardagh Limerick and Rathfarnam P P S Private Michael Guerin, 21st Private Thomas O'Callaghan, R R I C dge Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 6th Private John Wilbank, 30th Private James Hayes, A N S M KIA St Mary's Limerick Herbertstown Gordon Highlanders, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, C Castletown DOW R P 16th Private John Hannon, 23rd Private John Kelly, C Boherbuoy, Rathkeale L R R S Royal Muster Fusiliers, KIA The Loyal North Lancashire 14th Private Michael Butler, R L S H St. John's Limerick Regiment, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 31st Lance Corporal Philip W L Kilfinane Nicholas Street Naughton, L Rev. Jeremiah Austin L Royal Munster Fusiliers, P R Hartigan SJ, Army Chaplains' 24th Captain Noel Cairns Clery D P 16th Private John Corbett, DOW R J Dept., died of jaundice MC, Royal Field Artillery, KIA C M IA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Shanagolden G A L Croom Ballinahinch House, Ballyneety P S Knocklong P R L Private Patrick Reddan, 18th Private Thomas Connery, P R N N W Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 25th Corporal Stephen Supple, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R L L Doyle's Cottages, Garryowen Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Kilfinane C A Castleconnell R P 17th Private Martin McGrath, 20th Private Thomas Coffey, L R M R W King's Own Scottish 26th Private Daniel Merner, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA B F R Borderers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest P M Arthur's Quay, Limerick Convent Street, Limerick P R P Private Michael Sheehy, P C P C d Private John O'Mara, 27th Corporal William Henry Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R G L G Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Shilcock, and Bucks Newcastlewest S Clare street Light Infantry, KIA P P C Limerick 21st Private Patrick Slattery, S R R L 18th Private John Dillon, Royal Irish Regiment, KIA R S S S Royal Irish Regiment DOW 28th Donworth, Captain Thomas Stradbally A St. Mary's Francis, Army Veterinary P L P Corps, drowned 22nd Lieutenant Frank Moran, R Private Daniel Dineen, P R R W Bruree Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA B Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R A S Adare Miltown, Bruff Private James Ryan, Royal M P L M n, Munster Fusiliers 23rd Private Michael Gallagher, R Private Michael McMahon, R E St. Munchin's Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA S R S Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Cannons Row, John St 29th Private Christopher P P O'Gorman, Australian 24th Sergeant David Boddy, Private John Sullivan, R L Infantry, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA C B Francis Street, Limerick Newcastlewest St. John's Limerick P Lance Corporal Michael C 31st Private Thomas Berkley, C ce, 19th Private Patrick Maher, Bourke, R Connaught Rangers, KIA e Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA S St. Michael's, Limerick L Whitewine Lane, Watergate Limerick S P 20th Sergeant Michael Ahern, Private Michael Broderick, B R Royal Field Artillery, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA R L West Watergate Abbeyfeale H P Private Michael Boyce, Private Michael Hedderman, R Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 87 H Limerick Fedamore Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 88

September

1st Private Daniel Ahern, 4th Private Michael Hogan, Royal Private Patrick White, Corporal Martin O'Sullivan, Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Munster Fusiliers, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA Castleconnell St. Michael's, Limerick Moore Street, Cappamore Knockainy

Private John McCormack, Corporal William Walsh, Private Patrick Edwards, 9th Driver Michael Bray, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Field Artillery, KIA Donnelly's Lane, Carey's Road Co. Limerick St. John's Limerick Private James O'Brien, Captain John William Private Thomas Lawless, Private William Clancy, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA WhiteBell, Royal Munster Leinster Regiment, KIA Royal Irish Regiment, KIA St. Mary's Place, Athlunkard Fusiliers, KIA St. Michael's, Limerick Street, Limerick Cappamore 3rd Acting Bombardier John Private Daniel Griffin, Private Michael Wade, 11th Private William Coughlan, Coughlan, Royal Field Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Artillery, DOW Bulgaden St. John's, Limerick Palatine Road, Bruff Newtown, Bruff Private John Hayes, 5th Private Michael Dee, Private John , Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Sergeant Charles, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Fedamore Donoghue, Royal Munster Cross of the Tree, Knocklong Newcastlewest Fusiliers, DOW Private John Lillis, Private Robert Gabbett, Ballywilliam Private Daniel Galvin, The King's (Liverpool Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Leinster Regiment, KIA Regiment), KIA 15th Private Cornelius Cagney, O'Curry Street, Limerick St Johns, Limerick Boherbuoy Irish Guards, KIA 6th Private Peter Paul Clarke, Banogue, Croom Private Edward Godsell, Lance Corporal John, Leinster Regiment, DOW Royal Irish Regiment, KIA McNamara, Royal Munster Lance Corporal Michael Dromkeen and Pallasgreen Glentworth Street, Limerick Fusiliers, KIA Gilligan, Irish Guards, KIA Private Michael O'Connell, St, Mary's Limerick St. Mary's Limerick Captain Edward Hegarty MC, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Irish Regiment, KIA Private Daniel Moloney, Rifleman Daniel Hartnett, Caherline Limerick and Clonmel Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA N.Z. Rifle Brigade, KIA Private Michael O'Donovan, Grattan Street, Limerick Dromtrasna Collins, Private Patrick McMahon, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, KIA Abbeyfeale Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Private William Murphy, Boherbuoy George's Quay Royal Irish Regiment, KIA Private Michael Maloney, 7th Rifleman Samuel Adams, Co. Limerick Irish Guards, KIA Private Patrick McNamara, Royal Irish Rifles KIA Adamstown Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Sergeant Joseph Richmond Terrace, Henry St John's Noonan, Royal Munster Private Michael Mulcahy Street Fusiliers, KIA MM, Royal Army Medical Private Michael Moore, Private Cornelius Bennett, Boherbuoy Corps, KIA Connaught Rangers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Meanus St. Patrick's, Limerick Private Thomas O'Brien, Clare Street 3rd South African Horse, DOW Private Martin Mulqueen, Private Denis O'Shaughnessy, 8th Private Patrick Hickey, Fleanmore, Glin Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA St. John's Lmerick Limerick Private James O'Dwyer, St. Patrick's Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Lance Corporal Daniel Private Timothy Sheehan, Private John O'Halloran, Ballynoe West, Nealon, Irish Guards, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest Templebraden, Pallasgreen Kilmallock Glin Private John O'Shea, Private Patrick Noonan, Private Patrick Walsh, Private James Roche, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Irish Guards Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Limerick Limerick Browne's Place, Edward Walsh's Lane, Carey's Road Street Private , Irish Guards, KIA

Mountminnett, Ballybrood

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OCTOber NOVEMBER DECEMBER

Lance Corporal Edgar Walter 1st Private John Gaynor, 3rd Lieutenant Eyre Frederick 11th Private Philip Joseph Cronin, Wills, Rifle Brigade, KIA Machine Gun Corps. DOW Morton Dann, Canadian Lancashire Fusiliers, William Street, Limerick Mount Kennett Infantry (British Columbia Adare Regt.), KIA 17th Private Jeremiah Buckley, 3rd Private John White, Kilkeedy and Ontario 19th Private Timothy Carroll, Irish Guards, DOW Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Knocklong Adare 7th Private John O'Gorman MM, Island Road Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW Private Denis O'Dwyer, Corporal Christopher Doon Private Joseph Griffin, Irish Guards, KIA Brummell, Royal Munster Royal Munster Fusiliers Oola Fusiliers 10th Private Thomas Alexander, Catherine Place, Limerick Francis Street Royal Irish Fusiliers 18th Private Patrick O'Sullivan, Limerick Private Edmund Higgins, Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 4th Private John Lyddy, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Newcastlewest Royal Munster Fusiliers, DOW 14th Second Lieutenant Charles Knockainey St. John's, Limerick Paul Close, Royal Dublin 19th Private John Hall, Canadian Fusiliers, DOW 23rd Private Patrick Earls, Infantry (British Columbia 6th Rev. Cornelius McAuliffe Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers Regt.) KIA OFM, Army Chaplain's Margaret's Place, Limerick Department 15th Lieutenant Patrick Joseph Limerick and British 24th Private John Lane, Meenoline North, Fawl, Middlesex Regiment, Columbia Royal Munster Fusiliers Templeglantine DOW 25th Sergeant James Mitchell, Emmet Plce, Limerick Abbeyfeale Royal Dublin Fusiliers, DOW Captain John O'Brien MC, 18th Private Patrick McDonnell, Limerick Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA Richmond House, Royal Munster Fusiliers, KIA 26th Private Thomas Byrne, The Crescent Shanagolden East Yorkshire Regiment 20th Private Denis , Oola 13th Second Lieutenant Solomon King, Northumberland Royal Dublin Fusiliers, DOW Lance Corporal Bartholomew Fusiliers, KIA Broadford Galvin, Royal Irish Rifles, KIA Limerick 21st Driver Joseph Murphy, Limerick 14th Gunner John O'Brien, Royal Army Service Corps 27th Private Arthur Hetherington, Royal Garrison Artillery Ballingarry and Chester Grenadier Guards, KIA Capanahana, Lisnagry 24th Private John O'Keefe, Verona Esplenade, Limerick 23rd Drummer Robert Francis Royal Irish Rifles Private Joseph Power, Williams, Seaforth Limerick Irish Guards, DOW Highlanders, KIA 25th Private Philip Comiskey, Mount Vincent, Rosbrien Limerick Royal Dublin Fusiliers, KIA 28th Private William McCormack, 27th Captain Heffernan James Limerick Royal Irish Regiment, KIA Considine, MC, Royal Irish Fedamore Regiment, KIA Derk, Pallasgreen 30th Private Patrick O'Sullivan, Irish Guards, DOW 28th Second Lieutenant George Ballyhahill Agar Trevor Benson MC, Middlesex Regiment, KIA Castleconnell

REF: XXXXX 89 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 90

granted to the wives and fami- Technical Instruction held early The Home Front lies of soldiers who had enlisted. in 1916, Councillor Anthony Their purpose was to entice Mackey referred to the export of Letters connected the battle recruits, and to help fund the oats and drew comparisons with front with the home front. One living expenses of those whose the Famine where Ireland had of seven children from Carey’s ‘bread-winner’ had gone to war. been ‘denuded’ of food, men and Road, Limerick, Patrick Browne A soldier’s wife and family money. It was suggested that the served with the 1st Battalion received a flat rate, supple- amount of land under tillage 143 Royal Irish Rifles. On 5 June mented by an extra sum based should be increased. 141 1916, he wrote from Fovant on his rank. Training Camp, Wiltshire: At a public meeting held soon Although the Irish economy after, it was claimed that the Dear Mother just a few lines boomed during the war years, situation for some labouring to let you know I received the benefits to Limerick were men and their families was your parcel alright, but I did uneven. Farmers did very well, ‘approaching famine’ and a have a laugh when I see due to the demand in Britain for proposal was made that one what you send me. I would Irish agricultural produce, as quarter to a half of an acre at a rather if you would not send did the food processing facto- reasonable price should be made so much the next time ries, pig-buyers and cattle-deal- available to labouring men to because it would go to waste. ers of the city, as well as the keep them from starvation.144 banks and shops, which bene- On the 18 October 1916 a letter fited from the general prosper- By 1916 the war had hit Limer- arrived at the Browne house ity. On the other hand, the ick Port very badly. The activi- containing a second envelope increasing price of food, clothing ties of German submarines, or with flowers that Patrick had and rent caused enormous hard- U-boats made journeys to picked at the front. These still ships for the poor.142 The war Britain far more dangerous than exist and though they have dried caused a shortage of copper to ports on the East coast. The out, the poignant sentiments sulphate and carbonate of soda resulting unemployment caus- they contain can still be used for spraying potatoes, ed great hardship for the dock- experienced. Patrick Browne which resulted in an outbreak of ers and their families. Also, the was killed in action on 25 potato blight. Pork production collapse in coal imports resulted October 1917 and is buried in was also affected and food in steep increases in coal, gas Prowse Point Military Cemetery, prices reached unprecedented and electricity prices. This Belgium.140 levels, causing unease. At a impacted on the entire popula- meeting of Limerick County tion which relied on coal and Separation allowances were Committee of Agriculture and gas for heating and cooking.145

90 Local newspapers carried extensive coverage of the war, including theatres of battle where Irish soldiers were not involved, such as the Eastern and Caucasian fronts (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 91

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92 Newcastle West, County Limerick (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 93

5 Limerick and the Rising

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94 Michael Colivet, Robert Monteith and George Clancy, pictured in December 1913 (Courtesy Colivet and O’Loughlin families). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 95

The Rising and Limerick

Limerick’s role in the Easter Rising is like Sher- lock Holmes’ ‘dog that didn’t bark.’149 Because Limerick did not rise, it is sometimes assumed that the city and county contributed little or nothing to the Rising. In reality, Limerick men and women were heavily involved in both the preparations and the fighting. Also, the plans for the Rising envisaged Limerick taking a major role in the fighting. Although in the end Limerick did not rise, this was mainly due to the loss of the Aud and the conflicting orders emanating from Dublin, rather than any failure on the part of the local Volunteers.146 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<

In 1916, the Volunteer units in Limerick consisted of the City Battalion, Doon-Castlecon- nell Battalion, West Limerick Battalion, and Galtee Battalion, each with 200 men. Along with the four battalions, these constituted the Limerick Command, totalling around 1,600 men headed by Commandant Michael Colivet. 147

The IRB regarded themselves as the rightful government of Ireland as is demonstrated by this Irish 95 Republican Bond, 1862 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 96

Born at 11 Windmill Street, Limerick, Michael Colivet’s family Michael Colivet background illustrates the often conflicting loyalties of the time.148 During Easter week when Colivet was commander of the Limerick City (1884-1955) Volunteers, his father John was at sea serving in the British navy. He went down with his ship the following year. By contrast, Michael’s mother was Anne Kennerk from Askeaton, ‘a fiery patriot, who often recalled to her children that an ancestor of hers had been hanged in 1798’.149

Originally a supporter of Home Rule, Colivet was always a moderate, who ‘had not the extremist background of [IRB members] Ledden and Clancy.’150 He joined the Volunteers in 1913 to defend the ideal of Home Rule, not to engage in rebellion.151 Later, he was enrolled in the IRB by Sean MacDiarmada and became a republican.152

Colivet’s day job as manager of Shannon Foundry was advantageous to the Volunteers in Limerick as he was:

Able to get pikes made for the men for whom no firearms of any sort could be obtained. I think he also made a type of bayonet which could be fitted on to a shotgun.153

Colivet’s role in obeying MacNeill’s countermanding orders was central to Limerick not being involved in the Rising and was highly controversial. However, his actions in 1916 have to be seen in context. His decision not to lead the Limerick Volunteers into battle undoubtedly saved dozens of lives. He made up his mind after carefully weighing up the options as he had ‘an almost fanatical adherence to facts’ which was probably ‘his chief characteristic.’154 Central to his decision was his belief that the loss of the Aud had made a rising impossible.

His post-1916 career demonstrates that he was a brave man, whose actions in 1916 were not motivated by timidity. Following the Rising, he endured great suffering in the national cause and ‘spent his best years in jail, in internment camps or on the run.’155 He was imprisoned in various locations, both before and after his return as Sinn Fein MP for Limerick city in the 1918 general election. In Rathkeale, he was kept in solitary confinement, contracted a skin disease and was brought out to be shot before a last minute reprieve saved his life. When he was in Spike Island his first wife Annie died and he was denied release to attend her funeral. In Mountjoy prison, he went on hunger strike and was force fed.156

Colivet sat in the Dáil from 1919 to 1923 and on from 1920 to 1925. He opposed the Treaty but retired from politics in 1925. He moved to Dublin where he worked in the public service until his death. Colivet is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin.157

96 Humorous postcard depicting Michael Colivet relaxing in Lincoln Prison, November 1918. It was drawn by fellow-prisoner Sean Milroy (Courtesy Colivet and O’Loughlin families). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 97

Diary of the Rising In accordance with the plans He seemed so joyous and in Dublin and for the Rising, Limerick was to excited, telling me he had have been a major centre for great news, that I had not Limerick the distribution of the the heart to mention my imported German arms. anxiety and fear to him. On The Easter Rising was Accordingly, two messengers reaching home we settled scheduled to begin on Easter from Volunteer HQ travelled down to supper, and during Sunday 23 April 1916. In order from Dublin to Limerick. One it he told me the great to deceive Eoin MacNeill, who called to John Daly’s house news, that the Rising had was unaware of the planned with a message from MacDiar- been arranged for the Rising, Pearse had ordered the mada about the forthcoming following Sunday, that a Dublin Volunteers to assemble Rising. The other, Sean Fitzgib- proclamation had been that day for ‘parades and bon, met Michael Colivet and drawn up to which he was 158 manoeuvres.’ When MacNeill told him that German arms first signatory. learnt of this ruse, he ordered were to be landed in Kerry. <<<<<<<<<<<<<< the cancellation of all Colivet was to meet the arms Volunteer activities on Easter contingent in Abbeyfeale, take Sunday. As a result, the Rising his own requirements for the Spy Wednesday started a day late, and far Limerick Volunteers and send 19 April fewer Volunteers took part the rest to Galway. Colivet protested that these were than had been planned. The Colivet went to Dublin where contrary to his previous fighting lasted from Easter Pearse told him of the revised orders, so Fitzgibbon advised Monday 24 April until plans but was vague on some him to travel to Dublin in Saturday 29 April. The week of the details.163 In Dublin, Ned order to clarify the situation. before the Rising, Holy Week, Daly learnt from Clarke that was a very busy one for the the Rising was scheduled for Meanwhile in Dublin, Tom IRB and Irish Volunteers. Sunday. later Clarke came home very late ∏ recalled that: from his shop that evening and Holy Tuesday his wife Kathleen (one of the Dalys of Limerick) later I could see Ned got a 159 recalled: bit of a shock. 18 April ********

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teers, and later told MacDiar- mada that she thought them ‘slow and hesitating, especially for the work before them.’161 (((((((( Good Friday 21 April

On Good Friday, Tommy McIn- erney and Sam Windrim, driv- ing separate cars, left Limerick and picked up five Volunteers in Killarney as planned. They Bay on 20 April, had no set out for Cahirciveen but due Holy Thursday 160 radio. to bad weather and poor direc- 20 April tions, McInerney got lost and Kathleen Clarke came to drove the car into a river. Limerick with despatches and McInerney himself escaped, Back in Limerick, Colivet her children. ‘I took my three but tragically his three passen- outlined the revised plan to his children to leave with my gers (Volunteers Donal Shee- officers. It was also agreed that mother, so that I could be free han, Charlie Monagan and Con two motor cars would drive to take on the duty assigned to Keating) were drowned. The from Limerick to Killarney, me in the Rising.’ She had a mission was abandoned, Win- where they would meet a verbal message for the Limer- drim and McInerney returned group of Volunteers, storm ick Volunteers: ‘Tell them that separately to Limerick, and Fitzgerald’s Radio School in John [Eoin] MacNeill has were both arrested.162 Caherciveen and make contact agreed to sign the proclama- with the Aud- the German tion and is quite enthusiastic.’ The Aud was captured by the arms boat. Unknown to them, Privately, she was unim- British and the arms shipment the Aud, which had arrived in pressed by the Limerick Volun lost. Roger Casement, who had

98 One of the two cars used by the Volunteers for the ill-fated trip to Kerry to meet Roger Casement and the Aud. (Courtesy Windrim Family) Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 99

debacle had come through and Colivet spent Saturday ‘won- dering what was going to happen the following day.’ He asked Sean Fitzgibbon, from Volunteer headquarters who was returning to Dublin, to find out if the Rising was on or off and to inform him by coded message. Later, the frantic Colivet sent two of his own officers, James Gubbins and Liam Forde, to Dublin in search of further instructions. In Dublin, both of these were arrived separately in Kerry on ‘parades and manoeuvres’ given ambiguous messages a German submarine was scheduled for the following which added to the confusion captured. Kathleen Clarke day. His order took the form of when they returned to Limer- returned to Dublin, leaving her twenty hand-written notes, ick the following day.166 children with their aunts at 15 plus an advertisement in the Barrington Street.163 Sunday Independent, due to appear the next day.164 &&&&&& However, the IRB were deter- mined to go ahead with the rebellion. Dublin republican Holy Saturday and feminist Helena Moloney remembered that ‘it was fool- 22 April ish of MacNeill and those to think they could call it off. In Dublin, Eoin MacNeill, They could not. Many of us having learned of the loss of thought we would go out the Aud and the Rising planned single-handed, if necessary’.165 for Easter Sunday, issued his In Limerick, news of the Kerry famous order cancelling the

Group of Limerick Volunteers. Back (left to right): David Kiely, Michael Colivet, Jim McInerney. Front (left to right): Tommy 99 McInerney, Captain Walsh, Sam Windrim (Courtesy Windrim family). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 100

Easter (((((((( Easter Monday Sunday In Limerick on Easter Sunday 24 April 23 April morning, The O’Rahilly came down from Dublin by car and Early in the morning, around Kathleen Clarke opened her gave Colivet written instruc- 1,200 insurgents, made up of shop on 77 Amiens Street, tions from MacNeill cancelling the Dublin Volunteers and Dublin, fully believing that the the Rising. Colivet, who ’s Citizens Rising was going to begin at believed that the loss of the Army, occupied six strong- 4.00pm that afternoon. She Aud made rebellion futile, holds, each of which had opened the Sunday Independ- complied. On the same morn- outposts, in Dublin city centre. ent and to her utter amaze- ing, he brought the Limerick The total number of Volunteers ment ‘read there John [Eoin] Battalion out to Killonan for and Citizens Army in Dublin MacNeill’s orders to the Irish routine manoeuvres and was around 3,000, so Volunteers. I could not under- camped out overnight until the MacNeill’s countermanding stand this, and was inclined to following morning. It was cold order had been obeyed by think it was not genuine’. Her and rained heavily so they about 50 per cent of his men. initial reaction was that it was spent a miserable night in Around ninety women took a British trick, designed to Killonan. part in the Rising, of whom sabotage the Rising. However, sixty were members of her husband Tom returned Meanwhile, the West Limerick Cumann na mBan.169 home later that day and Battalion assembled at Glen- informed her that MacNeill’s quin Castle, near Newcastle At 12.30 Padraig Pearse, Presi- order was all too genuine. West; the Galtee Battalion at dent of the , Clarke was distraught that Galbally and the Castleconnell came out of the General Post Eoin MacNeill had secretly Battalion at Castleconnell, but Office (GPO) onto O’Connell called off the Rising without after some brief manoeuvres, Street and read the Proclama- his knowledge: ‘he looked very all disbanded on receiving tion declaring an Irish Repub- 168 ill and seemed scarcely able to MacNeill’s orders. lic.170 speak.’ Later, the decision was <<<<<<<<<<<<<< made to go ahead with the Rising the following day.167

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In Limerick, Agnes and Laura Daly received a message from Pearse in Dublin, which they delivered to Colivet and the Limerick Battalion in Killonan. It stated ‘Dublin Brigade goes into action today. Carry out your orders.’ Colivet and the majority of his men, cold and wet after having camped over-night in Killonan, decided that in view of the Aud’s loss, it would be futile to rise. In consequence ‘a very demoralized group of Volunteers marched back into Limerick to disperse when they reached their headquarters behind the Daly house in Barrington Street.’171

The final result was Limerick did not rise. The Daly sisters were furious.172

Unit Stronghold Commanding officer Volunteers / Citizens Army GPO HQ Padraig Pearse/ James Connolly 1st (Dublin City) Battalion Four Courts Ned Daly 2nd (Dublin City) Battalion Jacob’s Factory Thomas McDonagh 3rd (Dublin City) Battalion Boland’s Mill Eamon de Valera 4th (Dublin City) Battalion South Dublin Union Eamonn Ceannt Citizens Army College of Surgeons 5th (North Dublin) Battalion Ashbourne, Co Meath

A striking image of the GPO in ruins, guarded by a solitary British sentry, May 1916. Ironically, Nelson’s Pillar, visible on the right, survived the fighting unscathed, but was blown up by the IRA at the time of the Rising’s fiftieth anniversary in 101 1966. (Westropp Photographic Collection, Royal Irish Academy and Digital Repository of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 102

On the morning of Easter Sunday 1916, one thousand copies of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic were printed in Liberty Hall, Dublin, of which only thirty survive (Limerick Museum).

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|||||| there was major fighting in the strongholds were exha- and around the Four Courts, usted and hungry. The Fighting in but Ned Daly’s rebel garrison remained in control. On On Saturday 29 April, Padraig Dublin 24-29 April Wednesday, the bloodiest Pearse decided to surrender, y fighting of the whole Rising after being horrified at seeing occurred in the Battle of a family carrying a white flag The British plan was to Mount Street Bridge, when shot down. Some other leaders surround all the rebels’ strong- seventeen rebels killed or wanted to continue the fight, holds, concentrate on captur- wounded 234 British soldiers. including Clarke, who cried ing the GPO first and then On Thursday, James Connolly bitterly when it was finally move on to the other insurgent was wounded twice, in the decided to surrender. Nurse positions. As a result, only the shoulder and the ankle. The Elizabeth O’Farrell met GPO was stormed and GPO had been under attack all General Lowe, commander of captured by the British. Most week and on Friday, its the British forces in Dublin, of the other rebel strongholds garrison retreated to Moore who asked her to bring Pearse saw little action and surren- Street. By now, the rebels in all to him. At 2.30 pm Elizabeth e dered on the orders of Pearse. On Monday 24 April, the rebels failed to capture Dublin Castle, but took the nearby City Hall. Around 1.15pm, British cava- lry charged down O’Connell Street but retreated after coming under fire from the GPO garrison. The principal fighting that day was at the South Dublin Union. The following day, Seán Heuston’s outpost in the Mendicity Inst- itute was captured. On both

Wednesday and Thursday,

The Easter Rising was the only rebellion to occur in Europe in 1916, and was thus a major embarrassment to Britain, 103 which claimed to be waging war on behalf of small nations (Imperial War Museum, London). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 104

O’Farrell returned to General Limerick Eamon de Valera Lowe with Pearse, who handed over his sword, pistol and Participants in ammunition and signed the (1882-1975) document of surrender. Eliz- the Rising abeth O’Farrell delivered the Born in New York, Eamon de message of surrender to all the While Limerick was not a Valera was sent to Bruree, rebel garrisons, none of which theatre of battle in the Rising, County Limerick at the age of had been captured by the a number of Limerick people three to live with his mother’s 173 British. took part in the fighting on family. His thirteen years in both sides. In most cases, their Bruree were ‘a story of his involvement was entirely struggle to flee the soul- fortuitous. As Limerick did not destroying poverty of an agri- rise, the Limerick men who cultural labourer’s life in rural fought in the Rising were those Limerick.’174 Highly intelligent who were working in Dublin and strong-willed, he won a and therefore members of scholarship to Blackrock Dublin Volunteer units, the College, and only section of the Volunteers later graduated from the Royal who took part in the Rising. University with a BA degree.

Likewise, most Limerick men £ £ £ £ £ in forces happened Thomas Johnson Westropp to be stationed in or near De Valera came late to nation- (1860-1922) from , Dublin and got caught up the alism. In order to improve his County Limerick, was one of fighting. A few civilian casual- career prospects, he joined the Ireland’s leading archaeologists ties of the Rising were also Gaelic League where he met and folklorists. He took a series from Limerick. The most and fell in love with his future of forty photographs depicting prominent Limerick leaders in wife Sinead. He joined the Irish the buildings and streets of the Rising were Eamon de Volunteers in 1913, and Dublin in the aftermath of the Valera, Edward Daly and Con quickly became radicalised, Rising. They form one of the most Colbert. moving from Redmondism to comprehensive and vivid records of the post-rebellion city. (Westropp Photographic Collection, 104 Royal Irish Academy and Digital Repository of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 105

Eamon de Valera under arrest in Kilmainham Jail after the Rising (Military Archives, Dublin). 105 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 106

separatism. He became obse- and the British decided to halt Sinn Fein MP for Clare in 1917. ssed with being a soldier, and the executions, due to the Soon after he became president although he had no part in the public backlash. 176 of both Sinn Fein and the Irish planning of the Rising, he Volunteers, setting him on the prepared for it beforehand £ £ £ £ £ road to the political premier meticulously, making a deta- division where he remained for iled tour of Boland’s Mills of De Valera only moved into over fifty years.178 which he was to be comman- political prominence during his (((((((( dant. Through no fault of their post-Rising imprisonment. own, de Valera and his garri- This was not only due to the son saw little action during the ‘iconic stature he acquired in Edward (Ned) Daly Rising. His military leadership its aftermath as the only was ‘indecisive but hyper- surviving commandant’ but (1891-1916) active, and he went without more to his strength of charac- 175 sleep for five days.’ Boland’s ter. ‘He expected and received A native of Limerick city, Mill was held by the Volun- deference, loyalty and obedi- Edward (Ned) Daly was born teers until Sunday 30 April, ence.’ He was also older and into the most prominent when Pearse’s surrender more educated than the other Fenian family in Ireland (see notice was delivered. prisoners. chapter 6). It was also a family in crisis. His father Edward, a Initially, de Valera was On their release ‘a final younger brother of IRB leader sentenced to death, but this gesture copper-fastened the John Daly had died of heart was later commuted to impris- prisoners unswerving alle- failure six months before at onment. The tradition that he giance when de Valera the early age of forty-two. He avoided execution because of marched them into the first- left a widow, Catherine who his US citizenship has been class saloon of the ship at was three months pregnant discounted by Fanning who Holyhead and refused the with Ned and eight daughters considers that ‘de Valera owed captain’s appeals to move to aged between fourteen and his survival more to luck’ - due the third-class quarters for one year. to the peripheral location of which they had been given Boland’s Mill he was not tickets.’177 Young Ned Daly grew up in a imprisoned with the other large, warm, closely knit leaders. His trial was delayed On his release, he was elected family circle. Surrounded by

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trade. Instead, he worked as a immaculately turned out in his clerk at Spaight’s timber yard Volunteer uniform. He played in Limerick, but continued to a prominent role in overseeing infuriate his uncle by showing the Howth gun running in more interest in music, theatre 1914 and in the staging of and the cinema than in making O’Donovan Rossa’s funeral in a living. After a final row, Ned 1915. 180 was ‘essentially thrown out’ of the house by John Daly in (((((((( 1912. The young man moved to Dublin where he lived with In 1916, two of Daly’s men, his sister Kathleen and her including his future brother- husband Tom Clarke and in-law Eamonn Dore, were 179 strong-willed sisters and worked as a clerk. ordered to escort James uncles, he was somewhat Connolly to a meeting called by spoilt and cossetted. His fiery Here, Ned Daly finally blos- the IRB to prevent Connolly uncle John Daly described him somed. Inheriting the strong from staging a pre-emptive as a ‘mollycoddle’ and a ‘sissy’ republican views of his family, rebellion and thus disrupting and relations between them he had always wanted to be a their own plans. Later became very poor. Part of the soldier, but joining the British rumours emerged that problem was that Ned took his Army was out of the question. Connolly had in fact been time finding a profession. Widely read in military matt- kidnapped by the IRB and ers, his chance came, when he forcibly brought to the meet- Educated in Sexton Street CBS joined the Irish Volunteers on ing. Regardless of how the and Leamy’s School (now the their foundation in November meeting was arranged, it Frank McCourt Museum), he 1913. He quickly earned the resulted in Connolly and his was unable to enter the family rank of captain, becoming an men agreeing to fight alongside bakery business due to health expert on tactics and strategy. the Volunteers in the Rising. issues and the opposition of Young and handsome, he grew Dore later testified that his the Limerick Bakers Society a moustache to make himself services had not been required, (trade union), which only look older to the men under his as Connolly had gone admitted bakers’ sons to the command and was always voluntarily to the meeting.181

Ned Daly (Limerick Museum). 107 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 108

108 Post-Rising composite photograph of Ned Daly, Tom Clarke and Con Colbert. Note how Tom Clarke has been co-opted into the pantheon of Limerick Martyrs of 1916 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:18 Page 109

During the Rising, Daly was professional soldier. ‘His hundreds of British soldiers. commandant of the 1st (Dublin command was disciplined and Eventually they were forced to City) battalion which occupied concerned for civilian welfare, surrender, though they had the Four Courts, several and neatly anticipated British inflicted severe casualties on buildings along nearby Church offensive tactics, and his man- the British.184 Street and North King Street, ner was sober and contained.’ plus the Bridewell police Major-General P J Halley of Daly’s garrison held out until station and Linenhall the later wrote that Pearse’s surrender order Barracks. Daly’s garrison ‘Daly showed excellent reached him on Saturday. occupied a strategic position military skill’ during the Though deeply disappointed, which controlled the route fighting. Ironically, one of the he obeyed without question. leading from various military British officers captured and When a British officer shouted barracks into the city centre. imprisoned in the Four Courts ‘Who’s in charge here?’ Daly Consequently, they were was fellow-Limerick man calmly replied ‘I am, at all involved in some of the most Lieutenant Edward G Halpin events I was.’ Following the intense fighting of the (1888-1954) who later testified surrender, he was imprisoned rebellion at both Church Street that Daly had treated him very in Kilmainham Jail, tried in behind the Four Courts and the well. Throughout the Rising, Richmond Barracks and sent- Mendicity Institute, where Daly was highly respected, enced to death. His last days Sean Heuston was in even worshipped, by his were very poignant. On the command. The British laun- men.183 night before his execution, he ched a major assault on Daly’s was visited by his three sisters garrison using an armoured *********** Madge, Kathleen and Laura, car, but suffered huge losses whom he told: and made little progress. In For three days, one of Daly’s their rage, they massacred subordinates, Sean Heuston I did my best. fifteen innocent civilians on and his garrison in the 182 North King Street. Mendicity Institution fought On 4 May, he was executed by furiously to prevent the British firing squad in the yard of During Easter Week, Daly advancing on the Four Courts. Kilmainham Jail and later demonstrated that he had Heuston had only twenty-six buried in Arbour Hill. reached maturity as a men and was surrounded by

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Con Colbert this country into a desert from wrote several letters to family its great fertility.’186 Having and friends. To his sister Lila, (1888-1916) become friendly with Pearse he wrote: and other leading figures, Born in Castlemahon, near Colbert was inducted into the I did not like to call you to Newcastle West, County IRB in 1912 and elected to the this jail to see me before I Limerick, into a family of provisional committee of the left his world because I felt strongly Fenian background, Irish Volunteers. A devout it would grieve us both too Con Colbert moved with his Catholic, he spent all his spare much, so I am just dropping family to Athea at the age of time on nationalist activi- you a line to ask you to 187 three. From a young age, he ties. forgive me anything I do showed an interest in the Irish owe you and to say goodbye language (which was still During the Rising, Colbert to you and all my friends spoken by older people in West served under Eamonn Ceannt, and to get you and them to Limerick at this time), Irish and initially commanded an say a prayer for my soul. pastimes, and cultural nation- outpost in Watkin’s brewery. alism in general. As a teenager, Having seen little action, they he went to live with a sister in moved to Marrowbone Lane Dublin, where he completed on Wednesday 26 April where his education and obtained they were joined by members work as a clerk in Kennedy’s of the Fianna and Cumann na bakery, Parnell Street.185 mBan. Over the next three days, Colbert and his garrison While in Dublin, Colbert joined were involved in heavy fight- the Gaelic League and Fianna ing. When Pearse’s surrender Éireann, of which he eventu- arrived on Sunday 30 April, ally became chief scout. His Colbert burst into tears, before 188 politics became more radical reluctantly obeying. and in 1909, he wrote that ‘ten years time and Ireland will be Colbert was taken into custody ripe for a struggle with the and later sentenced to be shot. cursed robbers who changed The day before he died, he

Con Colbert (Limerick Museum). 110 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 111

Although a newspaper of unionist sympathies, the Limerick Chronicle while 111 publishing detailed reports of the Easter Rising, refrained from any criticism in the aftermath (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 112

To John Daly, he sent this he remained until the surren- touching note: The GPO der.189

My dear friend, A farmer’s son from Glin, Two of the Daly sisters and Just a line to wish you Eamonn Dore (1896-1972) their future husbands served goodbye and to ask your studied medicine in UCD but in the GPO. On Tuesday 25 prayers for my poor soul. never qualified due to his April, Laura (1882-1967) and God prosper you and yours. involvement in the 1916 Nora Daly (1889-1977) took the May He love Ireland. Rising. He was active in the train to Dublin to find out Irish Volunteers and the IRB what was happening and also Goodbye. and became a close friend of to obtain orders for the Limer- Yours ever, Con Colbert. At the time of the ick Volunteers. On the train, Con Rising, Dore was serving as they met Eamonn Dore by Sean MacDiarmada’s body- accident. He had been home in Y Z Y Z Y Z guard and fought with him in Glin on holidays for Easter, but the GPO. Dore was arrested on hearing of the Rising, he afterwards, but although he travelled to Dublin to fight Other was soon released, his health alongside his comrades. In was badly affected and he Limerick Dublin, he brought the Daly never returned to UCD. In sisters to the GPO, where they 1918, he married Nora Daly Insurgents remained for less than twenty- and they had one son and two four hours. Padraig Pearse sent daughters. They lived in The following is an account of them to Cork with a message Limerick and Eamonn was other Limerick men and wom- for the Cork Volunteers, asking involved in running Daly’s en who participated in the them to join in the Rising. The bakery until it closed in 1959. Rising. It is by no means exha- Dalys took a train to Cork, but Eamonn and Nora Daly are ustive as the places of origin of the Volunteers there were buried in Glin.190 many insurgents have yet to be surrounded by British troops, established. and could not rise, so the ∏ sisters returned to Limerick. Meanwhile, Eamonn Dore A Corkman, James (Seamus or went back to the GPO where Jim) O’Sullivan (1891-1974)

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The destruction wrought by the Rising in Dublin city centre was unprecedented for a modern Irish city or town before the 113 Troubles (Westropp Photographic Collection, Royal Irish Academy and Digital Repository of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 114

worked in a Dublin grocer’s the Irish Volunteers.192 Follow- Civil War. In the 1930s, McAu- shop. He served in the Volun- ing the Rising he was interned liffe worked as Water and teers with Ned Daly and they for a period. During the Civil Sewerage Inspector and Water became close friends. He War, he fought in the anti- Rent Collector with the Limer- served in the GPO with the Treaty forces and left the army ick County Board of Health. He rank of captain and was after- in 1924. Later, he worked as a lived at Maiden Street, wards sentenced to death, clerk in a Dublin hospital. Matt Newcastle West.194 later commuted to imprison- Flanagan (1887-1963) was a ¥ ment. Released in the post- member of the Irish Citizens 1916 amnesty, O’Sullivan Army. Later in life, he worked Peter Slattery (1884-1954) was worked as an organiser with for the Land Commission in from 52 Thomas Street, Limer- the Irish Volunteers. In 1918, Dublin and lived at 56 Belmont ick. A civil engineer by profes- while on the run from Crown Avenue, Donnybrook.193 sion, he later became a medical forces, he married Laura Daly doctor. He worked for a time as and they had two sons and two { { { a chemistry teacher in Padraig daughters. An admirer of Pearse’s school at St Enda’s Michael Collins, he remained . An admirer and neutral during the Civil War, A native of Newcastle West, friend of Pearse, Slattery was a as his wife and her family Garrett McAuliffe (1886-1952) member of the 4th Battalion, were all anti-Treaty. In 1939, worked as a domestic servant Dublin Brigade of the Irish he and Laura established for a number of years before Volunteers. During the Rising, O’Sullivans Shoe shop in emigrating to England. Active he served in the GPO as direc- Limerick which traded until in the Irish Volunteers before 2008.191 his departure, he returned to ∑ take part in the Rising. He was stationed in the GPO and was Two cousins from Killaghteen, afterwards interned. Active Garryduff, Monagea, County during the War of Independ- Limerick served together in ence, he succeeded Sean Finn the GPO. James M Flanagan as Officer Commanding West (1877-1950) was a member of Limerick Brigade IRA and later 2nd (Dublin City) battalion of took the anti-Treaty side in the

Limerick city man Peter Slattery in Irish Volunteer uniform. A close friend and 114 teaching colleague of Padraig Pearse, he served as headmaster of St Enda’s School from 1917 to 1920 (Courtesy Slattery family). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 115

tor of engineers where he From Broadford, County Battalion of the Irish Volun- sustained an accidental Limerick, Father Eugene teers under the command of wound. After the Rising, he Sheehy (1841-1917) was the Ned Daly. was imprisoned in Dartmoor uncle of suffragette Hannah and other prisons and was Sheehy-Skeffington. He was so A farmer’s son, from Tulligo- released in 1917. While in active in the land agitation line South, Templeglantine prison, he wrote to his brother that he became known as the Maurice Collins (1885-1974) Ralph thanking him for some ‘Land League priest’ and was worked in the post office in family photos, telling him that also involved in the IRB and Dublin and London, and was ‘every time I look at them, GAA. Eamon de Valera was one active in the GAA and Gaelic they make me feel much of his Mass servers in Bruree League. He spent the first few nearer to ye [sic] all again.’195 and admired him greatly, stat- days of the Rising helping to Peter Slattery served as princi- ing later that ‘he taught me guard Bulmer Hobson, who pal of St Enda’s school from patriotism.’197 In 1900, Fr had been arrested by the IRB 1917 to 1920. During the War Sheehy retired to Dublin, to prevent him from trying to of Independence, he was where he became friendly with stop the rebellion. Afterwards, involved in espionage work in Tom Clarke and Sean MacDiar- Collins joined the Four Courts London, and later purchased mada. During the Easter garrison and was involved in arms for the IRA in the USA. Rising, Fr Sheehy was in the heavy fighting in Church Subsequently he was involved GPO ‘to administer spiritual Street/ North King Street. in the manufacture of explo- consolation’ and only left Following the Rising, he was sives for the IRA. He supported when it was evacuated by the imprisoned and dismissed the Treaty and served with the rebels. Shortly before his from the post office. Later he pro-Treaty forces during the death, he is reputed to have opened a shop in Parnell Street Civil War. Afterwards, he said that ‘I am sorry that I did Dublin, which became a centre became a farmer in County not die with Tom Clarke.’198 of IRA activity during the War Dublin. He died on 11 June of Independence.199 1954 and was buried in Glas- nevin Cemetery.196 The Four Courts ´´´´´´

™ A number of Limerick men James (1892-1974) and Patrick served in 1st (Dublin City) McNamara (born 1898) were

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two sons of an agricultural organisation, intelligence and Donal Sheehan (1888-1916) labourer from Knockaboula, arms transportation. His sister was born in Ballintubrid, near Loghill, near Glin in County was the secretary in Daly’s Newcastlewest and joined the Limerick.200 Both moved to Bakery in Limerick. During the Gaelic League while working Dublin where they joined the Rising, Moore was involved in in London as a book-keeper. In Irish Volunteers. During the the Battle of Mount Street 1914, he returned to Ireland, Rising, they were involved in Bridge. Afterwards, he was and started working in Geary’s some of the heaviest fighting in captured and taken to Arbour biscuit factory, Limerick city. the Church Street/North King Hill where he was brutally He frequently travelled betw- Street area. After the surren- beaten, receiving several kicks een Limerick and Dublin, on der, they were imprisoned and in the region of his heart. He IRB and Volunteer business. subsequently fought in the never fully recovered from this From Limerick city, Tommy War of Independence. Patrick ill-treatment and died on 8 McInerney (1896-1922) was went to the USA in 1920. December 1918, leaving a wife the son of a fisheries manager James fought on the anti- and three young children.202 and the family also owned a Treaty side in the Civil War ¥ garage and public house. He and also moved to the USA in County was chosen for the Kerry 1922. Both lived in the New mission as he was one of the York area for the rest of their Kerry few Volunteers who both lives.200 owned and could drive a car. A Four Limerick men served native of Limerick city, Sam From Rosbrien, Limerick city, with the Volunteers in Kerry Windrim (1890-1955) was a John William Moore (1886- during the Rising. Three of fitter by trade. 1918) moved to Dublin, where them, Donal Sheehan, Tommy he worked as a commercial McInerney and Sam Windrim, On Good Friday 1916, McIner- traveller and kept a toba- were involved in the ill-fated ney got lost en route from cconist shop at 26 Ston- plan to storm Fitzgerald’s Killarney to Cahirciveen and eybatter on the Northside of Radio School in Caherciveen drove his car into the Laune 201 Dublin. His work as a comm- and make contact with the river, near Killorglin. He esca- ercial traveller took him all Aud, while was to ped, but his three passengers, over the country and enabled assist with the landing of the including Donal Sheehan, were him to work in Volunteer ship. drowned.

During the Rising, the Linenhall Barracks was occupied by part of Ned Daly’s garrison. It was destroyed during the heavy 117 fighting that ensued on North King Street and the ruins were later demolished (Westropp Photographic Collection, Royal Irish Academy and Digital Repository of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 118

{ { { was from a staunchly nation- from politics in 1923 and alist family. He worked in the worked as superintendant of Windrim was arrested and Post Office in Dublin, where he Office for the 207 interned afterwards. On his joined the IRB and Gaelic rest of his life. release, he played an active League. At the time of the role in the War of Independ- Rising, Collins was sent to Counties ence where his technical skills Kerry to rendezvous with Meath proved invaluable in repairing Tralee’s in order and firearms for his colleagues.203 to co-ordinate the Aud’s land- Louth With the return of peace, he ing with the incoming Roger went to work with the techni- Casement. However, after cal branch of the ESB in Limer- messages between Casement Outside Dublin, the biggest ick.204 and the IRB had been inter- action of the Rising was the cepted by British authorities, Battle of Ashbourne on Friday, McInerney was also arrested both Stack and Collins were 28 April, where the Volunteers and interned afterwards. On captured en route from Tralee under Thomas Ashe won the his release, he played an active to the rendezvous point on only rebel victory in 1916. role in the War of Independ- Banna Strand. Collins was ence as a captain of the Mid- subsequently held in Rich- From Bruree, Richard Hayes Limerick Brigade of the IRA. mond Barracks and deported (1882-1958) was a medical He was also a Sinn Fein to prison in . doctor, who served under Ashe member of Limerick City Released in 1917, he was in North County Dublin, when Council from 1920 to 1925. In elected Sinn Fein TD for West Swords and Donabate RIC reprisal, Crown forces blew up Limerick in 1918, and became barracks were captured and at his family home and public a member of the First Dáil. He the Battle of Ashbourne, where house on Lock Quay.205 McIn- voted against the Treaty, but his main role was in treating erney was injured in a shoot- took no part in the fighting the wounded on both sides. In ing accident and died three during the Civil War. Later, he 1918, Hayes was elected Sinn weeks later on 26 May 1922.206 was offered the post of Fein MP for East Limerick. He Ministry of Post and supported the Treaty but took From Arranagh, Newcastle Telegraphs if he changed sides, no part in the Civil War. In West, Con Collins (1881-1937) but refused to do so. He retired 1924, he resigned from the Dáil

Both Clery’s Department Store and the Imperial Hotel occupied the imposing four-storey building pictured in this post-Rising 118 image of O’Connell Street. In 1882, Clery’s had been founded by Limerick entrepreneur Michael J Clery. Destroyed during the Rising, Clery’s was rebuilt in 1918-22 (Westropp Photographic Collection, Royal Irish Academy and Digital Repository of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 119

and later served as Irish film nigan and Sean McEntee (later Limerick men censor (1941-54). 208 a Fianna Fail cabinet minister) commanded a small rebel force serving in the Donal O’Hannigan (1888-1959) in County Louth that captured Crown forces was one of five brothers from a dozen RIC men and some Anglesboro, County Limerick British officers in the village of It was not only rebels who who took part in the Irish Lurgan Green and ten more ‘dreamed and died’ in 1916. It Revolution. In 1909, Donal RIC men in Castlebellingham. is now thought that the moved to Dublin where he In later life O’Hannigan lived number of Irishmen who became active in the IRB, in Dublin where he died on 13 209 fought in the British Army in Fianna, GAA and Gaelic March 1959. the 1916 Rising may have League. He joined the Irish equalled or even exceeded the Volunteers on their founda- number of rebels, as so many tion. During the Rising, O’Han-

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units of Irish regiments were he was promoted to major.212 ment (Sherwood Foresters) stationed in Ireland at the home on leave. On Monday, he time. 2 1 0 A number of Irish ´´´´´´ was walking along the quays policemen also fought with the of the Liffey with the intention Crown forces. Most of them Eugene Long (1895-1956) was of catching a train to Limerick would have regarded them- the son of a prosperous farmer from Kingsbridge (now Heus- selves as being as much Irish- and leather merchant and ton) Station, when he was men as their rebel opponents, grew up on the Ennis Road taken prisoner. He was kept who were simply protecting Limerick. His father Eugene J prisoner in the Four Courts their fellow citizens from Long, sat on Limerick City until Sunday, where he later 213 misguided fanatics, allied to Council (1902-11). In 1916, testified that he had been very the Germans. Thus it was that Long was a student in Trinity well treated by the garrison, three young British army offi- College and a cadet in the commanded by fellow Limer- cers, all natives of Limerick Dublin University Officer ick man Ned Daly.216 city, found themselves fighting Training Corps. He served against the insurgents in under the notorious Captain All three of these officers Easter 1916. John Bowen-Colthurst, who survived the Rising, unlike ∏ murdered a number of civil- another young Limerick man ians during the Rising, includ- Charles O’Gorman (1894- ing Hannah Sheehy- 1916). Reared at 4 Merchants George Malone (1896-1978) Skeffington’s pacifist husband Quay Limerick, son of a clerk, was a son of Dr Michael J Francis. After the Rising, Long O’Gorman worked as a loco- Malone of 5 Pery Square.211 In fought in the trenches with the motive brake fitter with the 1916, he was a lieutenant with South Irish Horse and the 7th Great Southern and Western the 3rd Battalion, Royal Irish 214 Royal Irish Regiment. Railway in Limerick.217 At the Regiment. During fighting outbreak of the Rising, O’Gor- with Eamonn Ceannt’s forces Edward G. Halpin (1888-1954) man was serving in the 10th in the South Dublin Union on belonged to a family of cork Reserve Cavalry Regiment, Easter Monday he received and bottle merchants on Upper based in the Curragh military severe wounds and was taken William Street.215 In 1916, he camp, looking after the shoeing to Dr Steevens Hospital, where was a lieutenant in the Nott- of horses. His regiment was his leg was amputated. Later, ingham and Derbyshire Regi- ordered to Dublin where he

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was killed on 24 April, only a day of the Rising, he was on stopher Miller (1887-1916) was few hours after his arrival. duty at the entrance to Dublin a farmer’s son who joined the O’Gorman was buried in Castle at Cork Hill. Helena Royal Irish Constabulary. At Grangegorman Military Ceme- Moloney of the Irish Citizens the outbreak of the Rising, he tery.218 Army remembered what was stationed in and happened: attending a course in Dublin. ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ He joined the British forces From Abbeyfeale, County I, with my girls, followed attacking the South Dublin Limerick, Patrick Leen (1894- Seán Connolly [no relation Union, which was commanded 1916) was a private with the to James Connolly] and his by Eamonn Ceannt. Miller 5th (Royal Irish) Lancers. On party. We went right up to attempted to force open the the first day of the Rising, he the Castle Gate, up the door of the rebel headquarters took part in the cavalry charge narrow street. Just then, a but was shot dead by Ceannt down O’Connell Street, but police sergeant [sic] came himself on 27 April 1916. He is was wounded as a result of out and, seeing our determi- buried in the cemetery of the 222 rebel fire from the GPO. Leen nation, he thought it was a Royal Hospital, Kilmainham. died of his wounds on 1 May parade, and that it probably and was buried in the Royal would be going up Ship Limerick Civilians in Hospital Kilmainham Dublin.219 Street. When Connolly went to go past him, the Sergeant ™ put out his arm; and the Rising Connolly shot him dead.220 Two Limerick policemen also Civilians suffered more than died in the Rising. James The gates of the Castle were any other category in the O’Brien (1868-1916) has the then shut and the rebels failed Rising, accounting for 54 per sad distinction of being the to capture it. Constable cent of those killed.223 These first person killed in the 1916 O’Brien is buried in Kilfergus included forty children who Rising. Born in Kilfergus, Glin, Graveyard near Glin.221 died in Easter Week, caught in County Limerick he had ∑ the crossfire.224 At least two twenty-one years service with Limerick civilians were killed Dublin Metropolitan Police From Ballycahane, Palla- and two were injured in the (DMP) in 1916. On the first skenry, County Limerick, Chri- Rising.

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Born in Glenfield, Kilmallock, travelled to Dublin with some ing. One of the rebels pointed a Jane Costello (1892-1916) friends during the Easter holi- revolver at him, but Lysaght worked as a shorthand writer days and was sitting in knocked it aside angrily. and typist in Dublin. She was Pheonix Park when he was Another rebel then bayoneted accidently shot dead at the accidently shot dead by British him, injuring him badly. window of her lodgings, at 117 soldiers. He was buried in Lysaght was later treated in Seville Place, on 27 April 1916, Kilfergus Graveyard, Glin, the Adelaide Hospital.228 killed by a soldier, who had where Constable James fired the shot from a doorway O’Brien is also buried.226 Philip W Snell (1855-1922), the on the street. Ironically, two of English-born manager of the Jane Costello’s brothers had In 1916, engine-fitter John Limerick Clothing Factory joined the British Army since Lysaght (born 1871) from from 1899 to 1922 happened to the outbreak of the war. She County Limerick and his wife be in Dublin during the Rising. was buried in Glasnevin Ceme- Kate from Limerick city were He was caught in crossfire and tery.225 living in Upper Kevin Street, sustained injuries ‘which Dublin with their children.227 necessitated the amputation of From Ballyhahill, near Glin, On the first day of the Rising, his left leg.’ He returned to Michael C O’Connor (1888- John Lysaght went outside his Limerick, some months later, 1916) was a secondary teacher door to bring in one of his chil- where ‘he was given a hearty who had been working in St dren, presumably to avoid reception by his employees.229 Kieran’s College, Kilkenny. He getting caught up in the fight-

122 For many, life continued as normal on the home front, as these advertisements from 1916 illustrate (Limerick Leader). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:20 Page 123

A composite image of 1916 leaders. All died as a result of the rising except Countess Markievicz and Eamon de Valera (Imperial War Museum, London).

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Post Rising executions

May 3rd 1916 Padraic Pearse Thomas Clarke Thomas MacDonagh

May 4th 1916 Kilmainham Gaol Edward Daly Michael O'Hanrahan Willie Pearse

May 5th 1916 Kilmainham Gaol John MacBride

May 8th 1916 Kilmainham Gaol Eamonn Ceantt Michael Mallin Sean Heuston Con Colbert

May 9th 1916 Cork Detention Barracks

May 12th 1916 Kilmainham Gaol Seán MacDiarmada James Connolly

August 3rd 1916 Pentonville Prison, London Sir Roger Casement

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TheY dreamed and are dead

The role of Irish soldiers, policemen and civilians in the 1916 Rising is a prime example of sociologist Peter Berger’s observation that ‘the past is malleable and flexible, changing as our recollection inter- prets and re-explains what has happened.’230 All but erased from the Irish collective memory for over ninety years, they are now regarded as an integral part of the national story, men and women who were as authentically Irish as Pearse, MacDiarmada and Clarke.

The Daly family in Kilkee, County Clare, c. 1901. In the 1790s, the Limerick middle classes began taking their seaside 125 holidays in Kilkee (Special Collections, Glucksman Library, ). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 126

The Daly family in the rowing boat presented to John Daly by local nationalists after Shannon Rowing Club refused 126 him admittance. Ominously, he named it Lua-Tagna (Swift to Avenge). (Left to right): Eileen, Madge, Agnes, John, Kathleen and Ned (Special Collections, Glucksman Library, University of Limerick). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 127 6 The Dalys: A Family at War

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On the night before his exec- ution, Ned Daly was visited in Kilmainham Jail by his ‘three grief-stricken sisters’, Kathleen, Madge and Laura. Madge later recalled that: He looked so proud and strong and noble that, with eyes alert and full of fire, that it seemed impossible to believe that he was a doomed captive, dest- ined to be shot in a few hours. Rather did he look like a brave young knight, who had won some great victory.231

Their conversation was all too brief but Madge remembered that ‘our last talk with Ned, except for one or two brief family refe- rences, were all of Ireland.’ She also wrote that among his last words to them were:

Tell Uncle John I did my best.232

128 Irish Volunteers spit-and-polish. (Left to right): Ned Daly, Gerald Griffin and James O’Sullivan, who married Ned’s sister Laura Daly in 1918 (Helen Litton, Dublin and the O’Sullivan family, Limerick). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 129

Although this comment, may have been invented by Madge ‘to spare John’s feelings’, its symbolism was nevertheless profound.233

For, almost exactly twenty years before Ned Daly became ‘another martyr for old Ireland,’ his ‘Uncle John’s’ martyrdom in British prisons had come to an end.234 On the evening of the 14 September 1896, a ‘monster crowd... with bands and torchlights and blazing tar barrels’ gathered at Limerick railway station. ‘As the train steamed in, fog signals were exploded and fireworks were displayed.’ From one of the carriages, a tall, distinguished looking man, with a black beard streaked with grey, emerged and ‘was carried triumphantly along by the surging crowd to the carriage in waiting outside.’

John Daly, IRB activist and national leader, who had spent the last twelve terrible years in English prisons, was home. Outside the station, he bowed

John Daly (Limerick Museum). 129 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 130

The nine Daly children in 1901

Back (left to right): Nora (1889-1977) married Eamonn Dore (1896-1972); Annie (1886-1908); Agnes (1879-1969); Carrie (1884-1972);

Laura (1882-1967) married James O’Sullivan (1891-1974).

Front (left to right): Eileen (1875-1955) married Ned O’Toole (1873-1963);

Kathleen (1878-1972) married Tom Clarke (1858-1916); Madge (1877-1969); Ned (1891-1916). (Helen Litton, Dublin and the O’Sullivan family, Limerick).

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his thanks to the ecstatic He also told his audience that Street and later at 15 Barring- crowd and then drove in he was ‘willing to represent ton Street, became the spiri- triumph through the streets of you anywhere that you tual home of Fenianism in Limerick, past brightly lit choose.’ It was clear that a Ireland.237 The Daly household buildings and blazing bonfires, dynamic new force had was a warm, bustling place, past a sea of cheering people arrived in Limerick.236 which acted as a social centre, waving hats and hand - a refuge and a headquarters kerchiefs.235 ´´´´´´ for separatism and anti-British sentiment. A veritable proces- Daly was fortunate to be Arriving at the O’Connell sion of prominent republicans returning to a large welcoming Monument in the Crescent, came there to meet with John family, consisting of his sister Daly was officially welcomed Daly, including Padraig Pearse, Lollie, his late brother home by the Mayor and Corpo- Sean MacDiarmada, Roger Edward’s widow Catherine, ration of Limerick. When he Casement, Sean Heuston and plus Catherine’s eight daugh- rose to speak, ‘a tremendous Con Colbert. Of course, the ters and one son. But the Dalys cheer was raised which must most frequent visitor of all were no ordinary family. They have been heard all over the was Tom Clarke, John Daly’s were virtually Fenian royalty, city.’ Although thin and weak oldest friend and fellow Fenian with a pedigree of service to from his imprisonment, Daly prisoner who met Daly’s niece separatism greater than that of was a born orator and gave a Kathleen there and later any other Irish family. long speech in his fine tenor married her.238 voice. He spoke of his suffer- ings, but emphasised that: ∏

I went into an The first generation of Daly republicans consisted of the English prison an siblings John (1845-1916), Irish nationalist... Edward (1848-90) and Laura 239 [and] I have come (Lollie) (1841-1925). In turn, they passed on their staunch out an Irish From 1898 until his death in nationalist beliefs to the next 1916, John Daly’s Limerick nationalist. generation, Edward Daly’s residence, first at 26 William

The Daly family in Kilkee, County Clare, c 1901 (Special Collections, Glucksman Library, University of Limerick). 131 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 132

nine children. Their aunt Lollie Dore. All were active in the The Dalys had a major influ- ‘would keep the Daly children fight for freedom, while Edwa- ence on Irish revolutionary enthralled with her tales of rd’s youngest child and only nationalism. Working as an Irish history, dwelling on glori- son Ned was one of the 1916 IRB organiser, John Daly ous and romantic deeds, leaders executed after the enrolled Tom Clarke in the particularly in relation to the Rising.241 organisation, thus recruiting Fenians whom she had known one of the leading organisers of in her youth.’240 Of Edward’s ™ the 1916 Rising. Not the least eight daughters, Madge beca- of the Daly family’s achieve- me president of the Limerick The death of Edward Daly ments was the re-integration branch of Cumann na nBan, senior in 1890 threatened his of both John Daly and Tom Kathleen was married to family with near poverty, from Clarke into normal society Easter Rising leader Tom which they were rescued by after their long years of Clarke, Laura to Seamus O’Sul- his brother James who had imprisonment, without which livan and Nora to Eamonn made a fortune in the French neither could have achieved so Pacific Ocean colony of New much for the separatist cause. Caledonia. He provided them with financial security for a The Daly family also used their number of years until John wealth to fund advanced Daly took over the task by nationalism for many years. establishing his famous bakery Their highly successful busi- at 26 William Street. Accord- ness in Limerick became one of ingly, from the 1890s onwards, the major sources of the IRB’s the Dalys enjoyed the comfort- financial support. It is no exag- able lifestyle of the Limerick geration to state that the Daly middle classes as portrayed in fortune was crucial to the Kate O’Brien’s novels, Easter Rising. The family complete with fine houses, supported Tom and Kathleen servants, elegant clothes and Clarke by helping them buy a holidays in Kilkee.242 farm in Long Island, New York ∑ where they lived from 1906 to 1907 and set them up in a

132 Edward Daly Senior (1848-90), father of the nine Daly children and brother of John Daly (Courtesy Helen Litton, Dublin and the O’Sullivan family, Limerick). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 133

The Daly family in mourning after the executions. Back (left to right): Madge, Catherine and Agnes. 133 Front (left to right): Laura, Nora and Carrie (Courtesy Helen Litton, Dublin and the O’Sullivan family, Limerick). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 134

tobacconist shop in Dublin in John Daly was educated at a In 1867, during the Fenian 1907. In 1911, the Dalys national school in Mary Street, Rising, John Daly participated provided land and built a hall where ‘according to custom, he in the attack on Kilmallock for the Limerick Fianna on had to carry his sod of turf to Barracks. For the next sixteen Barrington Street. They also the class room every morn- years, he was one of the most helped to fund and equip the ing.’245 Later, he went to prominent and active member two Limerick City Battalions Sexton Street CBS and left of the Fenians, travelling all of the Irish Volunteers and school at thirteen to train as a over Ireland, as well as in financed Irish Freedom, the joiner. Influenced by his natio- Britain and the USA. In 1878, IRB newspaper founded in nalist family background he he so impressed a young man 1910.243 Above all, through was sworn into the IRB in named Tom Clarke that he Clarke, they provided the 1863. John later recalled that joined the IRB four years later. money which kept the IRB his father would tell him In 1883, Daly was arrested in from collapsing after its Amer- ‘stories about his father who Britain for being in possession ican sister organisation Clan was a United Irishman, though of explosives that had allegedly na Gael had temporarily my father himself never got been given to him by a police ceased funding it. Without this beyond being a Repealer.’ agent. He was sentenced to vital lifeline, the IRB would twelve years of imprisonment, not have survived and the which he served in England, at Easter Rising, which the IRB Chatham and later Portland planned and carried into Prison.247 effect, could not have happened.244 ´´´´´´

In Chatham Prison, Daly met ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ Tom Clarke again and they John Daly However, his mother ‘never became close friends. Both (1845-1916) missed an opportunity to endured the harsh conditions advocate the cause of the Irish of the ‘scientific’ Victorian extremists to her children and prison system which was Born in Frederick (now to sing the praises of the Irish designed to punish first and O’Curry) Street, Limerick, republic and separatists.’246 rehabilitate later, if at all.

134 The police barracks in Kilmallock, which was attacked by a body of Fenians including a very young John Daly, on 6 March 1867 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 135

During the day, prisoners spent most of their time in solitary confinement, to prevent ‘moral contagion’ from their fellow convicts. They worked in total silence to prevent them from conspiring together. At night, their sleep was frequently disturbed by warders checking on them, ostensibly to prevent escapes. ™

Visits were rare and diet was just sufficient to enable prison- ers to work. Daly and Clarke were among the few prisoners to emerge from this terrible experience with their sanity intact. They drew on their inner strength of character and passed each other messages on scraps of paper, or by Morse code, tapping on tin plates. On his release, one of Daly’s abid- ing memories was how strange he found women’s voices, which he had only heard in prison when his sister Lollie visited him, and his shock at seeing how old he looked in a

John Daly as a young man, before his imprisonment (Courtesy Helen Litton, Dublin and the O’Sullivan family, Limerick). 135 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 136

136 Daly’s Bakery, 26 William Street, Limerick. A heavily bearded John Daly can be seen at the front door (Courtesy Helen Litton). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 137

mirror.248 For the remainder of Instead, John Daly immersed In the years leading up to the his life, ‘he would never allow himself in politics. Deter- Easter Rising, though largely a wild bird to be caged’; mined, eloquent and gregari- confined to a wheelchair, Daly ‘always pleaded for the release ous, he was well suited to remained close to the IRB lead- of the little fish’ that his young public life. He sat on Limerick ership, and received a steady relatives caught on holidays in City Council from 1899 to 1906 stream of prominent visitors in Kilkee and hated hare cours- and served as a very high his Limerick home, including ing.249 profile and controversial Tom Clarke, Sean MacDiar- Mayor from 1899 to 1902. He mada, Ernest Blythe, Bulmer Following his release from arranged for the Freedom of Hobson and Padraig Pearse.252 prison, John Daly returned to Limerick to be granted to Tom Limerick permanently in 1898. Clarke and to , During the Rising itself, ‘John From the funds he had raised renowned nationalist and love Daly lived the most anxious on a successful lecture tour in interest of W B Yeats. Daly days of his life.’ Desperately America he set up a bakery also removed the Royal coat of worried about Clarke and business on 26 William Street arms from the Town Hall and MacDiarmada, and above all Limerick. This was the first added a link to the mayoral his nephew Ned, he was also shop in Limerick to have the chain which depicted revolu- intensely frustrated at not owner’s name in Irish over the tionary symbols. being involved. The insurgents door and on the delivery vans. ‘were fighting the fight he had On 9 December 1898, it was In many ways, he was a social hoped for and longed for all his opened with considerable cere- conservative. A wealthy busi- life and there he was, tied to mony. Daly hired a traditional nessman, he became part of an invalid chair, unable to be singer to chant his praises, and the respectable Limerick with them.’ When news of the gave a free loaf to everyone in middle classes and lived in a executions reached him, ‘he the huge crowd gathered large house, first over the broke down’ for ‘they had died outside the door. The business bakery on William Street and the heroic and soldierly death was actually run by his niece later at 15 Barrington Street.251 he would have welcomed for Madge, a born entrepreneur himself.’253 with immense organisational abilities.250 John Daly died soon after- ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ wards on 30 and

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138 Bourgeois revolutionaries: the Daly family in the 1890s (National Library of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 139

was buried in Mount Saint the family bakery under her isted of two shops.257 Lawrence Cemetery. He had domineering uncle John. A devoted his entire life to the proud Limerick woman, she In 1926, future President Sean ideal of ‘living in a free Irish liked to make Limerick lace as T O’Kelly wrote that ‘Clarke Republic [where] there would a hobby.255 can truthfully be described as be no political interference the man, above all others, who from any quarter, from any In March 1899, she met Tom made the Easter Rising. He, it sect or any power outside our Clarke, who became a regular was, who inspired it originally, own island.’254 As a lifelong visitor to the Daly household and he, it was, who, in broad activist, source of funding and in Limerick.256 Traumatised by outline, laid the plans.’258 The inspiration to others, Daly was years of harsh imprisonment, Clarkes’ home in Dublin a giant figure in the history of he blossomed in the warmth of became the centre of the IRB Irish republicanism for some the Daly household and which underwent a much- fifty years. showed an unexpectedly light- needed reform and revival ∏ hearted side to his personality. after 1907, largely under Tom’s Although he was small, prema- inspiration. During this period, turely aged and twenty years Sean MacDiarmada became his Thomas Clarke her senior, Kathleen soon fell close friend and right-hand in love with him. Their man. Kathleen Clarke was also (1858-1916) and romance was opposed by her very busy, running two shops, mother and even her uncle rearing three sons and playing Kathleen Clarke John who feared that he would a major role in republicanism. not be able to support her, but She helped run the Irish Free- (1878-1972) the formidable Kathleen swept dom newspaper and in 1914 aside their objections. They became a founding member of Kathleen was the third eldest were married in New York in Cumann na mBan. She served of the Daly sisters. After leav- 1901 and later had a family of as president of its central ing school, she trained as a three boys. The Clarkes lived branch, where she organised seamstress and established her in New York until 1907 when classes in first-aid and military own thriving dress making they returned to Ireland. They training and published short business. Strong-willed even settled in Dublin where they profiles of Irish republican by the standards of the Daly ran a successful tobacconist heroes.259 sisters, she refused to work in business that eventually cons-

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A month after the war began, responsibility for maintaining him a position of national in September 1914 the IRB contact with Clan na Gael in prominence for the first time. decided to stage a rebellion. the USA. Tom Clarke’s promi- During the War of Independ- Clarke and MacDiarmada were nent role was acknowledged ence, she sheltered men and the main planners, assisted when he was given the honour women on the run and worked later by the other five signato- of being the first to sign the as a District Justice in the Sinn ries of the 1916 proclamation. proclamation. He served in the Féin courts in Dublin. She Although immensely proud of GPO garrison, where it was opposed the Treaty and in her husband’s role, Kathleen remarked that despite the 1926 became a founder dreaded it. On Tuesday 18 certainty of defeat, he looked member of Fianna Fail. She sat April, she recorded that ‘Tom happy that his life’s ambition on Dublin Corporation (1919- was wild with excitement’ was finally being achieved.261 42) and served as Lord Mayor about the forthcoming Rising, (1939-41), Ireland’s first ever but she felt differently, that in After the Rising, both Tom and female mayor. She was also a fact ‘the world was tumbling Kathleen Clarke were arrested. member of the Dáil (1921-22; around me.’ She knew that it He greatly feared being sent June-September 1927) and the would not be a success and back to prison and was Senate (1928-36). A supporter that ‘it would be the end for delighted to hear that he was of women’s rights, she opposed him [Tom] but I would have to to be shot instead. Kathleen the 1937 Constitution. She remain and bear the separation had to bear the unimaginable always maintained that her as well as I could.’ On the night trauma of her husband being husband’s role in the Rising of Easter Sunday, 23 April executed on 3 May and her had been downplayed in 1916, she ‘slept in my brother Ned Daly on 4 May, favour of Padraig Pearse, husband’s arms for the last while being pregnant with her whom she described as being: time’ knowing that he would fourth child (which she later go into battle the next day.260 miscarried).262 as vain as a peacock. One of Kathleen’s finest After the Rising, Kathleen moments came in early 1916 Clarke established the Volun- She is buried in when she was entrusted with teer Dependants’ Fund of Cemetery.263 the plans for the Rising and in which she appointed Michael the event of its failure, given Collins secretary, thus giving

140 Kathleen Clarke and her three sons pictured after Tom’s execution. (left to right): Tom Junior (aged eight), Daly (aged fourteen), Kathleen, Emmet (aged seven) (National Library of Ireland). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 141

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7 Changed Utterly

Two RIC constables on the Rathkeale Road, Adare, County Limerick. The Irish Revolution would transform the RIC 143 from ordinary policemen to instruments of British oppression (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 144

Initially, the Easter Rising was terrible thing it is and how Disarming the almost universally condemned hard to find it justified by in Ireland, though few went as moral law.’ 267 A Limerick man, far as the unionist Cork Consti- living in London, described Volunteers tution newspaper which advo- how ‘I am sorry that some of cated ‘the penalty of the my misguided countrymen The Mayor of Limerick, hangman's rope for the ring- have in open rebellion played Stephen Quin (a moderate leaders.’264 Limerick was no into the enemy’s hands.’268 The nationalist with unionist lean- exception, and the Limerick National Volunteers in Limer- ings) played a central role in Leader’s editorial of 10 May ick adopted a motion ‘once orchestrating the disarmament referred to the insurrection as more renewing our implicit of the Irish Volunteers in a ‘stunning blow of horror’ and confidence in the Irish leader Limerick city. To overcome a ‘wholly insane enterprise.’265 and his colleagues and that we their natural reluctance to express our absolute and hand over their weapons By contrast, the unionist unqualified determination to directly to the Crown forces, Limerick Chronicle, while follow the leadership of Mr. Mayor Quin agreed to accept publishing detailed reports of Redmond.’269 the arms from Colivet, and in the rebellion, refrained from turn, pass them onto the any criticism in the aftermath, Limerick Corporation made no British garrison in Limerick. confining its editorials to official statement throughout The bulk of the arms were comments on the First World the crisis, while Limerick handed into the Town Hall on War.266 County Council adopted a 5 May 1916. One of the Limer- ∏ motion stating their desire to ick Volunteers described the ‘renew our confidence in the night in vivid detail: Further condemnation was Irish Party and Mr. Redmond, A dark evening; RIC men voiced in letters published by and earnestly appeal to the posted singly in the streets the Limerick Leader. An unna- Government to deal leniently adjacent to the Town Hall; med Irish officer in the British with our misguided fellow curiously silent knots of army wrote that the Rising countrymen who took part in 270 onlookers stood at corners. ‘puts Ireland back a genera- the late rebellion.’ British military patrols tion. It was cruel and foolish... were posted outside and Violence of arms – what a

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The first Dáil of 1919 was the first Irish parliament to convene since 1800 (Courtesy John Collins). 145 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 146

inside the building. The Detaining ous subjects like Latin and men arrived singly or in the mathematics. Tomas O Maoi small groups. They had Volun- leoin, Vice-Commandant of the been instructed to render teers East Limerick Brigade recalled the arms useless, and this that he and others were: order was effectively carr- In the aftermath of the 1916 ied out. The rifle bolts were taken to Frongoch some- Rising, a total of 1,862 men missing in most cases; time about June. There and five women were served corrosive acid had been were a good many fellows with internment orders under poured down the barrels, there before us but some Regulation 14(b) of the Defence some of the barrels were came after us. We were in of the Realm Act 1914.273 They bent into half hoops; some the South Camp... There were sent to a number of pris- were so thoroughly dest- was a camp council of offi- ons across Ireland, England royed that they had to be cers. Anybody with a rank and Wales, such as Dartmoor, surrendered in haversacks. was on it, and I was on this Wakefield prison and Rich- Each man handed his rifle camp council. I think the mond Barracks. These men to Colivet, who then laid it IRB was very active in and women were interned for before the Mayor. He in Frongoch because everyone hours, days or even weeks, turn handed it to the officer who was on the Camp depending on the severity of in charge of the British mili- Council was an IRB man.275 the charges. However, most of tary.271 the captured Limerick men In December 1916, Frongoch were sent to Frongoch intern- By contrast, the county battal- camp was closed and the Irish ment camp, in North Wales.274 ions such as Galbally and prisoners released. The British Ballylanders handed in their had made a serious error in Frongoch became a veritable arms directly to the RIC, interning so many revolution- 'University of Revolution', although they broke most of aries in one place as the where prisoners became radi- them beforehand.272 contacts made there were to be calised and hardened. They used against them with devas- learned and tating effect during the War of military tactics from each Independence. other as well as more innocu-

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that ‘personally, I regard your action with horror’, and concluded by telling him that ‘your regime has been one of the worst and blackest chap- ters in the history of the misgovernment of this coun- try’.277

Limerick Corporation was radicalised by O’Dwyer’s letter and on 3 September voted unanimously to grant him the honorary freedom of the city. On 14 September, a huge very disillusioned with Irel- crowd attended the official Bishop E T and’s participation in the war, conferral ceremony in the and Redmond’s support for it. Town Hall. The Bishop made a O’Dwyer The Bishop was furious when fiery speech, in which he General Sir John Maxwell, condemned British rule, and Following the execution of who had ordered the post- stated that ‘Ireland will never their leaders in May 1916, Rising executions, wrote to be content as a province. God public opinion began to move him, asking him to discipline has made her a nation and in favour of the rebels. In two of his priests for alleged while grass grows and water Limerick, the lead was taken involvement in subversive runs there will be men in by the formidable Catholic activities. The Bishop’s reply, Ireland to dare and die for Bishop, Edward T O’Dwyer dated 17 May, 1916, which he her.’278 (1842-1917), who wielded published in a number of enormous authority at a time newspapers, condemned James Maloney later recalled when the Catholic Church was Maxwell’s repressive meas- the significance of O’Dwyer’s all-powerful in Limerick.276 By ures as ‘wantonly cruel and intervention which he claimed 1916, O’Dwyer had become oppressive’, bluntly told him ‘did more to awaken the

Commemorative postcard of Bishop Edward Thomas O’Dwyer, including excerpts from the speech he made on the occasion 147 of his receiving the Honorary Freedom of Limerick City (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 148

ratism was led by Cumann na mBan, which did not suffer the same degree of official repres- sion as the Volunteers did. Indeed, its members were able to move centre stage briefly, while their male colleagues were languishing in British jails and detention centres. Cumann na mBan acted through two organisations which its members helped to establish in May 1916.

The Volunteer Dependents’ sympathy of the Irish people Another influential clergyman, Fund was set up by Kathleen for the rebels and the rebellion Monsignor Michael O’Riordan Clarke and others to support than any other such happen- (1857-1919) from Kilmurry, the families of the Volunteers ing.’ In succeeding weeks: near Limerick city, was Rector who had died or were impris- of the Irish College in Rome at oned. Its committee was Sympathy turned to admi- this time. He was able to use comprised of the widows of ration, admiration to pride his close connections with the executed 1916 leaders. The and we began to square our Pope Benedict XV to prevent Irish National Aid Association shoulders. Photographs of the Vatican from condemning was set up for the same the dead leaders appeared the Rising, to the intense anger purpose. Limerick Cumann na in the shops. The mists of the British and French mBan worked for these funds, cleared and we saw these governments.280 arranging Requiem Masses for men as the true inheritors the 1916 dead, holding comm- The Rise of of our nation's struggle. We emorations, sending food spoke with admiration of Separatism parcels to prisoners and gener- this noble effort of scarcely ally working for their one thousand men.279 After 1916, the revival of sepa- welfare.281

148 Invitation to the presentation of the freedom of the City to President de Valera and Ald. Mrs Clarke T.D. on Monday 3rd December 1921 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 149

Associations such as these ratist movements.283 Ironically, The membership of the Limer- provided a cover behind which the failure of the Limerick ick Volunteers rose from 943 in rebels who escaped arrest Volunteers to rise in 1916 and June 1917 to 2,600 in January could begin rebuilding the Colivet’s surrender of their 1919.285 Early in 1917, it was Volunteers, which from 1918 arms made the task of rebuild- decided to establish a second became known as the Irish ing much easier as the subse- battalion of Volunteers in the Republican Army (IRA). The quent British crackdown had city in opposition to the exist- work of Cumann na mBan and been relatively restrained and ing battalion commanded by its offshoots helped to earn separatist organisations had Colivet. This was done at the sympathy as well as money for remained intact. James Dore instigation of the Daly sisters separatism. Nearly forty years remembered how the Volun- and with the strong support of later, Madge Daly recalled teers in Newcastle West ceased Ernest Blythe, all of whom that: drilling after the surrender of regarded Colivet’s actions in arms in 1916: 1916 with deep dislike. Peadar Every week we received Dunne, a protégé of the Dalys considerable sums from the But we kept together and who worked in their bakery, employees of Messrs. met occasionally until after was named Officer Command- Clunes Factory, Dennys the general release in 1917. ing of the new battalion.286 Factory, Evans and Shortly after, a general Each company of the new Company, Limerick Wagon mobilisation of Volunteers battalion was linked with a Builders and Railway men, was held in Newcastle Sinn Fein Club named after a Bannatyne and Company, West. Con Collins and other Rising leader and a club of the Abbey Boatmen, Shaws and speakers addressed the increasingly radical GAA.287 Company, McMahon and Volunteers on the occasion. Son, carmen at Messrs. Routine drilling continued Russells, and the workers during the year.284 at the Limerick Clothing Factory.282 GAA Club Sinn Fein Club Company In December 1916, the return Treaty Sarsfields Ned Daly Club A to Ireland of the Frongoch St Patricks; Claughaun Thomas Ashe Club B detainees prepared the way for Star Roger Casement Club C the rebuilding of all the sepa- Shamrocks Con Colbert Club D Faughs Tom Clarke Club E

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Bank passbook for account with the Munster and Leinster Bank, William Street, in the name of ‘Memorial to Limerick 150 Men Executed 1916.’The signatories were Madge Daly, Eamonn T. Dore and David Dundon. The 1916 Memorial on Sarsfield Bridge was built with funds raised by public subscription totalling £5,000 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 151

and was killed by the Black Royal Irish NEW FIGURES and Tans near Foynes, on 30 Constabulary WERE NOW March 1921.290

(RIC) and COMING TO The Fianna also revived Dublin THE FORE after 1917. Although their father served in the British Metropolitan A builder from Bruff, Sean army in the war, Thomas Police (DMP) Wall (1882-1921) was heav- and John Dargan became ily involved in the Gaelic involved in the Fianna. In 1916, Ireland had two League and the Volunteers. Thomas joined in 1917 and In 1918, he was put in later remembered that: police forces: the Dublin command of the newly Metropolitan Police and created East Limerick Meetings were held in the Royal Irish Constabu- Brigade which established the rooms of the Rail- the IRA’s first flying column waymen's Society at lary. Except in times of (a small mobile independent Lower Hartstonge Street. disturbance such as the military unit) with his full The strength at the time was about 25 and did not Land War, they filled the support. He served as Chair- man of Limerick County improve very much role of the present Garda Council (1920-21) and was numerically for a long Siochana and carried out killed by the Black and Tans time. Regular meetings at Newtown, Annacarty, Co. were held each week at routine police work. Tipperary on 6 May 1921.289 which signalling and Their religious composi- scouting classes were 291 tion was representative From Rathkeale, Sean Finn held. (1898-1921) was a member of the population, with of the Fianna who served as Another member was Kevin more than 75 per cent of a captain of the Irish Volun- Bradshaw from Rutland teers. In 1918, he was put in Street, who, while in his the RIC being Catholic.288 charge of the newly created early teens, was imprisoned West Limerick Brigade. He for seven months in Cork 292 also set up a flying column Prison).

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Armed members of the Irish Volunteers in Adare, County Limerick (Courtesy Healy family).

Autograph book kept by senior Limerick IRB and Volunteer activist James Ledden (1864-1927), while he was in Worm- wood Scrubs Prison, 1920. After twenty-one days on hunger strike, he was released due to the collapse of his health, an 152 ordeal from which he never fully recovered. He took the Treaty side during the Civil War and served as Cumann na nGaed- heal TD for Limerick (1923-27) (Limerick Archives). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 153

Rise of sent four of their number to his funeral.295 On 18 January Sinn 1918, Alphonsus O’Mara Fein became the first Sinn Fein Mayor of Limerick.296

Recalling the aftermath of the After the post-Rising execu- executions, James Maloney tions, the most important bluntly stated that ‘gone was boost to Irish separatism was our allegiance to the Irish the British government’s deci- Party.’293 In 1917, the Sinn Fein sion in April 1918 to extend party was reorganised, with conscription to Ireland. This Eamon de Valera as its leader. provoked a massive campaign Its aims were to bring about uniting all the nationalist independence through the political parties, the trade secession of the Irish members union movement and the from the British Parliament, Catholic Church against its power until it becomes a dead and the establishment of an introduction. All over the letter.’298 Irish Parliament in Dublin. country, meetings were held Although Sinn Fein proclaimed and thousands signed an anti- On Tuesday 23 April 1918, a themselves the heirs of 1916, conscription pledge. Limerick twenty-four hour general they made no reference to County Council adopted a strike was held throughout using force. motion describing the proposal Ireland, outside of North-East as ‘tyrannical and unconstitu- Ulster. In Limerick, virtually Seventy Sinn Fein clubs were tional to the highest degree.’297 the entire city was closed established in Limerick Protest meetings were held all down for the day, and a huge between May and September over Limerick including one in procession of about 10,000 1917.294 Local authorities also Ballybrown near the city, marched through the streets became radicalised. On 29 chaired by local parish priest for a mass meeting at Bank April 1917, Limerick County Canon Robert Kirby, where a Place. The campaign was a Council condemned the death resolution was carried ‘to success, and the British of Thomas Ashe as a result of resist such a tyrannical meas- government did not introduce being force-fed while on ure by every means in our conscription in Ireland.299 hunger strike in prison and

Photograph of William Barrett of the Mid-Limerick Brigade of the Irish Volunteers (Courtesy Barrett family). 153 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 154

Cartoon depicting the two candidates in the 1917 East Clare bye election. Eamon de Valera of Sinn Fein is pointing to a 154 bright future, while Patrick Lynch of the Irish Party, who was a barrister, points towards famine and emigration. De Valera won a crushing victory, gaining 71 per cent of the votes cast (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 155

Later in the same year, the given the Freedom of British Government’s action in Limerick.300 banning Cumann na nBan, the Gaelic League and Sinn Fein re The sulted in the Freedom of Ge n e r a l Limerick being conferred on Election representations of each, respe- ctively Kathleen Clarke, Eoin of 1918 MacNeill and Eamon de Valera on 7 November 1918. Only On 14 December 1918, Ireland MacNeill could attend, for the and Britain voted in the first other two were in prison. Tom general election since 1910. At and Kathleen Clarke are the the beginning of 1918, women only husband and wife to be had been given the vote, which

A Sinn Fein leaflet from the 1917 East Clare bye election (Limerick Museum). Commemorative Easter Rising postcard of 1918. Catholic and republican iconography are fused to form a potent image 155 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 156

156 Members of the first Dáil, photographed on 10 . All three Limerick TDs are included (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:21 Page 157

trebled the electorate. In while in East Limerick, Dr day, the War of Independence Limerick, the number of voters Richard Hayes defeated began, at Soloheadbeg, near increased from 21,297 to Thomas Lundon, having Tipperary Town when two RIC 60,778. In Ireland, Sinn Fein received 78 per cent of votes constables were ambushed and won a crushing victory winn- cast.302 The decisive nature of killed by local IRA men. A new ing seventy-three seats, while the Sinn Fein victory was chapter in Irish history had the Irish Party was decimated confirmed when the Limerick begun.305 and won only six.301 Leader accepted the election results and shifted its alle- giance from the Irish Party to ◊◊◊◊◊◊◊ Sinn Fein.303 In 1916 women were campa- igning for the right to vote and The Sinn Fein MPs refused to achieved this shortly after the take their seats in the British Easter Rising in the General House of Commons and consti- Election of 1918. Hannah tuted the first Dáil, which Sheehy-Skeffington, one of assembled in the Mansion Ireland’s most famous suffra- House, the official residence of gettes, and the daughter of a the Lord Mayor of Dublin, on Limerickman, declared that: 21 January 1919. Only twenty- seven TDs attended, with most until the women of of the rest being in prison or on Ireland are free, the the run.304 men will not achieve emancipation. Con Collins was the only Limerick TD to attend, as both All three Limerick constituen- Colivet and Hayes were deta- cies changed from Irish Party ined in British jails. The first to Sinn Fein. Both Michael Dáil issued a Declaration of Colivet in Limerick city and Independence, passed a temp- Con Collins in West Limerick orary constitution, and set up were returned unopposed, a government. On the same

Michael Conway’s War of Independence medal (Limerick Museum). 157 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:22 Page 158

A group of Volunteers from Ardagh and arrested at a ‘safe house’ at Milltown Croagh, 1921 (Courtesy Dan Neville).

158 Michael Conway of Patrickswell, former Irish Volunteer at a commemorative event in 1966 (Limerick Museum). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:22 Page 159

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Conclusion

It has been said that comm- ern Ireland Troubles. By Fenian leaders like John Daly emoration tells us more about contrast, the Rising’s Golden and prominent cultural the society that is doing the Jubilee was commemorated nationalists such as the Joyce commemorating than the with a lavish year-long prog- Brothers sprang from its soil. event being commemorated. ramme of events, including The manner in which the parades, pageants and public It is no surprise then, that Easter Rising has been reme readings of the Proclamation Limerick was at the forefront mbered in Limerick is a case all over Limerick city and of the Irish experience in study of how the independent county. Now, the wheel has 1916. It featured strongly in Irish state has memorialised come full circle and the the Rising plans. Its sons and its difficult and bloody birth. success of the Northern daughters organised, fina- Ireland peace process has nced, and participated in its Limerick city commemorated enabled the Rising’s cente- implementation. In its after- 1916 in two principal ways. nary to be marked in a math, they suffered imprison- In 1940, eight avenues in manner befitting the birth of ment and death. Later they Janesboro were named after the modern Irish state. regrouped and took up the Pearse, Clarke, McDonagh, fight again. Meanwhile, an Daly, Colbert, McDermott, In 1916, Limerick simultane- even larger number of Limer- Connolly and Casement.306 ously was at the vanguard of ick men and women took part The 1916 Memorial on Sars- Irish nationalism and a major in the First World War, fight- field Bridge was unveiled in recruiting area for the British ing and dying on fronts from 1956 after many years of armed forces. It was both a the Somme to Salonika, wait- planning and fund raising.307 bastion of Irish cultural ing anxiously at home for nationalism and a globilised, loved ones to return, nursing The twenty-fifth anniversary technologically advanced the injured and mourning the (1941) and seventy-fifth English - speaking region. dead. In the final analysis, all anniversary (1991) of the Staunch Catholicism and of Limerick, city and county, Rising were low-key events, social conservatism co- male and female, nationalist as they coincided with the existed with a growing trade and unionist, dreamed and Second World War and North- union movement. Major many died in 1916.

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The 1916 Memorial on Sarsfield Bridge, Limerick, unveiled in 1956. In 1930, a monument to Crimean Themilitary 1916 Memorial hero Viscounton Sarsfield FitzGibbon, Bridge, Limerick built erectedby the betweenlocal unionist 1931 and community1956. In 1930, ina monument1857, was toblown Crimean up, military hero Viscountleaving FitzGibbon, only the built pedestal by the localintact. unionist A committee, community of in which1857, was Eamonn blown up,Dore leaving was only both the secretary pedestal intact. and, A committee, ofalong which Eamonnwith Madge Dore was Daly, both joint secretary treasurer, and along was with established Madge Daly, joint to convert treasurer, what was establishedremained tointo convert a 1916 what remained intomemorial. a 1916 memorial. The new The monumentnew monument was was unveiled unveiled in in 1956 1956 byby GPO Cumann Cumann na na mBan mBan veteran veteran Leslie Leslie Ban de Ban Barra. de (Limerick Museum). Barra (Limerick Museum).

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162 The march of death: a haunting image of the Western Front (Courtesy Imperial War Museum, London). Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:22 Page 163

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88 BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY ENDNOTESENDNOTES INDEXINDEX

Shanagolden, County Limerick in the early twentieth century (Limerick Museum). 165 Project5 b sample a OMG.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 18:23 Page 166

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Owen McGee, The IRB. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, from the Land League to Sinn Fein (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005).

Michael McNally, Easter Rising 1916: Birth of the Irish Republic (Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing, 2007).

Timothy G McMahon, Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893-1910 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008).

Patrick J McNamara, The Widow’s Penny: The Memorial Record of The Limerick Men and Women who Gave their Lives in the Great War (Limerick: Privately Published, 2000).

Angus Maddison, The World Economy, Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2003).

Elizabeth Malcolm, The Irish Policeman: A Life (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006).

Francis X Martin, The Howth Gun-Running and the Kilcoole Gun-Running, 1914 (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1964).

Francix X Martin, The Irish Volunteers, 1913-1915: Recollections and Documents (Dublin: James Duffy and Co, 1963).

Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1954).

Tadhg Moloney, The Impact of World War One on Limerick (Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2013).

Tadhg Moloney, Limerick Constitutional Nationalism, 1898-1918. Change and Continuity (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010).

Robert Monteith, Casement’s Last Adventure (Dublin: Michael F Moynihan, 1953).

Thomas J. Morrissey, Bishop Edward Thomas O’Dwyer of Limerick, 1842-1917 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003).

Albert Edward Musson and Eric Robinson, Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution (London: Taylor and Francis, 1969).

Kate O’Brien, Without My Cloak (London: Heinemann, 1931).

John O’Callaghan, Con Colbert 16 Lives (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2015).

John O’Callaghan, Revolutionary Limerick. The Republican Campaign for Independence in Limerick, 1913-1921 (Dublin and Portland, OR: Irish Academic Press, 2010).

Liam O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster: A Social and Cultural History (Cork: Cork University Press, 2011).

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Seamus O’Ceallaigh and Sean Murphy, One Hundred Years of Glory. A History of Limerick GAA 1884-1984 (Limerick: GAA Publications Committee, 1987).

Sr Loreto O’Connor, Passing on the Torch, A History of Mary Immaculate College, 1898-1998 (Limerick: Mary Immaculate College, 1998).

Daithí Ó Corráin, The Irish Volunteers 1913-19: A History (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2016).

Liam O’Duibhir, Prisoners of War: Ballykinlar Internment Camp 1920-1921 (Cork: Mercier Press, 2015).

Padraig O’ Fearail, The Story of : A History of the Gaelic League (Dublin: Clodhanna Teo, 1975).

Ciarán O’Gríofa, ‘John Daly, the Fenian Mayor of Limerick’, in David Lee (ed), Remembering Limerick. Historical Essays Celebrating the 800thAnniversary of Limerick’s First Charter granted in 1197 (Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 1997), pp 200-204.

Old Limerick Journal, Vol. 24 (Winter 1988), Barringtons Edition.

Ernie O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound: A Personal ’s War of Independence (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rineharts, 2001).

Padraig Pearse, The Murder Machine (Dublin: Whelan, 1916).

Matthew Potter, First Citizens of the Treaty City. The Mayors and the Mayoralty of Limerick (Limerick: Limerick City Council, 2007).

Matthew Potter, The Government and the People of Limerick, The History of Limerick Corporation/City Council, 1197-2006 (Limerick: Limerick City Council, 2006).

Stephanie Rains, Commodity Culture and Social Class in Dublin 1850–1916 (Dublin and Portland Oregon: Irish Academic Press, 2010).

Struan Reid, Invention and Discovery (Tulsa, OK: EDC Publishing, 1988).

Neil Richardson, According to their Lights – Stories of Irishmen in the British Army, Easter 1916 (Dublin: Collins Press, 2015).

Paul Rouse, Sport and Ireland: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Geoffrey R Sloan, The Geopolitics of Anglo-Irish Relations in the Twentieth Century (London and Washington: Leicester University Press 1997).

Thomas Toomey, The War of Independence in Limerick, also covering actions in the border areas of Tipperary, Cork, Kerry and Clare (Limerick: privately published, 2011).

W E Vaughan, Landlords and Tenants in Mid-Victorian Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994).

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Brian M Walker (ed), Parliamentary Election results in Ireland, 1801-1922 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1978).

Margaret Ward, Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington: A Life (Cork: Attic Press, 1997).

C Willett and Phyllis Cunnington,The History of Underclothes (New York: Dover Publications, 1992).

Jimmy Wren, The GPO Garrison. A Biographical Dictionary (Dublin: Geography Publications, 2015).

Doreen Yarwood, Encyclopedia of World Costume (London: Batsford, 1978).

Articles

Jérôme aan de Wiel, ‘Monsignor O’Riordan, Bishop O’Dwyer and the Shaping of New Relations between Nationalist Ireland and the Vatican during World War One’ in Archivium Hibernicum, Vol. 53 (1999), pp 95-106.

Mannix Joyce, ‘The Story of Limerick and Kerry in 1916,’ in Capuchin Annual (1966), pp 327-70.

Padraig G Lane, ‘The Land and Labour Association 1894–1914’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Vol. 98 (1993), pp 90–106.

J M Levey, ‘Daylight Savings to Uniform Time in 1916’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50, 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016).

J M Levey, ‘Ireland, the Breadbasket of Britain’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50, 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016).

‘Limerick Bacon’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 19 (Summer 1986), p. 3.

Paddy Lysaght, ‘Limerick‘s Bacon Factories’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 15 (Spring 1984), pp 10-12.

Patrick J McNamara, ‘Limerick Recipients of the Victoria Cross: John Danagher and Nathaniel Burslem’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 40 (Winter 2004), pp 44-46.

Angus Mitchell, ‘Roger Casement: the Limerick connections’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50 1916 Rising Edition (forth- coming, 2016).

Brian Murphy, ‘The First Dáil Eireann’ in History Ireland, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp 41-46.

Denis O’Shaughnessy, ‘Limerick condemns the Rising’in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50, 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016).

Oliver B. Pollack, ‘The Daylight Savings Time Movement’ in History Today, Vol. 3, No. 31 (March 1981), pages 1-8.

J F Walsh, ‘Memoirs of the Old Theatre Royal’ in Journal of the Old Limerick Society, Vol. 1, 1946, pp 28-31.

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Entries in Dictionary of Irish Biography

Frances Clarke and Sinéad Sturgeon, ‘ (1827-1914)’

Pauric J , ‘Michael Patrick Colivet (1884-1955)’

Ronan Fanning, ‘Eamon De Valera (‘Dev’) (1882–1975)’

Patrick M Geoghegan, ‘Robert Dwyer Joyce (1830-83)’

Bridget Hourican, ‘Robert Monteith (1879-1956)’

Bridget Hourican, ‘Mary Ellen Spring Rice (1880-1924)‘

Liam Irwin, ‘Thomas Johnson Westropp (1860-1922)’

Patrick Long, ‘Richard Francis Hayes (1882-1958)’

Desmond McCabe and Owen McGee, ‘John Daly (1845-1916)’

Andrew O’Brien, ‘Timothy O’Neill Lane (1852-1915)’

James Quinn, ‘Thomas James (Tom) Clarke’

Paul Rouse, ‘Frank Brazil Dinneen (1863-1916)’

Lawrence William White, ‘Cornelius (Con) Colbert (1888-1916)’

Lawrence William White, ‘Sean Wall (1882-1921)’ Unpublished Theses

Thomas Hayes, ‘From Ludicrous to Logical: The Transformation of Sport in North Munster, 1850-1890’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, 2009).

Celia Isobel Knox, ‘The patriot priest – Father Eugene Sheehy: his life, work, and influence’ (Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998).

Deirdre M McCarthy, ‘Cumann na mBan in Limerick’ (Unpublished MA thesis, University of Limerick, 1992).

Tim Madigan, ‘Limerick’s Local Leader, Controversy and History at an Irish Provincial Newspaper’ (Unpublished manuscipt, 2012).

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Websites

www.buildingsofireland.ie, website of the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage.

www.cso.ie, website of Central Statistics Office.

www.dib.cambridge.org, website of Dictionary of Irish Biography.

www.glasnevintrust.ie, website of Glasnevin Trust. www.limerickslife.com, website of Sharon Slater.

www.oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie, website of Dáil debates.

www.shannonrowingclub.com, website of Shannon Rowing Club, Limerick

www.mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie, website of Irish Military Archives.

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ENDnotes

1 See David Lee and Debbie Jacobs (eds.), Made in Limerick: History of Industries, Trade and Commerce, Volume 1, (Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 2003). 2 L/AH/PH/1/1/13. 1915, Thirteenth Annual Report on the Health and Sanitary Condition of the City of Limerick in Limerick Archives, pp 4, 8, 9, consulted at www.limerick.ie/historicalresources/limerickarchives/archivecollections/ digitalarchives/limerickcitycouncilandlocalgovernmentcollections/publichealthservices. 3 Ibid. 4 Irish Life Table, Nos. 14, 2001-03, p. 8, consulted at www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/newsevents/documents/irishlife.pdf. 5 Angus Maddison, The World Economy, Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2003), pp. 438-39; 444-45. 6 Census of Population, 1911 and 2011. 7 John O’Callaghan, Revolutionary Limerick. The Republican Campaign for Independence in Limerick, 1913-1921 (Dublin and Portland, OR: Irish Academic Press, 2010), pp 10-11. 8 When formulating his famous hierarchy of needs, Abraham Maslow classified shelter as one of the basic physical requirements for human survival. See Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper and Row, 1954), pp 35-58. 9 Census of Population, 1911. 10 Census of Population, 1911. 11 William Doyle, Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp 264-306. 12 Irish Builder, 18 March 1911. 13 Murray Fraser, John Bull’s Other Homes. State Housing and British Policy in Ireland 1883-1922 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996), p. 68. 14 Royal Commission for inquiring into Housing of Working Classes. Third Report (Ireland), Minutes of Evidence, Appendix, Index, H.C. 1884-85, XXXI (c.4547) (c.4547-I) (c.4402-III), hereafter, Report on Housing of the Working Classes, pp 273-75. 15 Census of Population, 1871-1911. 16 T Ryle Dwyer, De Valera: the Man and the Myths (Dublin: Poolbeg, 1992), p. 1. 17 Census of Population, 1871-1911. 18 Limerick Leader, 2 February 1910. 19 Limerick Leader, 21 July 1913. 20 Padraig G Lane, ‘The Land and Labour Association 1894–1914’ in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Vol.98(1993), pp 90–106.

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21 ‘Limerick Bacon’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 19 (Summer 1986), p. 3. 22 Paddy Lysaght, ‘Limerick’s Bacon Factories’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 15 (Spring 1984), pp 10-12. 23 Frank Prendergast, ‘The Decline of Traditional Limerick Industries’ in Lee and Jacobs, Made in Limerick, pp 16-17. 24 See Michael Goodbody, ‘The Goodbody Family: Limerick Flour Millers’ in Lee and Jacobs, Made in Limerick, pp 195-206. 25 Kevin Donnelly, Michael Hoctor and Dermot Walsh, A Rising Tide, The Story of Limerick Harbour (Limerick: Limerick Harbour Commissioners, 1994). 26 Margaret Mastriani, ‘Down on the Docks: Histories and Memories of the Limerick Docks’ in Lee and Jacobs, Made in Limerick, p. 115. 27 Census of Population, 1911. 28 Mary Daly, ‘Women and Irish Trade Unions’ in Alan Hayes and Diane Urquhart (eds), The Irish Women’s History Reader (London: Routledge, 2001), pp 222-30. 29 Sr Loreto O’Connor, Passing on the Torch, A History of Mary Immaculate College, 1898-1998 (Limerick: Mary Immaculate College, 1998), pp 9, 10, 30-31. 30 For a general account, see John Coolahan, Irish Education, its History and Structure (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1981). 31 Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland 1900-2000 (London: Profile Books, 2005), p. 90. 32 Census of Population, 1911. 33 Census of Population, 1911. 34 See Guy’s Limerick Directory (Dublin: Guy, 1912), p. 94. 35 Donald H Akensen, The Irish Education Experiment: The National System of Education in the Nineteenth Century (second edition, London: Routledge, 2012). 36 Census of Population, 1911. 37 Coolahan, Irish Education, its History and Structure, pp 52-82. 38 Padraig Pearse, The Murder Machine (Dublin: Whelan, 1916), p. 5. 39 Jimmy Wren, The GPO Garrison. A Biographical Dictionary (Dublin: Geography Publications, 2015), p. 387. 40 Guy’s Limerick Directory, p. 94. 41 Coolahan, Irish Education, pp 83-104. 42 J J Hogan, From Small Beginnings. The Story of the Limerick School of Art and Design 1852-2002, (Limerick: Limerick Institute of Technology, 2004). 43 Census of Population, 1911. 44 Ronan Fanning, ‘Éamon De Valera, (‘Dev’) (1882–1975)’in James McGuire and James Quinn (eds), Dictionary of Irish

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Biography, From the Earliest Times to the Year 2002 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for Royal Irish Academy, 2009), 9 Vols., (hereafter referred to as DIB), consulted on www. [email protected]. 45 O’Connor, Passing on the Torch, pp 3-24. 46 John Gibney, Seán Heuston 16 Lives (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2013), pp 42-43. 47 Albert Edward Musson and Eric Robinson, Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution (London: Taylor and Francis, 1969) and Juliana Adelman and Éadoin Agnew (eds.) Science and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011). 48 Struan Reid, Invention and Discovery (Tulsa, OK: EDC Publishing, 1988), p. 69. 49 Paul Rouse, Sport in Ireland: A History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); Thomas Hayes, ‘From Ludicrous to Logical: The Transformation of Sport in North Munster, 1850-1890’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick, 2009). 50 J F Walsh, ‘Memoirs of the Old Theatre Royal’ in Journal of the Old Limerick Society, Vol. 1, 1946, pp 28-31. 51 Joe Coleman, House Full: An Affectionate Look Back at the Old Cinemas and the Theatres of Limerick — the People, the Stories, the Films and the Shows (Limerick: Privately Published 2014), pp 100-05. 52 For a general account, see Brian McElroy, Irish Cinema, an Illustrated History (Dublin: Anna Livia Press, 1988). 53 Limerick Chronicle, 23 September and 24 October 1916. 54 Brendan Grimes, Irish Carnegie Libraries: A Catalogue and Architectural History (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1998). 55 Rouse, Sport in Ireland, pp 185-86. 56 Hayes, ‘From Ludicrous to Logical,’ pp 258-60; 263-64. 57 Eric Dunning and Kenneth Sheard, Barbarians, Gentlemen and Players:A Sociological Study of the Development of Rugby Football (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), pp 119-20. 58 Neither of these now exist. 59 Liam O’Callaghan, Rugby in Munster: A Social and Cultural History (Cork: Cork University Press, 2011), pp 160-64. 60 www. shannonrowingclub.com; Limerick Leader, 16 May 1970; Limerick Leader, 30 April 1968; Limerick Leader, 14 October 1989. 61 Information from Denis O’Shaughnessy, 12 Janemount Park, Corbally, Limerick. 62 Helen Litton, Edward Daly 16 Lives (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2013), pp 30-31. 63 For the importance of retail in Ireland at the time, see Stephanie Rains, Commodity Culture and Social Class in Dublin 1850–1916 (Dublin and Portland Oregon: Irish Academic Press, 2010). 64 B J Graham and L J Proudfoot, Urban Improvement in Provincial Ireland, 1700-1840 (Athlone: The Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement, 1994).

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65 James MacLysaght, Report of Mr. J. MacLysaght, B.L., Local Government Inspector into the Powers, Duties and Obligations of the Limerick Corporation and the Limerick County Borough Board of Health, (Dublin: Government Publications, 1932), pp 21, 43-44. 66 Limerick Leader, 22 January 1912. 67 Lucy Adlington, Great War Fashion: Tales from the History Wardrobe (Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2013). 68 Litton, Edward Daly, p. 32. 69 Doreen Yarwood, Encyclopedia of World Costume (London: Batsford, 1978), pp 82-84. 70 Ibid., pp 423-24. 71 C. Willett and Phyllis Cunnington, The History of Underclothes (New York: Dover Publications, 1992), pp 219-33. 72 Census of Population, 1911. 73 J M Levey, ‘Daylight Savings to Uniform Time in 1916’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50, 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016); Oliver B. Pollack, ‘The Daylight Savings Time Movement’ in History Today, Vol. 3, No. 31 (March 1981), pages 1-8. 74 Limerick Chronicle, 11 May 1916. 75 Limerick Chronicle, 21 September 1916. 76 Ernie O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound: A Personal History of Ireland’s War of Independence (Niwot, CO: Roberts Rineharts, 2001), p. 186. 77 D George Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland (third edition, London and New York: Routledge, 1995). 78 See Matthew Potter, The Government and the People of Limerick: The History of Limerick Corporation/City Council, 1197-2006 (Limerick: Limerick City Council, 2006), pp 351-70; Diarmaid Ferriter, Cuimhnigh Ar Luimneach: A History of Limerick County Council 1898-1998 (Limerick: Limerick County Council, 1998), pp 1-41. 79 Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland, p. 28. 80 Samuel Clarke, Social Origins of the Land War (Princetown, NJ: Princetown University Press, 1979); W E Vaughan, Landlords and Tenants in Mid-Victorian Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). 81 Witness Statement of Liam Forde, Mill Road, Corbally, Limerick, No. 1710, 3 December 1957, consulted at http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 1 82 Dairmaid Ferriter, ‘Why the Rising Matters’ in Irish Times, 23 September 2015. 83 Owen McGee, The IRB. The Irish Republican Brotherhood, from the Land League to Sinn Fein (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005). 84 John Hutchinson, Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: The Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987).

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85 Andrew O’Brien, ‘Timothy O’Neill Lane (1852-1915)’, in DIB. 86 See Frances Clarke and Sinéad Sturgeon, ‘Patrick Weston Joyce (1827-1914)’ and Patrick M Geoghegan, ‘Robert Dwyer Joyce (1830-83)’, both in DIB. 87 Mike Cronin, William Murphy and Paul Rouse, The Gaelic Athletic Association 1884-2009 (Dublin and Portland OR: Irish Academic Press, 2009). 88 Seamus O’Ceallaigh and Sean Murphy, One Hundred Years of Glory. A History of Limerick GAA 1884-1984 (Limerick: GAA Publications Committee, 1987), pp 31-36. 89 McGee, The IRB, The Irish Republican Brotherhood, pp 164-73. 90 Rouse, Sport and Ireland, pp 175-96. 91 O’Ceallaigh and Murphy, One Hundred Years of Glory, pp 32-36. 92 Paul Rouse, ‘The GAA and the Rising’ in Irish Independent, 26 November 2015. 93 Paul Rouse, ‘Frank Brazil Dinneen (1863-1916)’ in DIB. 94 Padraig O’ Fearail, The Story of Conradh na Gaeilge: A History of the Gaelic League (Dublin: Clodhanna Teo, 1975); Timothy G McMahon, Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893-1910 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008). 95 Tadhg Moloney, Limerick Constitutional Nationalism, 1898-1918. Change and Continuity (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010), pp 139-48. 96 Francix X Martin, The Irish Volunteers, 1913-1915: Recollections and Documents (Dublin: James Duffy and Co, 1963); Daithí Ó Corráin, The Irish Volunteers, 1913-19: A History (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2016). 97 Limerick Leader, 26 January 1914. 98 Tim Madigan, ‘Limerick’s Local Leader, Controversy and History at an Irish Provincial Newspaper’ (Unpublished manuscipt, 2012), pp 29-43. 99 Joyce, ‘The Story of Limerick and Kerry in 1916,’ in Capuchin Annual (1966), pp 330. 100 Witness Statement of Liam P Manahan, 23 Royal Terrace, Dun Laoghaire, Co Dublin No. 456, 4 December 1950, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 3. 101 See Folder 75, Typescript and Manuscript of the Memoirs of Madge Daly, in Special Collections Library, University of Limerick (hereafter referred to as Daly Papers), passim. 102 Witness Statement of James Maloney, Ballycampion, Bruff, Co. Limerick, No. 1525, 5 November 1956, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 1. 103 Joyce, ‘The Story of Limerick and Kerry in 1916’, p. 332. 104 For conflicting accounts of the march, see Irish Times, 24 May 1915, Cork Examiner, 25 May 1915, and Limerick Chronicle, 25 May 1940.

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105 Limerick Chronicle, 25 May 1940. 106 Madge Daly, ‘Sean Heuston’s Life and Death for Ireland’ in J M MacCarthy (ed), Limerick’s Fighting Story, From 1916 to the Truce with Britain (Tralee: Anvil Books, 1950) p. 152. 107 Ibid., p. 151. 108 Thomas Toomey, The War of Independence in Limerick, also covering actions in the border areas of Tipperary, Cork, Kerry and Clare (Limerick: privately published, 2011) pp.116-118. 109 For Laffan, see Sean Gallagher, Who’s Who on Limerick County Council, 1899 to 2014 (Limerick: Limerick County Council, 2014), pp 69-70; Limerick Leader, 7 June 1947. 110 Bridget Hourican, ‘Robert Monteith (1879-1956)’ in DIB. 111 Michael McNally, Easter Rising 1916: Birth of the Irish Republic (Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing, 2007), p. 13. 112 Bridget Hourican, ‘Mary Ellen Spring Rice (1880-1924) in DIB; Sinead McCoole, No Ordinary Women: Irish Female Activists in the Revolutionary Years 1900-1923 (Dublin: O Brien Press, 2003), pp 211-12. 113 David Henry Burton, Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat’s Life (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990). 114 McCoole, No Ordinary Women, p. 29 115 Francis X Martin, The Howth Gun-Running and the Kilcoole Gun-Running, 1914 (Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1964). 116 Liz Gillis, Women of the Irish Revolution (Cork: Mercier Press, 2014), p. 10. 117 Deirdre M McCarthy, ‘Cumann na mBan in Limerick’ (Unpublished MA thesis, University of Limerick, 1992). 118 Witness Statement of Madge Daly, Lissadell, Kill Road, Foxrock, Co. Dublin, No. 855, 6 June 1953, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 1. 119 Ibid., p. 2. 120 Helen Litton, Thomas Clarke 16 Lives (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2014), pp 121-40. 121 O’Callaghan, Revolutionary Limerick, p. 41. 122 For an overview, see Joyce, ‘The Story of Limerick and Kerry in 1916’, pp 327-70. 123 Angus Mitchell, ‘Roger Casement: the Limerick connections’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016). 124 Geoffrey R Sloan, The Geopolitics of Anglo-Irish Relations in the Twentieth Century (London and Washington: Leicester University Press 1997), pp 150-53. 125 Joyce, ‘The Story of Limerick and Kerry in 1916’, pp 343-44. 126 Thomas St John Gaffney, Breaking the Silence: England Ireland, Wilson and the War (New York: Liveright, 1930), p. 160. 127 It is now kept in the Imperial War Museum, London.

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128 Robert Monteith, Casement’s Last Adventure (Dublin: Michael F Moynihan, 1953), pp 51-52. 129 Max Arthur, The Faces of World War One-The Great War in Words and Pictures (London: Octopus Publishing, 2007). 130 Tadhg Moloney, The Impact of World War One on Limerick (Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2013), pp 79-80; Patrick J McNamara, The Widow’s Penny: The Memorial Record of The Limerick Men and Women who Gave their Lives in the Great War (Limerick: Privately Published, 2000), pp 233-409. 131 Patrick J McNamara, ‘Limerick Recipients of the Victoria Cross: John Danagher and Nathaniel Burslem’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 40 (Winter 2004), pp 44-46. 132 McNamara, The Widow’s Penny, pp 69-70. 133 For the Barringtons, see Old Limerick Journal, Vol. 24 (Winter 1988), Barringtons Edition. 134 McNamara, The Widow’s Penny, pp 249-409. 135 Ibid. 136 Ibid. 137 Ibid. 138 Ibid. 139 Ibid. 140 Information from the Browne family, Limerick city. 141 Moloney, The Impact of World War One on Limerick, pp 19, 135. 142 J M Levey, ‘Ireland, the Breadbasket of Britain’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50, 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016). 143 Limerick Leader, 23 February 1916. 144 Limerick Leader, 10 March 1916. 145 Between 1913 to 1918, the number of ships using the port dropped from 454 to 68 and the tonnage of cargo dropped from190,000 to 60,000 tons of cargo in 1918. See Liam Cahill, Forgotten Revolution. 1919. A Threat to British Power in Ireland (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1990), pp 32-36. 146 In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s ‘The Adventure of Silver Blaze’, Sherlock Holmes solved the crime, because the watchdog knew the criminal and therefore did not bark, proving that it was an inside job. Thus, what does not happen is often as significant as what does happen. 147 James A Gubbins and A J O’Halloran, ‘Limerick’s Projected Role in Easter Week, 1916’ in MacCarthy, Limerick’s Fighting Story, p. 31. 148 Pauric J Dempsey, ‘Michael Patrick Colivet (1884-1955)’ in DIB. 149 Witness Statement of Seumas O Goibin (James A. Gubbins), “Gleann Oisin”, South Circular Road, Limerick, No. 765, 8 December 1952, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, pp. 6-7.

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150 Ibid., pp 6-7. 151 Ibid., pp 6-7. 152 Ibid., pp 6-7. 153 Witness Statement of Ernest Blythe (Earnan de Blaghd), 50 Kenilworth Square, Rathmines, Dublin, No. 939, 12 April, 1954, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 34. 154 Witness Statement of Alphonsus J. O’Halloran, 7, The Crescent, Limerick, No. 910, 23 December 1953, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, pp. 2-3. 155 Information from John Colivet, grandson of Michael Colivet. 156 Ibid. 157 Dempsey, ‘Michael Patrick Colivet’ in DIB. 158 Kathleen Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, edited by Helen Litton (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1991), p. 99. 159 Ibid., p. 102. 160 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, pp 131-34. 161 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 102, 104. 162 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, pp 131-34. 163 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, p. 103. 164 , 2 April 2014. 165 Witness Statement of Helena Moloney, 226 North Circular Road, Dublin, No. 391, 19 May 1950, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 32. 166 Joyce, ‘The Story of Limerick and Kerry in 1916’, p. 351. 167 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 107-09. 168 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, pp 134-45. 169 Tom Clonan, ‘The Forgotten Role of Women Insurgents in the 1916 Rising’ in Irish Times, 20 March 2006. 170 Irish Independent, 26 April 1916. 171 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, p. 139. 172 Ibid. 173 Joseph E A Connell Jnr, Dublin Rising 1916 (Dublin: Wordwell, 2015). 174 Ronan Fanning, Éamon de Valera, A Will to Power (London: Faber and Faber, 2015), p. 260. 175 Fanning, ‘Eamon de Valera’ in DIB. 176 Fanning, Éamon de Valera, p. 45. 177 Ibid, pp 47-69, 266. 178 Ibid, pp 70-259.

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179 Litton, Edward Daly, pp 39-44. 180 Ibid, pp 44-99. 181 Witness Statement of Eamonn T Dore, 9 North Circular Road, Limerick, No. 392, 1 June 1950, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, pp 1-2. 182 Litton, Edward Daly, pp 100-66. 183 Ibid., pp 100-66. 184 Gibney, Seán Heuston, pp 95-137. 185 John O’Callaghan, Con Colbert 16 Lives (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2015); Lawrence William White, ‘Cornelius (Con) Colbert (1888-1916)’ in DIB. 186 O’Callaghan, Con Colbert, p. 54. 187 White, ‘Cornelius (Con) Colbert’ in DIB. 188 O’Callaghan, Con Colbert, pp 131-90. 189 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 114-18. 190 Wren, The GPO Garrison, p. 77. 191 Ibid, pp 285-86. 192 File no. 24SP910, James M Flanagan in Military Services Pension Collection, Irish Military Archives, consulted at www. mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie. 193 Wren, The GPO Garrison, p. 97. 194 Ibid, p. 185. 195 Peter Slattery to Ralph Slattery, 26 September 1916, in the possession of the Slattery family. 196 Wren, The GPO Garrison, pp 328-29. 197 Celia Isobel Knox, ‘The patriot priest – Father Eugene Sheehy: his life, work, and influence’ (Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998). 198 Limerick Leader, 2 November 1946. 199 Witness Statement of Maurice J Collins, 8 Iona Drive, Glasnevin, Dublin, No. 550, 3 July 1951, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p. 1. 200 Census of Population, 1901 and 1911; File no. MSP34REF17660, James McNamara in Military Services Pension Collection. 201 Census of Population, 1911. 202 File no. ID327, John W Moore in Military Services Pension Collection. 203 Limerick Leader, 13 April 1955. 204 Irish Independent, 12 April 1955.

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205 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, p. 565. 206 Limerick Leader, 31 May 1922. 207 Limerick Leader, 27 November 1937; Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, pp 108, 126, 131, 134-35, 146, 174, 199, 255. 208 Patrick Long, ‘Richard Francis Hayes (1882-1958)’ in DIB. 209 See Witness Statement of Donal O’Hannigan, 95 St Jarlath’s Road,Cabra, Dublin, No. 161, 2 December 1948, consulted at http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie. 210 Neil Richardson, According to their Lights – Stories of Irishmen in the British Army, Easter 1916 (Dublin: Collins Press, 2015), pp 1-4. 211 Census of Population, 1911. 212 Richardson, According to their Lights, pp 28-30, 37. 213 Census of Population, 1911. 214 Richardson, According to their Lights, pp 161, 170, 177, 267-68. 215 Census of Population, 1911. 216 Richardson, According to their Lights, pp 13-14, 19. 217 Census of Population, 1901 and 1911. 218 Richardson, According to their Lights, pp 97-99. 219 Ibid, p. 193. 220 Witness statement, Helena Moloney, p. 34. 221 Irish Times, 23 May 2013; Richardson, According to their Lights, pp 94, 102, 136. 222 Richardson, According to their Lights, pp 191-92. 223 http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485. 224 Joe Duffy, Children of the Rising: The Untold Story of the Young Lives Lost During Easter 1916 (Dublin: Hachette Books, 2015). 225 Freeman’s Journal 10 May 1916. 226 Limerick Leader 31 May 1916; Irish Times, 6 June 1916. 227 Census of Population, 1911. 228 Richardson, According to their Lights, p. 396. 229 Irish Independent, 8 September 1916. 230 Peter L Berger, Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective (New York: Doubleday, 1963), p. 57. 231 T P Kilfeather, ‘Edward Daly was proud to die for Ireland’ in MacCarthy, Limerick’s Fighting Story, pp 140-41. 232 Litton, Edward Daly, p. 179.

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233 Ibid. 234 Freeman’s Journal, 15 September 1896. 235 Ibid. 236 Ibid. 237 For the Daly family, see Litton, Edward Daly, pp 14-38; 187-94. 238 P2/Daly Papers in Special Collections Library, University of Limerick (hereafter referred to as Daly Papers), passim. 239 The four other Daly siblings were also republicans, but less is known of their activities. 240 Litton, Edward Daly, pp 34-35. 241 Ibid, pp 187-94. 242 For this lifestyle, see Kate O’Brien, Without My Cloak (London: Heinemann, 1931). 243 P2/Daly Papers. 244 Owen McGee, ‘Who were the Fenian Dead? The IRB and the Background to the 1916 Rising’ in Gabriel Doherty and Dermot Keogh (eds), 1916 The Long Revolution (Cork: Mercier Press, 2007), p. 114. 245 Folder 73,Louis N Le Roux, The Life and Letters of John Daly, Typescript draft of unpublished biography of John Daly, with corrections and annotations by Madge Daly, ca 1938, in Daly Papers, chapter 1, p. 6. 246 Ibid, pp 6-7. 247 Desmond McCabe and Owen McGee, ‘John Daly (1845-1916)’ in DIB. 248 For the prison conditions endured by Daly and Clarke, see Litton, Thomas Clarke, pp 40-63. 249 Le Roux, Life and Letters of John Daly, chapter 14, pp 8-9. 250 Limerick Leader, 9 December 1898. 251 For his mayoralty, see Ciarán O’Gríofa, ‘John Daly, the Fenian Mayor of Limerick’, in David Lee (ed.), Remembering Limerick. Historical Essays Celebrating the 800thAnniversary of Limerick’s First Charter granted in 1197 (Limerick: Limerick Civic Trust, 1997), pp 200-204. 252 McCabe and McGee, ‘John Daly’ in DIB. 253 Le Roux, Life and Letters of John Daly, chapter 16, pp 4-7. 254 John Daly’s Recollections of Fenianism, in Daly Papers, University of Limerick, p. 2. 255 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 9-27. 256 For Clarke, see Litton, Thomas Clarke. 257 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 9-27, 30-51. 258 , 30 April 1926. 259 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 84-111. 260 Ibid, pp 101, 111.

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261 See James Quinn, ‘Thomas James (Tom) Clarke’ in DIB. 262 Clarke, Revolutionary Woman, pp 141-70. 263 Ibid., pp 171-312. 264 This section is based on Denis O’Shaughnessy, ‘Limerick condemns the Rising’ in Old Limerick Journal, No. 50, 1916 Rising Edition (forthcoming, 2016). 265 Limerick Leader, 10 May 1916. 266 Limerick Chronicle, April-May 1916, passim. 267 Limerick Leader, 6 May 1916. 268 Limerick Leader, 10 May 1916. 269 Limerick Chronicle, 12 May 1916. 270 Ferriter, Cuimhnigh ar Luimneach, p. 24. 271 Witness statement, Seumas O Goibin, p. 31. 272 Witness Statement of Tadhg Crowley, Ballylanders, Co. Limerick, No. 435, 3 October 1956, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, pp 16-17. 273 Liam O’ Duibhir, Prisoners of War: Ballykinlar Internment Camp 1920-1921 (Cork: Mercier Press, 2015) p.19. 274 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, pp 158-159. 275 Witness statement of Tomas O Maoileoin, Bushfield, Nenagh, Co. Tipperary, No. 845, 12 May 1953, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p.18. 276 Thomas J. Morrissey, Bishop Edward Thomas O’Dwyer of Limerick, 1842-1917 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003). 277 A J O’Halloran, ‘The Nation Rallied by the Bishop’s Stand’ in MacCarthy, Limerick’s Fighting Story, pp 40-46. 278 Limerick Leader, 15 September 1916. 279 Witness statement, James Maloney, p. 7. 280 Jérôme aan de Wiel, ‘Monsignor O’Riordan, Bishop O’Dwyer and the Shaping of New Relations between Nationalist Ireland and the Vatican during World War One’ in Archivium Hibernicum, Vol. 53 (1999), pp 95-106. 281 McCarthy, ‘Cumann na mBan-The Limerick Link,’ pp 118-20. 282 Witness Statement of Madge Daly, p. 6. 283 Toomey, War of Independence in Limerick, p.164. 284 Witness Statement of James Dore, Ducateen, Newcastle West, Co. Limerick, No. 1302, 6 December 1955, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, pp 1-2. 285 Cahill, Forgotten Revolution, pp 13-31. 286 O’Callaghan, Revolutionary Limerick, p.68. 287 Ibid, p. 65.

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288 Elizabeth Malcolm, The Irish Policeman: A Life (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006); Jim Herlihy, The Royal Irish Constabulary (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999); Jim Herlihy, The Dublin Metropolitan Police: A Short History and Genealogical Guide(Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006). 289 Lawrence William White, ‘Sean Wall (1882-1921)’ in DIB. 290 See ‘West Limerick Activities’ in MacCarthy, Limerick Fighting Story, pp 226-43. 291 Witness Statement of Thomas Dargan, 5 Connolly Avenue, Janesboro, Limerick, No. 1404, 24 April, 1956, consulted at www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie, p.1. 292 Limerick Leader, 19 June 1965. 293 Witness statement, James Maloney, p. 7. 294 O’Callaghan, Revolutionary Limerick, p. 54. 295 Ferriter, Cuimhnigh ar Luimneach, p. 25. 296 IE LA L/Min, Minutes of Limerick City Council, in Limerick Archives, 18 January 1918, consulted at www.limerick.ie/limerickarchives. 297 Limerick Leader, 15 April 1918. 298 Ibid. 299 Ibid, 24 April 1918. 300 Minutes of Limerick City Council, 7 November 1918. 301 Brian M. Walker (ed.), Parliamentary Election results in Ireland, 1801-1922 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1978), pp 185-91. 302 Margaret Ward, Hannah Sheehy-Skeffington: A Life (Cork: Attic Press, 1997), p. 58; Walker, Parliamentary Election results in Ireland, 1801-1922, p. 392. 303 Madigan, ‘Limerick’s Local Leader,’ p. 32. 304 Brian Murphy, ‘The First Dáil Eireann’ in History Ireland, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp 41-46. 305 www.oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates 306 Limerick Leader, 27 November 1940. 307 www.buildingsofireland.ie, the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH).

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Index

1798 Rebellion, 47, 52 124, 131, 160 1848 Rebellion, 47 Colivet, Commandant Michael, 36, 52, 56, 70-71, 76, 94-101, 1916 Memorial, Limerick, 150, 160, 161 144, 146, 149, 157 1916 Rising, see Easter Rising, Colivet, Annie (neé Hartigan), 36 College of Surgeons, Dublin, 101 Ahearne, Timothy, 29 Collins, Cornelius (Con), 117, 118, 149, 157 Asgard, the, 66 Collins, Maurice, 115 Ashbourne, Battle of (1916), 101, 118-19 Collins, Michael, 114, 140 Ashe, Thomas, 99, 118, 153, Connolly, James, 4, 100, 101, 103, 107, 124, 160 Athletics in Limerick, 27, 29, 49 Conscription Crisis (1918), 153 Aud, the, 64, 85, 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 117, 118 Cork Constitution, 144 Costello, Jane, 85, 122 Bacon factories in Limerick, 14, 15, 32, 52, 53 Cregan, Cornelius (Con), 58, 77 Ballybrown, County Limerick, 153 Cumann na mBan, 17, 58, 60, 66, 69-72, 76, 110, 132, 139, Barrington, Sir Charles, 33, 81 148-49, 155 Barrington’s Hospital, 81 Benedict XV, Pope, 148 Daly, Agnes, 76, 100, 126-27, 130, 133 Blythe, Ernest, 58, 64, 137, 149 Daly, Anne (Annie), 130 Boland’s Mill, Dublin, 99, 104 Daly, Caroline (Carrie), 70-71, 130, 133 Bradshaw, Kevin, 149 Daly, Catherine, 106, 131, 133 Browne, Private Patrick, 90 Daly, Commandant Edward (Ned) junior, 4, 18, 22, 25, 37, 57, Brugha, Cathal, 59 59, 66, 68, 85, 97, 101, 103, 106-08, 114, 115, 116-17, 120, 128-29, 140 Casement, Sir Roger, 56, 64, 72, 75, 98, 118, 124, 131, 160 Daly, Edward (Ned) senior, 106, 131-32 Ceannt, Eamonn, 101, 110, 120-21, 160 Daly, Eileen, see O’Toole, Eileen, Childers, Erksine, 66 Daly family, 4, 58, 76, 126-41 Childers, Mary (Molly), 66, 67 Daly, James, 128 cinema in Limerick, 31 Daly, John, 4, 34, 46, 58, 61, 72, 76, 106-07, 112, 126-41, 160 Clan na Gael, 72, 134, 140 Daly, Kathleen, see Clarke, Kathleen, Clancy, George, 52, 56, 59, 70-71, 94-95, 96 Daly, Laura (Lollie), 131-32 Clarke, Thomas (Tom), 46, 49, 59, 72, 76, 96-101, 106, 108, Daly, Laura, see O’Sullivan, Laura, 115, 123-25, 130-41, 155 Daly, Margaret (Madge), 16, 58, 60, 69, 70-71, 72, 76, 109, Clarke, Kathleen (neé Daly), 96-100, 109, 126-27, 128, 130- 124-27, 128-30, 132-33, 137, 149, 150, 161 41, 148, 155 Daly, Nora, see Dore, Nora, Cleeve’s Condensed Milk, 14 Daly’s Bakery, 17, 72, 76, 106, 112, 117, 132, 136-37, 139, Clery, Michael John, 118-19 149 Colbert, Cornelius (Con), 4, 23, 25, 52, 85, 104, 108, 110, 112, Danagher, John, 80

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Danagher, Patrick, 80 Finn, Sean, 114, 151 Dargan, John, 151 First Dáil (1919-21), 145, 157 Dargan, Thomas, 151 First World War, Daylight Saving Time, 40-41 impact on Limerick, 25, 78-91, 160 de Barra, Leslie Ban, 161 Limerick casualties in, 80-85 demography of Limerick, 10 Fitzgerald, Doctor Garret, 47 Devoy, John, 72-74 Fitzgibbon, Sean, 97, 99 docks in Limerick, 16, 88 Flanagan, James M, 114 de Valera, Eamon, 4, 13, 23, 51, 52, 57, 101, 104-06, 115, Flanagan, John, 29 122-23, 148, 153-54 Flanagan, Matthew (Matt), 114 de Valera, Sinead, 104 flour-milling in Limerick, 14 Dineen, Frank, 50 Forde, Liam, 47, 70-71, 99 Dore, Eamonn, 107, 112, 131, 150, 161 Four Courts, Dublin, 101, 103, 107, 109, 115, 118 Dore, James, 149 Frongoch Internment Camp, 146 Dore, Nora (neé Daly), 112, 130-33 Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), 17, 32, 49-50, 52, 149 Dublin Castle, 103, 121 Gealic League, 17, 23, 49, 51-52, 155 Dublin City Hall, 103 Gaffney, Thomas St John, 74, 75 Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP), 121, 151 General Election (1918), 94, 155-57 Dunne, Peadar, 149 General Post Office (GPO), Dublin, 50, 101, 103-04, 112-15, Dunraven, Windham Wyndham-Quin, fourth Earl of, 52-53, Gonne, Maude, 137 Greenwich Mean Time, 40-41 Easter Rising (1916), commemoration of, 160 Halley, Major-General P J, 109 Limerick casualties in, 85 Halpin, Lieutenant Edward G, 109, 120 Limerick participants in, 104-22 Hayes, Doctor Richard, 118-19, 157 Limerick’s role in, 92-125 Heuston, Sean, 23, 25, 60, 61, 62-63, 103, 109, 123, 124 planning of, 72-74 Hobson, Bulmer, 49, 60, 115, 137 progress of, 100-103 Home Rule, 46-47, 56, 96 economy of Limerick, 14-16, 34 housing in Limerick, 11-14 education in Limerick, 5, 17-25, 47 Howth Gun-Running, 66, 68, 107 Emmet, Robert, 47 Industrial Revolution, 10, 14 fashion, 36-40 industry in Limerick, 14-16 (1867), 47, 134 infant mortality in Limerick, 10 Fenians, see IRB Irish Freedom, 134, 139 Fianna Eireann, 59, 60, 62-63, 110, 134, 151 Irish Party, 46, 144, 153, 154, 156 Fianna Hall, Barrington Street, Limerick, 61, 62-63, 72, 134 (IRA), 149

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Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), 47, 49, 50, 56, 58, 60, Malone, Lieutenant George, 120 72, 95, 96, 97, 99, 107, 132-34, 137, 139, 140, 146 Maloney, James, 58, 147, 153 Irish Volunteers, 5, 16, 17, 49, 50, 52, 54-60, 64, 66, 69, 70- Manahan, Liam P, 58 71, 72, 74, 76, 81, 85, 95-104, 128, 134, 144, 146, 148, 149, Markievicz, Countess Constance, 60, 121-23 151, 152 Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, 17, 25 Maxwell, General Sir John, 50, 147 Jacob’s Factory, Dublin, 101 McAuliffe, Garret, 114 Joyce, Patrick Weston, 49, 160 McDonagh, Thomas, 59, 99, 123, 160 Joyce, Robert Dwyer, 49,160 McGrath, Michael S, 10 McInerney, Thomas (Tommy), 96, 117-118 Kearney, Maude, 17 McKnight brothers, 80 Killeen, Molly, 69 McNamara, James, 115, 117 Killonan, County Limerick, 56, 64, 70, 74, 100-01 McNamara, Patrick, 115, 117 Kirby, Canon Robert, 153 Mellows, Liam, 59 Miller, Constable Christopher, 85, 121 Laffan, Bartholomew (Batt), 64, 70-71 Moloney, Helena, 99, 121 Lane, Timothy O’Neill, 49 Monteith, Robert, 2, 57, 58, 64-65, 70-71, 72, 74, 75, 76, Larkin, Mary Ita, 30 94-95 Ledden, James, 56, 70-71, 96, 152 Moore, John William, 117 Leen, Private Patrick, 85-121 Mungret College, Limerick, 22, 23, 50, 59 libraries in Limerick, 32 The Murder Machine (Padraig Pearse), 23 Limerick Clothing Factory, 14, 16, 57, 122, 149 Limerick Chronicle, 3, 111, 144 Nationalism, Irish Limerick Leader, 58, 144, 157 cultural, 49-53 Limerick School of Art and Design, 23 parliamentary, 46-47 Long, Cadet Eugene, 120 physical force, 47, 49 Lowe, Major-General William, 103-04 National Volunteers, 56, 58, 144 Lysaght, Kate, 122 Lysaght, John, 122 O’Brien, Florence Vere, 17 O’Brien, Constable James, 85, 121, 122 MacCurtain, Tómas, 59 O’Brien, Private Thomas, 83 MacDiarmada, Sean, 46, 49, 59, 72, 96-98, 112, 115, 123, O’Callaghan, Kate, 52, 72 124, 125, 131, 137, 139, 140, 160 O’Callaghan, Michael, 52, 56 MacNeill, Eoin, 56, 96-100, 155 O’Connor, Michael, 85, 122 MacSwiney, Terence, 59, 72 O’Donoghue, Una, 72 Mackey, Councillor Anthony, 88 O’Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah, 47, 49, 107 Mallin, Michael, 101, 124 O’Donovan, Máire, 52, 69

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Ó Dwyer, Anne (Annie), 69 Snell, Philip W, 122 O’Dwyer, Bishop Edward Thomas, 147-48 social change in Limerick, 10-41 O’Farrell, Nurse Elizabeth, 103-04 Somme, Battle of the, 80, 81-82, 85 O’Gorman, Lieutenant Charles, 85, 120-21 South Dublin Union, Dublin, 101, 103, 120, 121 O’Hannigan, Donal, 119 Spillane, William, 11 O’Kelly, President Sean T, 139 sport and leisure, 27-34 O Maoileon, Tomas, 146 Spring Rice, Sir Cecil, 66 O’Mara, Mayor Alphonsus, 153 Spring Rice, Mary, 66, 67 O’Mara, James, 52, 53 Stokes, William Lamb, 33 O’Riordan, Monsigor Michael, 148 O’Sullivan, James (Jim or Seamus), 112, 114, 128, 130, 132 technology, 14, 25, 27 O’Sullivan, Laura (neé Daly), 72, 101, 109, 112, 114, 128, Theatre Royal, Limerick, 31 130, 132, 133 Tierney, Margaret (Maggie), 72 O’Toole, Edward (Ned), 70-71, 130 time-keeping, 40-41 O’Toole, Eileen(neé Daly), 130 Vaughan sisters, 24, 26, 52 Pearse, Padraig, 4, 23, 49, 56, 57, 59, 66, 72, 76, 97, 100-06, Verdun, Battle of, 81-82 109, 110, 112, 114, 123, 124, 125, 131, 137, 140, 160 Pearse, William (Willie), 59, 123, 124 Wall, Séan, 52, 151 population of Limerick, 10 War of Independence, Irish, 66, 76, 81, 114, 118, 119, 140, Proclamation of the Irish Republic (1916), 4, 97, 98, 100, 157 103, 140, 160 Westropp, Thomas Johnson, 104 Punch, Teresa (Tessie), 69 Whit Sunday Riot (1915), 59-60 Windrim, Samuel (Sam), 98, 117-18 Quin, Mayor Stephen, 144 women, in Irish Revolution, 69, 72, 146, 155-56 Redmond, John, 46, 56, 58, 77, 144, 147 in workforce, 17 rowing in Limerick, 27, 32, 34 role of, 17, 37, 40, 69 Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), 5, 85, 121, 151 rugby in Limerick, 27, 32, 34

St Patrick’s Day, becomes public holiday, 52-53 Sheehan, Donal (Dan), 85, 98, 117 Sheehy, Father Eugene, 115 Sheehy-Skeffington, Francis, 120 Sheehy-Skeffington, Hannah, 115, 120, 157 Slattery, Doctor Peter, 114-15

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192 Despair at the Front (Courtesy Imperial War Museum). 1916 Cover 6 page.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 17:59 Page 2

We know their dream; enough to know they dreamed and are dead

William Butler Yeats

Copyright Information: Authors: Design and Print: Published by Limerick City and County Council Dr. Matthew Potter, Historian, Limerick Archives AViD Graphic Design, Limerick © Limerick City and County Council William O’ Neill, Scholar Limerick Museum and The Daly family as returned in the 1901 census. Note that although Eileen, Kathleen and Madge Daly were all were and Madge Daly Kathleen that although Eileen, Note in the 1901 census. as returned family The Daly of one example This is just or occupation. as having no profession returned were at the time, they working the estimating for are centuries twentieth and early nineteenth of the late returns the census unreliable how (National Archives). in the Irish workforce number of women © Copyright of photographs remain with Archives and PhD candidate, University of Limerick contributors Brian Hodkinson, Acting Curator, Limerick Museum and assistant editor of the Old Limerick Journal. A Christian Brothers classroom, where nationalism and Catholicism blended Editor: seamlessly under the stern discipline of the teachers (Limerick Museum). Jacqui Hayes, Limerick City and County Archivist 2 2 1916 Cover 6 page.qxp_Layout 1 02/03/2016 17:59 Page 1

Too long a sacrifice Can make a stone of the heart O when may it suffice? That is Heaven's part, our part they dreamed and are dead - Limerick 1916 To murmer name upon name, As a mother names her child When sleep at last has come On limbs that had run wild. What is it but nightfall? No, no, not night but death; Was it needless death after all? For England may keep faith For all that is done and said. We know their dream; enough To know they dreamed and are dead; And what if excess of love Bewildered them till they died? I write it out in a verse- MacDonagh and MacBride And Connolly and Pearse Now and in time to be, Wherever green is worn, they dreamed and are dead Are changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born.

W B Yeats Limerick 1916 Easter 1916

ISBN: 978-0-905700-24-3

John J Quilty and his wife Madge in the Brisco car, used by the By Dr Matthew Potter | William O’Neill | Brian Hodkinson | Edited by Jacqui Hayes 1 Volunteers for the ill-fated trip to Kerry to meet Roger Casement and the Aud. (Courtesy Joe Quilty) 1