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How Will Revolutionize Wireless ELECTRIFYING THE OUR ROBOTS, PINPOINTING RADIO’S OLIVETTI: FORGOTTEN NAVAJO NATION OURSELVES GHOSTLY ARTIFACTS COMPUTER PIONEER A new power paradigm Making teleoperation How Wi-Fi can see A dazzling debut, for the 21st century work in the real world people through walls then a terrible tragedy P. 06 P. 22 P. 34 P. 40 FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER | 06.19 How AI Will Revolutionize Wireless Smart spectrum sharing could help ease the coming bandwidth crunch P. 28 Zurich Instruments ∏ Arbitrary Waveform Generators ∏ Impedance Analyzers ∏ Lock-in Amplifiers ∏ Quantum Computing Control Systems experience LabOne LabOne® provides users with a platform independent instrument control including proven measurement methodo- logies. It's designed to offer a great amount of flexibility for instrument usage and assures quick and efficient ope- ration. The browser based user interface provides an outstanding toolset for time and frequency domain analysis as well as sophisticated support to set up control loops, making noise measure- ments or to interpret measurement data. Let's discuss your application Intl. +41 44 515 0410 USA 855-500-0056 (Toll Free) [email protected] www.zhinst.com CONTENTS_06.19 THE BRAIN IN THE MACHINE Next-gen rescue robots may borrow their reflexes from humans. by João Ramos, Albert Wang & Sangbae Kim Page 22 28 AI WILL RULE THE AIRWAVES A DARPA Grand Challenge aims to change how we’ve managed wireless spectrum for the last 100 years. By Paul Tilghman 34 SEEING WITH RADIO Wi-Fi–like radio gear can be used to sense people’s location, breathing, and heart rate. By Fadel Adib 40 THE ITALIAN COMPUTER How Italy’s Olivetti became an early pioneer of digital transistorized computers. By Elisabetta Mori 06 NEWS 14 RESOURCES 20 OPINION TI-1 THE INSTITUTE On the cover: Illustration for IEEE Spectrum by Greg Mably IEEE SPECTRUM (ISSN 0018-9235) is published monthly by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2019 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, U.S.A. Volume No. 56, Issue No. 6. The editorial content of IEEE Spectrum magazine does not represent official positions of the IEEE or its organizational units. Canadian Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40013087. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Circulation Department, IEEE Spectrum, Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Cable address: ITRIPLEE. Fax: +1 212 419 7570. INTERNET: [email protected]. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS: IEEE Members: $21.40 included in dues. Libraries/institutions: $399. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to IEEE Spectrum, c/o Coding Department, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY, and additional mailing offices. Canadian GST #125634188. Printed at 120 Donnelley Dr., Glasgow, KY 42141-1060, U.S.A. IEEE Spectrum circulation is audited by BPA Worldwide. IEEE Spectrum is a member of the Association of Business Information & Media Companies, the Association of Magazine Media, and Association Media & Publishing. IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying. For more information, visit https://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html. PHOTOGRAPH BY Bob O’Connor SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG | JUN 2019 | 01 BACK STORY_ 06.19 donated the computer to a high school in the Tuscan hill town of Bibbiena. And there it’s been ever since. Today, former Olivetti employees periodically travel to the ISIS High School Enrico Fermi to tend to the machine. The encounter with the computer changed Mori’s life. She wrote a mas- ter’s thesis about it. Now, she is a Ph.D. candidate in the history of computing at Middle sex University in London. Her article “The Italian Computer,” about Olivetti’s pioneering computers, appears in this issue. “The machine works, but it is frag- ile,” Mori says. It contains more than 40 kilo meters of copper cable wrapped LIVING HISTORY in woven glass fiber. “If you don’t run the computer regularly, it will stop bout 10 years ago, elisabetta Mori and some friends were doing working. If you move it, it will die.” research for an art exhibit on the theme of “archives of memories.” To forestall that eventuality, a local “We approached the theme literally, and so we looked for old examples group called the Associazione Amici of physical memories—computer memories,” Mori recalls. “We tried to see dell’Olivetti ELEA 9003 is raising funds the oldest computers built in Italy.” At the Museum of Computing Machin- to hire and train workers to maintain ery in Pisa, they saw the Calcolatrice Elettronica Pisana, an early digital the computer. You can reach them at computer developed by the University of Pisa in 1957 with the support of [email protected]. A the Olivetti company. But the machine had long ago stopped working. “Until I saw it working, I didn’t realize Then they heard about a working model of the ELEA 9003, Olivetti’s first com- how complex, fascinating, and noisy mercial mainframe, introduced in 1959. They lost no time tracking it down. these early computers were,” Mori This 9003 had originally belonged to a bank in Siena, where it was used for pay- says. “I would have missed one big roll, managing accounts, calculating interest rates, and the like. In 1972, the bank part of the story.” ■ LINKE ARMIN AExxxRBA Family CPS Molded Space-grade Chip Inductors CRITICAL PRODUCTS & SERVICES • Passes NASA low outgassing requirements (ASTM E595) • MIL-STD-981 and EEE-INST-002 testing available • Resistant to harsh-chemical/ high-PSI washes • Proven performance in an upgraded package • Standard 0603 and 0805 footprints Learn more @ coilcraft-cps.com 02 | JUN 2019 | SPECTRUM.IEEE.ORG CONTRIBUTORS_ CONTRIBUTORS_ EDITOR IN CHIEF Susan Hassler, [email protected] ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER EXECUTIVE EDITOR Glenn Zorpette, [email protected] Felicia Spagnoli, [email protected] EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, DIGITAL SENIOR ADVERTISING PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Fadel Adib Harry Goldstein, [email protected] Nicole Evans Gyimah, [email protected] MANAGING EDITOR Elizabeth A. Bretz, [email protected] EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD, IEEE SPECTRUM Adib is an assistant professor at MIT, where he SENIOR ART DIRECTOR Susan Hassler, Chair; Steve Blank, David C. Brock, Sudhir Dixit, obtained his Ph.D. in 2016. His doctoral research Mark Montgomery, [email protected] Shahin Farshchi, Limor Fried, Robert Hebner, Jason K. Hui, was initially aimed at making Wi-Fi faster, but SENIOR EDITORS Grant Jacoby, Leah Jamieson, Mary Lou Jepsen, Deepa Kundur, the focus changed to using wireless technology Stephen Cass (Resources), [email protected] Norberto Lerendegui, Steve Mann, Allison Marsh, Sofia Olhede, Erico Guizzo (Digital), [email protected] to sense things, as he describes in “Seeing With Jacob Østergaard, Umit Ozguner, John Rogers, Radio” [p. 34]. In 2015, he participated in the Jean Kumagai, [email protected] Jonathan Rothberg, Umar Saif, Takao Someya, White House Demo Day for entrepreneurs. “He’s Samuel K. Moore, [email protected] Maurizio Vecchione, Yu Zheng, Kun Zhou, Edward Zyszkowski Tekla S. Perry, [email protected] starting to turn blue,” said President Obama, after Philip E. Ross, [email protected] EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD, THE INSTITUTE Adib held his breath to show that radio could be David Schneider, [email protected] Kathy Pretz, Chair; Qusi Alqarqaz, John Baillieul, Philip Chen, Shashank Gaur, Susan Hassler, Hulya Kirkici, Cecilia Metra, used to sense breathing. Now that’s dedication. DEPUTY ART DIRECTOR Brandon Palacio, [email protected] San Murugesan, Mirela Sechi Annoni Notare, Joel Trussell, PHOTOGRAPHY DIRECTOR Randi Klett, [email protected] Hon K. Tsang, Chonggang Wang ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Erik Vrielink, [email protected] SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR MANAGING DIRECTOR, PUBLICATIONS Eliza Strickland, [email protected] Michael B. Forster Maria Gallucci NEWS MANAGER Amy Nordrum, [email protected] EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE Freelance journalist Gallucci writes in this issue ASSOCIATE EDITORS IEEE Spectrum, 3 Park Ave., 17th Floor, about an effort to connect the Navajo Nation to the Willie D. Jones (Digital), [email protected] New York, NY 10016-5997 Michael Koziol, [email protected] power grid in the southwest United States [p. 6]. TEL: +1 212 419 7555 FAX: +1 212 419 7570 SENIOR COPY EDITOR Joseph N. Levine, [email protected] Despite deployments of solar and wind in the area, BUREAU Palo Alto, Calif.; Tekla S. Perry +1 650 752 6661 COPY EDITOR Michele Kogon, [email protected] “there’s still this desire for full-grid connectivity,” DIRECTOR, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT, EDITORIAL RESEARCHER Alan Gardner, [email protected] she says, because grid power is more reliable than MEDIA & ADVERTISING Mark David, [email protected] ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT off-grid renewables. U.S. utilities sent workers Ramona L. Foster, [email protected] ADVERTISING INQUIRIES Naylor Association Solutions, through mutual aid agreements—the same tool CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Evan Ackerman, Mark Anderson, Erik Henson +1 352 333 3443, [email protected] that helped Puerto Rico rebuild after Hurricane Robert N. Charette, Peter Fairley, Tam Harbert, Mark Harris, REPRINT SALES +1 212 221 9595, ext. 319 David Kushner, Robert W. Lucky, Prachi Patel, Morgen E. Peck, Maria, which Gallucci covered for IEEE Spectrum. REPRINT PERMISSION / LIBRARIES Articles may be Richard Stevenson, Lawrence Ulrich, Paul Wallich photocopied for private use of patrons. A per-copy fee must EDITOR IN CHIEF, THE INSTITUTE be paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 29 Congress Kathy Pretz, [email protected] St., Salem, MA 01970. For other copying or republication, ASSISTANT EDITOR, THE INSTITUTE contact Managing Editor, IEEE Spectrum. Lucas Laursen Joanna Goodrich, [email protected] COPYRIGHTS AND TRADEMARKS IEEE Spectrum is a Since moving to Madrid nine years ago, freelance DIRECTOR, PERIODICALS PRODUCTION SERVICES Peter Tuohy registered trademark owned by The Institute of Electrical and journalist Laursen has switched Internet EDITORIAL & WEB PRODUCTION MANAGER Roy Carubia Electronics Engineers Inc.
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