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Diagnostyka Bakteriologiczna Gatunków Enterococcus Spp. Istotnych W Patologii Drobiu

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Diagnostyka Bakteriologiczna Gatunków Enterococcus Spp. Istotnych W Patologii Drobiu Prace poglądowe measurement of the acute chase response. Eq. Vet. J. 1989, 29. Jacobsen S., Kjelgaard-Hansen M., Hagbard Petersen H., 31. Hillstrom A., Tvedten H., Lilliehöök I.: Evaluation of an 21, 106-109. Jensen A.L..: Evaluation of a commercially available hu- in-clinic serum amyloid A (SAA) assay and assessment of 27. Satoh M., Fujinaga T., Okumura M., Hagio M.: Sandwich man serum amyloid A (SAA) turbidimetric immunoas- the effects of storage on SAA samples. Acta Vet. Scand. enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay for quantitative say for determination of equine SAA concentration. Vet. 2010, 52, 8. measurement of serum amyloid A protein in horses. Am. J. 2006, 172, 315-319. J. Vet. Res. 1995, 56, 1286-1291. 28. Wakimoto Y.: Slide reversed passive latex agglutination 30. Jacobsen S, Kjelgaard-Hansen M.: Evaluation of a commer- test. A simple, rapid and practical method for equine se- cially available apparatus for measuring the acute phase rum amyloid A (SAA) protein determination. Japan. J. protein serum amyloid A in horses. Vet. Rec. 2008, 163, Vet. Res. 1996, 44, 43. 327-330. Lek. wet. Anna Turło, e-mail: [email protected] Diagnostyka bakteriologiczna Bacteriological examination for Enterococcus gatunków Enterococcus spp. istotnych spp. important in poultry pathology Dolka B., Szeleszczuk P., Department of w patologii drobiu Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Beata Dolka, Piotr Szeleszczuk The aim of this article was to present some aspects z Katedry Patologii i Diagnostyki Weterynaryjnej Wydziału Medycyny Weterynaryjnej of bacteriological examination used for enterococci w Warszawie isolates from poultry. In recent years the role of ente- rococcal infections in birds has largely increased. The omimo postępu diagnostyki mikro- grupowo swoistego antygenu wielocukro- genus Enterococcus comprises of 45 different species. biologicznej i wypierania tradycyjnych wego C, enterokoki zaklasyfikowano do ro- Enterococci are commensal organisms in the intes- metodP technikami biologii molekularnej, dzaju Streptococcus grupy D. Według nie- tines of animals but they can also survive and grow nadal klasyczne badanie bakteriologiczne których danych około 80% szczepów ente- in soil, water, plants and food. However, enterococci jest powszechnie uważane za „złoty stan- rokokowych posiada antygen grupy D, nie have also been recognized as potentially pathogen- dard”, w oparciu o wyniki którego mogą ma go jednak m.in. E. avium, E. cecorum, ic and placed among the most common nosocomial być następnie wykonywane kolejne bada- E. columbae, E.dispar, E.saccharolyticus pathogens. They have become responsible for wild, nia diagnostyczne. Bez wątpienia badanie (3, 10). Badania te były zgodne z klasyfika- pet-birds infections and have emerged poultry indus- bakteriologiczne ma najistotniejsze zna- cją podaną przez Shermana w 1937 r., któ- try. In different bird species at least ten Enterococcus czenie w praktycznej diagnostyce zakażeń ry zaproponował podział paciorkowców spp. can be isolated from GI tract and some, namely wywołanych przez enterokoki u drobiu. na 4 grupy: ropotwórcze (pyogenic), kało- Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. cecorum we (enterococci), mlekowe (lactic) i ziele- and E. durans have been most frequently associated Etiologia i znaczenie kliniczne niejące (viridans), dające zielony kolor na with clinical avian diseases. Isolation and classifica- zakażeń enterokokowych u drobiu agarze z krwią; 1). Określenie paciorkow- tion of enterococci to genus and species are essen- ce kałowe, enterokoki i paciorkowce gru- tial for ultimate diagnosis, epidemiology and proper Enterokoki (grec. enteron – jelito, łac. coc- py D używano zamiennie. Ostatecznie na- treatment. Different media and commercially avail- cus, grec. kókkos – ziarnko, nasionko) to zwa rodzaju Enterococcus została oficjal- able biochemical diagnostic systems/protocols are bakterie z rodzaju Enterococcus należące nie ustanowiona w 1984 r. przez Schleifer used for routine enterococci identification. Despite do tzw. paciorkowców kałowych. Są one i Kilpper-Bälz, dla oddzielenia enteroko- the progress in diagnostic techniques, employing mo- składnikiem autochtonicznej (naturalnej) ków od rodzaju Streptococcus (2). lecular biology methods, conventional bacteriologi- mikroflory przewodu pokarmowego pta- cal examination is still regarded as the “gold stand- ków, ale także ludzi i różnych gatunków Enterokoki u drobiu ard” in microbiology and the most important in di- ssaków; są również składnikiem flory ukła- agnosis of enterococcal infections in birds. du rozrodczego oraz skóry. Powszechnie Spośród 45 znanych gatunków bakterii występują w środowisku, m.in. w wodzie, z rodzaju Enterococcus (tab. 1; 1, 2, 6, 10), Keywords: Enterococcus spp., poultry, bacteriological glebie, na roślinach i owadach. Kał zawie- od różnych gatunków ptaków najczęściej examination. rający te zarazki jest także częstą przyczyną izoluje się tylko kilka z nich, m.in. Entero- zanieczyszczeń paszy, żywności oraz wody coccus faecalis, E. faecium, E.hirae, E.ce- pitnej. Enterokoki pełnią rolę wskaźników corum, E. durans, E. avium, E. casselifla- środowiska) przez pory skorupy do zarod- sanitarnych czystości wód oraz w jako- vus, E. gallinarum, E. raffinosusoraz E. co- ka (11, 12). Potwierdzono, że Enterococcus ści higienicznej produktów mięsnych (1, lumbae (3, 4, 5). faecalis przejściowo zasiedla serce i płuca 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). W piśmiennictwie można znaleźć dane, piskląt kurzych w okresie okołolęgowym Terminu „enterococcus” po raz pierwszy że ptaki klują się z jałowym przewodem (4). Kolonizacja przewodu pokar mowego użył Thiercelin (1899 r.) w celu wskazania pokarmowym. Według innych autorów przez enterokoki jest procesem stopnio- pochodzenia dwoinek wyizolowanych z je- enterokoki licznie zasiedlają jelito ślepe wym i wieloetapowym, a rozwój fizjolo- lit, natomiast nazwa nowego rodzaju Ente- i woreczek żółtkowy już w okresie inku- gicznej flory jelitowej najintensywniej za- rococcus została zaproponowana w 1903 r. bacji zarodków. Bakterie te mogą pocho- chodzi po wykluciu. Stan mikroflory za- przez Thiercelin i Jouhaud (7, 8). Wcześniej, dzić np. z jajowodu nioski czy z worków siedlającej przewód pokarmowy ptaka ma zgodnie z podziałem paciorkowców (Strep- powietrznych zlokalizowanych blisko jajni- istotny wpływ na zdrowie organizmu i pra- tococcus) opracowanym przez Rebekę Lan- ka. Należy również uwzględnić możliwość widłowe jego funkcjonowanie w przyszło- cefield (9), w oparciu o różnice w budowie przedostawania się bakterii (ze steku czy ści. Skład flory przewodu pokarmowego Życie Weterynaryjne • 2013 • 88(9) 763 Prace poglądowe pod względem enterokoków jest zdetermi- Enterokoki należą do drobnoustrojów szczepy wankomycynooporne (vancomy- nowany przez rodzaj szczepów występu- oportunistycznych, potencjalnie chorobo- cin-resistant enterococcus – VRE), bowiem jących w otaczającym środowisku w trak- twórczych, co oznacza, że mogą powodo- są one niewrażliwe na dostępne antybio- cie wykluwania piskląt. wać zakażenia (miejscowe lub uogólnione) tyki. Brak skutecznych metod zapobiega- W przypadku produkcji wielkotowaro- poza fizjologicznym miejscem bytowania, nia i zwalczania kolonizacji tymi szczepa- wej znaczenie mają środowisko podczas szczególnie przy obniżonej odporności mi (5, 13, 15, 16, 17). transportu i w wychowalni, pierwsza woda gospodarza (1, 13, 14). Do niedawna bar- W ostatnich latach na świecie obserwu- i pasza. W warunkach produkcji wielko- dzo rzadko diagnozowano kliniczny prze- je się wzrost znaczenia enterokoków w pa- towarowej proces zasiedlania przewodu bieg zakażenia enterokokami u ptaków, co tologii ptaków, zwłaszcza drobiu. Zagad- pokarmowego piskląt ulega znacznemu więcej, wiele stanów chorobowych w ogó- nienia związane z zakażeniem brojlerów opóźnieniu. Skutkiem tego pisklęta mogą le nie wiązano z tymi bakteriami. Głównie kurzych i kur niosek przez enterokoki nie być bardziej podatne na kolonizację pa- ze względu na fakt, że przez długi czas były są do końca poznane i budzą kontrower- togennymi bakteriami. Najbardziej natu- uważane za komensale, drobnoustroje bez- sje. W patologii ptaków najważniejsze zna- ralnym sposobem przyspieszenia rozwo- pieczne, co więcej, wykazano pozytywny czenie ma Enterococcus faecalis, następnie ju flory jelitowej jest podanie paszy. Wy- wpływ enterokoków jako probiotyków za- E. faecium, E.hirae, E.cecorum i E. durans. kazano, że karmienie nowo wyklutych lecanych m.in. w leczeniu biegunek; znala- Pozostałe gatunki mają mniejsze, aczkol- piskląt przyspiesza proces ustanowienia zły one również zastosowanie w przemyśle wiek nie do końca określone znaczenie. Sta- własnej flory jelitowej, bowiem do kolo- mleczarskim. W medycynie enterokoki są ny patologiczne powodowane przez zaka- nizacji dochodzi już po 1–3 godzinach. jednymi z głównych patogenów odpowie- żenie Enterococcus spp. u różnych gatun- U zdrowych ptaków najwyższą koncen- dzialnych za zakażenia szpitalne. Mogą one ków ptaków zamieszczono w tabeli 3 (14, 15, trację enterokoków stwierdza się w jelicie być przyczyną bakteriemii, zapalenia wsier- 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, grubym. Skład flory bakteryjnej przewo- dzia, zakażeń dróg moczowych i ran. Nie- 30, 31, 32). Zakażenia kur i indyków po- du pokarmowego kurcząt pod względem bezpieczeństwo związane z enterokokami wodowane przez enterokoki są często nie zasiedlenia przez enterokoki się zmienia. wynika także z ich szczególnej zdolności do do końca uwzględnianą
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