Perfil De Resistência Antimicrobiana E Análise Genotípica De Enterococcus Spp. Isolados De Alimentos Em Porto Alegre

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Perfil De Resistência Antimicrobiana E Análise Genotípica De Enterococcus Spp. Isolados De Alimentos Em Porto Alegre UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Perfil de resistência antimicrobiana e análise genotípica de Enterococcus spp . isolados de alimentos em Porto Alegre, RS. GUSTAVO PELICIOLI RIBOLDI Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular do Centro de Biotecnologia da UFRGS como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências. Orientador: Jeverson Frazzon Porto Alegre, março de 2007. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos (LBM) do Centro de Biotecnologia (CBiot) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Agência Financiadora: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao orientador e amigo, Dr. Jeverson Frazzon, pela paciência, dedicação, atenção, incentivo e confiança. Aos co-orientadores Dr. Pedro D’Azevedo e Dra. Ana Paula Frazzon (também membro da Comissão de Acompanhamento) pela disponibilidade, aplicação e auxílio sempre competentes. Ao Dr. Adriano Brandelli, membro de minha Comissão de Acompanhamento. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Bioquímica de Microrganismos (LBM) e laboratório 209N, pela amizade, companheirismo e colaboração. A todos os demais colegas e professores do PPGBCM pela cooperação. Aos funcionários Luciano Saucedo e Silvia Centeno pela gentileza e disposição sempre demonstradas. Ao revisor desta dissertação, prof. Dra. Jenifer Saffi, pela atenção e sugestões apresentadas. Finalmente, e principalmente, à minha família (meus pais, João e Doraci, e irmãs, Bianca, Bruna e Bárbara) e à Renata, pelo apoio irrestrito e incondicional, consideração, amor, amizade, dedicação, paciência. Nada disso seria possível sem vocês. A Deus, por me conceder esta oportunidade e me presentear com tais pessoas maravilhosas ao meu lado. Muito Obrigado. 3 ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 11 1.1. ENTEROCOCCUS SPP. .......................................................................................... 11 1.2. IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA .................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Fatores de patogenicidade ............................................................................. 13 1.2.1.1. Adesinas ................................................................................................... 14 1.2.1.1.1 Substância de agregação (AS) ........................................................... 14 1.2.1.1.2. Proteína de superfície de Enterococcos (Esp) .................................. 15 1.2.1.1.3. Adesina de colágeno (Ace) ............................................................... 16 1.2.1.2. Antígenos de parede ................................................................................. 16 1.2.1.3. Proteínas Secretadas................................................................................. 17 1.2.1.3.1. Citolisina .......................................................................................... 17 1.2.1.3.2. Proteases ........................................................................................... 17 1.2.1.4. Mecanismos de transferência genética..................................................... 18 1.2.2. Resistência a antimicrobianos ....................................................................... 18 1.2.2.1. A resistência intrínseca de Enterococcus spp. .......................................... 19 1.2.2.2. A resistência adquirida de Enterococcus spp. .......................................... 20 1.2.3. Processos patológicos ..................................................................................... 25 1.2.4. Infecções Nosocomiais .................................................................................... 27 1.2.5. Tratamento de infecções ................................................................................ 29 1.3. IMPORTÂNCIA INDUSTRIAL............................................................................. 30 1.3.1. Culturas Starter ............................................................................................ 30 1.3.2. Probióticos ...................................................................................................... 33 1.3.3. Bacteriocinas ................................................................................................... 34 4 1.4. CONTAMINAÇÃO A PARTIR DE ALIMENTOS............................................... 35 1.4.1. Linhagens presentes em alimentos ............................................................... 35 1.4.1.1. Linhagens de uso na indústria .................................................................. 35 1.4.1.2 Alimentos contaminados ........................................................................... 36 1.4.2. Promotores do crescimento ........................................................................... 39 1.5. ENTEROCOCCUS SPP . NO BRASIL.................................................................... 41 2. OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................................. 44 3. MÉTODOS E RESULTADOS ................................................................................. 45 3.1. MANUSCRITO I: “ Antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from different foods in Porto Alegre, Brazil.” ............................................ 46 3.2. MANUSCRITO II: “Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of Enterococcus species isolated from food in Southern Brazil” ................................... 62 4. DISCUSSÃO .............................................................................................................. 84 4.1. ISOLAMENTO A PARTIR DE ALIMENTOS...................................................... 84 4.2. PADRÃO DE RESISTÊNCIA FRENTE A ANTIMICROBIANOS...................... 85 4.3. ANÁLISE DA VARIABILIDADE GENÉTICA DOS ISOLADOS ...................... 87 5. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .................................................................... 89 6. ANEXOS .................................................................................................................. 102 6.1. MANUSCRITO III: “Molecular fingerprint of Enterococcus spp. ampicillin resistant strains isolated from nosocomial infecctions in Southern Brazil” .......... 102 7. CURRICULUM VITÆ RESUMIDO .................................................................... 122 5 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS Ace - Adhesin to colagen ; AMPR - Ampicillin resistant enterococci ; ARE - Antimicrobian resistant enterococci ; AS - Aggregation substance ; ATP - Adenosine triphosphate ; BHI - Brain heart infusion ; Esp - Enterococci surface protein ; HLAR - High level aminoclycoside resistance ; HLGR - H igh level glycopeptide resistance ; LAP - Leucina-aminopeptidase; MGP - α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside ; MIC - Minimum inhibithory concentration ; PBP - Penicillin binding protein ; PFGE - Pulsed field gel eletrophoresis ; PYR - Pirrolidonil-β-naftilamida ; RAPD-PCR - Polimerase chain reaction through random amplification of polimorphic DNA ; TGI - Trato gastrintestinal; TGU - Trato genitourinário; UFC - Unidade formadora de colônia; VRE - Vancomycin resistant enterococci . 6 RESUMO Enterococcus spp são microrganismos que colonizam o trato gastrintestinal de humanos. Estes microrganismos podem ser também encontrados em alimentos, onde possuem um papel benéfico durante a maturação de determinados produtos fermentados. Enterococos eram consideradas bactérias de baixa virulência; no entanto, estes microrganismos, recentemente, assumiram uma importância clínica, sendo considerados patógenos oportunistas para humanos. Esta característica dualista do microrganismo se tornou um motivo de discussão constante entre a classe científica no mundo todo. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a distribuição e o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana de Enterococcus spp. isolados de diferentes fontes de alimentos da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Linhagens isoladas de vegetais, carne e produtos lácteos foram submetidas a análises morfológicas, bioquímicas e de identificação molecular utilizando a técnica de PCR e as linhagens positivas foram analisadas quanto à susceptibilidade a 12 antimicrobianos utilizados na clínica ou na pecuária. Ainda, estas amostras foram analisadas quanto à diversidade genotípica pela utilização da técnica de RAPD-PCR. A análise estatística dos perfis de RAPD-PCR obtidos para as amostras verificou uma presença de 42 padrões de banda diferenciados e 6 perfis diferentes de RAPD-PCR. Relacionando os testes fenotípicos clássicos previamente realizados, somente um perfil agrupou todas as linhagens de mesma espécie. Os dados aqui descritos sugerem atenção especial aos microrganismos provenientes de todos os três grupos de alimentos utilizados como fonte de isolamento, principalmente devido à presença de linhagens com altos níveis de resistência a antimicrobianos, incluindo aqueles de maior relevância clínica como a 7 gentamicina, estreptomicina, ampicilina e vancomicina. Além disso, análises dos dados de RAPD-PCR demonstraram uma variabilidade genética entre as linhagens de enterococos provenientes de diferentes fontes de alimentos. 8 ABSTRACT Enterococcus spp. are commensal microorganisms, which colonize the gastrointestinal tract in humans. These microorganisms are natural microbiotic compounds in foods, playing a beneficial role during the maturation of some fermented products. Enterococci presents, generally, relative low
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