• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION IN PRACTICE: AN INVESTIGATION OF ITS PROCESS ON EX-COMBATANTS IN THE POST- 2005 SOUTH SUDAN BY DOMINIC MICHAEL GENGE RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER DEGREE OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-AFRICA SUMMER 2019 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, do hereby declare that this work is my original endeavor and has never been submitted to any other college or university other than the United States International University-Africa for academic credit. Sign: ………………………………………. Date: ………………………………… Dominic Michael Genge (654545) Student. This thesis report has been submitted for examination with my approval as university supervisor. Signed………………………………………Date: …………………………………. Mr. George Kabongah Supervisor. Signed…………………………………….... Date…………………………………… Professor Martin C. Njoroge Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Signed……………………………………...Date……………………………………... Ambassador Professor Ruthie Rono Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Academic and Students Affairs. ii COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part or section of this thesis may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without prior knowledge and permission in writing from the publisher, except by the reviewers, who may quote brief passages in a review. iii DEDICATION This research is dedicated to the loving memory of my dear late father, District Education Officer (D.E.O), Mr. Michael Kumbobakiri, whose advice to us at a very tender age remained in my mind thirty years after his untimely death in September 1989. Before his sudden death, he used to advise us at round table that all the certificates he acquired and the achievements he attained would not be inherited by any one of us when he passed on from this world. For us to be respected in our society and be recognized by our relatives, we must take education seriously. Education would take us higher, bring people closer to us and make us significant in the society. Those wise words had been permanently embossed on my brain. And to you my lovely mother, our heroine, and iron lady, almost thirty years ago this year, after the death of our father, you remain an icon and compass in our family. As a single mother and widow during the darkest days of the history of the then Sudan, with wars and challenges eclipsing our future, you never faltered in guiding us to stick to the basic and fundamental principles of life, obedience, attitude, respect, mannerism and self discipline. All your advice kept us alert and focused on the goal despite how we were scattered by war in search for better education. I remain indebted to you for eternity. To all my siblings, closest relatives and family friends, I remain committed to the service of our common good and thanks for being supportive. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My appreciations and thanks to Lt. Gen. Akol Koor Kuc and his team for his selflessness and visionary leadership style. After understanding what our late father wanted us to be, he was touched by the story and gave me the opportunity to seek more knowledge as to realize the dreams and aspiration of our father. Again, his unceasing commitment to transform South Sudan to a better nation whereby members of the diverse and rich cultures can live in harmony, work and develop together, is a testimony of his kindness and proactive leadership style. I would like to thank my uncles Monsignor Father Anthony Bangoye, Monsignor Father Mark Kumbonyeki and His Lordship Barani Eduardo Hiiboro Kussala for advice and guidance to remain focused and maintain discipline throughout my lifetime. I have been inspired to double my efforts by Honorable Jemma Nunu Kumba, Honorable Joseph Bakosoro, and Honorable Patrick Zamoi, Rite Honorable Anthony Lino Makana, our elders especially Dr. Samson Wassara and my colleagues in your different capacities. Thanks for your advice and support one way or the other to ensure that our common vision is paramount to a viable and upright society void of conflict and backwardness. To my colleagues and friends with whom we started the journey from Sudan, to Central Africa, Uganda and Kenya; thank you much for your cooperation. May we continue to give a helping hand to each other throughout our unending ventures. Thanks to United States International University (USIU) management and the teaching and support staff for giving me more opportunity and imparting knowledge. Finally, my sincere thanks go to Dr. George Kabongah my wise supervisor and the Department of International Relations’ Chairperson for guidance. v ABSTRACT Many studies have been carried out on post-conflict disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in many countries including the Republic of South Sudan. However, to this date, there is no comprehensive literature or empirical data on the process of DDR on the Sudan People’s Liberation Army. Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 up to date, there has not been sustainable peace in the world’s nascent state. This vexes the mind as if the world neglected the newly born country, South Sudan or the country is crippled by natural phenomena which hinder it to learn how to crawl, walk and grow? It is also confusing and paradoxical that after many years of wars for liberation and self rule, and attaining independence in 2011, South Sudan is still listed among fragile states with high risks of sliding into a failed state. To this very day, the country continues to experience institutional and infrastructural challenges; with only one major asphalt road connecting the East African countries through the Nimule-Uganda borders. This main supply route is also under threat by insurgents and lack of maintenance. Many countries have undergone political instability akin to that of South Sudan, yet they successfully conducted DDR programs despite the challenges encountered. The urge for collective responsibility of all stakeholders is key at this juncture. Such successes registered elsewhere during post-conflicts era need a replica in the South Sudanese case. Keywords: DDR, UNMISS, Post-conflict, State-building, Militia, Resources. vi LIST OF ACRONYMS AU - African Union AUC - Auto-Defensas Unidas de Colombia (paramilitaries) CAR - Central African Republic CPA - Comprehensive Peace Agreement CTSAMVM - Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements Monitoring and Verification Mechanism DDR - Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo ELN - Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army, Colombia) EU - European Union FARC - Fuerzas Armas Revolucionarias de Colombia (The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) ICBF - Colombian Institute for Family Well being IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development IOM - International Organization for Migration JMCC - Joint Military Ceasefire Commission LRA - Lord’s Resistance Army PIU - Project Implementation Unit PoC - Protection of Civilians Site PCTSA - Permanent Ceasefire and Transitional Security Arrangements PTSD - Post-traumatic stress disorder RJMEC - Reconstituted Joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission RUF - Revolution United Front SALW - Small Arms and Light Weapons SDSR - Strategic Defense and Security Review SLPP - Sierra Leone People’s Party vii SSDDRC - South Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission SPLA - Sudan People’s Liberation Army SSPDF - South Sudan People’s Defense Forces SRSG - Special Representative of the Secretary General SSR - Security Sector Reform UNDP - United Nations Development Fund UNMIS - United Nations Mission in Sudan UNMISS - United Nations Mission in South Sudan UNSC - United Nations Security Council WAAF - Women Association with Armed Forces and Groups viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Four Stage-process of the conflict cycle ........................................................ 35 Table 2: Mixed method design………………………………………………………...43 Table 3: Percentage representation of obstacles to successful DDR IN South Sudan…66 ix LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1: Multiplicity Constraint between State-building and Stability ........................... 36 Fig 2: Schematic representation of the mixed methods ............................................... 39 Fig 3: Do you keep records of weapons in your institution? ....................................... 61 Fig 4: Are weapons all labelled and numbered? .......................................................... 62 Fig 5: Have you heard of firearms being sold or smuggled from the stores? .............. 62 Fig 6: Those with idea about disarmament, demobilization and reintegration ............ 64 Fig 7: Do you think DDR was properly conducted in South Sudan? .......................... 64 Fig 8: Was DDR successful? ....................................................................................... 65 Fig 9: Highest level of Education ................................................................................ 68 Fig 10: Age bracket ...................................................................................................... 69 Fig 11: Do many guns in the hands of civilians encourage cattle raiding? ................. 72 Fig 12: Proliferation of firearms are responsible for insecurity in South Sudan ......... 75 Fig 13: Is it a good practice to own a gun or guns in South Sudan? ............................ 76 Fig 14: Multiplicity Constraint between proliferation and violence ...........................

Load more

  125

Copy Link