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Tongue and Salivary Glands

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Tongue and Salivary Glands Tongue and Salivary Glands 1. Tongue 2. Salivary glands – minor and major salivary glands 3. Isthmus of the fauces 4. Tonsils SPLANCHNOLOGY Tongue . Tongue – lingua (Gr. glossa): on the floor of the mouth a muscular organ possessing great mobility important role in digestion: active role in chewing (mastication) involved in sucking and deglutition reflex essential role in articulation and phonation the primary organ of taste Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2 SPLANCHNOLOGY Phylogenesis of the tongue . Phylogenesis: fishes a fold in the floor of the mouth epithelial lining, no glands and muscles connective tissue of hyoid arch amphibians and reptiles tactile organ well-developed mucous glands intrinsic muscles mammals important organ of the digestive system; vital role in feeding and sucking highly differentiated mucosa proper musculature Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3 SPLANCHNOLOGY Embryonic development . Onthogenesis: begin – 4 mo. origin – from branchial arches body of tongue – Ist pharyngeal arch: mesodermal cells from the 1st (mandibular) pharyngeal arch two lateral lingual swellings – 5 we. median lingual swelling, tuberculum impar root of tongue: hypobranchial eminence, copula of His – II-IV pharyngeal arch mucosa: body – 1st pharyngeal arch root – 3rd-4th arches tongue musculature: from occipital (postotic) myotomes (3rd and 4th occipital myotomes) taste buds: 7 we. Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 4 SPLANCHNOLOGY Structure of the tongue . Parts of the tongue: body, corpus linguae tip, apex linguae root, radix linguae divided by a V-shaped furrow, sulcus terminalis . Surface anatomy: dorsal surface, dorsum linguae oral (presulcal) part (pars oralis) pharyngeal (postsulcal) part (pars pharyngealis) sulcus terminalis foramen cecum median furrow, sulcus medianus inferior surface, facies inferior plica fimbriata frenulum linguae caruncula sublingualis sublingual fold margin of the tongue, margo linguae Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 5 SPLANCHNOLOGY Papillae of the tongue . Lingual papillae – 4 types: filiform (conical) papillae fungiform papillae vallate papillae foliate papillae Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 6 SPLANCHNOLOGY Papillae of the tongue Filiform papillae, papillae filiformes: thin, long, thread-shaped papillae arranged in regular parallel rows over the entire anterior dorsal surface of the tongue smallest in size, most numerous in humans keratinized epithelium the velvet surface lamina propria – 10-30 papillae secundariae mechanical role, do not contain taste buds Conical papillae, papillae conicae larger and longer filiform papillae Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 7 SPLANCHNOLOGY Papillae of the tongue Fungiform papillae, papillae fungiformes: less numerous, throughout the filiform mushroom-shaped projections at the tip and margins of the tongue nonkeratinized epithelium pink spots lamina propria – secondary papillae have mechanical and thermal receptors contain taste buds Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 8 SPLANCHNOLOGY Papillae of the tongue Vallate papillae, papillae (circum)vallatae: the largest papillae – d=1-3 mm dome-shaped structures 7-12 papillae in front of sulcus terminalis narrow moats – von Ebner’s glands stratified squamous epithelium lamina propria – papillae secundariae contain numerous (80-100) taste buds Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 9 SPLANCHNOLOGY Papillae of the tongue Foliate papillae, papillae foliatae: parallel low ridges on the lateral edge of the tongue well-developed only in children folium papillae; sulcus papillae multilayered stratified epithelium lamina propria – brush-like secondary papillae small serous gustatory glands in the subepithelial connective tissue numerous taste buds are present Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 10 SPLANCHNOLOGY The tongue and taste Taste buds, caliculi (gemmae) gustatorii – 2000-9000: vallate papillae – most numerous plentiful in the posterior ⅓ of the tongue fungiform and foliate papillae soft palate, epiglottis and pharynx reduction in number (up to ⅓) with age our sense of taste can and do change over time! Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 11 SPLANCHNOLOGY Lingual glands . Glandulae linguales – minor salivary glands: mixed (seromucous) glands – close to the tip anterior linglual (Nuhn’s) glands serous glands – in vallate papillae gustatory (von Ebner’s) glands mucous glands – in the lingual root posterior lingual (Weber’s) glands Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 12 SPLANCHNOLOGY Lingual tonsils . Tonsilla lingualis: small, rounded mass of lymphoid tissue in the posterior ⅓ of the tongue tonsillar papillae tonsillar crypts Weber’s salivary glands lymphatic nodules (MALT) covered with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 13 SPLANCHNOLOGY The lingual musculature . Extrinsic lingual muscles – move the tongue: genioglossus – best developed muscle hyoglossus styloglossus – the shortest and smallest chondroglossus – variable, sometimes absent palatoglossus – associated with the soft palate Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 14 SPLANCHNOLOGY The lingual musculature . Intrinsic lingual muscles – alter its shape: superior longitudinal muscle inferior longitudinal muscle the transverse muscle the vertical muscle Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 15 SPLANCHNOLOGY Tongue histology . Lingual mucous membrane – lingual papillae: body – endoderm of the stomodeum root – endoderm of primitive gut stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium dorsal surface – thicker inferior surface – thinner lamina propria glands and lymphatic nodules tela submucosa – absent minor salivary glands – serous and mucous lymphoid tissue – lingual tonsil (root) . Tongue core: skeletal striated muscle tissue Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 16 SPLANCHNOLOGY Vessels of the tongue . Blood supply – lingual artery: sublingual and deep lingual arteries . Branches from: facial artery ascending pharyngeal artery . Venous drainage – lingual vein: drains into the internal jugular vein Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 17 SPLANCHNOLOGY Lymphatic drainage of the tongue . Lymphatic drainage: tip – submental lymph nodes body – submandibular lymph nodes root – retropharyngeal lymph nodes Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 18 SPLANCHNOLOGY Nerve supply of the tongue . Somatosensory innervation: anterior ⅔ and inferior surface: lingual nerve (n. trigeminus) chorda tympani facial nerve posterior ⅓ of the tongue: glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve lingual glands: parasympathetic – n. facialis, n. glossopharyngeus et n. vagus sympathetic – plexus caroticus ext. (ganglion cervicale superius) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 19 SPLANCHNOLOGY Nerve supply of the tongue . Somatosensory innervation: anterior ⅔ and inferior surface: lingual nerve (n. trigeminus) chorda tympani facial nerve posterior ⅓ of the tongue: glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve lingual glands: parasympathetic – n. facialis, n. glossopharyngeus et n. vagus sympathetic – plexus caroticus ext. (ganglion cervicale superius) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 20 SPLANCHNOLOGY Salivary glands . Minor salivary glands, glandulae salivariae minores: 700-1000 minor glands mixed (seromucous) glands labial glands buccal glands molar glands anterior linglual (Nuhn’s) glands serous glands gustatory (von Ebner’s) glands mucous glands palatine glands posterior lingual (Weber’s) glands produce only 5-8% of the total output Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 21 SPLANCHNOLOGY Salivary glands . Major salivary glands, glandulae salivariae majores: parotid gland, glandula parotidea (parotis) submanibular gland, glandula submandibularis sublingual gland, glandula sublingualis Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 22 SPLANCHNOLOGY Parotid gland, gl. parotidea . Macroscopic anatomy: located subcutaneously in the parotideomasseteric region the largest salivary gland – 25-30 g has own fascia, fascia parotidea roughly wedge shaped and lobulated superficial and deep lobes internally: end branches of the external carotid artery retromandibular vein deep parotid lymphoid nodes Nicolas Steno parotid plexus of facial nerve (Niels Stensen) auriculotemporal nerve (V ) (1638-1686) 3 parotid duct (Stensen’s duct) accessory parotid gland Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 23 SPLANCHNOLOGY Parotid gland, gl. parotidea . Microscopic anatomy: enclosed within a capsule irregular, lobulated mass a purely serous gland (watery secretion) salivary ducts – mostly intercalated ducts adipose tissue – fat cells Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 24 SPLANCHNOLOGY Submandibular gland, gl. submandibularis . Macroscopic anatomy: under the oral floor in the submandibular trigone weight – 15 g; d=1.5-2 cm (the size of a walnut); U-shaped; smaller deep process covered by fascia cervicalis superficialis lobulated structure – 8-10 lobes three surfaces submandibular (Wharton’s) duct – 5-6 cm caruncula sublingualis blood supply – facial and lingual arteries lymphatic drainage – submandibular nodes innervation – intermediate nerve, superior cervical ganglion Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 25 SPLANCHNOLOGY Submandibular gland, gl. submandibularis . Microscopic anatomy: enclosed within a capsule, lobulated mixed (seromucous) gland with predominant serous acini – Giannuzzi’s demilunes or Heidenhain crescents duct system – mostly striated ducts Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 26 SPLANCHNOLOGY Sublingual gland, gl. sublingualis . Macroscopic anatomy: along the sublingual fold, plica sublingualis the smallest one weight – 3-5 g flattened, almond-shaped covered by a thin capsule lobulated mass – 4-16 lobules a group of 30-50 single
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