Okuna-To-English Dictionary
Chapter 1
Okuna-to-English Dictionary
This dictionary includes a large yet still preliminary alphabetical listing of Okuna words and phrases. Some notes on the arrangement and formatting of the glossary are given below: 1. Alphabetization follows English conventions. Words beginning with lh are alphabetized with words beginning with l, while words beginning with tl and ts are alphabetized with words beginning with t. 2. Words and phrases are classified into the following categories: adverbial [a], conjunction [c], interjection [i], noun [n], particle [p], and verb [v]. Verbs are further divided into Class I, Class II, and Class III, abbreviated [v1], [v2], and [v3], respectively. When a case-inflected form of a noun or noun phrase is listed separately, the case abbreviation (see below) is included with the category abbreviation—e.g., [n(loc)] for a locative case-marked noun or noun phrase. Idioms and fixed expressions are marked [e], and are listed under the (main) verb they contain. 3. Nouns are listed in their unmarked form. This is identical to the stem, except when the unmarked form ends in a stressed vowel (e.g., nap`e ‘daughter’), in which case the stem ends in h (napeh-). Verbs are listed in their citation form, consisting of the stem followed by the ending -a, which marks both the non-past imperfect and the dependent indicative forms. 4. Productively derived words, along with idioms and fixed expressions, are listed as subentries. Derived words are listed under the word from which they are derived. They are generally included only if they have an unpredictable meaning, or if their closest English equivalent(s) are not obvious. Idioms and fixed expressions consisting of two or more nouns or two or more verbs are listed under the head (i.e., the final noun/verb). Those consisting of a verb and a noun are listed under the verb. 5. Entries for verbs may end in a case frame, given in angled brackets. The case frame provides information about the cases which the verb assigns to its arguments, in situations where this information cannot be clearly inferred from the verb’s meaning and class membership. Case frames make use of the following abbreviations: nominative (nom), dative (dat), ergative (erg), locative (loc), allative (all), ablative (abl), instrumental (inst). These abbreviations fill ‘slots’ within the case frame which designate the corresponding arguments. For example, the case frame for kahta ‘hit’ is given as: This is meant to show that if a sentence like ‘The girl hit the tree (with a stick)’ or ‘The girl hit the stick against the tree’ were translated into Okuna, ‘the girl’ would be rendered with a noun phrase in the ergative case, ‘the tree’ with a noun phrase in the dative case, and ‘the stick’ (if present) with a noun phrase in either the nominative case or the instrumental case. Note that, when a verb has more than one possible English equivalent, typically only one of the equivalents will be used in the case frame, unless different equivalents require different case frames.
1 2 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
afa [v3] come on, come along, go on, go along, highest point in the sky). accompany; take along, bring along; (fig.) par- ahotsin [n] corn, maize. ticipate, take part; follow, obey, comply with, ahotsinkot [n] ear of corn. conform to. afemit [n] escort, entourage. clude nom> ahpanen [n] whole (containing or tuhanme afa [v3] follow a rule, obey a law. incorporating smaller parts). ahpe [n] part, por- afima [v1] be parallel, be side by side; be arranged tion, component; addition, supplementary ele- in parallel lines. ment. ahpemit [n] gear, equipment, provisions, ahim [n] breath; air. accoutrements. ahpeta [v2] come to include, in- ahinka [v2] let air escape; breathe out, exhale; corporate; add to, incorporate into; provide, fur- blow out. ahinkota nish, equip with. ahkame [n] full sibling (child of both one’s par- ahta [v2] join, meet up with, rendezvous with; ents). ahkamehats [n] the sibling relationship. bring together. ehtsan [n] twin, one of a pair of twins. ahte [n] father. ahkena [v1] be principal, main, primary, major, of ahtehats [n] fatherhood. ahtehatsme [n(inst)] greatest importance, (most) essential, supreme; as/like a father, in a fatherly way. be central, innermost. ahkene [n] head, chief; ahtena [v2] be included; count, matter, be impor- the main (one(s)), the principal (one(s)), the tant; include, count, consider, pay attention to, primary (one(s)); (inner) essence, core, centre. assign importance to. ahkunan [n] companion, fellow. ahkunanmit [n] ahti [n] shape; style, mode; technique. fellowship, cohort, group of companions. ahtima [v1] lie on the ground, collect/accumulate ahkunankats [n] companionship, fellowship. on the ground, cover the ground (used esp. of par- ahkupa [v1] be connected to, related to, relevant ticulate substances like snow, sand, or leaves). to; have something to do with. ohpeu akhupa gravel, etc.), place where falling material has col- [v] be causally connected to, have a cause and lected; collection, accumulation. effect relationship with. ahtlama [n] domesticated animal; pet, animal ahkusta [v3] agree; decide (together), settle on. companion. ahkuste [n] ahtseipa [v1] share a common source or origin; agreement, arrangement, settlement, shared de- share ancestry, be related (by blood/birth), be cision. kin, be cognate; be akin. ahmoita [v3] share, share in, receive a share of ahtseipats [n] relatedness; familial relationship, (food or other resources); share out, divide up, kinship, consanguinity. ahtseipanen [n] com- split up, apportion, distribute, give (s.o.) a share mon origin, common source, (shared) ancestry. of. tion, family member; cognate, person or thing ahmoite [n] share, portion, cut. with which one shares a common origin. ahmokame [n] maternal cousin; relative on one’s ahuna [v1] be uncovered, bare, (in the) open, ex- mother’s side. posed; be naked, nude, unclothed. ahunta [v2] aho [n] sun. uncover, expose, bare, reveal; disrobe, remove ahokipihe [n] the planet Mercury. one’s clothing. ahopiau [n] zenith, the highest point of the sun aihan [n] gold (metal). in the sky; noon, midday, the time of day when aihne [n] gold(en) thing, amber thing. aihne the sun is at its highest point; (fig.) south, south- nalei [n] the colour gold, the colour amber. ern (esp. when used to modify a noun denoting aila [v2] cry, bawl, wail. a location). aile [n] silver(y) thing, object with a shiny or re- ahopiaut [n] south (lit. direction of the sun at its flective surface. 3 ailot [n] silver (metal); mirror. alhta [v3] invert, turn over, flip. ailhta [v1] be in- aipa [v2] float, hover, drift (in the air, or on the sur- verted, flipped, upside-down. ampe alhta [v3] face of water); be afloat, be aloft; move through change one’s mind, change one’s opinion or po- the air/water, be blown. aipyipa [v2] float, be sition; have a change of heart. kasu alhta [v3] buoyant. an aipa [v2] (p.t. atmosphere) be still, turn a page (of a book). kutsmoi alhta [v3] calm (i.e., not windy). tsasan aipa [v2] be hu- turn over on one’s back. ope alhta [v3] change mid, sticky, moist. one’s mind, change what one believes. aitsip [n] wasp. aliaken [n] length, distance, span. ak`a [n] spleen. alimalh [n] beginning (point), start, inception, akaile [n] temperature. commencement, opening. alimalhu [n(abl)] akapa [v2] be steady, move at a steady pace; do from the start, from the get go. alimalhu su (s.th.) at a steady pace. [n(abl)] right from the start, all along. aki [n] flea. alina [v1] be uncertain, doubtful, dubious; be re- akiel [n] appearance, looks. luctant, hold back, hesitate to act. alinats [n] doubt, uncertainty; re- akioit [n] speed, velocity, pace. luctance, hesitation. akma [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate ir- alioin [n] age. realis dative + first person inclusive ergative). alioinkats [n] age (esp. of a person), stage or pe- akme [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate ir- riod in one’s life/development. realis dative + first person inclusive nominative). aliointuk [n] age group, generation. ako [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate irre- alla [v1] be fresh (i.e., not spoiled, used of food). alis dative + second person ergative). alna [v1] be alluring, sexually attractive. noun). alom [n] hill (esp. with steep sides), butte; cone of akoloim [n] difficulty, level/degree of difficulty; ef- a volcano. kihalom [n] hillock, knoll. fort, toil. alona [v1] be aroused, lusty, horny, in the mood for akot [n] box, small chest; compartment. sex; arouse, inspire lust. alone [n] lust, arousal; object of enable. aktapats [n] help, aid, assis- alontsa [v2] make camp, set up camp. alontse [n] tance. camp, camping. aku [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate irre- alontsen [n] camp, campsite. alis dative + second person nominative). alu [n] fat, grease; oil. akuiset [n] length of time, duration, span. aluhtse [n] smell, aroma, odour. akut [n] to you (2nd plural irrealis dative pronoun). alusak [n] lamp oil, oil used as fuel. alaine [n] (p.t. light) degree of brightness, inten- ama [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate irre- sity; (p.t. sound) pitch, frequency. alis dative + first person singular ergative). alats [n] birch tree. ama [n] mama, mommy. ale [n] thread, yarn. amahtle [n] taste, flavour. aleut [n] help, aid, assistance. amai [n] to me (1st singular irrealis dative pro- aleutekan [n] benefit, advantage; use, usefulness. noun). alha [v1] be allowed, permitted. amal`o [n] happiness, joy, delight. alhena [v1] feel like, be in the mood for, be inclined ame [n] mother. to(wards). ame [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate irre- alhene [n] mood, feeling, inclination; desire. alis dative + first person singular nominative). alhme [n(inst)] though, although, despite (the fact amehats [n] motherhood; childbearing. that); even if (marks concessive clauses). ntsune amoitl [n] meaning, significance, signification, con- alhme [n(inst)] nevertheless, even if not; al- tent (of a sign or message); interpretation, read- though that’s not the case. ing; understanding. alhoit [n] weight. ampa [v1] think, believe, consider, have the opinion 4 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
that. ampe [n] opinion, be- ankim [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate irre- lief, viewpoint, position, feeling(s). ampeta [v2] alis dative + first person inclusive nominative). come to believe, come to the opinion that, decide; ankima [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate ir- convince. eihte ampa anma [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate irre- [v1] be right, have the right position/opinion. alis dative + first person singular ergative). kele ampa [v1] agree, concur. ufatl ampa [v1] be alis dative + first person singular nominative). wrong, have the wrong position/opinion. ano [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate irrealis ampilan [n] perimeter, periphery; outline; bor- dative + second person ergative). der(line), boundary (around something). anohte [n] more, a greater number (of); the ampilomuats [n] ripples. most, the greatest number (of). ianohtena [a] ampimutu [n] pen, corral, enclosure, stockade, sur- more, more often. kanohteme, kanohtei [a] rounding wall or fence. more times (in a row); more, to a greater de- ampio [n] area around, surrounding area. am- gree/extent, by a larger factor. kihanohte [n] piomit [n] surroundings, environs, environment; a few more. tohanohte [n] a lot more, many community, society. tohampiona [n(loc)] ev- more. ntse anohte [n] not more; no more, not erywhere, all around. any more. ampioian [n] rim, circumference. ante [n] many, a lot (quantifies count nouns). ampiota [v3] surround, encircle, go around; iantena [a] often, many times, on many occa- put/place around. ampioita [v1] surround. iante ampi- alis dative + first person exclusive ergative). ota [v3] jump out and surround, ambush. antsaka [n] many kinds (of), various. ampisemu [n] foreskin. antse [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate irre- amuohfe [n] (degree of) thickness, density, consis- alis dative + first person exclusive nominative). tency; (p.t. colour) brightness, intensity, degree anu [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate irrealis of saturation. dative + second person nominative). an [n] still air, lack of wind. apait [n] height. anai [n] to him, to her; to this (one), to that (one) apiat [n] prong-horned antelope. (3rd singular animate irrealis dative pronoun and apun [n] wheel. demonstrative). apunkol [n] axle. anat [n] to them; to these (ones), to those (ones) apunmet [n] hub (of a wheel). (3rd plural animate irrealis dative pronoun and asa [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate irre- demonstrative). alis dative + first person exclusive ergative). ania [v1] (see: iena). asat [n] to us (1st plural exclusive irrealis dative aniema [v2] get better, improve; make better, pronoun). ameliorate. ase [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate irre- anihte [n] as many, equally many. ianihtena [a] as alis dative + first person exclusive nominative). often, as frequently, equally often. kanihteme, atai [n] to it; to this (one), to that (one); there, kanihtei [a] as many times (in a row); as much, to there, thither (3rd singular inanimate irrealis to as great an extent, to the same extent. ntse dative pronoun and demonstrative). anihte [n] not as many, fewer. ntse ianihtena atak [n] leg, limb, appendage (esp. of an animal). [a] not as often; seldom. ntse kanihteme, ntse atat [n] to them; to these (ones), to those (ones) kanihtei [a] not as many times, fewer times (in (3rd plural inanimate irrealis dative pronoun and a row); less, not as much, to a lesser extent. demonstrative). anin [p] still, even so; nevertheless, anyway, in any atia [v2] approach, move towards, get close(r) to; case. husu anin [p] even so. bring/move close(r) to. utia [v1] be close be better/best (if). (to), near, nearby, in the area (of), in the vicinity. 5
heulhte atia [v2] pull auote [n] feeling, sensation; emotion; stimulus, towards, draw towards, attract. klalpe atia [v2] thing which is felt or perceived; feature, trait, stalk, sneak up on, approach stealthily. lhahe characteristic, property. atia [v2] reach (out) for, reach towards. nalhpe auotekan [n] sensory value, (visual/auditory) in- atia [v2] beckon towards, motion towards. pake atia [v2] (take a) step towards, step closer to. pihe atia, sahe atia [v2] gain on, efa [v1] have, own, possess; belong to. efanen [n] owner; atlo [n] warning, alarm. atlo ha [e] look out, watch ownership. efe [n] property, possession; goods. out, be careful! efin [n] order, system, harmonious arrangement, atlpa [v2] play, make music. atlpaka [n] player, musician. ranged, in order; be harmonious; be regular, pat- atlpakamit [n] band, ensemble, group of musi- terned. cians. atlpanen [n] musical instrument. atlpe, efoi [a] then, later, hereafter, after now, from now, atlpats [n] music, piece of music; playing, mu- in the future; in (a certain amount of time; pre- sical performance. kiyn atlpanen [n] stringed ceded by a noun phrase in the instrumental case). instrument. esihpi efoi [a] in a while. atoihe [n] size, bigness. efos [n] problem, difficulty. aton [n] can, canister, tin, metal container. ehampi [a] for a long time. atsafe [a] very, truly, really, extremely, terribly, ehisne [a] late. horribly (intensifier for verbs with a negative con- ehkalain [n] dawn, daybreak, first light of day. notation). ehkamne [a] early. atsoin [n] loudness, volume (of sound). ehkana [v1] come from, be from, hail from, origi- atua [v2] rest, have a rest. tsan atua [v2] rest nate at, be native to; emerge from, spring from, oneself, get (oneself) some rest. issue from. ehkanampa atulme [n] breadth, girth; mass, weight. [v2] be original, act in a distinctive manner. aule [n] sound. kihaule [n] soft sound, small noise. okau ehkana [v1] be a member of a tribe or tohaule [n] loud noise. cultural group. aulina [v3] determine, ascertain, establish, make ehkanen [n] origin(s), source, provenance; home, sure, confirm, verify; conclude, reach a conclu- birthplace; homeland, native region, territory sion, decide, resolve, settle (a question). auline [n] determination, ehkasuk [n] baby tooth. conclusion, decision, resolution. ehkisut [n] firstborn child. aun [n] if, whether (marks indirect questions). ehkype [n] cargo, goods, merchandise. aunme [n(inst)] if, when, provided that, on ehsa [v3] tear, rip, rend. ditional clauses); as for, regarding, given X, as ehtape [n] weft (on a loom). far as X is concerned (marks contrastive top- ehte [n] three. ehteka [n] third (ordinal). ehtetla ics). aun anteme [n(inst)] often when, in many [n] (one) third (fraction). kaiehte [n] triple, cases when/where. aun elhkoua [n(all)] just in three-part (thing); three times; threesome, trio, case. aun iketme [n(inst)] always when, when- group of three. kaiehtei, kaiehteme [a] three ever. aun sepyime [n] sometimes when, in some times (in a row); threefold, by a factor of three. cases when/where. aun tsomoteme [n] usu- iehtena [a] thrice, three times, in three cases, ally when, in most cases when/where. ntsune on three occasions. iehtekana [a] for the third aunme [n(inst)] if not, otherwise. X aunme time. ne [e] what about X? ehtepatam [n] thirteen. ehtepatanka [n] thir- auohi [n] darling, dear one, beloved (term of en- teenth. dearment). ehtsan [n] one, only one, a single. 6 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
eiahtena [a] at other times, in other cases, on other ekmo [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate occasions. ergative + first person inclusive realis dative). eihtaut [n] the right way. ekona [v1] be hungry; hunger. ekonampa [v2] cause/inspire eima [a] still, yet; again; more; (in comparative hunger; be appetizing, palatable; be tempting, constructions) even. eima ante [n] many more; enticing, delectable. ekonats [n] hunger. ekone still a lot. eima ntse [p] still not, not yet. eima [n] hunger, cause or source of hunger; type of food takan [a] still, even now. for which one is hungry. eka [n] here (place near both speaker and ad- ekop [n] pinecone. dressee); there (place near addressee). ekpa [v2] carry, bear; bring, take, convey (by car- eka [v1] be empty; be lacking (in some property rying); hold, keep; wear (an article of clothing); or substance). ekta [v3] empty, make/become be about, concern, deal with. ekpanen [n] topic, pose. lhan eka [v1] be defeated, demoralized, subject matter. atsafe ekpa [v2] be terrible, have low morale; lack the will to act. mohi eka awful, horrible; be very unfortunate, highly re- [v1] be unclouded, clear (p.t. fluids, glass, crys- gretable. efos ekpa [v2] have a problem; have tal, etc.); be colourless, transparent. tipe eka problems, be in trouble. fasoun ekpa [v2] be [v1] be simple, plain, unadorned; be lacking in proud, act with pride. ihfoite ekpa [v2] keep detail. a secret. kan ekpa [v2] be worthy; be valu- ekane [p] just, specifically, in particular; exactly, able, have worth/value. kilhte ekpa [v2] hold precisely; in this case. in/with one’s teeth. lhan ekpa [v2] be resolved, ekanta [v3] choose, select, appoint, elect; autho- determined; have will, act with determination; rize, empower. ekantal be certain, definite. masi`oekpa [v2] be sorrow- [n] office, function, appointment, post, position ful. mehu ekpa [v2] be ashamed, feel shame; of responsibility. ekantats [n] election, appoint- be shameful. minahkan ekpa [v2] be beloved, ment. ekainte [n] elected official. ekaintanen cherished, dear, highly valued. ekas [n] single (thing), whole; once, one time. minta ekpa [v2] have meaning, be meaningful; ekasme [n(inst)] (only) once (referring to the mean, express, denote, signify. minukan ekpa number of repetitions of an event). ekas iapme [v2] be interesting, stimulating. nesap ekpa [v2] [a] again, once more, one more time. have a question (to ask). nole ekpa [v2] be eket [n] each, every, each of them, they each; each admired, respected, esteemed; be admirable, re- of the (inanimate). eun eket [n] everywhere. spectable. ntah`oekpa [v2] despair; be miser- hen eket [n] both, both of them, both of the; able, demoralized, daunted. okoni ekpa [v2] be the two of them each (inanimate). in a certain condition. ta okoni m`a`ekpan? eketl [n] shell, carapace, exoskeleton (of an arthro- [e] what condition is it in?, what’s it like?, how pod); fingernail, toenail. euti eketl [n] eggshell. is it? simu ekpa [v2] show concern. sioku- ekina [a] every time, each time, whenever, in every minta ekpa [v2] be ambiguous, have a double case. l`oekina [a] every day. ulhmo ekina [a] meaning. soun ekpa [v2] be brave, bold, coura- every year. geous, strong-willed, undaunted; act with con- ekitomu [n] fool, idiot. viction. tlehai ekpa [v2] respect, have respect, ekitymok [n] frantic, chaotic, and misdirected or show respect. tsimu ekpa [v2] be compassionate, have ado about nothing (lit. ‘empty thunder’). empathy. yhmamehu ekpa [v2] be humiliated. eklion [n] left, left hand side. ekliona [n(all)] left, ekpiha [v2] search, look around. ekpihe [n] search. inie on the one hand X, on the other hand Y. ek- ekpiha [v2] look, search (by looking around). lionna [n(loc)] on the left. eksia [v2] shave; scrape the surface of (to remove ekme [n] (clitic cluster: third person inani- hair). ekseia [v1] be shaved, (clean-)shaven, mate ergative + first person inclusive nomina- smooth. tive/irrealis dative). eku [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- 7
tive + second person nominative). graceful; be calm, relaxed, at ease, peaceful, com- ekue [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- fortable; be well, healthy; trust, believe in. eielioma [v3] make/become more add (as an enhancement). ekulhe [n] infusion, ter. eliampa [v2] be calming, relaxing, put at flavour(ing), seasoning. ease; be graceful, nimble, agile; move gracefully; ekuo [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- be hospitable. eliampe [n] comfort; grace, ease, tive + second person realis dative). agility. elita [v3] relax, become relaxed, calm ekusa [v2] be a cowardly act; be cowardly, craven, (down). timid, fainthearted; act with cowardice, act out eliampi [a] easily, with ease; smoothly, gracefully; of cowardice, succumb to fear, lack the courage well. of one’s convictions. pleasing (not used of people); (p.t. landscapes) ekusaka [n] coward, craven. ekuse [n] act of be scenic. cowardice. ekusats [n] cowardice, acting in a elila [v2] hug, embrace, hold tightly in one’s arms. cowardly manner, not living up to one’s convic- elilhanke [n] calligraphy. tions. eliol [n] ease, comfort; trust; health, well-being. ekusin [n] cowardice, timidity, crippling fear. elipaimanen [n] medicine; food or preparation ela [a] in each case; in any case, anyway, anyhow; which promotes health. regardless. ela ehtsanme [n(inst)] one at a elohfoi [a] tomorrow. fene elohfoi [a] tomorrow time, one by one. ela henme [n(inst)] two at a at the earliest, no sooner than tomorrow. hulne time, two by two, in pairs. ela m`a [n] anything elohfoi [a] tomorrow at the latest, no later than (at all), it doesn’t matter what. ela X su Y [c] tomorrow, by tomorrow. hun elohfoi [a] tomor- either X or Y. row night. koset elohfoi [a] tomorrow evening. elan [n] line, edge, contour. kotsim elohfoi [a] tomorrow morning, in the elh [c] and, and then; so, and so, and thus (denotes morning. a sequential or causal relation). elohka [a] yesterday. hun elohka [a] last night. elha [v3] put into, place inside, insert; soak, sat- koset elohka [a] yesterday evening. kotsim urate, treat with (a liquid). elhe [n] emalh [n] when, which time, which occasion; contents, filling; substance used to treat some- some time, some point (in time), some occasion. thing. eilhanen [n] container, vessel; compart- emailh sik`a [n(dat)] until when, (for) how long, ment; treated material. hauk elha [v3] smoke how much longer. emalhme [n(inst)] during (e.g., meat or fish). myiouk elba [v3] pad, cush- what time, for how long; how, under what cir- ion, line the inside of. nalei elha [v3] dye. cumstances. emalhna [n(loc)] when, at which tiause elha [v3] pour into. time, on which occasion; sometime, at a cer- elhkani [n] snout. tain point, on a certain occasion; at any point. elhko [n] purpose, goal; reason; sake, benefit. emalhu su [n(abl)] since when, (for) how long. elhkoua [n(all)] for, for the purpose of; for eme [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- the sake/benefit of; in order to, so that. aun tive + first person singular nominative). elhkoua [n(all)] just in case. tiaun elhkoua emi [a] when; sometime, at some point; ever. [n(all)] in that case, just in case (of that). emi [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- elhu [n] eleven. elhuka [n] eleventh (ordinal). el- tive + first person singular irrealis dative). hutla [n] (one) eleventh (fraction). kaielhu [n] emiampi [a] (for) how long; for a certain length of eleven-part (thing); eleven times; group of eleven. time. kaielhoi, kaielhume [a] eleven times (in a row); emifoi [a] when; sometime, at some point; ever elevenfold, by a factor of eleven. ielhuna [a] (used of future events). eleven times, in eleven cases, on eleven occasions. emihka [a] when; sometime, at some point; ever ielhukana [a] for the eleventh time. (used of past events). elia [v1] be soft and smooth, toned, lithe; be easy, emo [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- 8 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
tive + first person singular realis dative). (by name), use/say the name of. esiante, esiantats [n] reference, men- mate). eun emot [n] everywhere, all over. hen tion, citation. emot [n] both, both of them, they both; both of esie [n] light rain, mist. the (inanimate). esiehuilau [n] rainbow. empehisna [a] the next time. esihpi [a] for a while. empehkaina [a] (for) the first time. esimoita [v3] be named, acquire one’s adult name. empekamna [a] last, the last time, previously, esimoitats [n] naming ceremony. most recently. esip [n] flower, blossom. empekunna [a] (for) the last time, the final time. esitia [v2] grow up, mature, develop; raise, rear, empiolhna [a] nowadays, these days, currently; bring up, parent (a child). esitiaka [n] parent, caregiver, emuna [a] always, in all cases, on all occasions. guardian, one raising a child. esitie [n] growing emuohpi [a] (for) the whole time. hun emuohpi child, developing child, child whom one is raising; [a] all night (long), (for) the whole night. l`o ward. esitianen [n] growing up, maturation, de- emuohpi [a] all day (long), (for) the whole day. velopment; (time, place, etc., of one’s) childhood. ulhmo emuohpi [a] all year, (for) the whole esitiats [n] growth, growing up; parenting, child year. rearing. enek [n] lizard. esitiemin [n] puberty, (period of) maturation. enkit [n] breeze, light wind. eska [v3] ask for, request. eske [n] request. wards; take (s.o.) in the direction of; try (for), eskuke [p/v] please (marks polite commands). attempt, strive for, aspire towards, have a go at; eso [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- seek, search for, look for, aim for. epanen [n] heading; goal, aim, objec- manage to get to; manage, succeed. estal [n] achieve- fort, endeavour. ment, attainment. estats [n] success. etle esta epam [n] top, horizontal surface (solid, as of a ta- [v3] find, locate (by scent). inie esta [v3] (man- ble). epamna [n(loc)] on (top of). age to) find, spot, locate (by sight). sahe esta es [n] one, a/an. [v3] catch up to/with, intercept. sot esta [v3] esalh [n] one time/occasion. esalhna [n(loc)] get through to, make understand, manage to once, at one time, on one occasion. esalh iapna communicate with. [n(loc)] another time, some other time, on an- estin [n] range, reach, distance. other occasion. esalhna ihka [a] once before, at eta [v3] go, come; bring, take. eliampi eta [e] good- ese [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- bye, farewell (said to someone leaving; lit. ‘[may tive + first person exclusive nominative). you] go easily’). iante eta [v3] jump (on)to. esi [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate erga- inie eta [v3] look, gaze, cast one’s eyes (upon). tive + first person exclusive irrealis dative). kuhinie eta [v3] scowl, glare, give a dirty look. esiampa [v3] address (by name), call by name. lhahe eta [v3] reach out esiampe, esiampa- to, stretch out to, extend to. ntah`oeta [v3] nen [n] use of one’s name; form of address; greet- lose one’s nerve, cause/begin to despair; demor- ing, salutation. tsutakis esiampa [v3] insult, alize, make/become miserable. pake eta [v3] esian [n] name (esp. one’s adult name). kihesian step up to. saninie eta [v3] be enraged, furious. [n] (adult) nickname, epithet. solhe eta [v3] throw esiankats [n] adulthood, maturity. esiankatsme to, cast to, toss to. tupe eta [v3] walk to. [n(inst)] as an adult. esiankatsna [n(loc)] in etaupa [v1] be predicted; should, supposed to. adulthood, when/once one is an adult. etlampi [a] for so long; for that long, that’s how esianta [v3] name, mention, refer to, identify long. 9 etle [n] nose. the speaker and the addressee). etleloi [n] nostril. euolha [v1] be over there, be yonder (away from etlen [n] right, the right hand side. etlena [n(all)] speaker and addressee); be there (at a previously- right, to the right. etlenna [n(loc)] on the right. mentioned location); there is, that is, voil`a. eu- etohampi [a] for a very long time, for a great while. olhota [v2] stay there, remain there; keep (s.th.) etotsomopi [a] almost always, nearly all the time. there. euolhta [v3] go (over) there, take (over) etsa [v3] say, tell. etsampa [v2] speak, talk there, take there (to a previously mentioned to/with; converse with. etsampe, etsampats [n] talk, speech; eupa [v1] be alone, be the only one. eupampa [v2] conversation, discussion. etse [n] utterance, keep to oneself, stay apart, stay away (from oth- (spoken) word/phrase. etsihpa [v3] mean, in- ers). eupe [n] lone, lonesome (one); the only tend (to say). eihte (one), the sole (one). tiefu eupa [v1] be all etsa [v3] tell the truth, be honest. eliol etsa [v3] alone. say good-bye, bid farewell, wish (s.o.) well (upon eupona [v1] be forlorn; be lonely, feel alone. [v3] whisper, speak/say in a whisper. hate etsa euti [n] egg (of a bird or reptile). eutimit [n] clutch [v3] shout, exclaim. kanu etsa [v3] lie, tell a lie, of eggs. say something false; deceive. kanu etsaka [n] eutimok [n] egg yolk. liar. kefis etsa [v3] threaten. kufusot etsampa [v2] gossip, spread gossip. muohsot etsa [v3] apologize. tle- f`a [n] feather. haime itse [e] with all due respect. tlote etsa faha [v3] fold, fold over. [v3] be serious, sincere, in earnest (i.e., not jok- hentlai faha, hentla hein faha [v3] fold in ing or dissembling); say something serious. uske half. etsa [v3] deceive, mislead, lie. fahfa [v1] be terrible, horrible, awful. etsi [n] here, over here (place near the speaker). fahka [v2] moult, shed feathers; cause to moult. etskana [v3] arrive, show up, appear, come; bring. fahkats [n] moulting time, period of flightlessness during etskuna [v1] be here, be present. eliampi et- moulting. fahke [n] moulting; moulted feathers. skana [e] welcome (lit. ‘[may you] arrive eas- fahoi [n] fold, furrow, pleat, ridge. ily’). tuohisne etskana [v3] be late, arrive late. fahoie [n] vulva; labia. tuohkamne etskana [v3] be early, arrive early. fala [n] party, festival, celebration. etskasta [v3] summon, cause to appear; call, bring falha [v1] be hoped for, wished for; hope, wish. (forth), produce. falhe [n] hope, wish. etskopa [v3] realize, come to know, come to un- falua [v2] start over, start again, begin over again. derstand; notice; cause to notice/realize, point fana [v2] be affectionate towards, treat with affec- out, bring (s.th.) to the attention of. fasa [v2] decrease, subside, taper (off), gradually etsoma [v2] be talkative. stop; dwindle, ebb, diminish, die away; (p.t. fire) etsomopi [a] for most of the time, mostly. die down, slowly burn out. etsuompi [a] for too long. fasoun [n] pride. eua [v1] be clean. aieuema [v2] clean, get/make fata [v1] be bad, harmful, damaging, destructive, cleaner, do some cleaning. euta [v2] clean (up), malignant. cleanse, get clean. lhime euta [v2] wipe clean fehia [v1] be uncomfortably hot. euhte [n] the only ones (plural). feksa [v1] tingle (unpleasantly), prickle, itch; be ir- eun [n] place, location. ritated. feksampa [v2] be itchy, 10 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
prickly, irritating; cause itchiness or irritation. ha [p] in fact, actually, as it happens (emphatic par- fene [p] at the lower limit; at least, no less than, ticle expressing new or surprising information). no fewer than; no sooner than, no earlier than, at hafa [v1] be new, newly made/created; be fresh the earliest, not before. fene hekuna [n(loc)] (p.t. bread or other prepared food). no sooner than, no earlier than, at the earliest. hain [n] frame, framework (e.g., the beams that fenta [v2] scold, criticize, show disapproval. form the framework of a house); arbor; scaffold, fentoma [v2] be critical, disapproving. rack; structure, construction, arrangement. fenu [n] riddle. haio [n] whispering without words, murmuring, feti [n] scarf. rustling; the sound of the wind. fiaku [n] trash, rubbish, refuse; worthless or useless haka [v2] scrape, rasp. thing(s); trivia, drivel, nonsense, gobbledygook. hakatla [v2] laugh. hakatle, hakatlats [n] laugh, fiana [v1] be warm (to the touch); be comforting, laughter, laughing. reassuring. hakon [n] grindstone. fiha [v1] be young; be new. fihats [n] youth. hakla [v2] go straight, move in a straight line, go fihkoipa [v1] be new, novel, unfamiliar, strange, directly. haklame [n(inst)] straight, right, di- different. [n] straight line. fihu [n] young (one). hakta [v1] be tired, weary, fatigued. minap hakta finta [v1] be tense, agitated, strained, stressed, ex- [v1] be thoroughly tired, exhausted, worn out (lit. cited, under stress/pressure; be tight, taut, con- tired in one’s bone marrow). strained. hakui [n] bristle, stiff hair; spine. fitia [v2] peck (at) (p.t. birds); nag, badger, bother, hakuima [n] brush. irritate, annoy. hal [n] temple, side of the head. fitok [n] hawk; falcon. hala [v2] soar, glide (like a hawk). halaka [n] bird fola [v1] be inevitable, highly likely, bound to be. of prey. fomuha [v1] be unending, persist, go on indefi- halai [n] summer. nitely. halaina [v1] be warm, warming; provide warmth, fona [v2] praise, laud, compliment. fone, fonats radiate heat. halainats [n] warmth, heat, heat- [n] praise, compliment(s). ing. halaine [n] heat source. fueile [n] bulge, bump, lump. halas [n] (long) coat, overcoat. fuia [v3] come out, emerge (from a body of wa- halhina [n] crown, circlet; wreath (worn on the ter); take (s.th.) out (of a body of water); (fig.) head). come to, regain consciousness, come out (of a halhka [v1] be dry, arid. halhketa [v3] dry, dry trance), be revived (e.g., after fainting). posed to fresh). fueia [v1] stick out, be above the level of the halhkahain [n] drying rack (for drying fish, laun- water. lhahe fuia [v3] stick out (of a body of dry, etc.). water); stretch/reach out, extend out (of a body halhkenam [n] arid region, desert. of water). souetinu fuia [v3] come out of a halhkona [v1] be thirsty; thirst (for). halhkonampa [v2] cause face of a body of water; p.t. water birds). thirst, make (s.o.) thirsty. halhkone [n] thirst, fula [v3] declare, proclaim; claim, assert. fule, fulats [n] declaration, thirsty. proclamation; claim, assertion. halime [p] on the contrary, rather. fulloi [n] pupil (of the eye). halle [p] however, yet. funtia [v1] be very dark, be pitch black. halma [n] book. futla [v1] be unpleasant, disagreeable, dislikable, halu [n] room. kihalu [n] small room, chamber, foul-tempered, unappealing (used esp. of peo- compartment, closet. tohalu [n] large room, ple). futlampa [v2] be unfriendly, impolite, hall. rude, disagreeable; behave badly, have bad man- hame [n] white/grey (thing), pale (thing), light- ners. coloured (thing) (used of hair; also of objects 11
whose original colour has faded or bleached). hasokuto [n] parsnip. hamekoin [n] old person, elder. hastin [n] deer (esp. whitetail deer). hameloi [n] cataract. hasu [n] life; living, being alive. hamo [n] market, marketplace. hasumiha [n] transgender woman. hamohi [n] steam, vapour. hasumin [n] life, lifetime, the course of one’s life. hamohimok [n] sweat lodge, sauna, steam room. hasumpa [v2] live, go through life, have (life) expe- hampi [a] a lot, much, very, greatly, to a riences. hasumpe, hasumpats [n] life, lifetime; great degree; (with eventive verbs) hard, in- experience(s). hasumpanen [n] way of life, way tensely, strongly, forcefully; intently, with ef- of living; the circumstances of one’s life. fort/concentration. tohampi [a] very much, ex- hasunkal [n] transgender man. tremely, exceedingly; very intensely, with great hata [v3] shout, cry, call out, give a shout. hate, hatats [n] shout, cry. lot, to a large extent. hati [n] heat, warmth; power, energy, force. han [n] much, a lot. tohan [n] a large amount, a hatiaha [n] volcanic ash. great deal, quite a lot. han iap [n] a lot more, hatina [v1] be warm (used of a person, object, or much else (besides). han iahte [n] many more, surface which has been exposed to heat, rather many other(s). than the heat source itself); be warmed, heated. hana [v3] cut, make a cut/gash in (i.e., cut with- ahatinima [v2] warm, heat, make/get warmer. out severing); (p.t. sound) blare out, peal, sound hatinota [v2] keep warm, stay warm. hatinta out suddenly; make, emit (a sound, usually [v2] warm up, heat up, make/get warm. loud and/or sudden). atlo hana [v3] sound an alarm, raise hatoun [n] flint. the alarm, make a warning call/noise; warn, hauat [n] fire, flames. tohauat [n] large fire, blaze, alert. lhonko hana [v3] make conflagration. alontsen hauat [n] campfire. a loud noise, be loud. lihke hana [v3] cut (into), hele hauat [n] signal fire, beacon. loka tohauat make a cut/incision in. losumilh hana [v3] (p.t. [n] forest fire. tapio hauat [n] signal fire, bea- a bell) sound the hour, signal the time of day. con, flare. niokaule hana [v3] echo, reverberate, resound. hauk [n] smoke. hanakol [n] torch, brand. haukia [v2] cough. haukie, haukiats [n] cough, hani [n] fox. coughing. hanoi [n] wound, cut, gash; incision. haukpite [n] soot. hanta [v1] be fit, appropriate, suitable, proper, he [v1] be, exist; there is (copula). hita [v2] be- acceptable; fit, be fitting. hantampa [v2] come, begin to be; make, cause, cause to be. be polite, be well-mannered, behave appropri- ner(s), convention(s) of politeness, standard of hehta [v2] move, shift (change position or ori- behaviour. entation, but without changing location); stir, hantilme [n] season, appropriate time; chance, op- be disturbed; disturb, rouse, arouse, cause portunity. to stir; move, (re)position, change the pos- hanu [n] teacher, scholar. ture/orientation of. kihaule hehta [v2] stir, make a hapa [v2] oppose, challenge; fight against, struggle small/quiet noise. tsan hehta [v2] masturbate against. hapaka [n] oppo- (lit. stir oneself). nent, challenger. hehtoma [v2] be restless, wakeful. hapakoin [n] opponent; enemy. heiku [a] again, once more (indicates repetition of hapanialie [n] scissors, shears. an action). heiku taheiku [a] again and again, hapasilh [n] thumb. over and over. has [n] white (thing). heka [n] shark. hasiku [n] pus. heki [n] way, means, method. haskitsu [n] head of garlic. hekiyn [n] cord, string, wire, twine (esp. when 12 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
wrapped around something to hold it in place); hentupa [v2] go/walk on two legs, be two-legged. knot; snare, noose (when set or pulled tight). hentupaka [n] biped. kihentupaka [n] toddler. hektia [v3] carry, bring, take, deliver. hepa [v3] go along, pass along (the length of), fol- hektuta [v2] hiccough. hektute, hektutats [n] low (a path); be on one’s way; take along. heipa heku [n] cause, account; time, occurrence, occasion. [v1] go, follow (used of a route or path); lie along hekuna [n(loc)] since, because, on account of; (a path), be adjacent to. hepota [v3] go on, given that, inasmuch as; when. heku hekuna keep going, continue. launa hepa [v3] be on [n(loc)] from time to time, occasionally, now and the way (to), be in transit. lhahe hepa [v3] stretch along, reach [n(loc)] at the same time, simultaneously. fene along, extend along. sukenme hepa [v3] take hekuna [n(loc)] not until (after), not before, the time to/for, take the opportunity to, set aside no sooner than, no earlier than. hulne hekuna space/time/resources for. tihelaume hepa [v3] [n(loc)] before, by the time (that), no later take a shortcut. than. laisne hekuna [n(loc)] right when, ex- hepahian [n] pipe, conduit. actly when, at the same time as, simultaneously hepalan [n] line, contour, path, route; edge, out- with; just as, as soon as. lhua hekuna [n(loc)] line. about when, around the time (that). hepalau [n] trail, path, way (leading from one place hele [n] signal, sign, warning, indication. kihele to another). hepalauna [n(loc)] on the way, on [n] symptom (of disease). one’s way, in transit. helhtam [n] slice. kihelhtam [n] thin slice, sliver. hepalomuats [n] wake, waves, ripples (made by a tohelhtam [n] thick/large slice, slab. boat or other object moving through the water). heluk [n] cold (illness). hepas`ı [n] current, flow. hema [n] warm water (from hot springs). hepaut [n] route, course; path, passage, way (along hemak [n] dark grey (thing). which one travels). hempi [n] pheasant. hes [n] rabbit; hare. hen [n] two. henka [n] second. hentla [n] (one) hesla [v3] become stuck, become lodged (in an half. ehenna [a] twice, two times, on two (dif- opening); get caught; stick, catch, jam, lodge, ferent) occasions. ehenkana [a] for the second snag. ple, pair, twosome, group of two (parts); two hestemon [n] red-tailed hawk. times. kahein, kahenme [a] twice, two times heta [v3] carry, bring, take, convey, transport, (in a row); twice, twofold, double, by a factor of transmit. hiele heta [v3] carry, transport, ship two. ela henme, hen la henme [n(inst)] two (by vehicle). natak heta [v3] strike, deliver a by two, two at a time, in groups of two. ilme blow. pynalhme heta [v3] hentla [n] fortnight. test, examine, put to the test. sioku heta [v3] balance, bring bal- henka [v1] be good, enjoyable, pleasant, appeal- ance to, bring into equilibrium; have a purpose; ing (used esp. of food or other consumables, pas- be sensible, rational, reasonable. enjoyable to all, all like/enjoy nom> henkats hetl [n] piece, small portion. kihetl [n] fragment. [n] pleasure, joy, enjoyment, appeal. kihenke [n] hetsan [n] fraction; portion, share. treat. ahenkohta [v1] be preferable, preferred; hets`o [n] snare, noose (esp. when loose). be (the) favourite. akiel henka [v1] look good, hetuksal [n] tunnel, passage, passageway, run (in a have a pleasing appearance, be enjoyable to look cave or burrow); (narrow) corridor, hallway (con- at. aluhtse henka [v1] smell good, have a pleas- necting one place to another). ant smell. amahtle henka [v1] taste good, be heuhka [v2] (p.t. a fire, chimney) smoke, emit tasty, delicious. aule henka [v1] sound nice, smoke. have a pleasant sound. heulhta [v2] pull, pull on; draw, attract. henkol [n] pleasure, enjoyment, delight. heut [n] north. 13 hi [n] it; that (3rd person inanimate nominative [n] hollowness; hollow, cavity, empty space. clitic). himiahki [n] trauma (mental/emotional trauma or hiafa [v3] bring along; include. himpeklha [v1] be nauseous. hiapa [v2] gallop. hiape, hiapats [n] gallop(ing). himpi`a [n] top, ceiling, roof (i.e., highest surface in hiali [n] undershirt. the interior of an enclosed space). huan himpi`a hial`o [a] today. fene hial`o [a] today at the ear- [n] the roof of one’s mouth. liest, no sooner than today, not before today. himuka [v2] blow out (a candle). hulne hial`o [a] today at the latest, no later than himuohfa [v1] be stuffy, lack proper air circula- today, by today. hun hial`o [a] tonight. koset tion; have a thick atmosphere. hial`o [n] this evening. kotsim hial`o [n] this himynta [v1] be cramped, confined, tight, con- morning. lem hial`o [n] today (during the day). strained; have a small/narrow interior. hian [n] tube, pipe; (hollow) cylinder. hina [n] ring, loop, circlet; circle. hias [n] wax. hinatlpa [v2] play (a wind instrument), blow into hiauma [v2] yawn. hiaume [n] yawn. (to make music). hinatlpanen [n] wind instrument. ing. hinkepe [n] intestines, entrails, guts. hiela [v2] go, move, be propelled (used of vehi- hintana [n] shelf. cles); go/travel by vehicle; take, ride (in) (a ve- hintika [v3] leak air, release air through a small hicle); drive, conduct, propel; row, sail. hielta [v2] set out, embark (on a trip by air from abl into dat, dat let in air> hinteika vehicle); launch. hiele [n] vehicle, conveyance, [v1] be drafty, have a draft, let in air. hielme [a] this month. huikuma hielme [a] this hintiuhe [n] urge, compulsion. month during the full moon. hintoha [v1] be roomy, spacious, have a large inte- hielmon [n] oar, paddle. rior. hiem [n] light grey (thing), blue-grey (thing). hintsuha [v3] blow (air) out, push (air) out. etleu hife [n] cushion, pillow. hintsuha [v3] blow one’s nose. hihta [v3] light, kindle, spark, ignite. hihte [n] tinder, kindling. hi`o [p] yes, indeed, so; actually, in fact (used as a heihtanen [n] fire, burning, combustion; thing focus particle, and when answering questions in which is on fire. the affirmative). hihtihme [n] outer layer, exterior; top layer, sur- hiolhmo [a] this year. ihmet hiolhmo [a] this face. spring, last spring (i.e., spring of this year). hihtsemin [n] constellation. hiokon [n] storehouse, storage tank, vault (any hihuikumats [n] waxing gibbous moon. free-standing above-ground structure of brick or hikua [v1] have a strong or complex taste or aroma; stone, used for storage). ahotsin hiokon [n] be rich, savoury, piquant, full-bodied, aromatic. granary. hilap [n] dove, pigeon. hipalhi [n] floor (of a cave or tunnel); dirt or stone hilu [n] ink. floor (unfinished floor of an enclosed space, such hilul [n] bottom (i.e., lowest point or area on the as a cellar). interior surface of an enclosed space); floor, bed. hipana [v2] go on, continue, endure; be constant, him [n] interior, inside; period of time, duration, steady, continuous; be sustained, persistent, in- while. himna [n(loc)] inside (of); during, while. cessant; continue, go on, persist, sustain, keep himakot [n] compartment (in a trunk or piece of up. [n] drawer. hipeita [v1] affect, matter, be important, be of con- himauote [n] feeling or sensation internal to one’s cern. hipeite [n] effect, consequence; himeka [v1] be hollow, empty, not solid. himeke import, importance; important issue. 14 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
his [n] star. hismit [n] the stars, the night sky. homa [n] bread; loaf of bread. hisa [v2] cry, weep. hise [n] weeping, tears; cause hompa [v2] push steadily and forcefully (on), put of weeping. constant pressure on, force. hisanta [v3] blow on (to cool). hona [v2] visit (a place), go and see, stop at; tour, hisne [p] next, then, after (that), afterwards, there- take a tour of. honota [v2] after. stay, remain (in a place). hone [n] visit, tour. hista [v3] lead (the way), take, bring, conduct, honne [n] goose (esp. Canada goose). guide, escort; follow, go after, come next. histaka hosia [v3] shake (out), flap, flick (e.g., to remove [n] leader, guide, escort. nalhpe hista [v3] usher water). (by gesturing). hoskem [n] sandbar, shoal. tifueie hoskem [n] hisue [n] sparrow. exposed sandbar, shoal. titsyipe hoskem [n] hitaut [n] heading, direction (in which one is go- submerged sandbar. ing); route, way, path, trajectory; goal, destina- hoskit [n] grain of sand. tion. suku hitaut [n] direction in which the wind hosmi [n] spirit, being with supernatural powers. is blowing. hosta [v1] be powerful, mighty; have energy. hite [n] tip (esp. of something rounded or tapered); hostats [n] power, might; energy. end, endpoint, farthest point, limit, extent. inna hosta [v2] dance. hoste [n] dance. hostakamit hite [n] the corner of one’s eye. monen hite [n] [n] dance troupe. wing tip. monie hite [n] wingspan. tete hite hota [v3] attach, connect, join, fasten. hoita [v1] be connected, attached. hitli [n] screech owl. s`ohota [v3] tie. hitol [n] door. hotakani [n] lamprey. hitsatsa [v1] be solid, firm, not hollow. hotamet [n] joint, link, connection, point of attach- hitsla [v3] be dishonest, cheat at, get away with; ment; exchange, transfer point. trick, play a trick on, cheat. hitslaka [n] cheater, trickster. hitsle, ifies eventive verbs). hitslats [n] trick, cheating. hotin [n] stem (of a plant). kihotin [n] shoot, off- hiua [n] horse. kihiua [n] pony. shoot, new growth. hiuapyi [n] foal. hoto [n] cooking pot. hiuma [n] floor (esp. finished floor of a room); floor- hots [n] oak tree. ing, floorboards. hotsem [n] anger. tohotsem [n] rage. hiumpatle [n] floor covering, carpet, rug. hotsma [v1] be angry. hiunu [n] tear(s). hotsmampa [v2] anger, make angry. hotsmeta hiunuka [v1] shed tears, weep. [v3] get angry; anger, cause to get angry. hiunuke [n] tears, weeping. hotu [n] maternal uncle (mother’s brother). hohits [n] dust; powder. houka [v1] be rough, rough-hewn, crude, coarse, hoiko [n] rainbow trout, steelhead. unpolished, unrefined, unsophisticated. hok [p] (exclamatory particle). houn [n] owl. hokipa [v1] be constant, steady; be invariant, con- huala [v1] be well, healthy. ahualima [v2] heal, sistent. recuperate, recover, get better; tend (to) (a sick hokla [v1] be bad, unpleasant, unappealing, not en- person). joyable (used mostly of food and drink, pastimes, hualats [n] health. hualta [v3] recover, get well, art, etc., but not people). akiel hokla [v1] look (addressed to a single individual; lit. ‘are you bad, be unattractive, be ugly. aluhtse hokla well?’). ihualat ne [e] how are you? (addressed [v1] stink, reek, smell bad, have an unpleasant to two or more individuals). odour. amahtle hokla [v1] taste bad; be foul- huan [n] mouth. tohuan [n] smile, grin. tasting, unpalatable. huanot [n] mouthful. holha [v1] be tender, sore, sensitive or painful to huata [v1] be liked, appreciated (used esp. of peo- the touch. ple). ahuatohta [v1] be pre- 15
ferred; be (the) favourite. huatampa [v2] be humia [v3] swell, become firm, become engorged; friendly, likable, engaging, pleasant; behave in a get an erection. humeia [v1] be swollen, firm, en- huatoma [v1] be likable, favorable, agreeable, ac- gorged; be hard, have an erection. well-disposed. humin [n] broth, stock. huelhta [v3] (see: huetla). humuil [n] moth. huetla [v1] fear, be afraid, be scared. huelhta [v3] become afraid, be- sunrise). hunna [n(loc)] at night, by night. gin to fear; scare, frighten, startle. huetlampa [v2] be frightening, inspire (the night of the winter solstice). fear; scare, frighten, make (s.o.) afraid. huet- huna [v3] get up, climb (onto, e.g., a horse), lats [n] fear (i.e., the sensation of being afraid). mount, get astride. hoina, kemna hoina [v1] huetle [n] fear (i.e., thing which one fears). be astride, mounted, on horseback. hunal [n] huikul [n] lamp. mount. huikuma [n] full moon. hunka [n] lung; bladder. tohunka [n] forge bel- huilau [n] ray, shaft of light. lows. huiliout [n] window shutter; blind. hunkie [n] (pair of) lungs. huiloi [n] window, opening for letting in light. huoi [n] twelve. huoika [n] twelfth (ordinal). huin [n] light (esp. light reflected off a surface), huoitla [n] (one) twelfth (fraction). ehuoina brightness, illumination. [a] twelve times. kahuoi [n] twelve-part (thing); huina [v1] be light, bright (used of objects re- twelve times; dozen, group of twelve. kahuoime, flecting light or spaces containing light, rather kahuoie [a] twelve times (in succession); twelve- than sources of light); be lit up, illuminated, in fold, by a factor of twelve. the light. ahuinima [v2] brighten, lighten, get huol [n] bowl, basin. kihuol [n] small bowl, cup brighter. huinta [v3] become bright, be lit up; (esp. for serving soup or tea). light up, illuminate. huoma [v2] moan, groan. huinomats [n] (pre-)dawn, early morning (esp. the hupai [n] pipe, flute (unperforated musical instru- period right before sunrise). ment, esp. of the pan flute type). huiom [n] music. husia [v2] rustle, ripple (used e.g. of the sound of huiompahti [n] timbre; harmony. leaves in the wind). huiontsan [n] melody, tune. husu [c/p] and, and also, as well as, along with, to- huistu [n] willow. gether with, plus; (as a focus particle) also, even. hula [v3] cover (on all sides), sheathe, envelop, husu ntse [p] not even. wrap, encase, enfold, enclose. hule [n] sheath, case, casing, cov- huto [n] root (of a plant); base, foundation (of a ering; scabbard, holster; cover (e.g., of a book). house or other structure). hutomit [n] root sys- kihule [n] cocoon. tem. hulhpa [n] shadow; shade; shelter (esp. from the hutopa [v2] be based on, have as a foundation; de- sun). pend on, be dependent on; be linked to, (co)vary hulhpakuma [n] (total) eclipse. aho hulhpakuma with. eclipse. hutouta [v1] be crucial, vital, necessary, instru- hulhpamul [n] canopy; tent. mental, of central importance. hulhti [n] flute, recorder. kihulhti [n] whistle. hyikpa [v2] hold, contain; store, keep (in reserve), hulne [p] at the upper limit; at most, no more than, save. hyikpanen [n] fiers); no later than, at the latest, not after, by. container, vessel; storage. hyikpe [n] contents, hulo [n] leather. stuff, material; stores, supplies, goods, reserves, hulte [n] boot(s); overshoe(s). holdings. 16 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
hyl [n] buttocks, rump, ass. bears a relation of stewardship or obligation, such hyla [v3] pass (by), go past, go beyond; elapse, as land, livestock, hunting/fishing rights); have, transpire. lhahe hyla [v3] stretch past, reach be related to (used with kinship terms, and terms beyond, extend beyond; exceed in length. denoting abstract qualities); know how to. ialta hympailats [n] motion sickness. moin hympa- [v2] gain, acquire, attain, receive (stewardship ilats [n] seasickness. over); take/accept responsibility for, take charge hyna [v3] move, shift (from one place to another); of; give, bestow (responsibility). hynats [n] movement, motion, lo- abl responsibility for/over nom> iale, ialats comotion. [n] obligation, responsibility; stewardship, over- hynukial [n] play, drama. sight; relationship, bond, kinship; knowledge, ability. pyi ialta [v2] have a child, become a parent. sihpu iala [v1] know how to swim. sot ia [p] (quotative/vocative particle). iala [v1] be serious, mean what one says, take re- iahki [n] sudden or forceful blow; flash, burst; fit, sponsibility for what one says. suke iala [v1] be seizure, spasm, convulsion, attack. haukie iahki responsible, reliable; take responsibility for one’s [n] coughing fit. ksiame iahki [n] sneezing fit. actions. ulhmo takun iala [v1] be forty years lai iahki [n] flash of light, burst of light. siehat old. iahki [n] bolt of lightning, flash of lightning. iam [p] it turns out (evidential particle, used to tymok iahki [n] thunderclap. express surprise or new information). iahkipa [v3] be attacked, struck; have a fit/seizure; ian [n] good (one). hit forcefully, strike, beat (usu. with a tool or ianta [v2] jump, leap. weapon); attack, lash out (suddenly) at. other (used of two individuals). ekas iapme iahkipe [n] weapon; tool used to strike a blow [a] again, once more, one more time. emalh (such as a hammer or axe). iahkipota [v3] iapna, esalh iapna [n(loc)] some other time, strike repeatedly, beat. haukie iahkipa [v3] be on some other occasion. m`aiap [n] something seized by a fit of coughing. konom iahkipa else, anything else; some other, some more. mi`e [v3] hammer, hit with a hammer. lai iahkipa iapna [n(loc)] somewhere else, anywhere else, [v3] blind (temporarily). natak iahkipa [v3] strike a blow. iasa [v3] eat, consume. siehat iahkipa [v3] be struck by lighting. iasonta [v1] be delightful, joyous; be joyful, glee- iahkusta [v2] choose differently; pick, select (as ful, blissful, delighted, elated; delight (in), enjoy. an alternative). iahkuste [n] alternative, other tively, as an alternative. iasontol [n] joy, glee, delight, bliss, elation, rap- iahok [p] at all (emphatic particle used in negative ture. clauses). iaspailats [n] (bout of) food poisoning. iahte [n] others. la iahte [n] each other, one an- iat`u [n] crack, crevice, fissure, rift, slit. other, each ... the others (reciprocal expression iatuhta [v3] crack, become cracked, develop a used of three or more individuals). ntsemi`o crack; make a crack in, fracture. iak [p] (particle used to form negative imperatives ielmefoi [a] next month. huikuma hielmefoi [a] [prohibitives]). next month during the full moon. iakin [p] (emphatic particle used in negative ques- ielmehka [a] last month. tions). iena [v1] be good. ania [v1] be as good, be good iala [v1] be a responsibility, be an obligation; have, enough; might as well (irregular relative form). own, be responsible for (something to which one ienampa [v2] go well, be done well; do good; 17
make (s.th.) good, do (s.th.) well. ihpi [a] not as far, less far; to a lesser extent. ienapi [a] very, extremely, wonderfully; really, iht`a [n] six. ihtauka [n] sixth (ordinal). ihtautla truly, well (intensifier for stative verbs, esp. ones [n] (one) sixth (fraction). iehtahna [a] six times. carrying a positive connotation). iehtaukana [a] for the sixth time. kaieht`a [n] ifa [v1] be thin, light, fine, weak (used of paper, sextuple, six-part (thing); six times; group of six. cloth, walls, pottery, and other flat objects and kaiehtahme, kaiehtahi [a] six times (in succes- surfaces). sion); by a factor of six. ifama [v2] be equal to, be a match for. teenth. ife [n] as much, an equal amount (of). ntse ife [n] ihtia [v3] shred, rip up, tear into small pieces. ih- not as much, less, a smaller amount (of). tial [n] shred, fragment, small piece. iha [n] woman, female. ihinen iha [n] lesbian, ho- ihtlisa [v3] translate, interpret. ihtleisanen [n] trans- woman. lation. ihahats [n] womanhood, being a woman; feminin- ihtsila [v2] speak clearly, speak fluently, be artic- ity. ulate; be clear, easy to understand; say clearly. ihfo [n] other side, area behind, area obscured or occluded by. ihfona [n(loc)] behind, on the ike [n] dog. kihike [n] small dog; puppy, whelp. other side (of). tene ihfona [n(loc)] over the ikepyi [n] puppy, whelp. ikepyimit [n] litter of hill. puppies. ihfoloita [v2] spy on. ikima [n] we (1st plural inclusive ergative pro- ihfoma [v2] be hidden; hide, block, conceal from noun). view, obscure, occlude, screen, be located in front ikime [n] for us, towards us (1st plural inclusive of; (fig.) be in the future, be yet to come. ikimme [n] with us (1st plural inclusive instrumen- ihfomemit [n] the future, future events. ihfo- tal pronoun). maka [n] screen. ikimna [n] in us, at us (1st plural inclusive locative ihfota [v3] hide behind, disappear behind; put be- pronoun). hind; block (the view of), conceal, obscure, oc- ikimu [n] from us, of us (1st plural inclusive abla- clude. ihfoita [v1] be ikla [v2] scratch (at). hidden from view, concealed, obscured, blocked, ikma [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate occluded; be obscure; be secret, private, confi- nominative + first person inclusive ergative). dential. ihfoite [n] secret; thing hidden from ikme [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate view. ihfotanen [n] screen, barrier. nominative + first person inclusive irrealis da- ihfoula [v2] eavesdrop. tive). ihinen [n] person who is sexually or romantically ikmo [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate attracted to women (used of both heterosexual nominative + first person inclusive realis dative). men and homosexual women). iko [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- ihka [a] before (now), beforehand, earlier, then; ago inative + second person ergative). (preceded by a measure phrase in the instrumen- ik`o [n] you (2nd singular ergative pronoun). tal case). etohampi ihka [a] a long time ago. ikoi [n] for you, towards you (2nd singular allative ihkanta [v2] explain, account for, provide a ra- pronoun). tionale for; justify, defend, argue for, support. ikom [n] with you (2nd singular instrumental pro- ihkantanen [n] explanation, account, rationale; noun). justification, argument, defense. ikou [n] from you, of you (2nd singular ablative ihmet [n] spring (season). pronoun). ihpi [a] equally, as, as much, to the same degree, in iksa [v1] be serious, be a serious matter. iksampa equal measure. iehpi [a] for (just) as long. lau [v2] be serious, earnest; act with seriousness of ihpi [a] as far; to the same extent. ntse ihpi [a] purpose; be honest, frank, open, direct, straight- 18 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
forward. iksampe [n] seriousness, earnestness; noun). serious matter; honesty, openness, frankness. ik- imi [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- sats [n] seriousness, gravity. inative + first person singular irrealis dative). ikue [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- imla [v2] smile. imle, imlats [n] smile. inative + second person irrealis dative). imo [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- ikume [n] with you (2nd plural instrumental pro- inative + first person singular realis dative). noun). im`o [n] from me, of me (1st singular ablative pro- ikun [n] at you, in you (2nd singular locative pro- noun). noun). in`a [n] he, she; this (one), that (one) (3rd singular ikuna [n] at you, in you (2nd plural locative pro- animate ergative pronoun and demonstrative). noun). inan [n] in him/her, at him/her; in/at this (one), ikune [n] towards you, for you (2nd plural allative in/at that (one) (3rd singular animate locative pronoun). pronoun and demonstrative). ikunu [n] from you, of you (2nd plural ablative pro- inane [n] for them, towards them; for/towards noun). these (ones), for/towards those (ones) (3rd plural ikuo [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- animate allative pronoun and demonstrative). inative + second person realis dative). inat [n] they, them; these (ones), those (ones) (3rd ikut [n] you (2nd plural ergative pronoun). plural animate ergative pronoun and demonstra- ilal [n] shore, coast; bank, side, edge (of a body of tive). water). kosto ilal [n] beach. in`e [n] for him/her, towards him/her; for/towards ilalkam [n] lodgepole pine, shore pine. this (one), for/towards that (one) (3rd singular ilalot [n] (area) towards the shore/ocean, the di- animate allative pronoun and demonstrative). rection of the shore. inem [n] with him/her; with this (one), with that ilalta [v3] go to the shore/ocean. (one) (3rd singular animate instrumental pro- ilhka [v1] be bitter, taste bitter. noun and demonstrative). ilhkoua [v3] forgive, pardon, excuse. ilhkouats [n] forgiveness. at/in those (ones) (3rd plural animate locative ilme [n] moon; month, lunation, lunar cycle. pronoun and demonstrative). ahuinime ilme [n] waxing moon; the first half ineu [n] from them, of them; from/of these (ones), of the lunar cycle. aksohmime ilme [n] wan- from/of those (ones) (3rd plural animate ablative ing moon; the second half of the lunar cycle. pronoun and demonstrative). ilme ilmeme [n(inst)] month by month, (from) inie [n] (pair of) eyes. month to month. inime [n] with them; with these (ones), with those ilmemet [n] new moon, dark of the moon. (ones) (3rd plural inanimate instrumental pro- ilmemilh [n] phase of the moon; time of the month; noun and demonstrative). menstrual period. inkilhi [n] eyelash(es). ilo [n] writing, script, letters; writing system. inkim [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- ilotein [n] letter, character, symbol (used in writ- tive + first person inclusive nominative). ing), rune, glyph. iloteinmit [n] alphabet, char- inkime [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate acter set. ergative + first person inclusive irrealis dative). ilotl [n] horn. inkimo [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate ima [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- ergative + first person inclusive realis dative). inative + first person singular ergative). inloia [v1] see well, be sharp-eyed, have keen eye- im`a [n] I (1st singular ergative pronoun). sight. iman [n] at me (1st singular locative pronoun). inme [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- imaul [n] corner (of an enclosed figure or space, tive + first person singular nominative). sheet of paper, etc.), angle; vertex, point where inmi [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- two sides/edges meet. tive + first person singular irrealis dative). im`e [n] towards me, for me (1st singular allative inmo [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- pronoun). tive + first person singular realis dative). imem [n] with me (1st singular instrumental pro- inna [n] eye. 19 in`o [n] from him/her, of him/her; from/of this ment, ecosystem. (one), from/of that (one) (3rd singular animate iontoton [n] earthquake. ablative pronoun and demonstrative). iontsu [n] middle, centre, midst, interior (esp. of a intilas [n] eyeglasses. non-enclosed space). intse [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- iosok [n] key. tive + first person exclusive nominative). ipal`a [n] herb, plant used in cooking or medicine. intsi [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- ipama [v3] cook, prepare, make (food or medicine). tive + first person exclusive irrealis dative). ipame [n] tive + first person exclusive realis dative). ingredient, substance (used in making food or intuma [v1] be blind. intunta [v2] blind, make medicine). ipaimanen [n] preparation, concoc- blind; become blind. tion; prepared food; medicine, potion. n`aipama intumu [n] blindness. intumu koin [n] blind per- [v3] boil, brew, prepare in/with water. son. ipoi [n] blackberry. inu [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate ergative is [n] time/place after, time following. isna + second person nominative). [n(loc)] after, following, behind. inue [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- isa [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- tive + second person irrealis dative). inative + first person exclusive ergative). inuo [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate erga- isane [n] for us, towards us (1st plural exclusive tive + second person realis dative). allative pronoun). iohun [n] the middle of the night. isat [n] we (1st plural exclusive ergative pronoun). iokolhi [n] beard. ise [n] snow. ioku [n] jaw, jawline; chin; cheeks, lower part of iseheut [n] north by northeast. the face. kilhi ioku [n] unshaven face; facial isekiam [n] snowstorm. tohisekiam [n] blizzard. hair, stubble. isena [n] at us, in us (1st plural exclusive locative iokuketo [n] jawbone. pronoun). iolem [n] midday, the middle of the day. iseu [n] from us, of us (1st plural exclusive ablative iolhmofoi [a] next year. tuhsa iolhmofoi [a] next pronoun). winter, winter of next year. iseut [n] northeast (lit. snow direction; convention- iolhmohka [a] last year. halai iolhmohka [a] ally, 60 degrees east of true north). (during the) summer of last year. isi [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nomi- iom [n] world, earth; realm. native + first person exclusive irrealis dative). iometeun [n] landmark, prominent place; sacred isime [n] with us (1st plural exclusive instrumental place; focal point. pronoun). iona [v1] be known; be clear, apparent; know (a iso [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate nom- fact); know about (a person or thing), know what inative + first person exclusive realis dative). (s.th.) is, know who (s.o.) is. ione [n] knowledge; fact, piece of informa- situation). isokaka [n] cause, trig- known/apparent; learn (about), find out (about), ger; causer, agent. isokal, isoikanen [n] result, come to know, become aware of, discover, real- effect, consequence. ize; make known, let (s.o.) know (about), inform. ispa [v2] learn; study. ispaka [n] student, pupil. iontahpa [v3] investigate, in- row). quire (about), look into, try to find out (about). isu [n] wrinkle, crease. ionuha [v1] want to know, be curious (about). isuhkats [n] life, being alive; the living; the world ionuhats [n] curiosity. of the living. iontapin [n] nature, the natural world; environ- isunia [v1] be regrettable; regret, feel bad about 20 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
(s.th. that happened in the past); be contrite, re- iumia [v1] be limp, flaccid, slack; droop, be wilted; morseful, sorry, feel guilty. isuniats [n] regret; remorse, contrition, guilt. isuta [v1] live, be alive; be animate. isuhta [v3] ka [c] and; as, such that. X ka Y nemot [c] both be born; give birth to. isoihte [n] newborn, young (esp. k`a [v1] be here (near both speaker and addressee), of an animal). isoihtemit [n] litter of offspring. be there (near addressee); here/there is, this/that isuhtanen [n] birth, the circumstances of one’s is, voil`a. kauota [v1] stay here, remain here; birth. isutats [n] life, being alive. isute [n] be- keep (s.th.) here. ing, creature, entity, living thing, organism. isu- kahame [n] maternal aunt (mother’s sister, or tota [v2] stay alive, live, keep on living; survive; other female maternal relative belonging to one’s save, preserve, keep (s.o.) alive. mother’s generation). it`a [n] it; this (one), that (one) (3rd singular inan- kahatia [v2] lunge; rush (at); thrust. itan [n] in it, at it; in/at this (one), in/at that kahehta [v2] shake, agitate; (fig.) disturb, upset. (one); there (3rd singular inanimate locative pro- kaheulhta [v2] pull hard (on), yank (on). noun and demonstrative). kahisa [v2] cry loudly, weep uncontrollably, bawl. itane [n] for them, towards them; for/towards these kahits [n] spark. (ones), for/towards those (ones) (3rd plural inan- kahma [v1] be valued, honoured; be valuable; re- imate allative pronoun and demonstrative). spect, value, honour, hold in high esteem. kahmats [n] value; plural inanimate ergative pronoun and demon- respect, esteem, honour. strative). kahpa [v3] go down, descend; bring/take down, put it`e [n] for it, towards it; for/towards this (one), down, lower; (p.t. rain or snow) fall. aipe kahpa for/towards that (one); towards there, that way, [v3] float down, drift down, sink. inie kahpa thither (3rd singular inanimate instrumental pro- [v3] look down. kuma kahpa [v3] face down. noun and demonstrative). kuma kaihpa [v1] be face-down. lefe kahpa itehis [n] comet. [v3] roll down. pake kahpa [v3] step down; get item [n] with it; with this (one), with that (one) off, step off (a train or wagon). s`ukahpa [v3] (3rd singular inanimate instrumental pronoun rain; get rained on. talhe and demonstrative). kahpa [v3] climb down (a sloping surface); go itena [n] in them, at them; in/at these (ones), in/at downstairs. tiause kahpa [v3] fall down; drop, those (ones) (3rd plural inanimate locative pro- let fall; (p.t. liquids) pour (out). yise kahpa noun and demonstrative). [v3] climb down (a vertical surface). iteu [n] from them, of them; from/of these (ones), kahpaho [n] sunset. from/of those (ones) (3rd plural inanimate abla- kahpaut [n] down, downward direction, way down; tive pronoun and demonstrative). area below; downstairs. kahpauta [n(all)] itime [n] with them; with these (ones), with those down, downward(s), in a downwards direction; (ones) (3rd plural inanimate instrumental pro- on the way down. kahpautna [n(loc)] down, noun and demonstrative). below, lower; downstairs. euolh kahpautna it`o [n] from it, of it; from/of this (one), from/of that [n(loc)] down there. (one); from there, thence (3rd singular inanimate kahpilme [n] moonset. ablative pronoun and demonstrative). kahpimohi [n] fog, heavy mist. itlas [n] record(s); observation. itlasmit [n] chron- kahpise [n] snowfall. icle, set of records. kihitlas [n] minor observa- kahpis`u [n] rain, rainfall. muohfe kahpis`u [n] tion; note, passing remark, comment. heavy rainfall, downpour. itlasalu [n] library, archive(s). kahs`ı [n] rapids, whitewater; turbulence. iuhta [v1] be funny, humorous, comical. iuhtampa kahta [v3] hit, strike; run into, collide with. kahtampa [v2] 21
fight. kahtota [v3] hit kalamet [n] knee. repeatedly, beat. kiompe kahta [v3] run into, kalanen [n] person who is sexually or romanti- collide with. solhe kahta [v3] pelt, hit (with a cally attracted to men (used of both heterosexual thrown object). women and homosexual men). kahtoma [v2] be violent. kalap`a [n] upper leg, thigh; lap. kahu [n] fish. kalapatle [n] pant leg; leggings, breeches. kahuata [v3] stop abruptly, stop suddenly, break kalapun [n] bicycle (or other human-powered off; interrupt, disrupt. wheeled vehicle). kahuenek [n] salamander; newt. kalh [p] (emphatic particle, used in questions). kahunia [v2] fish, catch fish; go fishing. kahuni- kalha [v3] force entry, force one’s way in; storm, in- aka [n] fisherman. kahunie [n] fishing; catch. vade; insert forcefully, force, shove, cram, thrust kai [p] first, first of all (before anything else hap- (into). kaia [v2] appear suddenly, be unexpected; be sud- kalhats [n] manhood, being a man; maleness, mas- den, happen suddenly, happen abruptly or un- culinity. expectedly; act suddenly, do (s.th.) suddenly. kalhona [v1] be reminiscent of, similar to; resemble somewhat. akiel kaiha [v3] kill, murder (used of unsanctioned or im- kalhona [v1] look (a bit) like, be similar in ap- proper killing). kaihaka [n] killer, kalial [n] (pair of) legs; back legs, hind legs (of an murderer. kahtote kaiha [v3] beat to death. animal). ulhnan kaiha [v3] poison, kill by poisoning. kaliaspa [v2] swallow quickly, bolt, gulp down; kaila [v1] be hot. overwhelm. kaimutin [n] cancer; (cancerous) tumor. kalihpa [n] maternal female cousin, half-sister kaine [p] first, first of all (before anything else hap- (daughter of one’s mother) (or other female rel- pens). ative of one’s generation belonging to the same kais`u [n] shower, sudden burst of rain. matrilineal clan). kakahta [v3] hit suddenly, strike without warning; kalina [v1] be upsetting, disturbing, distressing; be attack; run into, knock against, collide abruptly upset, agitated, distressed, disturbed, unsettled. with. nom collide abruptly with dat> kalinampa [v2] upset, distress, disturb, agitate, kakilhin [n] rabies. unsettle. kakilhta [v3] bite hard (on), bite forcefully; chomp, kallul [n] lower leg, shin; calf. clamp (down on); (p.t. a predator) bite to kill. kalohka [v3] be sudden, happen abruptly or vio- kaklala [v2] crawl, scurry, scamper, scuttle, move lently, happen without warning; erupt, break out, quickly on small legs. kaklale [n] scurrying, scuf- burst forth. fling (sound). kalon [n] (adolescent) boy, young man, lad. kaksipa [v2] squeeze tightly, grip violently or un- kalyua [v2] wake up suddenly/abruptly, awaken expectedly; throb, pound. lias kaksipa [v2] with a start, startle awake. choke, strangle, throttle. tyn kaksipa [v2] have kam [n] time/place before, time preceding. kamna a throbbing headache. kaksipe [n] strong grip; stranglehold. kam [p] before (that), beforehand, first, previously. kakyime [a] each time, every time (i.e., at each kamak [n] duck (esp. mallard). iteration of an action). kamal [n] knife. tokamal [n] large knife, machete. kal [n] man, male. ihinen kal [n] straight man, kamehats [n] parenthood, parentage, being a par- heterosexual man. kalanen kal [n] gay man, ent, child-rearing; the period of one’s life during homosexual man. which one is raising children. kala [n] leg (of a person); back leg, hind leg (of a kamiakta [v1] burst open, erupt; (fig.) ejaculate, four-legged animal). have an orgasm (p.t. men). kalakte [n] ankle. kamie [n] parents. tokamie [n] grandparents. 22 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
kamilha [v2] weave back and forth, swerve from to nom> side to side. kapaka [v2] stumble, lurch. kamiua [n] lynx, bobcat. kapalhta [v3] wash ashore, be washed ashore; (p.t. kamne [p] before (that), beforehand, first, previ- waves) crash on shore. kapalhtats [n] (sound of) ously. surf, breaking wave(s). kamona [v1] be expected, foreseen; foresee, fore- kapatla [v3] smother, suffocate. tell, predict, expect, anticipate. kapua [v2] be good, skillful, accomplished; do kampa [v3] pass by here, come through here, come skillfully, do well; approve of, think well of, be this way (near speaker and addressee); pass by pleased with (the actions/abilities of). kapuohta [v2] be better (at), do kampyka [v3] slam (into), collide forcefully with. more skillfully, outperform. kapuaka [n] master, expert, dat> skilled/accomplished person. kapue, kapuats kamume [a] invariably, consistently, with every it- [n] skill, talent, ability, aptitude, accomplish- eration. ment. iale kapua [v2] be responsible, reliable. kamunia [v1] be apprehensive, anxious, worried; kas [a] now, then, already; so far, as of now/then; dread, not look forward to. kamuniats [n] appre- phrase in the dative, used to express a measure hension, dread, foreboding, anticipation of some- of time ending at the present). thing unpleasant. kasasa [v3] stumble upon, encounter unexpect- kan [n] value, worth. edly; reveal suddenly or without warning. pectedly. kasehtetsan [n] triangle. sioku kasehtetsan [n] kankilha [v3] depart quickly, leave suddenly, dis- equilateral triangle. appear; flee, run away. kasni [n] care, taking care, mindfulness. kanlo [n] bay, estuary. kasol [n] iron. kanta [v3] stand (usu. p.t. inanimates), be upright, kasolha [v3] throw hard, hurl, lob; hit, pelt. own, be free-standing. kasolhe [n] missile, projectile. kantalu [n] shed, outhouse, outbuilding; shack; kasta [v3] go against, go in the opposite direc- booth, stand, kiosk. tion; oppose. kastaka [n] kantsa [v2] pull steadily and forcefully (on), force; opponent, antagonist. kaste [n] opposite, an- take by force, pry, wrest. tithesis; opponent, opposing object/force. lhahe kantsuhkanen [n] past misfortune. kasta [v3] reach in the opposite direction; step kantsympe [n] lever, crowbar. in, intervene; interfere with, meddle in; inter- kanu [n] lie, falsehood, deception. rupt, attempt to prevent. pake kasta [v3] take a kanulne [p] at first, initially, at/in the beginning. step towards (s.o.) (in challenge); challenge, op- kapa [v3] receive, accept, take (what is offered); pose. solhe kasta [v3] throw (s.th.) against. deliver, bestow, provide, supply; outfit, equip. tiause kasta [v3] fall against, fall onto; drop kaipa [v1] have, pos- sure on. tlynke kasta [v3] push (back), have nom> kaipe [n] gift, offering; possession, push against; resist, actively oppose; hold out property. kaipemit [n] gear, kit, equipment, against. tuhana kasta [v3] be illegal, be against supplies, provisions. atlo kapa [v3] take heed, the law/rules; break the rules/law. nom/all, erg warn dat of nom, erg alert dat kastoma [v2] be contrary, antagonistic; be stub- 23
born, obstinate; be irascible, argumentative, dis- ke [p] here, there; this, that (near addressee, or near agreeable, feisty. speaker and addressee; deictic particle). kasu [n] side, vertical/sloping surface; face, slope kefiha [v1] be new, unfamiliar; be recent, novel, (of a mountain); side, edge, face (of an enclosed previously unknown, recently arrived/acquired. figure); side, surface (of a sheet of paper or other kefihu [n] something new or unfamiliar, novelty. flat object), page (of a book). kasu kasume kefihusot [n] news, tidings, new information. [n(loc)] side by side, abreast; together, in tan- kefis [n] threat. dem. kehima [v2] breathe in, inhale. kasuhpa [n] maternal male cousin, half-brother kekua [v3] prepare, process, make usable. kekoia [v1] be ready (to use), pre- eal clan). pared, processed; be usable, serviceable. kasukuntsan [n] rectangle, square, four-sided fig- kela [v1] be together; be related, be in a mu- ure. sioku kasukuntsan [n] square. tual/reciprocal relationship; share, have in com- katama [v1] be intimidating, daunting. kelats [n] relationship; relatedness. nom> katamampa [v2] intimidate, bully. kelta [v3] (cause to) become related, enter into kateka [v2] seize, grab, take suddenly and/or by a relationship. ahkame kela [v1] be siblings. force; catch, capture. ame nap`ekela [v1] be mother and daughter, katia [v2] clap, crack, make a sharp/cracking be related as mother and daughter. kohmi kela sound, make a percussive sound. katie [n] clap, [v1] be in a romantic relationship. kuna kela crack, sharp or percussive sound. kikatie [n] [v1] be friends, have a friendship. sakohmi kela snap. tymok tokatie [n] thunderclap. [v1] be married, be spouses. sakohmi kelats katiausa [v3] trip, fall over unexpectedly, drop [n] marriage. sakohmi kelta [v3] get married; suddenly. marry. katioka [v3] die violently; die suddenly or unex- kelaitsip [n] wasps’ nest. pectedly, drop dead. kelana [v1] be fascinating, compelling, enthralling; katiopa [v2] gallop; run, chase (used of four-legged be fascinated (by), be very interested (in), find animals). compelling. kelanampa [v2] fascinate, equivalent to about 55 centimetres, or 1.8 feet). enthrall; do (s.th.) in a compelling way. push hard (on). kelefa [v1] be shared, held in common; share, own katlynka [v2] push hard (on), push forcefully together, have joint ownership of. kelefe [n] shared one, common one, the katsypa [v3] drown; force (s.th.) under the wa- same (one). ter. (broken off of something hard and brittle); small kauempyi [n] chick, poult. piece, bite, morsel (of crispy/crunchy food). kauen [n] fowl, domestic bird, poultry; turkey (esp. kelha [v3] go up, rise, ascend; bring/take up; raise, a domesticate of Meleagris). lift (e.g., a part of one’s body). inie kelha [v3] look up. kaupihe [n] the next (one(s)), the following kuma kelha [v3] face up. pake kelha [v3] step (one(s)) (esp. used of objects or places in a linear up, get up (onto). talhe kelha [v3] climb, climb arrangement). up, walk up (a sloping surface); go upstairs. yise kauta [v3] leave, go from here (where the speaker kelha [v3] climb, climb up (a vertical surface). and addressee are); leave, go/come from there kelhaho [n] sunrise. (where the addressee is). kelhaut [n] height, area above; up, upward direc- kaute [n] cheese. tion, way up; upstairs. kelhauta [n(all)] up, 24 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
upward(s), higher; on the way up. kelhautna kelupatam [n] seventeen. kelupatanka [n] seven- [n(loc)] up, above, higher; upstairs. eka kel- teenth. hautna [n(loc)] up here (where we are). kelusinta [v2] change places, switch places; ex- kelhilme [n] moonrise. change, switch (with one another). kelhpa [v1] be hard and thin, brittle, easy to crack; kem [n] ridge; headland; back of a horse or other (p.t. food) be crisp, crunchy, crusty. kelhpe [n] quadruped. etle kem [n] bridge of one’s nose. crust. kutsmu kem [n] lower back, small of the back. kelhuhme [n] old/familiar (one). lias kem [n] nape of the neck. kelhutopa [v1] be interdependent, depend on one kemeta [v2] be disturbed, rise suddenly into the another; be linked, closely connected. air (used of groups of small light objects such keliala [v1] be a shared responsibility; share, have as leaves or birds, or particulate matter such as in common (s.th. to which one has a relationship snow or dust). hohits kemetats [n] cloud of of stewardship or obligation); be related (in com- dust. ise kemetats [n] snow flurries. mon), share a relationship (with); be related to kemus [n] saddle. one another, share a bond of mutual responsi- kenin [n] (adolescent) girl, young woman, maid. bility or obligation. kelialats [n] spend. keintanen [n] waste, mutual obligation, relationship involving shared trash, refuse. kental [n] resource(s). kustai responsibility and/or responsibility for one an- kenta [v3] have no choice, have no alternative. other; relatedness, kinship. keliale [n] shared kenu [n] unit of distance, equivalent to ten thou- (one), common (one), the same (one). ihfoite sand standard cubits (katlam), or about 5 and a keliala [v1] share a secret, conspire with. half kilometres. kelmiku [n] ant colony. kepe [n] seed, nut. kelmilhta [v3] compromise. kepenia [v2] gather nuts or seeds, forage for nuts kelmota [v3] unite, join together, bring/come to- or seeds. gether, unify. kepesoha [n] nutshell. kelohtla [v1] resemble each other, be alike, be simi- kesehta [v1] be continuous, perpetual, unending. lar. kelohtlats [n] resemblance, similarity. akiel kesi [n] stain; blemish. kelohtla [v1] look alike. kesta [v1] be happy, fortunate; be pleasing, pleas- keloise [n] beehive. ant; be happy, cheerful, joyful. perse. kestampa [v2] please, make happy. kestats keltima [v1] touch, be in contact with, be adja- [n] fortune; pleasure. keste [n] pleasing thing, cent to, border on, share an edge/boundary with; (cause of) happiness; happy/fortunate event. (fig.) touch on; be related to, have something to kestol [n] happiness, cheer. do with, have something in common with. keta [v3] come here, arrive here (where the speaker kelu [n] seven. keluka [n] seventh (ordinal). ke- and addressee are); go/come there (where the lutla [n] (one) seventh (fraction). ekeluna [a] addressee is); bring here/there, put here/there. seven times, on seven occasions. ekelukana pake keta [v3] step forward. [a] for the seventh time. kakelu [n] seven-part keto [n] bone. (thing); seven times; group of seven. kakelume, ketohain [n] skeleton. kakeloi [a] seven times (in a row); sevenfold, by ketsan [n] time, moment in time. a factor of seven. keul [n] chair; stool; seat. keluhits [n] dusk, twilight (period between sunset keuosta [v3] carve, incise, shape (with a pointed and darkness). tool). change, trade/exchange network. keluktiats [n] kiampatam [n] fifteen. kiampatanka [n] fif- trade, exchange. teenth. 25 kian [n] five. kianka [n] fifth (ordinal). kiantla [n] ine in minute detail. (one) fifth (fraction). ekianna [a] five times; on kila [v3] be seen, appear, come into view; see, no- five occasions; in five cases. ekiankana [a] for tice, spot; show, reveal. kula [v1] be seen, (thing); five times; group of five. kakianme, be visible, be in view; be evident; it appears that, kakiain [n] five times (in a row); fivefold, by a it looks as though; see, have in view. ekula [v1] look, have kiatahkan [n] centipede. the appearance of, have an X appearance; seem, kiel [n] the dream world (as separate from the wak- appear. kulampa [v2] show, be visible, be ap- ing world). kielna [n(loc)] in a dream, while parent; show, let show, reveal, exhibit, display. dreaming, as part of a dream. kielmin [n] dream(s), dreaming. kilahta [v3] be pointed, sharp, piercing; have a kienaua [n] vote. point, have a sharp tip; (p.t. a thorn, spine, kietla [v2] fiddle with, play with, move (around) etc.) stick out, protrude; point, aim (a pointed absentmindedly or without purpose. weapon or instrument) at; touch, prod, poke, jab kifa [v2] shrink, contract, diminish, recede, take (with the pointed end of s.th.). tluhe kifa [v2] touch/prod dat with nom> kilahtal [n] target compress, compact, press together; crumple. (e.g., in archery). kilahte [n] poker, pointer, kiha [v1] be small, little. akihima [v2] shrink, di- weapon or tool with a sharp point. minish, (cause to) get smaller. kilalitsan [n] doll; puppet. kihaka [v2] scrape, scratch (with a pointed instru- kilha [v1] be sharp, keen, have a sharp edge. kilhta ment). [v3] sharpen, hone (a blade). kihana [v3] pierce, stab, puncture, poke a hole in. kilhi [n] hair (esp. facial hair), whisker(s). lilh- kilhot [n] bite, sample (of food). piau kihana [v3] drill a hole in. kilhta [v3] bite. kilhte [n] bite; kihanoi [n] piercing, hole (through s.th.), punc- biting. ture, perforation. ahim kihanoi [n] air hole, kilim [n] chime, small bell. enkit kilim [n] wind finger hole (on a flute). chime. kiho [n] small (one), little (one). kilohanen [n] larynx, voice box. fueie kilohanen kiholu [n] iris (of the eye). [n] adam’s apple. kihuata [v3] carve, scratch (with a pointed instru- kiloma [v1] be easily seen, prominent, noticeable, ment), engrave, incise, make an incision in. kihuate [n] kilu [n] descendant. kilumit [n] one’s descendants. stylus, carving knife, tool used for scratching or kiluote [n] topsoil. incising. kihuaitanen [n] carving, carved sym- kim [n] we, us (1st plural inclusive nominative pro- bol or inscription, engraving. noun and clitic). kihun [n] letter, message, note, correspondence. kima [n] we (1st plural inclusive ergative clitic). kikahta [v3] jab, poke, prick (with a pointed in- kima [v2] be in use, occupied, taken up; take up; be strument). busy, occupied (with); be diligent, hard at work; kiket [n] each of us, every one of us, we each (1st be preoccupied (with). two, the two of us, you and I (each). kime [n] to us (1st plural inclusive irrealis dative kikiha [v1] be very small, tiny, miniscule. clitic). kikloha [v3] pierce, poke a hole through, skewer; kimi [n] baby, newborn, infant. stick (a pointed object) through; thread (a nee- kimihats [n] infancy. dle) through. kiklohe [n] clitic). skewer, spit, lance. kimon [n] petal. kiksona [v2] focus (in) on, concentrate on; look at kimot [n] all of us, we all (1st plural inclusive). hen closely, inspect carefully, examine closely, exam- kimot [n] both of us, the two of us, we both, you 26 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
and I both. kitsipi [a] a very little ways, not far; slightly, kina [v3] let, allow, enable. lhyue kina [v3] let barely, to a small degree. (s.o.) in, allow (s.o.) to enter. kitsu [n] onion. kinalu [n] toilet, latrine. kitsypon [n] faucet, spigot, tap. kinapetaka [n] mantis. kiunma [n] (one) hundred. kiunmaka [n] hun- kine [n] bead. kinemit [n] string of beads. dredth (ordinal). kiunmatla [n] (one) hun- kiolh [n] burn (on the skin). dredth (fraction), percent. ekiunmana [a] a kiolhka [v1] be too hot to touch; be burning hot, hundred times. ekiunmakana [a] for the hun- scalding. kiolhketa [v2] make/become (very) dredth time. kakiunmame, kakiunmai [a] a hot, reach a high temperature; bring up to a high hundred times (in a row); a hundredfold, by a temperature; heat, fire (pottery, metal, etc.). factor of a hundred. kiunma hen [n] two hun- kiompa [v2] run, move quickly; chase, pursue. dred. kiunma tam [n] (one) thousand (lit. ten kiompohta [v2] hundreds). outrun, run faster than, beat (in a race). spiral; circular pattern, series of loops. silh ki- kiospa [v3] burn. uomit [n] fingerprints. kiota [v1] be quick, fast, swift, rapid; move quickly. kiyn [n] string, wire, cord, line (esp. when stretched akiotima [v2] speed up, accelerate, go faster. taut, as on a bow, stringed instrument, or rack). kiotampa [v2] act quickly, hurry, rush; do (s.th.) kiynmit [n] set of strings (on a musical instru- quickly; be quick to (do s.th.). kiotats [n] speed, ment); warp (on a loom). swiftness, rapidity. klalpa [v2] creep (around), move stealthily. klalpe, kiouha [n] demon, bogeyman (creature from klalpats [n] stealth. Okuna folklore, usually depicted as a tall, pale- kloha [v3] go through; undergo, endure, experience; skinned figure with no eyes or ears and a giant put/take through; subject to. hasume kipehi [a] slightly, barely, just, a very little bit. kloha [v3] live one’s life, spend one’s life. iante kipiatsike [n] dragonfly. kloha [v3] jump through. inie kloha [v3] look kisa [v1] be frozen, solid, hard, petrified; be icy. through, look out of (a window or other open- akisima [v2] (cause to) freeze, get harder, be- ing); examine, inspect, look over. lhope kloha come more solid. kise [n] ice. kista [v3] freeze [v3] flow through; (p.t. wind) blow through; per- (completely), freeze solid, turn to ice; solidify, meate, saturate; cause to flow through, infuse harden. keista [v1] be frozen. (with). n`akloha, n`alhope kloha [v3] soak, kisenan [n] ice. drench. tiause kloha [v3] fall through, drop kisepyi [n] a very few, only a few. ekisepyina [a] through. yise kloha [v3] climb through/among rarely, (only) very occasionally, every now and (e.g., the branches/canopy of a tree). then, every so often. kakisepyime, kakisepyie klolhau [n] path, passage, way through (an obsta- [a] only a few times (in a row); only a little. cle). kisipe [n] a tiny bit, only a little (quantifies mass ko [n] you (2nd person ergative clitic). nouns). kohahpe [n] piece of furniture. kohahpemit [n] kistynan [n] frost, hoarfrost. furniture (set), furnishings. kit [n] mote, speck, grain, particle. kohalu [n] room (in a house). kitaha [v3] stab, spear, harpoon, kill (game) by kohmi [n] lover, partner, spouse (person with stabbing. whom one is in a monogamous sexual relation- kitam [n] piece/sheet of paper; leaf, page (in a ship). book). kohot [n] large box, chest, crate. kitluha [v3] bore a hole in, drill a hole in. abl> kohtanen [n] comparison; standard of kitoleu [n] squirrel. comparison, thing against which s.th. is com- kitou [n] beetle. pared. kohtats [n] comparison. kitsipi [a] slightly, barely, just, a very little bit. kohtin [n] blacktail deer, mule deer. ekitsipi [a] briefly, for a very short time. lau kohui [n] berry. 27 kohuin`a [n] berry juice. cate nom by means of inst (means of communi- koi [n] you (2nd singular nominative pronoun). cation), inst represent nom> komats, koma- koihta [v3] (see: koipa). nen [n] speech, language, means of communica- koihte [n] specific (ones), particular (ones), (ones) tion. kome [n] message, meaning, concept (being in particular (plural). communicated); speech, speaking, words, com- koilampats [n] procession, parade. munication, expression, (use of) language. ko- koin [n] person, human being. esiankats koin muhka [v2] manage to convey; get one’s mean- [n] adult. pahai koin [n] hermit, wild person, ing/message across. ihtsile koma [v2] speak flu- person living outside society. ently, be proficient. koinkats [n] personhood, humanity, being human. komal [n] beaver. koipa [v1] be familiar, known; be identified, inden- komaliout [n] beaver dam. tifiable; be specific, particular; know, be familiar komi [n] seagull. with (a person or thing). koipe [n] acquain- konin [n] state, conditions; environment, setting, tance; familiar person or thing; (when follow- surroundings, circumstances. tsuhpanen konin ing another noun) specific, certain, (in) partic- [n] living conditions. ular. akoipima [v2] become more familiar; get kono [n] salmon. to know (gradually), become better acquainted konom [n] hammer. with. koihta [v3] become familiar/known; get konti [n] jacket, (short) coat. to know, become acquainted with; come to know, kopo [n] pot, jar, jug, vase (any container with a find out about; introduce, acquaint, familiarize, narrow opening, used for storing or carrying liq- let (s.o.) know about; identify, specify. esian struggle with, grapple with, have difficulty with, koipa [v1] know by name, know the name of. have a hard time with. kosats [n] struggle, diffi- koipahain [n] social network, network of relation- culty, effort. ships or associations; association, organization; kosehkam [n] early afternoon. society. kosehkamot [n] south by southwest (lit. direction koitsan [n] (human) body; human form, fig- of the sun in the early afternoon). ure/shape of a person. koitsanme [n(inst)] in kosehteut [n] due west (lit. just north of the direc- human form. tion of the sun in the evening). koituk [n] crowd of people. koset [n] evening, afternoon (esp. mid to late after- kol [n] pole, post, (vertical) support, timber, shaft, noon); (fig.) west, western (esp. when modifying mast; leg (of a piece of furniture). a noun denoting a location). kolha [v2] protect, guard, watch over. kolhaka [n] kosetot [n] west, southwest (lit. direction of the sun guard, guardian, protector. in the evening; conventionally, 120 degrees west kolmutu [n] fence. of true north). koluma [v1] be difficult, hard; be confusing, chal- kosto [n] beach; sand bar, stretch of sand. lenging, obtuse; (p.t. physical objects) be hard kot [n] (seed) pod, husk; capsule. to handle or manipulate, cumbersome, awk- kota [n] brick. ward, unwieldy, clumsy, unmanageable; be crude, kotanu [n] porch, deck, veranda. poorly done/made. kolumampa [v2] be clumsy, kote [n] black (thing). awkward; do (s.th.) clumsily; do (s.th.) with dif- kotiemi [n] raccoon. ficulty. kotsim [n] morning, forenoon; (fig.) east, eastern kolumpi [a] with difficulty. (esp. when modifying a noun denoting a loca- koma [v2] (be able to) speak, know, understand, tion). use (a language or other form of communication); kotsimot [n] east, southeast (lit. direction of the communicate (a message), convey, express, indi- sun in the morning; conventionally, 120 degrees cate; represent, stand for (an idea or concept). east of true north). rection of the sun in the morning). ku [n] you (2nd person nominative clitic). kotsinkis [n] late morning (period just before kue [n] to you (2nd person irrealis dative clitic). noon). kueka [v1] be false, wrong, untrue, incorrect, inac- kotsinkisot [n] south by southeast (lit. direction of curate; be unreal. kueke [n] falsehood. the sun during late morning). kufu [n] place between/among, midst. kufuna kotsuku [n] chest, wardrobe, cabinet (or other [n(loc)] between; among, in the midst of. eka piece of furniture used for storage, usu. with com- kufuna [n(loc)] around here, hereabouts, in the partments). area. kufu kufuna [n(loc)] all around, here and kotu [n] house, dwelling. kikotu [n] hut, cottage; there, in various places. shack; temporary shelter. kufumpa [v2] go (back and forth) between; medi- kouak [n] crow. ate between, arbitrate. ksafa [v1] be hoped for, wished for, wanted, de- kufusot [n] gossip. sired; hope, wish (for); want, desire. ksafe [n] hope, wish; desire. dense, solid (not hollow); be rough. kuhampa ksalpa [v1] vomit, throw up. ksalpe [v2] be rough, careless, brutal; handle roughly. [n] vomit. kuhta [v2] harden, make/become firm; solidify. ksalpona [v1] be nauseated, fell (very) nauseous, kuhinie [n] scowl, glare, dirty look. feel the urge to vomit. kuhsule [n] slipper (or similar footwear); stocking. ksalpone, ksalponanen [n] (cause of) nausea. kuket [n] each of you, every one of you, you each. kummin ksalpona [v1] have morning sickness. hen kuket [n] both of you, the two of you (each). ksapatla [v3] salt, cover/coat with salt. ksapatle kuia [v1] be certain, definite; be sure. [n] salted meat. kuista [v1] be long (temporally), take a long ksas [n] salt. time; last, endure; (p.t. animates) be long-lived. ksetli [n] die/dice used in gambling. akuista [v1] last, endure (for a certain measure ksiama [v2] sneeze. ksiame [n] sneeze, sneezing. of time), take (a certain amount of time). akuistohta [v1] brackish water); brine. be longer (than); exceed, outlast, outlive, last ksipa [v2] squeeze, pinch, clench, grasp tightly, longer (than), survive for longer (than). hold tightly (in one’s grip). lhimie ksipa [v2] kula [v1] (see: kila). furrow one’s brow. naua ksipa [v2] clench one’s kulampio [n] view, sight, field/range of vision, area fist. ksipe [n] grip, grasp, hold. which can be seen. kulampiona [n(loc)] in ksipoma [v2] be greedy, stingy, tight-fisted, unwill- sight, within view, in one’s range of vision. ku- ing to share; be jealous. lampio pahaina [n(loc)] out of view, beyond ksohe [n] darkness. one’s sight. ksohma [v1] be dark, in darkness, in shadow kulhe [n] green (thing). (used of objects reflecting light, rather than light kulhepaut [n] vein of a leaf. sources). aksohmima [v1] darken, get darker, kulhiku [n] bile, gall. fall (gradually) into shadow. ksohmanen [n] kulhua [v2] curl (up). shadow. ksohmeta [v3] darken, get dark. kulhulyip [n] frond. ksohnomats [n] dusk, twilight, late evening (after kulu [n] thing; concept, idea, notion. sunset). kuma [n] face, visage; front, facade; (fig.) pres- ksohona [v1] be mysterious, inscrutable, enig- ence; view, attention. kumana [n(loc)] before, matic, difficult to understand. ksohone [n] mys- in front of, in the presence of, facing. kuma ku- tery, enigma. mana [n(loc)] face to face, facing one another; ksohtilas [n] obsidian. in person. ksona [v2] look at, gaze at. ksonahpa [v2] look kumakyin [n] facial expression. for, look out for, try to see. ksonats [n] gaze; kumalhi [n] facial hair. attention. kumapahti [n] complexion. ksonoma [v2] be watchful, vigilant; be observant. kumeilhte [n] outcome, end result, upshot. ksutla [v1] be ugly. kumi [n] womb, uterus; vagina. 29 kumipa [v2] gestate, develop, be in utero; be in friendship; as a friend. pregnant, expecting; be pregnant with, carry kunelha [v3] soak, drench, saturate; fill with water (a child). san nom> kumipaka [n] pregnant woman, expec- kuneilha [v1] be bloody, blood-soaked, drenched tant mother. kumipe [n] unborn child, fetus. in blood. utsas kuneilha [v1] be drenched with kumipanen [n] pregnancy. sweat. kumita [v2] come/go forward; approach, come be- kuniokon [n] water tank. fore, present oneself to, enter into the presence kunkule [n] flask, canteen, water bottle, water con- of; turn towards, turn to face; present, bring for- tainer. ward; show, display, demonstrate; bring before, kunne [a] lastly, last of all, finally. bring into the presence of. inie kumita kunta [v3] divide, separate (into groups or piles); [v] look at, turn to look at, turn one’s eyes to- sort, classify, categorize. kumitats dat> kuntal [n] category, class, type, kind; divi- [n] display, demonstration, presentation; audi- sion; group, grouping, pile (into which things are ence, hearing. kumuta [v1] face, be facing (in sorted). kuntanen [n] classification, taxonomy, the direction of); be opposite, complementary way of sorting. (to). kumute [n] complement, kuntehain [n] classificatory scheme, system of cat- counterpart, opposite; opponent. ufatlauta ku- egories, taxonomy. mita [v3] face the wrong way, look/turn in the kuntiauen [n] waterfall. wrong direction. ufatlauta kumuta [v1] be fac- kuntsapa [v2] ask about, inquire about; won- ing the wrong way; be backwards. der about; think over, mull over. kuntsapanen [n] object of facing), orientation, alignment, position. investigation or speculation, topic of inquiry. kummin [n] (period of one’s) pregnancy. kuntsapats [n] inquiry, investigation; specula- kumolua [v2] look behind, look over one’s shoul- tion. kuntsape [n] query, question. der, turn around (to face s.o.). kuntsihfeta [v3] rinse. of you, you both. kuntupa [v2] walk on four legs, be four-legged. kumpakaka [n] heron. kuntupaka [n] four-legged animal, quadruped. kumpatam [n] fourteen. kumpatanka [n] four- kunu [n] water (esp. fresh water); water source, teenth. body of fresh water; pond. kikunu [n] pool, kumpatla [v3] water, drench, cover with wa- small pond. tokunu [n] lake. ter (or other liquid). san kunumots [n] frog. kumpaitla [v1] be bloody, covered in blood. ut- kuo [n] to you (2nd person realis dative clitic). sas kumpaitla [v1] be sweaty, covered in sweat. kuohka [v2] caw; croak; be hoarse. kumpokot [n] turtle. kuola [v2] meet (by prior arrangement), meet with, kumuta [v1] (see: kumita). rendezvous with. kuolats [n] meeting, appoint- kumuten [n] the other side, the opposite side (of a ment, rendezvous. divided space). kumutenna [n(loc)] opposite, kuolen [n] meeting place, rendezvous (point). across, on the other side. kupina [v2] be patient. kun [n] four. kunka [n] fourth (ordinal). kupio [n] den, lair; hideout; shelter, sanctuary, re- kuntla [n] (one) quarter, (one) fourth (fraction). treat. ekunna [a] four times, on four occasions, in four kus [n] foot; base, bottom. cases. ekunkana [a] for the fourth time. kakun kusati [n] supper, evening meal. [n] quadruple, four-part (thing); four times; four- kuska [v2] crumple, crinkle, crease, wrinkle. some, quartet, group of four. kakunme, kakoin kusnaua [n] sole (of the foot). [a] four times (in a row); fourfold, by a factor of kusta [v2] choose, select, pick (out); decide (on), four. opt (for). kuste [n] choice, selection; option; de- kuna [n] friend. cision. kumute kuste [n] alternative. kunahats [n] friendship. kunahatsme [n(inst)] kustampe [n] judgement, discernment, ability to 30 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
form opinions. kykantats [n] support. kustial [n] (pair of) feet. kustialna [n(loc)] on kykilha [v2] hold/carry (s.th.) in one’s mouth. foot. kylhoua [v2] keep inside, hold (inside), contain, kustoma [v2] be decisive. store. kylhouanen [n] kusuta [v3] back up, back away. pake kusuta [v3] container; (place for) storage. step back, take a step back. kylhouon [n] container, vessel (for storage). kut [n] you (2nd plural nominative pronoun). kyluma [v2] stand open, be ajar; hold/keep open; kutsmu [n] back, backside; spine, backbone, ver- sustain; (p.t. a fire) be/keep lit, be/keep going. tebrae; ridge (running along the length of s.th.). kutsmuna [n(loc)] behind, in back of. puol kymainka [v2] keep in place, hold in place, hold kutsmu [n] keel or underside of a boat. tene fast, keep (s.th.) in position, keep fastened, pre- kutsmu [n] ridge, crest of a hill. vent from moving. kutsumpa [v2] move backwards, go in reverse. kymainkon [n] clasp, fastener, brooch, buckle. kututi [n] skunk. kymoika [v2] be closed up, shut tight; hold closed, kyfalu [a] generally, usually, as a rule; regularly; keep closed; suppress; confine, keep contained. tend to, be wont to (indicates a generic or habit- kymokta [v3] be welcomed, invited in; welcome, ual event). invite in, make (s.o.) feel at home; be hos- kyiohtla [v2] compare. in (to dat), erg be hospitable, erg welcome kyipa [v2] hold up (high), hold aloft, support; (fig.) nom to dat> kymoikta [v1] be welcome, feel bear, endure, put up with; maintain, sustain. at home. kymokte, kymoikte [n] guest, vis- kyipeutin [n] pause, brief wait; moment (esp. itor, lodger. kymoktaka [n] host; landlord, moment during which nothing is happening). innkeeper. kymoktats [n] welcome, invitation; kyipeutein [n(dat)] for a moment. hosting, hospitality. kyisa [v1] be short, brief; be quick; take a short kymokten [n] inn, guesthouse, lodging. (amount of) time; (p.t. animates) be short-lived, kyntla [v2] avoid, stay away from, keep from; fail live for a short time. kyista [v2] stop, end, cut to (do s.th.), keep oneself from (doing s.th.). short, put a stop to, discontinue, interrupt. kypeuta [v2] expect, anticipate, look forward to. kyitsa [v3] say (s.th.) about, tell about, let (s.o.) know about, inform. kyitsampa of use; benefit, help. kysoikats [n] use, use- sanen [n] subject/topic of conversation, what fulness, utility; value, worth, benefit; purpose, one talks about. kyitse [n] information, knowl- function. edge, tidings. itlas kyitsa [v3] make an ob- kytaihpa [v2] hold back, restrain, keep (s.o.) out of servation about, note, take note of, remark on, the way. kytaihpaka [n] obstacle; restraint. comment on. kefihu kyitsa [v3] give (the) news make (s.o.) stay behind; delay, postpone, defer, of/about, inform, let (s.o.) know about. siehpe put off, hold off (on). kytehats [n] delay, post- kyitsa [v3] write about, write on; deal with, dis- ponement, deferment. cuss (in writing). kytlana [v2] keep straight, hold straight, keep in sliahte kyitsa [v3] tell a story about. alignment. kykaihpa [v2] keep down, hold down, keep from kytlanon [n] brace, splint. moving/rising. kytoilha [v2] be erect, be upright, stand upright kykanta [v2] be upright, vertical (used of inan- (used of animates); hold (s.o.) up, keep upright, imates); keep upright; bolster, support, brace, keep standing, support (s.o.); hold oneself up, keep erect/standing; hold up, prop up, support, lean on (for support). kytoilhats [n] keep nom upright, erg hold up loc (e.g., a posture, stance; support. ympe kytoilha [v2] ceiling) with nom (type of vertical support)> support oneself using a staff/cane, lean on or 31
walk with a staff/cane. laite [n] yellow (thing). kytsoha [v1] be relevant, pertinent. laka [v2] bark, bay, make a barking sound. lake, kytsyipa [v2] hold/keep under water, hold/keep lakats [n] bark, barking. submerged (in liquid). lakia [v2] go hunting; hunt (for). lakiaka [n] hunter. lakiakamit [n] hunt- kytukpa [v2] participate in, take part in; work to- ing party. lakianen [n] game, quarry, prey. gether on, collaborate on. lakiats, lakie [n] hunt, hunting. kytusia [v2] gnaw (on). lakuie [n] delight, enjoyment, thrill(s); enthrall- kyuata [v3] carve. kyuaitanen [n] lala [v2] touch, feel, stroke, pet. carving. lalia [v2] play, have fun. laliats, lalie [n] play, playing; fun, amusement. pota lalia [v2] play ball. la [p] each, apiece; individually, separately; in turn. lalioma [v2] be playful. hen la henme [n(inst)] two by two, two at a lama [n] (area) far away, distance. lamana time, in groups of two. [n(loc)] far away, at a distance. la [p] it’s all right, don’t worry, rest assured (em- lampa [v3] go one after the other, go in order, phatic particle, used to indicate reassurance). process; move in formation; happen in order, l`a [n] plant. tol`a [n] bush. happen in succession, occur in (a particular) se- laha [v3] stop, relent; release, free, let go of; solve. quence; put in order, sequence; take turns (at), efois laha [v3] solve a do (s.th.) step by step; play (a game that requires problem. lhan laha [v3] give up, admit defeat taking turns); bring, take, pass, transfer (from (lit. release will). petats laha [v3] let go of, re- one person to another). lampats [n] order, sequence, suc- lahenia [v2] gather plants or plant material, forage cession; sequentiality; alternation, turn-taking. for wild plants; (p.t. animals) graze. lampe [n] list, sequence, procession (of objects lahi [n] ditch, trough. or events); line, queue, set of objects arranged in lahta [v3] point, extend, stick out, protrude; point a line; game (played in turns). kutsumpe lampa to, point out, indicate, call attention to; ob- [v2] go/happen in reverse order; reverse (the or- serve, take note of. tete lahta [v3] stick out one’s alternate, take turns (at a game). solhe lampa [v2] throw/pass lahtsipe [n] sprout, shoot (of a plant), new growth. from person to person; play (a ball game). solhe lahtsipin [n] early spring, season when plants are lampe [n] ball game. uaste lampa [v2] fly in first budding. formation. lai [n] light (esp. light emitted directly from a light lampesot [n] (step-by-step) directions, instruc- source, such as the sun or a fire, rather than light tions; explanation of a procedure; recipe. reflected off of some object); rays, radiation; bril- lampin [n] (linear or temporal) order, sequence, liance. kilai [n] lamplight, flame of a lamp. succession, arrangement. mehke lampin [n] se- laina [v1] shine, glow, be bright, give off light; quence of events. sliahte lampin [n] narrative. (p.t. sound) be high (in pitch). alainima [v2] lamuhin [n] ballad, lay; narrative poem. tola- brighten, intensify, get/make brighter; rise, go up muhin [n] epic. (in pitch). lainampa [v2] be clear, transparent; lamuta [a] finally, at last, at the end. be translucent. lan [n] line; mark, stroke. afime lan [n] parallel laisne [a] just, right, barely; a short time/distance lines. away; just about to; (modifying a numeral) ex- lana [v1] be free, loose, unfettered, unconstrained. actly, precisely. lau laisne [a] straight, directly, alanima [v2] loosen. lanta [v3] get free, es- in a straight line. cape; free, release, let loose. petats alanima 32 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
[v2] loosen one’s grip on. lhahohta [v2] overreach, reach past. hulhpa lhaha [v2] cast a shadow. lantsemin [n] pattern (of lines), shape, figure. lotsan lantupa [v2] walk in single file; lead in single file. lhaha, tsilpe lhaha [n] be branching, have lhahampio [n] reach, area within one’s reach. lha- lapu [n] crest; dorsal fin. hampiona [n(loc)] within reach. lhahampio las [p] only, merely, just, except (focus particle). pahaina [n(loc)] out of reach, beyond reach. lasta [v3] send, transmit. lhahina [v1] be strong, rich, intense, vivid, sat- lastal [n] recipient, addressee (of a message). urated, brilliant (in colour, taste, smell, etc.). lastampa [v2] send out, distribute. laste [n] akiel lhahina [v1] be vivid, have a vivid appear- message, transmission; delivery. tapio lasta [v3] ance. amahtle lhahina [v1] have a rich/intense signal, send a signal. flavour, be flavourful. latla [v2] send away, dismiss, banish, expel. lhailotl [n] antler(s). latuma [v2] shade, block the light, eclipse; cast a lhakina [v3] infect, contaminate. lhakeina [v1] be infected, have laumasi`o [n] homesickness. an infection; be contaminated. nol lhakeina [v1] have an ear infec- lautehian [n] track(s), rail(s) (for a train). tion. lhakine, lhakeine [n] infection; contami- le [c] but, yet; while, whereas. nation. le [p] I guess, I suppose, perhaps (evidential parti- lhala [v1] be disliked; be annoying; dislike; mind, cle used to express uncertainty). hi`ole [p] yes, be annoyed by, not accept, not tolerate. lhale [n] an- lefa [v2] roll (over), roll around, move with a cir- noyance, pet peeve. cular/rolling motion. lhama [v3] wrap. lhame [n] wrapping(s); portant, inconsequential. wrap, cloak, shawl, cape. lehma [v1] be calm, peaceful. alehmima [v2] calm lhan [n] will, resolve, determination; effort. down, become calmer, relax; pacify, make more lhana [v2] be left behind, be left over, remain; peaceful. lehmeta [v2] calm down, pacify, be- leave. come/make calm. lhaina [v1] be left behind, remain (stative); lehua [v1] be advisable; should, ought to. have left, have remaining. leike [n] treat; snack. lhaine [n] leftovers, leavings, remains. leka [v1] be exhausted. lhanka [v3] mark, make a mark, leave a trace. lem [n] day, daylight hours (period from dawn lhanke [n] mark, the year (day of the summer solstice). lemna trace. [n(loc)] during the day, by day. lhata [v3] split, separate (lengthwise), branch; lempek [n] type of stringed instrument. sever, cleave. lhaita [v1] be split, severed, cloven; late (about). be branching, forked. lhaitanen [n] cleft, split, letan [n] mat, covering made of woven material. branching point, fork (in a road). lhatats [n] letanin [n] coarsely woven material, matting. split, separation, branching; slit, seam, rent. leu [n] tail (of a land mammal, amphibian, or rep- lhati [n] (group of) children (collective noun; trig- tile). gers plural agreement). leua [v1] be clear; be clean, pure, unsullied, un- lhatopa [n] cloven hoof. blemished, untarnished. leuta [v3] clear; (make) lhau [n] swallow (bird; esp. barn swallow). clean, purify. lheka [v2] stand up, get up, rise (from a seated po- lhaha [v2] reach, stretch (out), extend, lengthen. sition); raise up. up> lheika [v1] stand, be in a standing position missed, abl miss nom> (having previously been seated). lhokana [n] grate (for a fire); brazier. lhema [v2] fail, give out, lose one’s strength or in- lhol [n] relative, family member. tegrity; give way, yield, not resist; fail (at). tiause lhema lhoma [v3] add, include; augment, supplement; in- [v2] collapse, fall apart, fall in. crease (the number of), extend. lhome [n] addition, in- (at); do (s.th.) poorly; be displeased with (one’s crease, supplement. abilities), disapprove of. lhonko [n] loud noise. lhonkomit [n] din, racket. lhes [n] edge (esp. sharp edge); blade, cutting edge; lhono [n] soap. ridge, crest. lhopa [v2] flow, run, be fluid; (p.t. wind) blow. lheta [v1] be thin, sparse, fine; be loosely packed, lhopaka [n] fluid. lhope [n] flow, stream, cur- not dense (used of forest, hair, aggregated mate- rent. rial, etc.). lhopaut [n] direction in which s.th. flows; stream, lhi [p] almost, nearly, close to (modifies quanti- current; course, channel, path (of a stream). fiers). lhot [n] metal. lhihe [n] grass. lhotam [n] pan, griddle. lhihenam [n] grassland(s), prairie. lhoua [v1] (see: lhyua). lhihka [v] drool, dribble. lhihke lhua [p] about, around, approximately (modifies a [n] drool, spittle. following numeral quantifier). lhihkitalo [n] grasshopper. lhukahim [n] foul air; bad breath; intestinal gas. lhika [n] saliva. lhuko [n] waste, garbage, trash, refuse. lhila [v2] pull (back towards oneself); pull in, draw lhuma [v1] be dim, dark, hazy, foggy, poorly illu- back/in, haul in; stretch, make taut. lhilampa minated, in half-light (used of objects reflecting [v2] be strict, stern, rigid. lheila [v1] be drawn light or spaces containing light, rather than light tight; be tight, taut, stretched (back); (fig.) be sources); be unclear, obscure, indistinct, hard to tense, alert, on edge. kiyn lhila [v2] draw in a discern/distinguish. alhumima [v2] fade, pale, line (e.g., a fishing line), tighten a cord, tighten grow dimmer. a string (on a stringed instrument). tau lhila, lhumu [n] ache, dull pain. taukiyn lhila [v2] draw (back) one’s bow (to fire lhuna [v1] leave, take one’s leave; part ways (with), an arrow). part company (with). lhunats [n] parting, leave-taking. lhima [v2] wipe, rub gently. lhunki [n] steller’s jay. lhimie [n] (pair of) eyebrows; brow. lhusa [v2] ooze, seep, flow thickly, be viscous. lhimul [n] rag, washcloth. lhuta [v1] be heavy (in weight); be massive, dense; lhinial [n] razor. be bulky, cumbersome, difficult to lift or handle lhinta [v2] be clever, smart, shrewd, cunning; be (relative to size). alhuta [v1] weigh (a certain adept, adroit, agile, dexterous; use/wield (s.th.) amount). skillfully. lhintohta [v2] outwit, outsmart, foolishly, make a fool of oneself, do s.th. stupid; be smarter than. be clumsy. lhympaka [n] fool. lhisa [v3] sew, stitch. lhise [n] sewing materials (fabric lhyua [v3] enter, go/come into; bring/take into, and thread). lheisanen [n] (piece of) sewing, lead into. lhoua [v1] be inside, be indoors, occupy lhita [v1] be missed, overlooked; miss, skip, over- (an enclosed space); be occupied, not empty. look, disregard, fail to find/notice. occupied> lhyuohka [v3] get into, make it into, dat with nom/inst> leihka [v1] be cut up, be manage to enter. eliampe lhyua [v3] welcome, in pieces. lihke [n] blade, cutting implement. make (s.o.) feel welcome, be hospitable towards. lihpa [n] sister. kilihpa [n] younger sister. tolihpa iante lhyua [v3] jump into. nalhpe lhyua [v3] [n] older sister. usher into (by gesturing). s`ulhyua [v3] leak, let lihpahats [n] sisterhood. in the rain (p.t. roofs). lihtu [n] hips, waist. liafueia [v1] be sticking out far above the surface lihtumul [n] belt, sash. (of a body of water). lika [v1] be tender, soft; (fig.) be cute, adorable. liahosta [v1] be mighty, (very) powerful. likana [v3] spin (yarn or thread); twist (rope); liahotsma [v1] be enraged, livid. decide, resolve. liahuetla [v1] be very afraid, terrified, petrified. likanal [n] yarn, thread; (fig.) decision, resolu- liahuetlampa [v2] tion, conclusion, outcome of a debate or discus- terrify, petrify. liahuetlats [n] terror, intense sion. likane [n] fibre for spinning; material, mat- fear. ter, substance; (fig.) subject, topic, issue, con- liakaihpa [v1] be a long way down, be far down; cern, matter, question. be low, deep (down). likanapun [n] spinning wheel. liakeilha [v1] be high (up), be far up, be a long lilhka [v3] fall (p.t. water level); flow out, flow way up; be lofty. away; ebb, recede, subside (p.t. water, also fig.). liakna [v1] be long (distance). aliakna [v1] be lilhke, lilhkats [n] ebb, reflux, flowing out; ebb as long; be long enough; have a certain length, tide, falling tide. measure in length. aliaknima [v2] lengthen, lilhpiau [n] drill. make/get longer, elongate. lima [v2] open; start, begin, initiate, commence, lialima [v2] open wide. lialuma [v1] be wide open; activate; (p.t. fire) light, ignite, start. limuhka (p.t. a fire) be roaring, blazing. [v2] get (s.th.) open; get (s.th.) going; get (s.th.) lianka [n] snake. started. luma [v1] be open; be begun, started; liapaka [v2] take a large/long step (forward). lia- (p.t. fire) be lit, going. hauat lima [v2] start pakota [v2] take large steps, stride. a fire, light a fire. heulhte lima [v2] pull liapama [v1] be vast, immense. open. hompe lima [v2] force open (by push- lias [n] neck; throat. ing). kantse lima [v2] pry open, force open (by liaskan [n] collar. pulling). stihe lima [v2] make (fire) by rubbing liaspa [v3] swallow. sticks together. tlynke lima [v2] pull open. liatima [v1] be remote, distant, far away. lin [p] do you suppose? (question particle, used liatsuhka [v3] be disastrous, catastrophic; befall; to elicit supposition or conjecture from the ad- suffer (a disaster). liatsuhke [n] disas- ship); carcass. ter, catastrophe, calamity. lioke [n] symbol, sign; letter. liatsyipa [v1] be deep below the surface (of a body lioklampe [n] sequence of signs; writing, inscrip- water); be submerged, sunk (out of sight/reach). tion, line (of text). liat- liouhta [v2] block, block out, shut out, shield from syipanen [n] deep, depths. (light); obstruct, cut off (the flow of air or water); liaume [n] penis. hold back, dam. liauna [v3] spread, scatter, disperse, strew; toss, liout [n] barrier, barricade, obstruction; screen, throw (in all directions). salhke liout [n] blood clot. liet [n] hat, cap; head covering. lipa [v1] be sticky. lihe [n] strand, thread (in a web or weaving). li- lis [n] jewel, gem. hemit [n] web, webbing, weaving. lisma [v2] be disrespectful, insolent, impudent. lihka [v3] cut (up), cut into pieces. lohampe [n] words, driftwood. speech; (verbal) expression, wording, the words lotsuku [n] tree trunk. in which s.th. is expressed; voice (fig.). loua [v1] (see: lyua). lohan [n] voice; (fig.) opinion(s), expression. lo- loun [n] highland, upland, fell. hanme [n(inst)] aloud, out loud. luaki [n] coyote. lohka [v3] cause, make, bring about. luan [n] hair, head of hair; coat, fur (of an animal). lohkihun [n] diary, journal; newspaper. hame luan [n] grey hair. lohkiuo [n] knot (in wood). luelia [v2] calm, relax, pacify, put (s.o.) at ease; lohne [n] brown (thing), earth-coloured (thing). care for, treat (a disease or condition). lueliaka [n] doctor, healer; nurse. loi [n] opening, orifice; eye. lueliats [n] care, treatment, therapy. loia [v1] be clear, open. luha [v1] be dim, pale, faint, weak; give off very loien [n] clearing (in a forest); courtyard. toloien little light (used of light sources, rather than ob- [n] square, plaza, open space (in a town). jects reflecting light); (p.t. fire) be low, smol- loimik [n] needle (for sewing). der. aluhima [v2] fade, grow dimmer, dwindle, loiotla [v2] be distinct, be (recognizably) different; weaken, die away, burn low. luhampa [v2] (p.t. distinguish, tell apart, tell the difference. cloudy> loipahu [n] eyelid. luhits [n] ember(s). loita [v2] watch, observe, look at; attend; witness, luhkoipa [v1] be well-known, old, familiar, known experience. loitakamit [n] audience. for a long time. loitam [n] lid (esp. hinged lid of a box or chest); luhme [n] old (one); elder. door (of a cupboard or compartment); window luhmehats [n] old age. shutter. luhtsa [v3] smell, detect the odour of. loihtsa [v1] smell, perceive the odour of; loka [n] forest, woods. have a smell/odour. aloihtsa [v1] smell (of), loke [n] mortar (for grinding). toloke [n] mill, mill- have the smell/odour of. stone. luiha [n] old woman (esp. after the onset of lokilu [n] offshoot; (small) branch, bough, limb (of menopause), crone; wise woman. a tree or plant). luihats [n] menopause. luihatsna [n(loc)] in lokua [v1] stink; be rank, foul, fetid, pungent; have menopause; during menopause. a strong and unpleasant smell/taste. luka [v1] be very old, ancient. 36 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
luku [n] louse. coin (usu. spontaneously, through improvisa- lul [n] place/space underneath, area below, area tion); discover, hit upon, arrive at; be inspired; beneath. lulna [n(loc)] under, underneath, be- inspire. malats [n] creativity, inven- lulha [v1] be bad. lulhampa [v2] go badly, go tion, inspiration; improvisation. male [n] cre- poorly, be poorly done; do s.th. bad; make (s.th.) ation, invention, coinage; discovery. bad, do (s.th.) badly, do (s.th.) poorly. lulhta [v2] malioina [v1] be clear, obvious, self-evident. become/make bad, ruin. malka [n] wolf. luma [v1] (see: lima). malo [n] wall (esp. supporting wall of a house or lumakon [n] cellar, basement, underground room. other enclosed structure). kilumakon [n] vault, underground chamber or maloma [v2] be creative. tank. man [n] I, me (1st singular nominative pronoun). lune [n] blue (thing). manka [v3] fix (in place), fasten, attach, affix. lunkam [n] spruce. mainka [v1] be fixed lunta [v1] flee, escape, run away, get away. in place, held in place, held fast; stay in place, luom [n] (large) bell; (fig.) hour. stay put; be firm, stable, unmoving. mainkota luta [v2] bow, bend forward. tyn luta [v2] bow [v2] keep in place, hold onto, restrain, prevent one’s head; nod (one’s head). from moving. ahim mainkota [v2] hold one’s luto [n] liver. kiluto [n] gall bladder. breath. inie manka [v3] catch sight of, focus lyhma [v3] seal (e.g., with glue or wax), make a one’s gaze on; pay attention to. kistatl manka seal in; caulk. lyhme [v3] lock. kiste manka [v3] freeze in place. lhile [n] seal; sealant, caulking agent. mainkota [v2] restrain, hold back (esp. with a lyihpa [v1] be possible. lyihpe, lyihpats [n] pos- rope or net); keep tied up, keep on a leash. no- sibility. lal manka [v3] listen attentively to. s`omanka lyihpiylaka [n] caterpillar. [v3] tie (in place), tie down. statl manka [v3] trap. tsan manka [v3] nen lyipmit [n] foliage, greenery. stay still, hold oneself in a fixed position; hold lynnu [n] yew tree. tightly onto; attach to oneself, fasten to oneself; lyua [v2] wake up, awaken. loua [v1] be awake. louats [n] tightly onto nom, erg fixate on dat> waking, wakefulness. mankemik [n] pin, brooch. mankol [n] stake, peg. manute [n] fungus. ma [n] I (1st singular ergative clitic). mas [n] soup, broth; stew. m`a [n] what, which; some, something; any, any- masete [n] cattail. thing; certain (inanimate). masi`o [n] sorrow, melancholy, mournfulness. mahki [n] demon, monster, malevolent spirit. matu [n] right, due, prerogative. mahta [v2] be mean, petty; be nasty, malicious, me [n] I, me (1st singular nominative clitic). unkind; do (s.th.) out of malice; be merciless, meha [v3] compose, create, produce, make up, de- act without compassion. mehaka [n] poet, author, composer. erg do nom out of malice> mahtats [n] mean- meihanen [n] work, piece, composition; (piece ness, pettiness; malice, lack of compassion. of) poetry. mahtla [v3] taste, detect the taste of. maihtla [v1] taste, experience the come to pass; experience; come to be, come into taste of, be able to taste; have a taste. emaihtla [v1] taste (of), have the cause, be the cause of, have, be responsible for. taste/flavour of. mehkats [n] ex- mala [v3] create, invent, make up, come up with, istence, being, reality; event, occurrence. mehke 37
[n] being, (real) thing, entity; happening, event, make/become rigid. meitia [v1] be flexed, tense, occurrence; experience. mehketa [v3] appear, tight, rigid, clenched, contracted. naua metia come about, come into existence, arise; (p.t. sea- [v2] clench one’s fist. sons) arrive, come, start, begin; bring into ex- meun [n] milk. istence, make, create; cause to happen, effect, meunka [v3] give milk, lactate; nurse, suckle. bring about. mehkihpa [v1] be intended, meant me- to happen; be intentional, deliberate. mehkihpanenme [n(inst)] delib- unkal [n] nursing infant, suckling, newborn. erately, intentionally. mehkyipa [v1] be pos- mi [n] to me (1st singular irrealis dative clitic). sible, potential. mehkoksa [v1] be necessary. mi [p] unfortunately, I’m afraid (emphatic particle meihka [v1] have happened; be done, complete, used when reporting misfortune). completed; be, exist, occur, be attested; be real, miafa [v1] understand, follow (an argument or actual. meihke [n] fact, real/true thing, thing train of thought). which exists. umehkemit [n] (the) past, past miahte [n] maternal grandfather (mother’s father). events, what happened. iomna meihka [v1] be tomiahte [n] great-grandfather. real, actual (lit. exist in the world). miai [a] how, to what degree; to some degree. mehkamin [n] experience; s.th. which one under- miame [n] maternal grandmother (mother’s goes. mother). tomiame [n] great-grandmother. to- mehkehain [n] information; system of knowledge, miamemit [n] one’s maternal ancestors; matri- science, metaphysics, theory; way of organizing lineage. or interpreting facts. miampi [a] how, to what degree; to some degree; mehketapin [n] history, annal(s), saga. somewhat, more or less. lau miampi [a] how mehkoma [v1] be common, usual; tend to occur, far; to what extent; some distance, a certain dis- be liable to occur; be likely, probable, expected. tance; to some extent. ntse miampi [a] not mehon [n] maple. much, not very, not so. mehu [n] shame. mian [n] how much; some, a certain amount. mian mekietam [n] vision, mental image, picture in the iahte [n] some more (plural), others. mian iap mind’s eye. ahim mekietam [n] hallucination. [n] more, some more (singular). ntse mian [n] mekoi [n] style, mode, design. not much, not a lot; little. mekota [n] scorpion. mianka [n] which (one) (in a sequence) (lit. the mekul [n] dish, plate; shallow flat-bottomed bowl. how many-th). emiankana [a] at which time tomekul [n] platter, serving dish. (out of a set of times); on which occasion, in melet [n] kidney. which case (out of a set of cases); at a certain meletie [n] (pair of) kidneys. time; on a certain occasion, in one case. melyi [n] honey. miankats [n] quantity, amount, number; portion. melyiho [n] mead. kufu miankats [n] range. mena [v3] promise, vow, swear, assure. mene [n] promise, vow. sions, in certain situations; at various times, from mesioku [n] mental health, mental balance, sanity. time to time. kamianteme, kamiantei [a] how metatak [n] crayfish. many times (in a row); by how much, by what mete [n] hinge, joint; link (in a chain); juncture, factor; a number of times (in a row); to a certain meeting point, node; pivot, turning point (lit. degree, by a certain factor. ntse miante [n] not and fig.). kimete [n] link (in a chain). tuose many, not a lot; few. metena [n(loc)] in the nick of time. miatia [v1] get closer to, narrow in on, work on metehis [n] the North Star (Polaris). (formulating an idea). meteun [n] juncture, junction, meeting point, con- miauha [v2] mew, meow. fluence, place where two paths or rivers come to- mi`e [n] where; somewhere; anywhere. miei gether; turning point, place of transition, bound- [n(dat)] where to, whither. mieia [n(all)] ary, threshold, horizon. where, whither, in which direction. mieme metia [v2] flex, tense, tighten, clench, contract, [n(inst)] which way, how, by what route; some- 38 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
how, in some way, by some route. mieu [n(abl)] turn grey, go grey. isutai milhta [v3] come to where from, whence. life; bring to life, animate. kamehaits milhta miekona [v1] be ignorant. born to. kefihai milhta [v3] start over (from the over. beginning), begin again; renew. koini milhta mihkot [n] bur, prickly seed pod. [v3] grow up, mature, enter adulthood, become mihoiton [n] umbilical cord. an adult. ksipe milhta [v3] twist. luihaits mihua [v1] be humble, modest, unassuming. milhta [v3] begin/enter menopause. misalhkai mihyla [v1] overlook, ignore, disregard, fail to con- milhta [v3] begin menstruating, reach puberty sider, fail to remember/recall. mihylats [n] disregard. to sleep. oklai milhta [v3] go into hiding. sanei mik [n] thorn; needle, barb, spine, quill. kimik [n] milhta [v3] redden, turn red. souetein mil- prickle, bristle. hta [v3] go/fall into a trance; put into a trance. mikal [n] boy (esp. pre-pubescent boy). kimikal ufatlauta milhta [v3] make a wrong turn, turn [n] baby boy. in the wrong direction; go wrong. uiloil milhta mikamie [n] maternal grandparents. [v3] fall in love. mikankuts [n] porcupine. mili [n] outside aunt, stepmother, mother-in-law mikema [n] comb. (female relative of one’s parents’ generation who mikiela [v3] visualize, see in one’s mind; imagine, does not belong to the same maternal or paternal envision. clan). milimit [n] group of older women. mikloha [v1] think through, mull over, go over (in mimeun [n] breast milk, mother’s milk. one’s mind); relive, experience (the mental image mimilha [v2] move back and forth, oscillate; move or memory of). to and fro, zigzag, move in a serpentine fashion; miktipa [v3] embroider. path, zigzag. miktipe, miktipats [n] embroidery, needlework. mimilhelau [n] winding or serpentine path, mean- miku [n] ant. dering path, trail with many switchbacks. mikulu [n] idea, notion, abstract concept, mental mimota [v1] plan (out); bring together a set of construct. ideas; come up with a plan, strategy, or theory. mikyitsa [v3] think about, contemplate. mimote [n] plan, strategy, think nom about all> theory. mila [v1] be beautiful, handsome, attractive, mina [v3] think, have thoughts. mine [n] thought(s). milh [n] turn, shift, transition, change, transfor- minahkan [n] emotional value, worth; respect, mation; stage (in a sequence of events), moment honour, esteem, high regard. of change, point at which s.th. happens. milhu minahta [v1] be alive, vital, robust, powerful, vig- meilh [n(abl/dat)] back and forth, to and fro; orous, dynamic; have energy; work, function, be over and over, again and again (lit. from turn to able to move (used esp. of body parts; opposite turn). of paralyzed); have the use of, have life/feeling milhkoua [n(all)] why, what for, for what pur- in (a part of one’s body). minahtats [n] life, pose, to what end; what’s the point in (doing X); vitality, energy; vigour; function, functionality. for some purpose. auote minahta [v1] be in high spirits, have good milhoka [v2] do over (from the beginning), redo; morale; have confidence. kalial minahta [v1] start over. have the use of one’s legs, be able to walk. py- milhta [v3] turn, shift; change, transform, turn ime minahta [v1] be pregnant. (into); become; enter, begin (a new stage of one’s minap [n] bone marrow; (fig.) core, essence, heart; development). ekliona milhta [v3] turn tre (of); thoroughly, fully, completely, to the core, left. hamei milhta [v3] pale, fade; (p.t. hair) through and through; intensely. 39 mineihte [n] correct thought/belief; right impres- menstrual bleeding. sion. misasa [v3] find out, discover, learn (inadver- miniokta [v3] return to (an idea or endeavour), re- tently); realize, conclude, come to a conclusion; sume thinking about, turn one’s attention back let slip, unintentionally reveal or disclose (a piece to; remember, recall, bring to mind; draw one’s of information). misaisa [v1] be known, draw loc’s attention to dat> revealed, found out; know, be aware of, have minkilha [v3] let one’s mind wander, be distracted; learned (inadvertently). mis- lose interest, cease to concentrate (on). elation, conclusion. ufatl misasa [v3] be mis- minoma [v2] be thoughtful, mindful. taken, get the wrong idea, come to the wrong minta [n] meaning, denotation; significance. conclusion; misunderstand. minufatl [n] fallacy, mistaken belief; false impres- misihsan [n] menses, menstrual blood/flow. sion. mita [v3] come to mind, enter one’s mind, occur minukan [n] interest, intellectual value; idea wor- to; think (of), consider, remember, recall, be re- thy of one’s attention. minded of; have an idea; discover, realize, think minunta [v3] reconsider, revisit (an idea). (s.o.) of. mite [n] idea, something thought up. minuta [v3] come to mind, come to the attention mitahpa [v1] be surprised, taken aback. tention of loc, loc become interested in nom> mitakis [n] childhood name; nickname. mi`o [n] who, which one (animate); some, someone; mitatana [v1] daydream, let one’s mind wander; any, anyone; certain. be absent-minded. mitatane, miokoni [n] mental state, state/frame of mind, mitatanats [n] daydream(ing). mood, spirits, attitude. miteka [v2] assume, presume, infer, gather, con- mioktia [v3] be interesting, noteworthy; give a clude, come to the conclusion (that). miteke [n] thought to, notice, become aware of; make aware assumption, inference, conclusion. of, inform of; teach, impart knowledge. mioktiaka [n] teacher; infor- to dat> miteunal [n] focus of one’s attention. mant. mioktie [n] subject of interest; teaching, miteune [n] attention, regard, focus. imparted knowledge, information. mitia [v1] be weak, frail; be fragile, breakable, eas- miosuta [v1] be bored, lethargic. miosutampa ily broken. [v2] be boring, tedious. miosutats [n] boredom, mitifa [v3] be/become distracted, stop paying at- tedium; lethargy. tention; distract, divert one’s attention. mipeita [v1] be understandable, imaginable, acces- mitilha [v2] be confused, dazed, bewildered, be- sible, easy to grasp; be clear, evident, apparent; fuddled; have difficulty thinking clearly. reason for. (about), come to know (s.th. which one has been misaha [v3] think over, mull over, ruminate on; trying to understand); disclose, reveal; inform. pursue a train of thought; (try to) work out, try dat, erg inform dat of nom> mitlelhahpa [v3] misahe [n] thought(s), train of thought. investigate, study, try to find out (about), set out misalhka [v1] menstruate. to discover. mitlelhe [n] discovery; conclusion, misalhke [n] menstrual flow; menstruation, result(s) of one’s investigations. mitlelhuha [v1] 40 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
be curious, want to find out (about). make possible. moitampe [n] (available) stores, supplies, kind, a certain kind. provisions. moital [n] recipient. moite [n] mitsipe [n] flower bud. thing received, acquisition; chance, opportunity. mitsoha [v2] be connected, related, associated moituha [v1] be desirable; desire, want (to re- (used of ideas or concepts); associate mentally. ceive). taskuhe moita [v3] curdle. ulhmo mitsohanen, mitsohats mok [n] hearth; home, household; (fig.) matrilin- [n] mental association, relationship between two eal clan; matrilineage, maternal ancestry (in the or more ideas or concepts. Okuna bilineal kinship system, the clan affilia- mitunke [a] how, in what way, by what means; tion inherited from one’s mother, which forms somehow, in some way, by some means. the foundation of the household and the basic miua [n] cat. kimiua [n] kitten. political and economic unit in Okuna society). mo [n] to me (1st singular realis dative clitic). mokai [n] maternal niece/nephew (child of one’s mo [p] I think, in my opinion, in my view (particle sister, or other relative of one’s children’s gener- used to indicate that the sentence expresses the ation belonging to the same matrilineal clan). speaker’s personal opinion). mokanap`e [n] maternal niece (daughter of one’s moheuhka [v2] steam, be steaming, simmer. dren’s generation belonging to the same matri- moheuk [n] steam, vapour. lineal clan). mohi [n] cloud(s). mokatien [n] maternal nephew (son of one’s sister, mohisiem [n] (partly) cloudy sky. or other male relative of one’s children’s genera- mohkain [n] society, community, social network; tion belonging to the same matrilineal clan). alliance, group of lineages. mokelhol [n] matrilineal relative(s). mohkauat [n] hearth; hearth fire. moknamit [n] household, immediate family, rela- mohkiloiha [n] maternal granddaughter (female tives with whom one lives. relative of one’s grandchildren’s generation be- mokta [v3] go/come home, get home; bring/take longing to the same matrilineal clan). home. moikta [v1] be (at) home. grandchildren’s generation belonging to the same moktuhka [v3] get home, reach home, make it matrilineal clan). kimohkilu [n] maternal great- home. moktanen [n] way home; homecoming. grandchild. momilhta [v3] come (back) around, come full cir- mohkilukal [n] maternal grandson (male relative cle, come back to where one started, complete of one’s grandchildren’s generation belonging to a cycle/circuit; bring (back) around, bring full the same matrilineal clan). circle. momilhtats [n] round trip, circuit; cycle. moiha [n] girl (esp. pre-pubescent girl). kimoiha mompi [n] mole (animal). [n] baby girl. monen [n] wing (of a bird or bat); fin, flipper. moiheki [n] sea otter. monie [n] (pair of) wings; (pair of) fins, flippers. moihkanoi [n] scar. moseki [n] bat (animal). moikem [n] cape, peninsula. kimoikem [n] spit. mosie [n] upper back, shoulders. moikenaua [n] fist. mosiemul [n] cloak, shawl. moin [n] sea, ocean. mosipa [v2] carry on one’s back/shoulders. moinike [n] sea lion. mosketo [n] shoulder blade. mois`ı [n] ocean current. mostapu [n] armpit. moita [v3] get, receive, acquire, obtain; get the mota [v3] come together, join (with), come into chance, have the opportunity; cause to receive; contact (with); bring together, join, bring into let, allow, facilitate; give (s.o.) a chance, give contact (with). moitampa bring nom into contact with inst> moita [v1] [v2] be available, obtainable; be possible, feasi- be joined, be together; touch, be in contact ble; provide, make available; enable, facilitate, (with), be adjacent (to); consist of, be composed 41
of, be formed from (the combination of). ampe mota [v3] range in order, organize into a hierarchy or nu- agree, come to an agreement, achieve consensus. merical order; prioritize. mpeteune [n] order, ranking, opinion, collective decision. ampe moita [v1] hierarchy. agree, be in agreement, be of the same mind, mpetio [n] mushroom (esp. an edible mushroom). have the same opinion. hete mota [v3] bring to- mpetionia [v2] forage for mushrooms, gather gether, assemble, collect together (from different mushrooms. places). kele moita [v1] touch, be touching, be mpetsan [n] number, numeral; rank, position (in adjacent, be in contact (with each other). lhahe an ordering or sequence). mota [v3] reach (each other), come together, mpyka [v3] bump, knock (against), run into, col- meet (by stretching/extending, e.g., branches of lide accidentally with. (with a circular motion); twist together. sohi mu [a] enough, sufficiently. milhte mota [v3] twist rope, make rope. solhe muelha [v2] sleep. muelhe [n] sleep, period of mota [v3] throw together, toss together; pile up, sleep. muelhta [v2] fall asleep, go to sleep. tsan throw into a (jumbled) pile; mix together quickly muelha [v2] get (oneself) some sleep. and carelessly. tiause mota [v3] fall in, collapse muelhona [v1] be drowsy sleepy; have the urge (in on oneself). tlule mota [v3] push together, to sleep. muelhone, muel- press together, squeeze together; knead. honats [n] drowsiness, the urge to sleep. motanalh [n] starfish. muha [v1] be enough, suffice, be sufficient; have moteun [n] meeting place, junction, point of con- enough, be well-supplied. amuhohta [v1] be mots [n] frog; toad. more than sufficient, exceed what is required; mouta [v1] be sick, ill, unwell. mouhta [v2] be plentiful. muhampa [v2] do enough; sat- get/make sick. moutats [n] sickness, illness, disease. (with respect to nom), erg satiate inst> muhe heluku mouta [v1] have a cold, be sick with [n] enough, a sufficient amount (of) (quantifies a cold. hekulu mouhta [v3] get a cold, come mass nouns). suken muha [v1] be a suffi- down with a cold. hintsypalu mouta [v1] have cient amount of time/room, be time enough, be pneumonia. nykalu mouta [v1] be allergic, have room enough; have (enough) time, have (enough) an allergy. nykalu mouhta [v3] have an aller- room. erg> muhpi [a] enough, sufficiently, to a sufficient de- moutoma [v2] tend to get sick; be frail, be in- gree. emuhpi [a] enough, for enough time, for firm, have a poor constitution; be unhealthy, a sufficient amount of time. lau muhpi [a] unhygienic. enough. mpehis [n] the next (one(s)), the following (one(s)), muhte [n] enough, a sufficient number (of) (quan- subsequent (one(s)). empehisna [a] (the) next tifies count nouns). emuhtena [a] often enough; time. mpehis eket, mpehis nket [n] every in enough cases. kamuhteme, kamuhtei [a] other (one). enough times (in a row); enough, sufficiently. mpehkai [n] first, the first (one(s)), the primary muka [v2] close, shut; end, conclude, finish, com- (one(s)). empehkaina [a] first, for the first time. plete; (p.t. fire) go out; put out, extinguish. mpekam [n] the last (one(s)), the previous (one(s)), the preceding (one(s)), the most recent moika [v1] be closed, shut; be over, finished, (one(s)). empekamna [a] last, the last time, complete(d); (p.t. fire) be out, extinguished. previously, most recently. hauat muka [v2] put out a fire, extinguish a mpekunte [n] the last (ones(s)), the final (one(s)), fire. heulhte muka [v2] pull closed, close by 42 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
pulling. hompe muka [v2] force closed (by wear, have on, be dressed in, be clothed in. mupatle [n] (article of) clothing, na [v2] shut up!, be quiet!, shut your mouth! clothes, dress. mupatlemit [n] set of clothes, kantse muka [v2] force closed (by pulling hard). outfit. lyhme muka [v2] seal up, seal shut. tlynke muta [v2] grow, develop, mature, evolve, become muka [v2] push closed, close by pushing. more complex; enrich, foster, elaborate (on). mul [n] (piece of) cloth, fabric. mutanen [n] (manner of) growth, development, mulhe [a] always, constantly, all the time (usu. evolution. modifies stative verbs). mutifa [v3] take off, remove (an article of cloth- mulhta [v3] (see: mutla). ing); undress. mutifampa (question particle, used to elicit the addressee’s [v2] get undressed. muteifa [v1] be naked, nude, personal opinion or subjective assessment). undressed. muna [n] burrow, warren, (underground) lair. mutla [v1] be understood; be understandable, com- munta [v1] be drunk. munteta [v3] get drunk. prehensible; understand, comprehend, see, real- minap munta [v1] be very drunk (lit. drunk [in ize; be aware of. mulhta [v3] become exceedingly drunk (lit. drunk as a wet wasp). understood; come to understand, realize; teach, muoha [v1] be whole, complete, in one piece. show, cause to understand. muohta [v3] become whole; complete, make mutu [n] wall, fence, barrier. whole; mend, fix, repair, reassemble, put back myhuna [v2] purr, make a purring sound. together (s.th. in pieces); unite, unify; reconcile. myiouk [n] padding, cushioning. muohfa [v1] be thick, dense, heavy, concentrated na [n] he, she (3rd person animate ergative clitic). (used of liquid or vapour, hair, or packed ma- na [p] (imperative/optative particle). terial); (p.t. colour) be bright, saturated; (p.t. n`a [n] water (esp. water for human use). food) be rich, savoury, intense; (p.t. precipi- nafa [v2] hold, hold onto, grasp; embrace. tation) be heavy. amuohfima [v2] thicken, nahenia [v2] fetch water (from a stream or well). become thicker/denser, become more concen- nahenie [n] water supply. trated; make thicker, reduce; brighten, deepen, nahepa [v3] run one’s hand(s) along/across; feel blush, flush; enrich, add flavour to. muohfeta the contours of; stroke. brighten, make/become bright. akaile muohfa nahiela [v2] row, paddle (a boat); handle (a boat). [v1] be humid, muggy. amahtle muohfa [v1] be naka [n] stone, rock, piece of stone; chunk, piece rich, have a rich/intense flavour. luan muohfa (when used with the name of a type of stone). [v1] have a thick head of hair; (p.t. animals) be tonaka [n] boulder. ksohtilas naka [n] chunk furry, have a thick coat. nalei muohfa [v1] be of obsidian. brightly coloured. pahti amuohfima [v2] blush, nakahta [v3] hit (with one’s hands), punch, slap; become red in the face. knock (on). moikenaua nakahta [v3] punch, muohpi [a] completely, entirely, wholly, fully. hit with one’s fists. naua nakahta [v3] slap, hit emuohpi [a] the whole time. hun emuohpi with the palm of one’s hand. [a] all night (long), (for) the whole night. lem nakap [n] chance, luck, happenstance. nakapme emuohpi [a] all day (long), (for) the whole day. [n(inst)] by chance, accidentally. muohsot [n] apology, words of reconciliation. nakasta [v3] oppose, resist, fight, struggle against. muot [n] valley, dale. nakatia [v2] clap one’s hands. nakatiota [v2] clap mupatla [v3] put on, don (an article of clothing); repeatedly, applaud. nakatiote, nakatiotats clothe, dress, cover, drape; get dressed, clothe [n] applause. oneself in. mupaitla [v1] nakem [n] the back of one’s hand. 43 naki [n] duck (esp. wood duck). nalhpa [v2] (make a) gesture, gesticulate. handful, scoop, clump (esp. of a granular sub- nalhpe, nalhpats [n] gesture, gesticulation. stance). nalhp`a [n] upper arm, bicep. naklana [v3] happen by chance, just happen to; nalhpatle [n] sleeve. end up, get into, find oneself (in a certain situa- nalhul [n] lower arm, forearm. tion); it turns out that; lead to, bring about (un- nalla [v3] greet, wish (s.o.) well. nalle [n] greet- dat end up (experiencing) nom, erg bring about ing, salutation; farewell; well-wishing, benedic- nom by chance> naklanats [n] chance, luck, tion. etskane nalla [v3] welcome, say hello to, happenstance. naklane [n] chance occurrence, greet upon arrival. mokte nalla [v3] welcome accident, unintended event. nyhim naklana (s.o.) home. nkilhe nalla [v3] say farewell to, [v3] get into trouble (inadvertently). nam [n] (type of) terrain, landscape, topography; nakluha [v1] be old, worn, used. anakluhima [v2] land, country, region, zone. age, wear out. nakluhats [n] age; use, wear and nami [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- tear. nakluhta [v2] get old, become worn out. inative + first person singular irrealis dative). nakol [n] handle, grip (of a knife or other tool), hilt namo [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- (of a sword). inative + first person singular realis dative). nakoma [v2] communicate using gestures; indi- namota [v3] assemble, put together (from vari- cate, convey, express (an idea) using gestures ous parts); connect, join together, combine (by or pantomime. nakome [n] gesture; concept or hand); build, construct. nakopa [v2] point out, indicate, identify, pick out, nampahai [n] wilderness, the wild. draw attention to; recognize, acknowledge (with nampyka [v3] make a rapping sound, knock a gesture), salute. on (with one’s hand). nakpa [v2] carry, bear, hold, have in one’s hands. nampyke, nampykats [n] knock, knocking, tem nakpauot, temie nakpauot [v3] hold rapping sound. hands. namuohta [v3] fix, repair, mend (by hand); com- nalaha [v2] let go of, release (from one’s grip). plete, make whole; (fig.) work, succeed, come off, nalahta [v3] stick out one’s hand, point; point out, pan out, be successful; succeed (at); make (s.th. indicate. work), create, accomplish, achieve, attain, pull nalampa [v3] pass (from hand to hand), transfer off, bring about; win, prevail. make/accomplish dat> namuoihtanen [n] ac- nalei [n] colour, hue; pigment, paint, dye. patle complishment, achievement; creation. namuoi- nalei [n] paint. elhe nalei [n] dye. hte [n] attainment; reward, winnings. namuo- nalh [n] arm (of a person); front leg, foreleg (of an htats [n] repair; success, (act of) accomplish- animal). ment. namuohtyipa [v3] be possible, feasible, nalha [v3] put in, place inside, insert (with one’s doable, workable; be attainable. hands); fit in, stick in; plant; sow. nalhe [n] insertion; plant- demonstrative). ing; newly-sown seeds. nailhanen [n] garden nana [v2] let, leave, allow, permit; leave (s.o.) plot, bed, patch of ground in which something is alone, let be, not interfere with; spare, save. planted. nanika [v2] try, attempt (to do or use s.th.); try nalhal [n] (pair of) arms; front legs, forelegs. out, test, experiment (with). nanikota [v2] nalhanka [v3] mark, leave a mark with one’s practice; keep trying; test repeatedly. naniko- hand/fingers. nalhanke [n] fingerprint(s). tats [n] practice, exercise, drill. nalhmet [n] elbow. naniokta [v3] put back, replace, return, hand back, 44 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
pass back, give back. harvest. nankilha [v3] give away, get rid of; remove, put nateuna [v3] touch with one’s hand(s), put/lay away, put out of sight/reach; take away; pass on, one’s hand(s) on; put down, set down (s.th. which hand off. dat> natiausa [v2] drop, let go of (allowing to fall). nantsemin [n] landscape, terrain, geography. natifa [v3] take off, remove (by hand); strip, peel; nantsemoi [n] map, chart. pick, pluck; harvest. natifampa pluck; harvest (from the ground). natilha [v2] be clumsy (with one’s hands); handle nanyipa [v2] handle, manipulate, wield, use (with clumsily, fumble with, have difficulty manipulat- one’s hands), operate (by hand). nanyipe [n] ing. hand tool, implement, instrument. natiyisa [v2] lift (with one’s hands), pick up, hold napatla [v3] cover, conceal, block (s.th.) with one’s up (in one’s hands). hands, put one’s hands over, put one’s hands in natliku [n] noxious or irritating substance, irritant. front of. tiokin natliku [n] poison, toxin, venom, deadly nap`e [n] daughter (esp. the daughter of a woman). substance. napesa [v2] brush with one’s hand; strum (a natlisa [v3] hand over, hand across; pass (e.g., food stringed instrument). across a table); transfer, transmit (by hand). napeta [v2] grab, grasp, take hold of; pick up with natluha [v3] press down (on), hold down, pin (with one’s hands. one’s hands/arms). napiha [v2] feel, reach (out), search (with one’s natlula [v3] pound, hammer (with one’s fist), beat, hands). throttle. nasa [v1] be strong. anasima [v2] strengthen, natlynka [v2] push (against) with one’s hands. get/make stronger, fortify. nasampa [v2] exert natoka [v3] fix, repair, mend (esp. manually). oneself, use one’s strength; do (s.th.) by force. natoke [n] fix, repair; tool (used to fix nasehta [v3] hand on, pass on; hand over, turn something). (s.th.) over to; give out, dispense. natupa [v2] crawl on one’s hands and knees. nasimampe [n] handiwork, craft. naua [n] palm (of the hand); sole (of the foot); paw. naslola [v3] grab (in a bunch), take a handful. nauatia [v2] gesture towards, point towards, indi- nasloilanen [n] cate; hold out, offer; show, display. single hand. nauma [n] cougar, mountain lion, puma. nata [v3] hand, pass, give (by hand); (p.t. food) nauosta [v3] shape by hand; work (a material) serve; feed. nate [n] serving; feed. handiwork. natafa [v3] show/demonstrate using gestures or nauot [n] cup, vessel (for drinking out of). tilas pantomime. natafats [n] pantomime. nauot [n] (drinking) glass. natak [n] blow. natakme [n(inst)] forcefully, by nauotla [v2] separate, take apart, disassemble (by hitting. natak ehtsanme [n] in one blow, with hand). a single blow. ne [n] he, him; she, her (3rd person animate nomi- natatana [v3] hand out/around, give out, dis- native clitic). pense, distribute; circulate (by hand). ne [p] (interrogative particle; contracts to -n after nateka [v2] get, go and get, fetch, gather, collect a vowel). (in/with one’s hands); pick up, take, grab; pick, nefi [n] fern (esp. western sword fern). choose, select, take up (i.e., identify s.th. as one’s nehka [v1] moult, shed skin/scales (used of rep- choice by grabbing or picking it up); (p.t. plants) tiles). 45 nehta [v2] move suddenly, move quickly, jump, demonstrate, expose, give (s.o.) the experience jerk; be startled; startle, upset. denly, erg jerk nom, erg startle loc> nehtota neiha [v1] be experienced, familiar. nihal [n] witness. neile [n] sheep, mountain goat. nihanen [n] experience. nek [n] scales; skin (of a fish, reptile, or amphib- nika [v2] try, attempt; sample. ian). niku [n] perch (fish). nelha [v3] forbid, prohibit, disallow; deny, say no. nila [v2] change, shift, undergo steady or constant neilha [v1] be forbid- tain rate); experience the passage of time. kiote nila [v2] change quickly; seem nem [p] (speech act particle used to mark a sen- to pass quickly. nilats [n] (the experi- nemot [n] all, all of them, they all; all of the (ani- ence of) steady or constant change; the passage mate). hen nemot [n] both, both of them, they of time; (subjective) time, the sensation of time both; both of the (animate). passing. nenta [v3] scout, take one’s bearings, examine nilu [n] net. one’s surroundings; find (s.th. which one has been nima [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- hunting for), locate, seek out, identify the loca- inative + first person singular ergative). tion of. nentyipa nima [v2] go/travel from place to place, wander, [v3] be available, accessible, reachable, locatable; move around; be nomadic. nimaka [n] wan- be able to find/locate. inie nenta [v3] scout, derer, itinerant, nomad. nime [n] wandering(s), scan; sight, catch sight of, locate (by sight). travel(s). nepatla [v3] paint, cover/coat with paint. nepaitla [v1] be painted, suffer, erg cause nom to suffer> be covered with paint. nepatle, nepaitle [n] paint, pigment. nin [n] they, them; these (ones), those (ones) (3rd sane nepatla [v3] paint (s.th.) red. plural animate nominative pronoun and demon- nesap [n] question. strative). nesapa [v3] ask. nesapampa ni`o [n] eight. niohka [n] eighth (ordinal). nio- [v2] question, interrogate, ask questions (of). htla [n] (one) eighth (fraction). eniohna [a] eight times. eniohkana [a] for the eighth time. ni [n] to him, to her (3rd person animate irrealis kani`o [n] eight-part (thing); eight times; group dative clitic). of eight. kaniohme, kanioi [a] eight times (in nial [n] blade; sword; machete. kinial [n] dagger. a row); eightfold, by a factor of eight. nialhule [n] sheath, scabbard. niohpatam [n] eighteen. niohpatanka [n] eigh- nialonka [n] (northern) pintail duck. teenth. niama [v1] be sacred, holy, venerable; revere, ven- niok [a] back, again, once more (indicates a return erate, hold sacred, recognize as sacred. niamampa [v2] be niokakiel [n] reflection, image; projection. hallowed, be venerated; do (s.th.) sacred, partici- niokalau [n] return, way back. niokalauna pate in a sacred act; bless, hallow, sanctify, make [n(loc)] on the way back. sacred; venerate, treat as sacred. back the way one came; retreat, withdraw; lead niepa [v3] be available; offer (up), present, provide, back. wards all> niepe [n] offer, offering, suggestion. niokila [v3] reflect, mirror. 46 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
niokilon [n] mirror, reflective surface. grunting sound, snort. niokoipa [v1] be familiar; remember (a person or nket [n] each, every, each of them, they each; each thing), recognize. niokoihta [v3] (come to) remember, them, they both, the two of them each (animate). recognize, recall, realize who (s.o.) is; remind. nketu [n] crab. niokoitsan [n] ghost, phantom, spectre; vision or nkilha [v3] leave, depart, go away, disappear; re- apparition of a human form. move, put away; get rid of, dispose of, dispense niokona [v1] be remembered, recalled, in mem- with. nkilhuhka [v3] get ber, recall, have in one’s memory. niokonampa [v2] be reminiscent of, age to remove. nkulha [v1] be gone, absent, be reminiscent of nom> niokone, niokonats away. nkulhota [v2] stay away, avoid; keep [n] memory. niokonta [v3] (come/begin to) re- away. hete nkilha [v3] take away, carry away, member, recall, bring to mind; remind. aside. kiompe nkilha [v3] run away, flee, disap- niokonoma [v3] be memorable, noteworthy; have pear quickly. kutsumpe nkilha [v3] back away. a good memory. discard. tlynke nkilha [v3] push away, push nioksot [n] answer, response, reply, retort. aside; (fig.) reject. kulampiou nkulha [v1] be niokta [v3] return, go/come back; put back, out of sight, beyond the range of one’s vision. take/bring back, return, replace; redo, do again, ulampiou nkulha [v1] be out of earshot. do over; resume, begin again, take up again. nkima [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nioikta [v1] be back, returned. inie nkime [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- niokta [v3] look back at, return someone’s gaze; inative + first person inclusive irrealis dative). turn one’s attention back to, resume looking nkimo [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- at, take another look at. laste niokta [v3] send back, return; nko [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nomi- resend, send again. ois niokta [v3] replace, put native + second person ergative). (s.th.) back in its place. tiause niokta [v3] fall nkue [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- back down. inative + second person irrealis dative). nioktunka [v2] react, respond, acknowledge. nioktunke [n] reaction, response. nkulhona [v1] be missed; miss, feel the loss or ab- niolh [n] land, country, region, territory. sence of. nisa [v2] arise, come up (for consideration or dis- nkuo [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nom- cussion), come to one’s attention; bring up, con- inative + second person realis dative). sider; think about, give attention to, give thought nkuta [v3] hit, beat (with a heavy blunt in- to; talk about, discuss, go over. nom/inst> neise, neisanen [n] topic, subject (brought up no [n] to him, to her (3rd person realis dative clitic). for consideration or discussion). nohtsune [n] earlobe. nisoma [v2] be interesting, be of interest; be in- nohtuma [v1] be deaf, hard of hearing. anohtu- terested, take interest in, be concerned with, be mima [v2] lose (some of) one’s hearing. no- devoted to; mention or think about frequently. htunta [v2] deafen, make deaf; become deaf. nisome [n] topic/object of interest. hear (well). nohtumu koin [n] deaf person. nisomats [n] interest, concern, attention. noksu [n] sturgeon. nitlka [v3] sting, inject with venom. nitlke [n] sting, stinger. nolal [n] (pair of) ears. niuka [v2] grunt, snort. niuke, niukats [n] grunt, nole [n] respect, esteem, admiration. 47 nolhina [n] earring. ntsohkina [c/p] nor, and not, also not; not includ- nolho [n] muscle. ing, except for; (as a focus particle) neither, not nolna [v1] be respected, admired, esteemed; re- even, not including. spect, admire, hold in esteem. ntsohkina Y [c] neither X nor Y. noni [n] quail. ntsoke [a] not going to (future tense marker used nonta [v3] learn (completely), grasp; master, be- in negative clauses). come skilled, become proficient. nointa [v1] in the negative); not, not in fact (focus particle be learned, skilled, proficient; be an expert, be a expressing emphatic negation). ntsune eskuke master (of). nointa- [e] no thank you. nen [n] master, expert, learned person; teacher, ntsunehiots [n] disagreement; argument, dispute. scholar. nointats [n] skill, proficiency, expertise. ntsuta [a] not yet; not already. nointe [n] (acquired) skill, learning; lore, accu- ntsymiohpa [a] for no reason; there’s no reason mulated knowledge. nontahpa [v3] study, train why. in, seek to master. nontats [n] mastery, train- ntsyntsa [v2] buzz, hum, murmur, make a buzzing ing. sound. ntsyntse [n] buzz, buzzing sound, hum, ntah`o [n] misery; despair, hopelessness, lack of murmur. courage or resolve. ntyla [n] dough. ntasiku [n] oyster. nufa [v3] take out, remove (from inside), extract, ntiel`a [n] dolphin, porpoise. draw out; draw (water from a well). hake nufa [v3] native + first person exclusive ergative). scrape out. heulhte nufa [v3] pull out, pull up, ntsam`a [n] nothing, none. extract by pulling, draw (water). hinkepe nufa ntsamalh [n] no time, no point. ntsamalhna [v3] disembowel, gut, remove the entrails from. [n(loc)] never, in no case, at no point, on no keto nufa [v3] debone, remove the bones from. occasion. lihke nufa [v3] cut out, remove/extract by cut- ntse [p] not (negative focus particle). eima ntse ting. otse nufa [v3] dig up, unearth; dig out. [p] not yet, still not. husu ntse [p] not even. seuki nufa [v3] weed, remove weeds from (a gar- tiefu ntse [p] only not, just not; except (for). den plot). siume nufa [v3] suck out, extract by ntseima [a] no longer, no more, not any more. sucking. ntsemi [a] never. nuha [v1] be cold. anuhima [v2] chill, cool (down), ntsemi`e [n] nowhere. get/make colder. minap nuha [v1] be chilled to ntsemifoi [a] never (in the future), nevermore, the bone, cold through and through. never again. nuhkunu [n] water source, water supply; (large) ntsemihka [a] never (in the past), never before. well; reservoir. ntsemilhkoua [n(all)] for no purpose, to no avail; nukana [v1] be dangerous, perilous, dire; be there’s no purpose (for X), there’s no point (in formidable, intimidating, terrible, mighty, grim. doing X), it’s useless (to do X). nulha [v3] result in, develop into, lead to; trig- ntsemi`o [n] no-one, nobody, none (animate). ger, bring about. noilha there’s no way (to do X). [v1] be the result of, be a consequence of, have ntsi [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nomi- as a consequence. nulhal [n] re- ntsilas [p] not only, not merely, not just (focus par- sult(s), outcome; consequences; development. ticle). ntsilas X husu Y [p] not only X but also nulhut [n] cold, cold weather, low temperature(s). Y. numa [n] wild rose. ntsit [n] tin. numpa [v3] mash, grind, pound, make into (mush). ntso [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate nomi- numpal [n] mush, native + first person exclusive realis dative). coarse meal; porridge. numpe [n] pestle, 48 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
grinder. ahotsin numpal [n] corn mush, corn- more. tohohpi [a] a lot more, quite a bit more, meal, polenta. kepehots numpal [n] acorn to a much greater degree. lau ohpi [a] farther; mush. more, to a greater extent. nuta [v2] be idle, not in use; keep idle; be free, not ohsak [n] flesh, pulp (of a fruit or plant), raw veg- busy. meat. nyfe [n] nest. ohta [v2] (see: opa). nyhim [n] trouble, difficulty, problems. ohtla [v1] resemble, be like, be similar to. akiel ohtla [v1] look like, resem- membrane, barrier, tissue. nyhui lul [n] under ble. aluhtse ohtla [v1] smell like. aule ohtla (the) water, below the surface (of a body of wa- [v1] sound like. ter). ohtlutsin [n] scarring, scar tissue. nyhuilan [n] waterline; water level; edge (of a body ohui [n] (piece of) fruit, berry. of water). ohuin`a [n] juice. nyhuitsike [n] water skater. ohuinia [v2] gather berries or wild fruit. nyipa [v2] use, employ; work, operate. nyipanen [n] use; function, pur- oisemon [n] hummingbird. pose/reason for which something is used. nyipe oita [v1] be important, be significant, matter. [n] tool, instrument, implement, device. kinyipe oitekan [n] importance, significance, worth, value. [n] toy, plaything. nyipuhka [v2] succeed in us- oka [n] community, society; people, tribe, cultural ing, get (s.th.) to work. group, ethnicity. nykal [n] allergy; allergic reaction. okapa [n] member of a community, member of a tribe or cultural group. oke [a] in the future, by and by; going to (marks oha [v1] be about, concern, pertain to, be con- future events). cerned with, have to do with. ohanen [n] topic, subject matter, content. future), future events, what will happen. ohe [n] more, a greater amount (of); the most, the okfa [v1] be wanted, desired. okfe, okfats [n] want, desire. hohe [n] a bit more, a little more. tohohe [n] auokfohta [v1] be preferred, be (the) favourite; much more, a lot more, a good deal more. ntse prefer, would rather. euok- ohe [n] not more; no more, not any more. fohte [n] favourite; preference. ohila [v1] be healthy, hale, fit, robust, in good okita [v2] isolate, cut off, separate. ohiyna [v1] be sad, unhappy, cheerless, dreary, okla [v2] be hidden, in hiding; be secret; hide, con- mournful; be unfortunate, tragic; be sad, un- ceal, have/keep hidden. okle [n] hidden object, happy. ohiynampa [v2] sadden, depress, inspire (away), secrete, stow away. unhappiness. ohiynta [v3] sadden, (cause to) oklen [n] hiding place, hideout; seclusion, refuge. become unhappy, depress. okonakiel [n] (visual) sign, token, indication, evi- ohka [v1] be dear, cherished, beloved; love, cherish, dence (of a property or condition); characteristic hold dear. appearance; symptom. ohkina [c/p] and, also, as well as, in addition to, okoni [n] quality, value, degree, level of inten- including; (as a focus particle) also, even, includ- sity; tone; mood, condition, disposition; char- ing. acter, characteristic(s), aspect, feature, prop- ohkutia [v1] be accurate. erty, attribute. akiel okoni [n] appearance, ohpe [n] reason, rationale, motive, motivation. oh- looks, visual characteristic(s). aule okoni [n] peu [n(abl)] because (of), on account of; for the sound quality, tone, timbre. lohan okoni [n] sake of. voice quality; tone of voice, inflection, intonation. ohpi [a] more, more so, to a greater degree. iohpi nalei okoni [n] hue, shade, colour value. pahti [a] for longer. kihohpi [a] a bit more, somewhat okoni [n] complexion. 49 okuto [n] edible root, root vegetable; tuber. otana [n] patrilineal clan; patrilineage, paternal ola [v3] come within earshot; hear, catch the sound ancestry (in the Okuna bilineal kinship system, of. ula [v1] be audible; it the clan affiliation inherited from one’s father, sounds like; hear, be able to hear, have within serving a largely ceremonial function). earshot. euola [v1] sound, otanai [n] child (of a man); paternal niece/nephew have the sound of, have an X sound. ufatl ola (relative of one’s children’s generation belonging [v3] mishear. to the same patrilineal clan). olh [p] there, over there, yonder, that (away from otanakame [n] paternal relative; paternal cousin speaker and addressee; deictic particle). (relative, esp. of one’s own generation, belonging olhempa [v3] pass (by) there, go through there, go to the same patrilineal clan). that way (via a location away from the speaker otanalhol [n] patrilineal relative(s). and addressee, or a previously-mentioned loca- otanap`e [n] daughter (of a man); paternal niece tion). (or other female relative of one’s children’s gen- olhuta [v3] go/come away from there, leave there; eration belonging to the same patrilineal clan). bring/take away from there (a location away from otasuhpa [n] paternal male cousin, half-brother the speaker and addressee, or previously men- (son of one’s father or father’s brother, or other tioned). male relative of one’s generation belonging to oloma [v1] be easily heard, audible, clear, distinct; one’s patrilineal clan). (p.t. voices) project, be powerful. otatien [n] son (of a man); paternal nephew (or olua [v2] turn around, rotate, pivot. other male relative of one’s children’s generation omuti [n] opossum. belonging to the same patrilineal clan). onakan [n] wisdom, learning. ote [n] earth, soil, dirt; fertile/arable land. onakpa [v2] be wise, learned. otelhal [n] hole dug for burying something; place ontia [v2] bounce. where something is buried; grave, burial, burial opa [v1] believe, think, suppose, guess, speculate. plot. kihotelhal [n] hole dug for planting seeds. ope [n] belief, supposition, otieun [n] garden plot. guess. ohta [v2] come to believe; convince, cause otime [n] fallen leaves; litter, straw or other plant to believe. eihte opa [v1] be right, otla [v3] come apart, break apart; separate (from); get it right, guess correctly; believe/think the take apart; break up, separate, disband, dis- right thing. tsuon opa [v1] overestimate. ufatl perse. oitla [v1] rectly. be apart, separated; be broken up, in pieces. osek [n] mouse (esp. field mouse). ampe otla [v3] differ, disagree, have a differ- oson [n] the planet Jupiter. ence of opinion. ehse otla [v3] tear apart, rip to otakiloiha [n] paternal granddaughter (or other fe- pieces, shred; tear off, rip off. heulhte otla [v3] male relative of one’s grandchildren’s generation pull apart, pull to pieces. iante otla [v3] jump belonging to the same patrilineal clan). apart, spring away from (each other). kantse otakilu [n] paternal grandchild (or other relative of otla [v3] pry apart. lau otla [v3] part ways, go one’s grandchildren’s generation belonging to the separate ways (after traveling together). lihke otla [v3] cut apart, otakilukal [n] paternal grandson (or other male rel- dismember; cut off, cut away, remove by cut- ative of one’s grandchildren’s generation belong- ting. kiompe otla [v3] run away (from each otalihpa [n] paternal female cousin, half-sister other), disperse quickly, scatter. solhe otla [v3] (daughter of one’s father or father’s brother, or cast away, throw in different directions (as when other female relative of one’s generation belong- searching frantically for something), scatter, dis- ing to one’s patrilineal clan). perse (by throwing). tiause otla [v3] fall apart, otamili [n] paternal aunt (father’s sister, or other fall down, collapse into pieces. female relative of one’s parents’ generation who otlen [n] gap, empty space, point of separation; belongs to the same patrilineal clan). hole, opening; cleft. 50 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
otsa [v3] dig. oit- pahti [n] texture, consistency; complexion, visage, sanen [n] dug hole, (water) well. appearance; (degree of) clarity. otsena [v1] be likely, probable; it is likely (that). pahulhpa [n] shelter. ot`u [n] hole. pai [n] songbird, warbler, passerine. otuhko [n] cave. tohotuhko [n] cavern. pak [n] step; stride, pace. otuhpa [v3] make a hole in, breach. sequence), stage, turn. pakemit [n] (series of) otupa [v2] decide (on); settle; judge; choose, select. steps; stair(s); path marked by steps. pakota otupahpa [v2] deliberate (on), try to decide; con- [v2] go step by step, move one step at a time; fol- sider, evaluate, think about, ponder, ruminate low a series of steps, follow a procedure; do step (on). by step, do in stages; do in sequence. pako- otusu [n] paternal uncle (father’s brother, or other tame [n(inst)] step by step. pakotats [n] se- male relative of one’s parents’ generation belong- quence; procedure, series of steps. lampesot ing to one’s patrilineal clan). pakota [v2] follow instructions, follow directions. oukuta [v1] be bothersome, worrying, of concern; pakanta [v1] loom, tower. be bothered, worried, concerned. pakehis [n] planet. ouna [n] bear (esp. American black bear). ki- paken [n] step; stepping stone. houna [n] bear cub. pakila [v3] become clear, become easy to see, come into focus; see clearly; show clearly, show care- fully/thoroughly. (thing), feral (animal). pahaina [n(loc)] be- pakeila [v1] be easy to see, clearly visible; be yond; except (for), apart from, besides, above sharp, vivid, in focus, easy to make out; be clear, and beyond. plain, obvious, evident. pahaipa [n] foreigner, outsider, alien; outlandish paklampe [n] (series of) tracks; trail, path, track. person. hastin paklampe [n] deer track. pahal [n] cousin (or other relative of one’s own gen- paklima [v2] begin, start, commence (used of jour- eration) who is unrelated by clan; step-sibling, neys, stories, or other events which involve fol- sister/brother-in-law (if belonging to different lowing a path); embark, set off, set out; orig- clans). inate, lead away (used of a path or course). pahetsa [v3] say clearly. pahetsampa [v2] speak paklimanen [n] pahiem [n] overcast sky. start, beginning, beginning point (of a journey, pahite [n] bow (of a ship). path/route, or story). pahkite [n] pace, stride (as an approximate unit of pakon [n] bridge. measure). paksona [v2] take care of, tend (to), care for, man- pahola [v3] hear clearly. age; watch over, protect, guard; develop, enrich; pahoila [v1] be easy to hear, clearly audible; be raise, bring up, grow, cultivate, propagate, breed. clear, crisp, distinct, sharp. paksonaka [n] care-giver, guardian, protector, pahona [v1] be well known; know well, know a lot manager, custodian. paksone [n] charge, ward, about, be proficient in, be well versed in, be an responsibility; person or thing that one cares for; expert in. pahonanen [n] expert; expertise, profi- paksonen [n] garden; nursery. ciency. pahone [n] area of expertise, subject pakuma [n] forehead, brow. about which one knows a great deal. pakyipa [v2] hold up, support (e.g., a roof), keep pahta [v2] lead, rule, direct, govern, administer. from falling or collapsing. pahtaka [n] leader, ruler, chief. pahtanen [n] pakyitsa [v3] tell (s.o.) everything there is to say rule, administration, governance, leadership; of- about; explain clearly, explain thoroughly; give 51
a complete description of. pakyitsampa room; (fig.) be grand, impressive. [v2] discuss thoroughly, say everything there is to pamasot [n] speech, address, oration; argument, say about; be thorough, comprehensive (in one’s rhetoric, discourse. explanation). pakyitse [n] complete description, pamoikem [n] headland, promontory. thorough discussion, comprehensive treatment. pamutla [v1] be well understood, be completely pala [v2] catch, capture, trap; (p.t. disease) catch, understood. afflict nom, nom come down with erg/inst> pana [v1] be simple, plain, unadorned. paila [v1] be caught, captured; be ill, afflicted, pankalu [n] kitchen. stricken. pale [n] quarry, prey. pankoto [n] cooking pot. paile [n] catch, haul; (p.t. illness) patient, person pasehta [v3] go/come before, precede; go in front, afflicted. pailats [n] attack, affliction, bout of lead the way. pasehtemit illness, sickness, condition. hekiynna pala [v2] [n] vanguard. (en)snare, catch in a snare. kakilhinme paila pata [v1] be tall. [v1] be rabid, infected with rabies. nykalme patla [v3] cover, coat; put on. allergic reaction. statlna pala [v2] trap, catch paitla [v1] cover; be covered, be coated, have in a trap. uante pala [v2] catch in a net; catch (s.th.) all over. patle [n] coat, coating, covering. ho- fit. hinkepe pailats [n] indigestion; intestinal hits paitla [v1] be dusty. kilhi paitla [v1] be gas. ksiame pailats [n] sneezing fit. hairy, be covered with hair. myiouk patla [v3] palahta [n] tree. pad (the outside of), cover/protect with padding. palan [n] yard, courtyard. nalei patla [v3] paint, cover/coat with paint. palhi [n] (solid) ground, (dry) land, terra firma; nalei patle [n] (coat) of paint. pite paitla, surface of the earth; level ground; floor, bottom tsyho paitla [v1] be dirty, grimy, filthy. tipe (of a forest or valley). palhina [n(loc)] on the paitla [v1] be detailed, elaborate; be ornate, cov- ground; on land, ashore. palhi lul [n] under- ered with decorations. ground, below the surface. loka palhi [n] forest pato [n] heel. floor. patoilha [v1] stand in front, be foremost, be (in) palhil`a [n] ground cover, undergrowth. first (place). pa- palhinam [n] lowland(s), bottom land(s), river toilhanen [n] forefront. bottom. patsihfa [v1] be bare, clear(ed), uncovered, un- palhta [v3] land, alight (i.e., move from the water filled, empty (used of horizontal surfaces such as or air to the land); go/come ashore, run aground; tables and shelves). touch down. pailhta [v1] be landed, grounded; paua [v2] wash, bathe, clean (with water). pauats (p.t. a boat or aquatic animal) be ashore, be on [n] wash, washing. dry land; (p.t. a bird or other flying animal) sit, pauekul [n] wash basin. roost, be perched. tolomuats palhta [v3] wash paulon [n] (wash) tub. up on shore. tupe palhta, tumpake palhta [v3] paumul [n] washcloth. wade ashore. peha [v3] kiss. palhten [n] landing; pier, dock, mooring; perch, pehe [n] lips. roost, resting place. topalhten [n] port. pehi [a] a little, a bit, somewhat, not very, to some palu [n] village, small settlement. degree, to some extent; partly, partially. palul [n] underside, bottom (lowest point/area on pek [n] patch (of colour). kipek [n] spot, speck. the exterior surface of an object); belly, abdomen topek [n] area, region (of colour). (of a four-legged or crawling animal). palulna pekait [n] rash, skin irritation. [n(loc)] under, below, beneath, on the underside peklha [v1] be crooked, askew, out of alignment, of; on one’s belly. unbalanced; tilt, list to one side; (fig.) be uneasy, 52 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
disturbed, uncomfortable, ill-at-ease, tense, ner- cramp. piki- disturbed; disturb, be unnerving, be unsettling. ats [n] stabbing pain, (painful) cramp, spasm. peklheta [v3] tilt, tip, (cause to) lean to pila [n] bird. pilamit [n] flock of birds. kipila [n] one side, make/become crooked; (cause to) be- small bird; hatchling. come uneasy, lose one’s composure; unnerve. pima [n] stuff, material (with which something is pella [v2] get in the way, interfere with. pellaka filled, or out of which something is made); con- [n] obstacle, obstruction. pellats [n] interference, tents; ingredients. being in the way. pinai [n] chile pepper. penta [v1] be safe, secure, out of harm’s way. piohta [v2] mock, make fun of. piohte, piohtats [n] mockery. clean/groom with a brush. tolu pesa [v2] sweep pite [n] dirt (adhering to an object), grime, crud, with a broom. filth. peta [v2] take (hold of), grasp; pick up; get, fetch. piyla [v2] slither, crawl on one’s belly. petahpa [v2] reach for, grasp at, try to take; at- poha [v1] be fat, corpulent. tempt to pick up. petats [n] grip, grasp, hold. pohua [v2] burst, rupture. cheat abl out of nom> kilhte peta [v2] bite pokiolh [n] blister (caused by burning). down on, grasp in/with one’s teeth. pokot [n] turtle, tortoise. peteun [n] handle, grip; place where s.th. is poku [n] stomach, belly, abdomen. grasped. popinai [n] large mild chile pepper. peuta [v2] wait; bide one’s time. peute [n] wait, vigil; waiting period. inie posteihe [n] blister (caused by friction/rubbing). peuta [v2] watch out, keep an eye out, keep a pota [n] ball; sphere. look out (for). psyta [v2] spit out. inie peutaka [n] lookout, watch(er), guard, sen- puhetlka [v2] spill (out), overflow. peutalh [n] wait, waiting time; break; time, inter- puhtla [v3] overturn, capsize, upset, turn/fall over val, period (esp. of inactivity). (spilling one’s contents). mpyke ful, vigilant. puhtla [v2] knock over. pi [p] maybe, perhaps, possibly (evidential particle puita [v2] ride (an animal or bicycle). puite [n] used to express uncertainty). mount. piat [n] arrow, dart. pune [n] bean, pea, legume. piau [n] top, summit, peak, pinnacle, highest point, puniaka [v3] travel, go on a trip/journey. puniake, puniakats [n] jour- piauta [v3] go to the top, go to the highest point, ney, trip, voyage; travel. puniakaka [n] trav- reach the summit; land on top (of), alight on; eller. puniakakamit [n] travelling party. puni- put/place on top. piaueta [v1] puniaka [v3] dream, have a dream. sit/stand atop, be perched on top (of), be at the puol [n] boat, canoe. topuol [n] large boat, ship. summit; (p.t. the sun/moon) be at its highest pusuka [v3] make, create, produce, build; combine, point in the sky, be at the zenith; be directly assemble (out of parts or ingredients); prepare. overhead. pusoika [v1] be made, created, sequence or procession); be next (in line), come prepared; consist (of), be composed (of). pihe be made out of nom> pusukal, pusoikanen [n] follower. [n] creation, artifact, product; preparation; crea- pihta [v1] be dirty, grimy, filthy. ture. pusuke [n] material(s), ingredient(s). sati pikia [v3] feel a stabbing or spasmic pain, have a pusuka [v3] make/prepare a meal, cook. so- 53
nana pusuka [v3] bake. sakl`a [n] edible plant; vegetable. pyi [n] child; offspring (of a woman). pyimit [n] sako [n] larva, grub; maggot. (one’s) children, offspring (taken collectively). sakohmi [n] spouse, husband, wife. pyihats [n] childhood, youth. pyihatsme sakpa [v3] feed (a fire), stoke, fuel, add fuel to, [n(inst)] as a child, during childhood. pyi- supply fuel for. hatsna [n(loc)] in (one’s) childhood, in (one’s) salha [v3] lie down (esp. from a standing position); youth, when (one) was a child. lay down, put to bed/sleep. sailha [v1] lie put (s.th.) on one’s hands or feet. pyina [v1] wear (s.th.) on one’s hands salhka [v2] bleed, shed blood; cause to bleed. bleed, erg bleed abl> salhke [n] blood, bleed- pynalh [n] test, examination, experiment, evalua- ing, bloodshed. haukie salhka [v2] cough up tion. blood. salia [v2] wave, flap, flutter; move (s.th.) back and forth; gesticulate. salie [n] flag, banner, saha [v2] pursue, go after, follow (with the in- pennant. tem salie [n] gesture, gesticulation. tention of catching up to). salo [n] plum. iante saha [v2] jump after; jump out at, leap salota [n] stuff, material, substance. out at, pounce on, spring on (with the intent sama [v1] be cool enough to touch (used of food, of catching); ambush. kiompe saha [v2] chase, metal, pottery, or other objects which have been pursue, run after. lhahe saha [v2] reach out heated). asamima [v2] cool down, make/get towards, reach for, try to touch/grasp; stretch cooler (after cooking/firing). santa [v3] cool off, (s.th.) out to. solhe saha [v2] throw samot [n] all of us, we all (1st plural exclusive). at, lob towards (with the intention of hitting). sampekmon [n] red-winged blackbird. sahi [n] patch, cluster, stand (i.e., area where many san [n] blood (substance). plants of the same type are growing). ipoi sahi sanaloi [n] the planet Mars. [n] blackberry patch. palahta sahi [n] grove of sane [n] red (thing). trees; orchard. sanekam [n] cedar (esp. western red cedar). sahontu [n] condor. saniahki [n] hemorrhage. sahta [v1] be fierce, fearsome, dangerous. saninie [n] rage, fury. saila [v3] strike, attack, force oneself upon; catch; sankepaut [n] vein; artery. prey upon. sailal, saielanen sanki [n] bronze. [n] victim; prey, quarry. sailampa [v2] be hos- sankits [n] rust; oxidation; red earth or dust. tile, violent; use force. sailampe [n] force, violence. sailampats sanokuto [n] carrot. [n] hostility; violence, use of force. sapa [v3] tidy up, neaten; groom. saipa [v1] be tidy, neat, saka [v2] be courageous, be a courageous act, in order; be well-groomed. mikema sapa [v3] be bravely done; be brave, courageous, valiant, comb one’s hair. heroic; do (s.th.) bravely, act with courage, do sasa [v3] meet, find (without prior arrangement (s.th.) out of courage. sakaka [n] across, discover. sasats [n] hero. sake [n] act of courage, act of bravery, meeting, encounter. heroic act. sakats [n] bravery, courage, heroism. saskihin [a] right away, immediately, directly. sakan [n] wagon, cart (or other wheeled vehicle). sat [n] we, us (1st plural exclusive nominative pro- sakelha [v2] digest (food). noun). saket [n] each of us, every one of us, we each (1st sata [v2] think of, conceive of, imagine, come up plural exclusive). with (an idea); propose, suggest. sate [n] thought, idea, concept; proposal, 54 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
suggestion. lick up. sati [n] meal; dinner, midday meal; food, dish. sepe [n] drink, beverage. kisati [n] light meal, snack; lunch. tosati [n] sepyi [n] some, a few (quantifies over count nouns). large meal; feast, banquet. esepyina [a] sometimes, occasionally, now and satimilh [n] course (in a meal). then, from time to time. kasepyime, kasepyie satla [n] roof; shelter, covering. kisatla [n] lean-to, [a] a few times (in a row); a little, a bit, by a canopy (or other temporary shelter); tent. small degree. satlakol [n] pillar, column, (vertical) roof support. sesina [v1] be colourful. se [n] we, us (1st plural exclusive nominative clitic). sete [n] reed; tule, sedge (or similar water plant). sefa [v3] feel (on/with one’s skin). setenam [n] marsh, wetland(s), fen, bog. seifa [v1] (be able to) feel (on/with one’s skin); setla [v2] be rash, act rashly, take drastic measures; touch, be touching, be in contact with. eseifa [v1] feel (to the touch), have the setspa [v3] get stuck, get lodged, get bogged down feel/texture of, have an X texture. (in mud, water, snow, sand, etc.), sink into; stick, sehta [v3] go/come forward, go/come forth, pro- lodge. seitspa [v1] be stuck, lodged. precede; bring/take forward, bring/take out, pro- seuki [n] weed; inedible or non-useful plant. duce, show, display; resume, start again, take up si [n] to us (1st plural exclusive irrealis dative again. eliampi sehta [e] good-bye, siafa [v2] rub; polish, buff. farewell, bon voyage (lit. ‘[may you] go forth eas- sial [n] breast; nipple. ily’). hompe sehta [v3] lunge (forward). inie sialie [n] (pair of) breasts; (pair of) nipples. sehta [v3] look forward, look ahead; (fig.) antic- sialoi [n] entrance, opening, way in. ipate. kuma sehta [v3] siaua [v2] be gentle, be very careful, do (s.th.) gen- face forward, face front. laste sehta [v3] send tly; handle gently or delicately, handle/treat with forth, send out. tale sehta [v3] continue read- care. sehtona [v1] be foreseen, envisioned, anticipated; siehat [n] lightning. foresee, envision, anticipate, have foresight of. siehka [v1] shit, defecate; excrete, pass drop- sehtonta [v2] predict, en- pings. siehke [n] excre- vision, have a premonition of. sehtonats [n] ment; droppings, dung. foresight, prediction, prophecy; anticipation. se- siehpa [v3] write, inscribe, transcribe. siehpe [n] pen, vision of the future. writing instrument. sieihpanen [n] writing(s), seima [v1] be sweet. document, written record, composition. sekit [n] rat. siekona [v1] feel the urge to defecate. sekui [n] shrike. sieksihin [n] diarrhea. selem [n] conifer, fir, pine tree. siem [n] sky, heaven; weather. seleu [n] catkin. siemalh [n] season, time of year; the weather asso- semu [n] skin, hide; covering; bark; peel. ciated with a particular time of year. semuka [v1] peel, shed one’s skin/bark. semuke [n] shed skin/bark. siemlan [n] horizon (line). sena [v3] hang, suspend; hang up. suna [v1] hang, be hanging, be sphere. suspended. sieni [n] sock(s), stocking(s). senin [n] curtain, wall hanging. sifa [v2] whistle; chirp, tweet. sife [n] whistle, sepa [v2] drink, imbibe, consume (liquid); inhale, whistling, chirping, tweeting (sound). breathe in (smoke or fumes). tete sepa [v2] lap, sifoi [a] from now on, as of now, starting now, from 55
this point on. esihpi sifoi [a] for now, for a erg do nom with an ulterior motive, erg trick while. dat by means of nom> sikaka [n] trickster, de- siha [v1] flow, run (p.t. liquids), be in liquid form. ceiver. sikats [n] cleverness, shrewdness, cun- sihta [v3] melt, liquify, turn to liquid. etle siha ning; trickery; treachery. sike [n] trick, act of [v1] have a runny nose. cleverness/cunning. sihafa [v3] go/travel downstream; take down- sik`a [p] until, up to, as far as, all the way to (em- stream. pendent clause in the dative case). X su Y sik`a sihafaut [n] downstream, direction in which a [p] from X (all the way) to Y, (extending) be- stream flows. tween X and Y. sihauat [n] flame. sikotl [n] claw, talon. sihilal [n] river bank, riverside, area beside a creek siku [n] hook. or river. sihilalna [n(loc)] by/beside the river. sila [v1] be clear, straightforward, plain, obvious; sihimpailats [n] (bout of) dysentery. be understandable, easy to understand, explicit; sihin [n] flow, flux; outflow, discharge. be easy to perceive. silta [v3] be- or river; bring/take (down) to the (nearest) come clear; clarify, make clear, explain, elucidate. stream or river. sihitaut [n] direction of the (nearest) stream or aule sila [v1] be clear, easy to hear. sihitauta [n(all)] towards the river, in the di- silh [n] finger, digit. silhmit [n] (set of) fingers. rection of the river. ahopiau silh [n] middle finger. kikoset silh [n] sihka [a] up to now, until now (but no longer), just little finger, pinky. kunka silh [n] ring finger. now, until just recently (used of a state of affairs nakopanen silh [n] index finger. which held in the past but has now ended). silhakte [n] knuckle. sihkasout [n] upstream, direction opposite that in silhanka [v3] leave fingerprints, mark with one’s which a stream flows. finger(s). sil- sihkasta [v3] go/travel against the current, hanke [n] fingerprints, marks made with one’s go/travel upstream; bring/take upstream. puite silheketl [n] fingernail. sihkasta [v3] travel upstream (by boat). silhmet [n] finger joint. sihkiuo [n] whirlpool, eddy, vortex. silip [n] butterfly. sihkumuten [n] the opposite side/bank of a stream sima [v1] be subtle; be exquisite, fine, finely made; or river. be carefully made or thought out. simampa sihkunu [n] flowing water; stream, (large) creek, [v2] be careful, take care; be thoughtful, mind- (small) river. kisihkunu [n] creek, brook, small ful. sinta [v2] make, work, fashion with care or stream. tosihkunu [n] (large) river. subtlety. sihmoteun [n] confluence, place where two streams simu [n] concern, worry. or rivers come together, place where one stream sinna [v1] be fragile, delicate; break easily. flows into another. sioku [n] balance, equilibrium; purpose, goal, end. sihpa [v2] swim. siokuanen [n] bisexual person. sihsan [n] blood flow, bloodstream, circulation of siokumilh [n] equinox. ihmet siokumilh [n] blood. spring equinox. tiaulyip siokumilh [n] autum- sihtsilpe [n] tributary. sihtsilpemit [n] watershed, nal equinox. drainage basin. siokuminta [n] ambiguity, double meaning. sihtsipin [n] source of a river or stream, headwa- siola [v2] slip, slide, skid. sihuanten [n] mouth of a river. sioute [n] precipitation, weather conditions. sika [v2] be clever, wily, shrewd, cunning; do/act sipa [n] pants, trousers. with an ulterior motive; trick, play a trick on; sipe [n] some, a little, a bit (quantifies mass nouns). be tricky, treacherous; deceive. sisa [n] rattle. or turtle, or of a nut); protective case or covering; sislianka [n] rattlesnake. shield. tosoha [n] shield. sistatl [n] fish trap. sohenia [v2] gather shellfish, harvest shellfish. sisuhen [n] spring, source (of a stream or river). sohie [n] shellfish (specifically bivalve mollusk: oys- sita [v1] be quiet, soft (i.e., not loud); be still, calm, ter, mussel, etc.). peaceful, relaxed, at rest. asitima [v2] get qui- sohta [v3] say, utter, state (in terms of); articulate, eter; go down, lower (in volume); calm down, set- express, put into words. soihta siufa [v1] be close, enclosed; be thick, dense, [v1] be uttered, be in words, be verbal. sohte [n] crowded, packed tightly together (used of forest, utterance, statement; verbal expression; word- hair, bundled objects, etc.). tahkua siufa [v1] ing, phrasing, the words with which something be tangled (up), be in tangles. is expressed. sohtal, soihtanen [n] speech, dis- siufen [n] dense woods, thicket. course, oration; idea(s) put into words, concept siulla [v2] curl, spiral. being articulated. ampe sohta [v3] voice one’s siuma [v2] suck (up), absorb; suckle, nurse. kisiumaka [n] [v3] brag, boast, be boastful. haio sohta [v3] suckling, nursing infant. siumats [n] sucking; whisper, say (s.th.) in a whisper. sile sohta [v3] suction; suckling, nursing. say plainly, express clearly, put in simple terms. siyhu [n] field, meadow, open space. sohtapin [n] argument, argumentation, chain of siyhupai [n] meadowlark. reasoning; discourse; poem. skala [v3] remove, take away, eliminate, expunge, soiahki [n] outburst, outpouring of emotion, purge; lift (from); omit; relieve, absolve (of). blowup; verbal attack, rant, railing; harsh crit- mehu skala [v3] forgive. soialta [v2] claim, proclaim, lay claim to, declare; skimo [n] tadpole. take on, take charge of, take responsibility for; skoha [v2] steal. skohaka [n] thief. take a vow, promise fidelity, pledge fealty to. sliahte [n] story, tale. soialtats [n] pledge, promise, oath of fealty, slol [n] pack, bag, knapsack; bundle. kislol [n] (wedding) vows. satchel. slolmit [n] baggage, kit, packed sup- sokala [v3] invite; encourage. slola [v3] bunch up, cluster together; gather (up), sokasta [v2] argue, quarrel; disagree (with), op- collect, assemble; bundle (together). sloilanen [n] bundle, bunch, against all> sokastats [n] arguing, dispute; cluster, group(ing). pete slola [v3] grab (in a disagreement, (vocal) opposition. sokaste [n] ar- bunch), take a handful. s`oslola [v3] tie up, tie gument, quarrel, dispute. together (into a bundle). sokastoma [v2] be argumentative, quarrelsome, sluka [v1] be distasteful, odious, repulsive, repug- disagreeable. nant; be unpleasant, unappealing, unappetizing; sokla [v3] attach, fasten, join. ened, nauseated, repulsed. (s.o.) on; describe, explain; instruct. s`o [n] rope. kis`o [n] thin rope, string. tahkua s`o sokoipa [v1] know by reputation, know of/about, [n] knotted or tangled rope. have heard of. sofalua [v2] start over, start again, pick up again, sokoipats [n] reputation. resume talking (after stopping to correct oneself); sokopa [v2] hail, call out to, shout out to, greet rephrase, restate. (esp. from a distance); recognize, show recogni- sofalue [p] that is, that is to say, in other words. tion of, acknowledge. sofo [n] flour. sokopats [n] hail, call, greeting; (fig.) recogni- soha [n] shell (i.e., hard, rigid shell, as of a mollusk tion, acknowledgement. 57 sokumita [v3] summon, call over; describe, startle, surprise. present, invoke, conjure up (in words). sonki [n] pig; boar. solahta [v3] mention, point out, refer to; inform sonkilha [v3] dismiss, send away, tell to leave; call (s.o.) of, let (s.o.) know about; remark on, com- off (a dog). leave> solasta [v3] contact, get in touch with, send word, sosilta [v2] explain, clarify. all> solaste [n] news, tidings; message, word. sot [n] word; words, speech, utterance. ihfoite sot solatla [v3] dismiss, excuse, send away, tell (s.o.) [n] a private word, private conversation. to leave. sota [v1] be thick, heavy, bulky, strong (used of solau [n] advice, counsel. paper, cloth, walls, and other flat objects and solha [v2] throw, toss, cast, lob; scatter, disperse surfaces). (by throwing). sotafa [v3] describe, explain, explicate; instruct. solhila [v2] exaggerate. fully. solisme [n] insult. soteuna [v3] claim, lay claim, make a claim, assert solohka [v3] order, command, demand (that an the right to; reserve. soteune, action be performed). solohke [n] or- sotilha [v2] have difficulty speaking, slur or fumble der, command, demand. one’s words. solohkoma [v2] be bossy, pushy, authoritarian; be sotiuhe [n] rule, law, commandment, injunction, demanding. directive. somehka [v3] create, enact, call into being (by sotoka [v3] correct, contradict (an erroneous state- speaking); perform (a ritual formula or incan- ment or false impression), set (s.o.) straight; de- tation); order; arrange, organize, administer. bunk (a fallacy). somehkaka [n] speaker, straight about all> spokesperson; performer; boss, foreman, man- sotsokua [v3] introduce. ager, overseer. sotuhfa [v2] make excuses. sotuhfe [n] excuse(s), evasion. dat of nom> sotuma [v3] refuse, say no. sotupuats [n] syllable. somoieta [v1] be known; know (about), have souata [v2] interrupt, cut off; silence, shut (s.o.) heard of, be aware of. up, stop (s.o.) from talking. somoiete [n] word, news, tidings, report; knowl- souetin [n] trance; hypnosis. edge, information, intelligence. somoietemit [n] souksipa [v2] dread, feel dread. souksipe, souk- thing. sipats [n] dread, a feeling of dread. sona [n] oven. tosona [n] furnace. soun [n] heart; (fig.) soul, life force; spirit, courage, soniha [v3] describe, talk about; convey, portray, bravery, boldness, fearlessness. depict (in words). moved, be deeply affected, feel deeply. sountampa answer to dat, erg answer dat with / by say- [v2] move, be moving, affect deeply, cause in- ing nom> soniokte [n] answer, response, reply, tense emotion; inspire, encourage, embolden, give retort. courage. sonka [v1] be surprising, amazing, marvelous; be souokia [v3] orate, give a speech or oral perfor- remarkable, out of the ordinary; be surprised, mance; recite, repeat, perform (in words). souokial [n] speech, oratory, recital, prising to all, all be surprised (by/at) nom> spoken performance. souokie [n] words (of a sonkampa [v2] surprise, amaze. sonketa [v2] performance), lines (of a spoken text). 58 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
souosta [v3] pronounce, produce, form (words, fundamentals. sounds); describe, depict, portray, characterize, suhona [v1] be forgotten; forget (not be able to re- represent (in words). asuhonima [v1] describe dat in nom (words)> fade from memory. suhonta [v2] become forgot- souta [v3] go into a trance; put in a trance, put ten; forget, overlook (lose the memory of); cause under, hypnotize. soueta [v1] be in a trance. to forget. statl [n] trap, vice (or other device for catching suhonoma [v2] be forgetable; be forgetful, absent- or holding in place). kistatl [n] lock; knot. s`o minded, have a tendency to forget things. stiha [v2] cause friction; be abrasive, rough, harsh suhpa [n] brother. kisuhpa [n] younger brother. (in texture); rub roughly, rasp, chafe, scrape, ir- tosuhpa [n] older brother. ritate. steiha suhpahats [n] brotherhood. [v1] be raw, chafed; be sore or irritated (due to suhuikumats [n] waning gibbous moon. rubbing). stihats [n] friction, rubbing; abrasion, suk [n] tooth. sukmit [n] set of teeth. chafing. suka [v3] work, do work; operate, function; do, stoka [v3] destroy. stokampa [v2] be destructive. work/function, erg (do) work, erg do nom, stula [v1] be strange, odd, unusual. stulampa [v2] erg work on nom, erg make dat from/using act strangely, behave in an unusual way. nom> sukahpa [v3] try, undertake, set out to su [c] or. su X su Y [c] either X or Y. do/make. sukahpe [n] endeavour, undertak- su [p] ever since, all the way from (emphatic parti- ing, effort. sukampa [v2] work, do things, be cle, used after a noun phrase or dependent clause active; function; be useful, usable, functional. in the ablative case). X su Y (sik`a) [p] from X sukaka [n] worker. sukanen s`u [n] rain. kise s`u [n] sleet. [n] means, wherewithal; position, situation, oc- suaha [v3] smear, spread, daub, rub. tion; function. suke [n] action, deed. sukihpa sufe [n] foam, froth; lather, suds. [v1] plan (a project), intend. sufia [v3] rise, surge (p.t. bodies of water, also fig.); sukihpats [n] plan. sukihpe [n] goal, intent, in- rush in, flow in, surge forward; flood, overflow, tention. sukuhka [v3] work, work out, succeed, overwhelm, inundate, deluge. sufie, sufiats [n] be successful; accomplish, manage (to do s.th.); influx; rise, surge, rush; deluge; rising tide, flood get (s.th.) to work. efos suka [v3] make trouble, tide. cause trouble; be troublesome. eihte suka [v3] suha [v3] go/come outside; go/come out, exit, be right, do the right thing. fala suka [v3] cel- leave, emerge (from an enclosed space); take out, ebrate, have a party. heiku suka [v3] do again, lead out, carry out, remove. soiha [v1] be out, be outside; be out- wage war. kefis suka [v3] threaten (by one’s doors. suhuhka [v3] get out, escape, manage to deeds). lulhe suka [v3] do wrong; do evil. ny- leave. lhahe suha [v3] stretch out, reach out, ex- him suka [v3] make trouble, cause trouble. so- tend out, stick out, protrude (from an enclosed nana suka [v3] bake, make in an oven. tsan space). pake suha [v3] step out (of). talhe suka [v3] work hard, be busy, be preoccupied. suha [v3] climb (up) out of. tiause suha [v3] ufatl suka [v3] make a mistake, err, be wrong, fall out, drop out; (p.t. liquids) pour out. do the wrong thing. suhalau [n] exit, way out. sukana [v3] be sudden, happen suddenly, happen suhaloi [n] exit, way out, opening (to the outside). abruptly; happen quickly; rush, hurry, be in a suhauat [n] ash, soot, char. hurry; do (s.th.) suddenly or abruptly. suhkuto [n] basis (for doing something); basics, sukehain [n] information; advice, counsel, set of 59
instructions for performing an action. ing. sukeihte [n] correct action, the right thing to do. suntaipanen [n] tapestry, wall covering. sukelia [v1] work, function, operate (smoothly or suntiemoi [n] hanging moss. correctly). sukeliampa [v2] be skillful, agile; suonu [n] horn (musical instrument). work, operate, cause to function (correctly). supiha [v2] fall behind, lag behind, fail to keep up. sukelhko [n] task, mission; motivation, purpose for supihe [n] straggler. suken [n] time and place (in which to accomplish sutaut [n] direction (from which s.th. is coming), something); room; extent, measure, share, allot- where one is coming from, source, place/direction ment (of resources, esp. time and/or space in of origin; route, way, path (away from a source). which to perform a task); chance, opportunity. suku sutaut [n] direction from which the wind sukiam [n] storm, rainstorm. is blowing. sukimla [v2] grin. sukimle [n] grin, grinning. sute [n] clay. suklut [n] job, task, undertaking; work. sutlka [v1] be spoiled, decayed, rotten, rancid, pu- sukoipa [v1] be forgotten, unrecognized; not re- trid, foul, bad; be degraded, debased. asutlkima member, fail to recognize (a person or thing). [v2] decay, spoil, rot (become more spoiled); de- sukoihta [v3] for- compose; degrade. sutlkampa [v2] be vile, vi- get (the identity of a person or thing); cause to cious; act with viciousness. sutlketa [v2] de- forget. make/become ruined. minapna sutlka [v1] be suku [n] wind. kisuku [n] breeze, light wind. to- rotten to the core. suku [n] strong wind, heavy wind, gale. syha [v1] faint, swoon, pass out, lose consciousness. sukufatl [n] mistake, error; the wrong thing to do. syiha [v1] be unconscious, passed out. sukuheut [n] north by northwest. syhona [v1] feel faint, dizzy. sukukiam [n] windstorm, gale. syma [v2] mutter, mumble, murmur. syme [n] sukuliout [n] windbreak. muttering(s), mumbling(s). sukuma [v1] be different, distinct; differ. sukunta [v2] change, alter, transform, make/become different. sukumampe [n] disagreement, dispute, difference ta [n] it, that (3rd person inanimate ergative clitic). of opinion. tafa [v3] show, demonstrate; teach. efos tafa [v3] teach (s.o.) a lesson sukuot [n] northwest (lit. wind direction; conven- (lit. show trouble). nole tafa [v3] show respect tionally, 60 degrees west of true north). to. sul [n] language, speech. taha [v3] kill (an animal for food). tahaka [n] killer, hunter; abandon. soilhta, kuma soilhta quarry, catch; meat source. tahe [n] hunting [v1] be facing away, be turned away (from). sul- weapon. lihke taha [v3] slaughter (for meat), htampa [v2] avoid; ignore, disregard, fail to ac- kill with a knife. nitlke taha [v3] sting to death, knowledge. inie sulhta [v3] paralyze. piat taha [v3] kill with a bow and ar- look away, look to one side. row. tiku taha [v3] spear, harpoon, kill with a sulipe [n] sap. spear/harpoon. sumilh [n] time, period, season; phase, step, stage, taheiku [a] yet again, once more. heiku taheiku development (in a process or procedure); chapter, [a] again and again, over and over. episode (in a narrative); verse, stanza. tahen [n] twenty. tahenka [n] twentieth (ordinal). suna [v1] (see: sena). tahenka [v1] be delightful, very enjoyable, very sunkiyn [n] plumb-line. pleasurable; like/enjoy very much, love, delight sunta [v1] be silent, mute; not speak, not make in, get a lot of pleasure from. shut up, stop speaking; silence, stop from speak- tahfun [n] pitch, resin. 60 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
tahka [a] earlier, before (then), at an earlier point. [v1] be broken. hentlai takia, hentla hein etohampi tahka [a] long before, a long time be- takia [v3] break in half. hetl hein takia [v3] fore (then), quite a bit earlier. laisne tahka [a] break into two pieces. nalh takeia [v1] have a just before (that). broken arm. tahkua [n] bramble(s), brush; dense growth, takian [n] fifty. thicket; tangle, knot. kitahkua [n] tangle, knot. takioma [v1] be brittle, easily broken (used esp. of ipoi tahkua [n] blackberry bush(es). lihe ki- thin objects). tahkua [n] cobweb(s). takis [n] name (of a place or object rather than a tahkuste [n] example, instance, illustration, case person), designation. in point; sample, selection. tahkuste aunme takita [v3] alight on, land on (a branch or other [a] for example, for instance. narrow surface). takeita [v1] perch, be perched, tahoi [a] after (then/that), thereafter, afterwards, roost, balance, sit, crouch (on a narrow surface). later on, at a later point, subsequently; after, in takeitanen [n] perch, roost; nesting place. (preceded by a measure phrase in the instrumen- taklan [n] copper. tal case). etsipi tahoi [a] shortly thereafter, not takoipa [v1] be well-known; be widely known, fa- long after, a bit later. laisne tahoi [a] just after, mous; be well acquainted with. tahop [n] cliff. taksa [v2] be named X, be called X; go by X; call tahoti [a] constantly, repeatedly, incessantly, al- by X, refer to as X, address as X. takseta [v2] (begin back from abl, erg miss abl, erg steer nom to) call (s.o.) X, give (s.o.) the name X, dub, la- clear of abl> taihpa [v1] be clear, out of the bel. ku miai t`aksan [e] what is your name? (lit. way; be off to one side. ‘how are you called?’). tahuoi [n] one hundred and twenty (‘twelfty’). es- takua [v1] be dark, unlit, give off no light (used of tahuoi [n] one hundred and twenty-one. light sources, rather than objects reflecting light); taieht`a [n] sixty. taiehtauka [n] sixtieth (ordinal). (p.t. sound) be low (in pitch). atakuema [v2] taiehtautla [n] (one) sixtieth (fraction). darken, dim, get darker; (p.t. fire) die down; (p.t. taiona [v1] be definite, sure, certain; know for sure, sound) fall, lower, go down (in pitch). takuta know for certain, be positive. taionta [v2] con- takoita [v1] be darkened; be out, extinguished. firm, make sure, make certain, verify, prove, val- takuiste [n] solstice. halai takuiste [n] summer idate. solstice. tuhsa takuiste [n] winter solstice. taka [v3] cut (into two or more pieces), cut through, takun [n] forty. sever. helhtaim taka [v3] slice, cut into slices/slabs. hentlai taka, talak [n] coin; money. hentla hein taka [v3] cut in half; bisect. hetl talakpa [v3] give/spend money; pay (for); buy, pur- hein taka [v3] cut in two. losak taka [v3] cut chase. talakpe [n] cost, price, laisne takan [a] just now, right now, at this mo- fee, fare; type or amount of payment. talakpaka ment, even now. [n] buyer, purchaser, customer. talakpanen [n] takel [n] harp. purchase (object bought, or transaction). takelu [n] seventy. taleilhkats [n] low tide. takia [v3] break (into pieces), snap (used of thin, talh [n] then, that time, that case, that occasion. usu. brittle objects such as sticks or bones). talhme [n(inst)] meanwhile, during that time. takeia that’s when; in that case; on that occasion. fene 61
talhna [n(loc)] no earlier than that, not before wall of a room. huiloi tanko [n] window seat. (then). hulne talhna [n(loc)] by then, no later tanotl [n] unit of distance, equivalent to one hun- than that. dred standard cubits (katlam), or about 55 me- talha [v2] climb (a sloping surface, such as a hill- tres. side or stairway). talhe, tants`o [n] strap, band; belt; thong. talhats [n] climb, climbing. talhanen [n] slope, tanu [n] platform; porch, deck; stage. kitanu [n] sloping surface. ledge, small platform. talhalau [n] climbing path, trail leading up/down tapa [v3] weave. tape [n] yarn, talhko [n] cause. talhkou [n(abl)] because (of). thread, fibre, material used in weaving. taipa- talhkuma [n] (gentle) slope, rise, incline; hillside. nen [n] weaving, woven cloth, fabric, textile; rug; talhpake [n] step, stair. talhpakemit [n] stairs, tapestry. lihe tapa [v3] spin a web. ulei tapa stairway; steps; path made in the side of a hill by [v3] cast a spell, do/perform magic. cutting steps or placing stepping stones. tapahain [n] loom. talo [n] chief, chieftain, lord, ruler tapin [n] weaving; web, mesh, net; lattice; net- talohats [n] rule, reign; chiefdom, lordship, com- work. mehke tapin [n] situation, state of affairs. mand, sovereignty. nilu tapin [n] net, netting; network. tsuhke taloniolh [n] chiefdom, dominion. tapin [n] unfortunate situation or state of affairs, talpana [v3] cover; spread over, spread across, predicament, jam, quagmire; misfortune, spell of overrun. talpaina [v1] tapio [n] signal, alert, beacon. cover, be spread over. tapu [n] pelvic region, lower abdomen, loins; groin, tam [n] ten. tanka [n] tenth (ordinal). tantla crotch, pubic area. [n] (one) tenth (fraction), tithe. etamna [a] ten tapuketo [n] pelvis. times. etankana [a] for the tenth time. katam tapumul [n] loincloth, breechcloth. [n] ten-part (thing); ten times; group of ten. tasalia [v2] expand, grow, take up room; spread kataim, katamme [a] ten times (in succession); out, stretch out, unfold. tenfold, by a factor of ten. tasalu [n] grease, oil. tama [v1] be great, strong, mighty, powerful, tasi [n] liquid, fluid; nectar, sap. formidable, impressive. tanta tasla [v1] be wet. ataslima [v2] get wetter. [v2] become powerful; empower, make strong. tasleta [v3] wet, get wet. s`utasleta [v3] get tamats [n] strength, greatness, impressiveness; rained on, get wet from the rain. power, might. nolho tama [v1] be muscular, tasolh [n] sack, large bag. well-muscled. tasonka [v1] be astounding, amazing, won- tamin [n] might, power. drous, marvelous, miraculous. tampalhten [n] dock, pier. tasonkampa [v2] amaze, astound. tampe [n] mattress; bedroll. tasohta [v3] affirm, assure, reassure. tasohte tan [n] it; this (one), that (one) (3rd singular inan- [n] affirmation; assurance, reassurance. imate nominative pronoun and demonstrative). tasta [v2] melt, thaw, liquify. taste, taste ise [n] tana [v1] be connected, bound, affiliated. tanats [n] bond, con- tasufeiats [n] high tide. nection, affiliation. tat [p] of course, after all, as you know, naturally tanata [v3] sell, vend. (evidential particle used to mark a sentence as tanataka [n] seller, vendor, merchant. tanate expressing common knowledge). hi`otat [p] yes, [n] item for sale; ware(s), merchandise. tanata- of course. ntsune tat [p] of course not. nen [n] sale, vending. tata [n] dad, daddy, papa. tani`o [n] eighty. tatalhkou [n(abl)] thus, therefore, for that reason, tanko [n] bench; platform for seating built into the because of that. 62 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
tatana [v2] go around from place to place, wan- either. der (constantly), circulate; be in constant mo- tehian [n] (thin) rod, bar; rail, railing, bannister. tion; be restless, prone to wander; take from place tehiankepaut [n] railroad, railway. to place, show around. tatane [n] wanderer, tehihka [a] recently, lately, a little while ago, not vagabond. iante tatana [v2] jump around (from long ago. place to place). kielna tatana [v2] dream, have tehima [v2] breathe. tehimats [n] breathing, res- a dream. kiompe tatana [v2] run around (from piration. tehime [n] breath. place to place). solhe tatana [v2] toss around tehou [n] tail (of a bird, fish, or marine mammal). (a ball, etc.). uaste tatana [v2] fly around, fly tehpa [v3] lick. in different directions. tehsua [v3] drain slowly; (fig.) dwindle, diminish, tatasot [n] babbling, gibberish, nonsense. taper off, abate. tehsue [n] behaviour. run-off. tehsuats [n] drainage. tateiek [n] ninety. tateiehka [n] ninetieth. tehsulau [n] drainage ditch; sewer, culvert; duct, tatsa [v3] throw, hurl, fire, shoot (a projectile); hit, pipe (for drainage). bombard (with a projectile). tatsahpa tehta [v1] be light (weight; opposite of heavy); (p.t. [v3] shoot at, try to shoot. tatse [n] projectile, liquid or vapour) be thin, diffuse, clear, diluted, missile. tatsal [n] target. tiku tatsaka [n] spear weak, unconcentrated; (p.t. colour) be faded, thrower, harpoon thrower, atlatl. pale, bleached, colourless; translucent; (fig.) be tau [n] bow. tau ka piat [n] bow and arrow(s). subtle. atehtima [v2] lighten, get lighter, lose taualhme [n(inst)] still, anyway, even so, even if weight; thin, get thinner, weaken, dissipate, so, despite that, nevertheless, regardless. make/become more diluted; fade, pale. tehteta tauehte [n] thirty. [v3] lighten, become light; (make/become) thin, tauelhu [n] one hundred and ten (‘eleventy’). dilute; fade, bleach. amahtle tehta [v1] be tauketo [n] rib. tauketomit [n] ribcage. bland, light, weak; have a subtle flavour. nalei taukiyn [n] bowstring. tehta [v1] be faded, be light in colour; be pale, taula [v3] bend, bow, curve; turn up (the ends colourless, translucent. pahti tehta [v1] be pale of), make into a bowl shape. huan taula [v2] smile ruefully. naua tehte [n] the rest, the remainder, what’s left (of); taula [v2] cup one’s hand(s). all the other, all the rest (combines with count taulan [n] curve, bend; crescent. nouns). etehtena [a] the rest of the time(s), at tauoma [v1] be flexible, bendable, pliable, elastic, all other times. tensile; be lithe, supple, toned; be springy. tehyna [v3] move, convey; direct, steer, lead. spoon; cup with a handle. teiek [n] nine. teiehka [n] ninth (ordinal). teiek- te [p] only; it is (only) X that... (identificational tla [n] (one) ninth (fraction). eteiekna [a] focus particle). nine times, in nine cases, on nine occasions. teha [v2] stay, remain (behind), not leave; be left, eteiehkana [a] for the ninth time. kateiek remaining; leave, abandon; detain, keep from [n] nine-part (thing); nine times; group of nine. leaving. kateiekme, kateieik [a] nine times (in succes- tehe [n] the rest, the remainder, what’s left sion); ninefold, by a factor of nine. (of) (combines with mass nouns). eliampi teha teiekpatam [n] nineteen. teiekpatanka [n] nine- [e] good-bye, take care (said by someone tak- teenth. ing his/her leave to someone staying behind; lit. teihma [n] cake. ‘[may you] stay easily’). tein [n] part, segment, section, subdivision; com- tehefoi [a] soon, shortly, presently, in a little while. partment; chapter, episode. haskitsu tein [n] tehehta [v2] disturb, rouse, arouse, cause to clove of garlic. koitsan tein [n] body part, or- move/stir (esp. by touching). gan. kutsmu tein [n] vertebra. tsenki tein [n] tehempi [p] also, moreover, besides, in addition; link in a chain. 63 teinta [v2] segment, divide into parts or sections; to be. take apart, disassemble; dismember. tenkite [n] fingertip. teka [v2] get, acquire, obtain; go and get, fetch; tenkule [n] glove; mitten. take; gather. tekanen [n] errand. ten`u [n] people, group of people (inherently plural tekahpa [v3] put down; lower. collective noun). tekelha [v3] pick up; raise, put up. mine tekelha tepa [n] thrush, western bluebird. [v3] pick up on, hit upon, adopt, think up (an tepu [n] lid, cover (used to cover a pot or hole). idea). pete tekelha [v3] pick up (quickly), grab, tesa [v1] (p.t. weather) be cool and pleasant, be snatch up. temperate; (p.t. liquid, food, breeze) be cool and tekema [v3] hurt, injure; damage. tekeme tesiaua [v2] be delicate; handle gently, handle with [n] hurt, injury, damage; object used to cause in- care; do (s.th.) gingerly. telaum [n] pacific madrone, madrona, arbutus. tesiek [n] feces, shit, solid waste. telhma [v2] be trusted, trustworthy; trust, put tesu [n] western hemlock. one’s trust in, believe (in), have confidence in. tetam [n] stack, pile (of flat objects). telhmats [n] tete [n] tongue. trust, belief; confidence. teuk [p] thus, therefore, hence. telhol [n] bereaved relative, surviving relative, rela- teula [v2] listen to. teulahpa [v2] listen for. ma pila iteula [e] I don’t un- family, family of one who has died. kamie tel- derstand, I can’t make it out, it’s Greek to me hol [n] orphan. kohmi telhol, sakohmi telhol (lit. ‘I am listening to birds’). [n] widow, widower. pyi telhol [n] parent who teuloma [v2] be attentive, be a good listener. has lost a child. teuna [v3] put, put down, place (esp. on a horizon- teli [n] clitoris. tal or sloping surface). teltu [n] basalt (or similar igneous rock). teunal [n] place, location, site (where something teluhtsa [v2] smell, sniff (at), inhale the scent of. is put). teunampa [v2] put down; put in place, tem [n] hand. temme [n(inst)] by hand. put (s.th.) where it belongs; site, position, find a temahtla [v2] taste, have a taste; try, sample (the place for; hand out, distribute. inie teuna [v3] flavour of), partake of. look (down) at, take a look at, turn one’s atten- temai [p] then, thus, consequently, in that case; tion to. itlas teuna [v3] make an observation, now (indicates a sequential or causal relation- make a comment. myiouk teuna [v3] pad, cush- ship). husu temai [p] even then. ion, put padding under. nesap teuna [v3] ask a temel [n] cotton. question, put a question. silh teuna temieut [n] double handful, as much as can be car- [v3] touch, put one’s finger(s) on. statl teuna ried in two hands. [v3] set a trap. talohats teuna [v3] make (s.o.) temnaua [n] palm of the hand. into a chief, elect/appoint as chief, give the chief- temokta [v3] adopt, take in, take custody of, make tainship to. tiyise teuna [v3] lift into place; lift (s.o.) a member of one’s immediate family. tlynke teuna adopt nom into dat> temokte [n] adoptee, [v3] push into place. ward, relative by adoption. temoktats [n] adop- teunen [n] location, site, place (where something tion, custody. is put). temot [n] handful. teuohka [v3] be required, obligatory; make, re- tempato [n] heel of the hand (part of the palm quire, force, compel. teuohke [n] compulsion, obligation, re- tene [n] hill. quirement. teniokta [v3] return, put back, replace. tainly; well, thoroughly. tenka [v1] be inevitable, highly likely; (it’s) bound ti [n] to it, to that (3rd person inanimate irrealis 64 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
dative clitic). mouth) agape, slack, hanging open. tiaha [n] ash. tiausoma [v2] be precarious, unsteady, unstable, tiahafun [n] charcoal. liable to fall; be clumsy, have a tendency to drop tiahpi [a] easily, with ease. things. tiahte [n] paternal grandfather (father’s father). ti`e [n] there, that place. tiena [n(loc)] there, in totiahte [n] great-grandfather. totiahtemit [n] that place, that’s where. one’s paternal ancestors; patrilineage. tiefu [p] only, solely, exclusively, just; except (for) tiako [n] goat. tiakomit [n] herd of goats. (focus particle). tiefu ntse [p] only not, just tiala [v1] be decent, polite (behaviour), good man- not; except (for). ners; be honorable. tialampa [v2] act with de- tiekal [n] foe, enemy, opponent. cency; be polite, behave well, have good manners; tielhkoua [n(all)] thus, for that purpose, in order do (s.th.) in a polite or well-mannered way; be re- to do so/that. spectful, show respect for oneself and others, act tiella [v3] lure, attract, bait. tiellal [n] quarry, prey. tielle [n] bait. do (s.th.) out of a sense of honour. tialampe, tiemoi [n] moss. tialampats [n] politeness, behaving well; re- tien [n] son. spect, dignity; honour; respectability. tialats ties [n] building, structure. toties [n] large build- [n] decency, politeness, good manners, good be- ing (esp. public building). totiesmit [n] building haviour; that which is decent or honorable. complex. tiame [n] paternal grandmother (father’s mother). tiesat [n] town, large settlement. totiesat [n] city. tian [n] kindness, consideration; helpfulness. tiespa [v3] build, construct, make, assemble. tieispanen [n] build- ate place). tiainta [v1] fit, building materials. belong (in/with), complement; be fitting, suit- tifa [v3] take off, remove, strip (from the surface able, right, appropriate. tiantal, tiaintanen [n] the remove/pick nom from dat, erg strip dat of right/proper/suitable place (for s.th.), the place nom> hake tifa [v3] scrape off, scrape away. where (s.th.) belongs. tiantats [n] fit, fitness, hete tifa [v3] lift off, remove. kilhte tifa [v3] appropriateness, suitability; belonging, being in bite off. lihke tifa [v3] cut off, remove by the right place. cutting. semu tifa [v3] skin, remove the skin tianunta [e] thank you (lit. ‘may [your] kindness (from); peel, strip, remove the outer layer (of). come full circle’). tianunta hok [e] thank you tyn lihke tifa [v3] behead, decapitate. paue very much. tifa [v3] wash off, remove by washing. pese tifa tiapa [v1] be easy, simple; (p.t. physical objects) [v3] sweep off, brush off. tiause tifa [v3] fall off, be easy to use or manipulate, be manageable; come off, drop off. be well done/made, elegant, graceful. atiapima tifueia [v1] be sticking out just above the surface [v2] ease, get/make easier, become more manage- of the water. able; loosen (esp. s.th. which is too tight). tiham [n] skirt, kilt. tiauen [n] drop, drop-off (point); (edge of a) cliff, tihelau [n] shortcut. precipice, steep slope, embankment. tiheipa [v1] be short (in length/dimension). tiaulotsan [n] fallen tree, log. tihme [n] layer, stratum. tiaulyip [n] fall, autumn. tihmehets [n] (layer of) sediment, deposit. tiaun [n] if so, whether that’s the case (heads in- tihsemu [n] skin, hide, rawhide (esp. for making direct questions from which the verb has been leather). elided). tiaunme [n(inst)] if so, in that case; tika [v2] leak (out), escape, be emitted (usu. given that. through a small or narrow opening, p.t. liquid, tiausa [v2] fall (down), fall over, collapse; fell, light, sound); emit, let out, give off; secrete, ex- cause to fall (over); drop; (p.t. liquids) pour crete, exude, shed (e.g., a bodily substance); lay, (out). tiauesa [v1] be fallen, collapsed; (p.t. a deposit, expel (from one’s body). of abl, abl leak/emit nom, erg shed/secrete tioikehats [n] death, being dead. nom from abl> teika [v1] leak, have a leak, be tioka [v2] die, perish; kill (unintentionally), be the leaky. eketl tika [v2] cause of death; be deadly, fatal, lethal. etc.). euti tika [v2] lay eggs (p.t. birds, rep- tioika [v1] be dead. tioikampa [v2] play dead. tiles). lhuse tika [v2] ooze out, seep out. n`a tioikanen [n] death, being dead; the world of the tika [v2] leak (water). seku tika [v2] lay eggs, dead, the afterlife. tioike [n] dead person/thing. spawn (p.t. fish, amphibians). ulhnan tika [v2] tiokats [n] death, dying, loss of life. moutats be poisonous, venomous, toxic. tioka [v2] die of sickness. ulhnan tioka [v2] be tikaihpa [v1] be a short way down, be slightly be- poisoned, die of poisoning. low (i.e., a short vertical distance below some tiokin [n] death, the event of dying; time/moment point). of death. tikaila [v1] be warm, tepid. tiokutsan [n] dead body, corpse. time tiokutsan tikamie [n] paternal grandparents. [n] carrion. tikanta [v1] be short (opposite of tall; used of inan- tiompaken [n] gateway, opening (in a fence or imates). wall). tikeilha [v1] be a short way up, be slightly above tion [n] gate. (i.e., a short vertical distance above some point). tipaka [v2] take a small step, move slightly forward. tiku [n] spear, harpoon. tipakota [v2] take small steps, inch forward; be tilan [n] line. incremental, gradual; move/progress in small in- tilas [n] glass (substance); pane of glass. crements. tilha [v2] lean, teeter; be unsteady, unstable; be tipana [v3] decorate, adorn, add designs to. tipane [n] decoration, with nom> design, adornment, ornamentation. tiluma [v1] be shallow; (p.t. doors, etc.) be open tipe [n] detail, fine point; motif, design element. slightly, ajar; (p.t. fire) burn low, be smoldering. tipemit [n] pattern (esp. rhythmic or repeat- inie tiluma [v1] squint. ing pattern), design involving a repeated motif; tima [v1] lie, sit (on the ground); lie, be found, rhythm. huiom tipemit [n] melody, musical be located, be situated (in a particular place); phrase. be prone, horizontal (used of inanimates); (p.t. tipu [n] beer (esp. type of beer made from fer- events or states) be likely, common, tend to (oc- mented maize). cur), be liable to (occur). timanen [n] place, lo- tear, teardrop. ise tis [n] snowflake. salhke tis cation, position, site; situation; habit, tendency. [n] drop of blood. s`utis [n] raindrop. utsaske tinta [v2] settle on the ground; locate, situate; tis [n] bead of sweat. lay, lay down (floorboards, carpet, etc.). tisimpa [v3] spray. ment, situation, location (of s.th. relative to one’s tisin [n] spray. position). tislau [n] trickle, drip, rivulet, streak. timeihka [v1] be scarce, rare, infrequent, uncom- titia [v3] collect, gather; pick (fruit, etc.); build, as- mon, hard to find, in short supply. semble, put together, make, create (out of gath- timen [n] spot, plot, site, position, place (on the ered materials). titie [n] haul, collection, gathered tin [n] they, them; these (ones), those (ones) or collected materials. itlas titia [v3] gather (3rd plural inanimate nominative pronoun and records, gather information; collect observations. demonstrative). nyfei titia [v3] build a nest. tina [v1] be tame, mild (i.e., not fierce), be domes- titima [v1] be short (on a horizontal dimension; ticated; (p.t. food) be wholesome, good to eat; opposite of long). (p.t. water) be potable, safe to drink. titoilha [v1] be short (opposite of tall; used of an- tinuha [v1] be cool. imates). 66 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
titsyipa [v1] be just below the surface (of a body of tinue, keep (going), maintain; preserve (the life water). of), sustain. tlasta [v2] save (the life of); pre- tiuha [v1] be necessary, needed, required; need. serve, enable (s.th.) to continue. tlasi [n] bend in a river. lau tlasi, tulo tlasi [n] tiuhe [n] need, necessity, requirement. bend in a road. tiuma [v1] be deep, low. tlehai [n] respect. tiumen [n] depths, lowest or deepest point, bot- tlehpa [v3] break into large pieces, break into tom, nadir. chunks. tiumet`u [n] crevasse, abyss, chasm. tleke [n] tile; shingle. tiuse [a] maybe, perhaps, possibly. tlelha [v3] find, locate, discover (s.th. which one has tiyisa [v2] lift, raise, elevate; pick up. been looking for); reveal, present, show the loca- tiyla [v1] be apparent, seeming; seem. itiyle [v1] tleilha [v1] be found, accounted for, at- tlafa [c] for, since, because, as. tested, known (about); be available, extant; know tlaholon [n] bath tub. the location of, keep track of. tlelhahpa [v3] tlahua [v2] clean, cleanse; refresh. tlahoia [v1] be seek, look for, search for, set out to find, try to clean, cleansed, refreshed; be sanitary, hygienic. find. tlai [a] that, that much, to that degree; that’s how; tlena [v1] be elaborate, complex, detailed; be or- so, to such a degree, how; thus, in that way. nate, (heavily) decorated. tlaika [v3] consent, give consent, agree, allow, per- tli [p] (so) they say, apparently (evidential particle mit. ondhand information). tlaka [v2] punish. tlakats [n] punishment. tliha [v1] be thin, slender, narrow, skinny, slight tlala [v1] be wide; be open, clear (used of land). (used of people, and cylindrical objects such as tlalen [n] open space; area free of trees/brush; open sticks). country. totlalen [n] plain(s), prairie. tlihsiele [n] ferry. tlama [n] (wild) animal, beast, creature. pahai tlihtam [n] horizontal beam, rafter, crossbar. hitol tlama [n] wild animal. tlihtam [n] lintel. tlampi [a] that, that much, to that degree/extent; tlimu [n] mercy, charity, benevolence. that’s how; how, such, to such a degree. lau tlina [v1] be straight (i.e., not crooked), be in align- tlampi [a] that far, that distance; to that extent; ment. tlinta [v2] straighten (out), align. that’s how (much), that’s how far; (in exclama- tlisa [v3] cross, go/come across, get across, tra- tions) how far, so far, such a long way. verse; go/come over; ford (a stream); bring/take tlan [n] that much, so much; that’s how much. across, bring/take over; transmit. tleisa [v1] cross, be/lie across, stretch surface). inie tlana across, span, extend over. tlisuhka [v3] (manage [v3] look (up) at, take a look at, turn to, turn to) get across, make it across, get over. tlisanen one’s attention to. [n] crossing point; boundary; barrier, obstacle; tlante [n] so many, this/that many, thus many; transmission. iante tlisa [v3] jump over, leap that’s how many. etlantena [a] that often; across. kome tlisa [v3] translate; interpret, act that’s how often; so often, so frequently. kat- as an interpreter. moinme tlisa [v3] cross the ocean; (fig.) many times (in a row); by that much, by so much, die, pass away. pake tlisa [v3] step over, step by such a large proportion. tiefu tlante [n] only across. puite tlisa [v3] cross (by vehicle, esp. that many; that’s all. boat), take a boat across, ferry across. talhe tlap [n] large piece/portion, chunk, hunk. tlisa [v3] climb over, climb across, scale (a hill- tlasa [v1] survive, live, remain alive, go on living; side or mountainside). yise tlisa [v3] climb over, continue, persist. tlasampa, tlasota [v2] con- clamber over, scramble over (a fence, embank- 67
ment, or other vertical obstacle). great many times (in a row); greatly, immensely, tliseun [n] crossing point; ford; threshold, bound- significantly, by a large factor, to a great degree. ary. pake tliseun [n] threshold. tohi [a] extremely, exceedingly; especially. tlislau [n] path, passage, way over, way across (an tohmi [n] big (one), large (one). obstacle); bridge. tomla tlislau [n] mountain tohta [v1] be extra, left over, excess (beyond what pass. is needed); exceed, go beyond. tohte [n] extra, excess, left- tlok [n] shoe; clog, patten. over(s). nasats tohta [v1] have extra strength, tlota [v1] be heavy, dense, compact, solid; (fig.) be have excess strength; exceed in strength. serious. tlotats [n] density, solidity, heaviness; right; fix, repair, mend. serious matter. toika [v1] be correct, right, accurate; be fixed, tlotona [v1] be dangerous, risky, unsafe, haz- repaired, mended, whole, in good repair, in good ardous, precarious. working order. toke [n] correction, remedy; fix, tlotonin [n] risk, hazard, danger. repair; tool (used to fix something). tlotsaka [n] that kind, that type, that sort; like tokamemit [n] ancestors. that, such (a). tlotsaka koin [n] a person like tokana [v1] be wonderful, glorious, sublime. that, that kind of person, such a person. toklha [v1] be grim, grave, serious, somber, solemn; tlotunke [a] thus, thereby, in that way, in that man- be heavy; be austere, severe, cheerless; (p.t. ner, by that means, that’s how, so doing; like weather) be stormy, severe, inclement. tokl- that, likewise. hampa [v2] be serious, behave seriously; act in tluha [v3] press, press down on, put pressure a solemn manner, have a somber affect. on, push. toklhin [n] stormy weather, inclement weather. tlukan [n] raven. tokma [v3] tan hides. tokme [n] tannin. toikmanen nom into dat> tlulaka [n] miller; grinder, pes- [n] leather, treated hide. tle. tloilanen [n] meal. hoheits tlula [v3] pul- tokoloi [n] the planet Venus, the morning/evening verize, pound into dust. sofoi tlula [v3] grind star. (grain) into flour, mill flour. tokon [n] bald eagle. tlume [n] large piece, chunk, hunk. tola [v3] attack, assail, assault. tolahpa [v3] menace, threaten. (le) tluosna Y [p] not X but Y. tolaka [n] attacker, assailant. tolal [n] victim of tlutsa [v2] corrode, become corroded, rust, dete- an attack. tole [n] weapon. riorate (esp. through exposure to the elements); tolha [v2] stand up (esp. from a lying position), get corrode, eat away (at). tloitsa [v1] be corroded, rusted. up, erg stand nom up> toilha [v1] stand, be tlutsoma [v2] be corrosive, caustic, harsh. standing; be erect, upright; be up (out of bed). tlynka [v2] push (on/against), move by pushing. tolika [v1] be disappointing; be disappointed. to [n] to it, to that (3rd person inanimate realis tolikampa [v2] disappoint, let down. toha [v1] be big, large. atohima [v2] grow, in- crease in size, (cause to) get bigger. tolmu [n] moose. tohampi [a] extremely, exceedingly, a great deal, tolok [n] ten thousand. tolohka [n] ten thou- to a very great degree. etohampi [a] for a long sandth. toloktla [n] (one) ten-thousandth (frac- time. lau tohampi [a] very far, a very long way; tion). etolokna [a] ten thousand times. ka- very much, to a very great extent. tolokme, katoloik [a] ten thousand times (in tohante [n] a great many, a large number (of), nu- succession); ten thousandfold, by a factor of ten merous. etohantena [a] very often; in a great thousand. tolok tam [n] one hundred thousand many cases. katohanteme, katohantei [a] a (lit. ten ten-thousands). tolok kiunma [n] (one) 68 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
million (lit. one hundred ten-thousands). totsipi [a] fairly, quite, rather, pretty; quite a bit, tolokion [n] mill, mill house. to a fair degree. etotsipi [a] rather often, fairly toloma [v2] be threatening, menacing; be fierce, often. lau totsipi [a] rather far, pretty far; to a aggressive, belligerent. reasonable extent. tolu [n] broom. totsomo [n] nearly all (of), the largest part (of), toluhs`ı [n] undercurrent, undertow. almost the entire (quantifies mass nouns). tom [n] drum. totsomopi [a] almost, almost entirely. etotso- tomia [v1] be jolly; be jovial, good-humoured. mopi [a] almost always, nearly always, for al- tomla [n] mountain. tomlamit [n] mountain most the entire time. lau totsomopi [a] nearly chain, mountain range. hatiaha tomla [n] (ac- all the way, almost the entire way; almost en- tive) volcano. tirely. tomlanam [n] mountainous region, mountain totsomote [n] the vast majority (of), almost every, range; the mountains. almost all, nearly all (quantifies count nouns). tomo [n] sir, madam (honorific used in addressing etotsomotena [a] nearly always, in the vast ma- strangers). jority of cases. tomoito [n] orca, killer whale. totsypin [n] flood, deluge. tomouna [n] grizzly bear, brown bear. touhati [n] fever. tomu [n] cranium, top of the head; skull, braincase. touhets [n] (bed of) rough rocks, rocky ground. tomuha [v1] be plenty, plentiful, abundant; be kitouhets [n] gravel. more than enough; have plenty, have more than toukante [n] standing stone. enough. tomuhats [n] plenty, abundance. to- toumpaken [n] stepping stone. muhe [n] more than enough, plenty (of) (quan- toun [n] stone, rock (substance). tihme toun [n] tifies mass nouns). sedimentary rock. tomuhpi [a] more than enough, to a more than toupa [v1] be apparent, presumable, presumed; sufficient degree, quite. etomuhpi [a] for more seem to be true; it must be the case (that). than enough time, for plenty of time. lau to- toupima [n] brain(s). muhpi [a] more than enough, to a greater than tousemu [n] scalp. sufficient extent; plenty far. toutam [n] paving stone, flagstone. tomuhte [n] more than enough, plenty (of) (quan- toutamin [n] paving, pavement, paved area. tifies count nouns). etomuhtena [a] plenty of ts`a [v1] be here (where the speaker is); here is, this times; in plenty of cases. katomuhteme, kato- is, voil`a. tsauota [v2] stay here, remain here; muhtei [a] plenty of times (in a row); more than keep (s.th.) here. enough, to a more than sufficient degree. tsaha [v1] be exciting, thrilling; be excited, tomyt [n] dragon. thrilled, enthusiastic. tsahampa [v2] excite, tosepyi [n] several, a (fair) number (of) (quantifies cause excitement. count nouns). etosepyina [a] fairly often, sev- tsahati [n] body heat. eral times, on several occasions; in several cases. tsahihta [v1] shiver, tremble (all over). katosepyime, katosepyie [a] several times (in tsahompa [v2] push against (with one’s whole a row); by quite a bit. body); wrestle. tosipe [n] a fair bit, quite a bit (of) (quantifies mass tsahosia [v2] shake oneself (off) (e.g., used of a dog nouns). shaking water out of its fur). tota [v2] shake, shudder, quake, tremor; (p.t. liq- tsahota [v3] mate, copulate, have intercourse. uid) boil, roil; (fig.) have an orgasm (p.t. women). tsaka [n] kind, type, sort; category. tsaka tohante totam [n] board, plank. [n] a great many kinds; plethora, multitude, vast totoha [v1] be very large, huge, enormous, gigantic. array. totohi [a] extremely, immensely, extraordinarily, to tsakahpa [v3] lie down, lie back, recline (from a sit- an extraordinary degree; most especially. ting position); lay down. tsakaihpa [v1] be totsat [n] table; work bench. reclining, lying down (having previously been sit- 69
ting up). shrink back, flinch, cringe; shy away, avoid. tsakamot koin [n] all kinds of people, people tsan [n] thing, object, entity; body, figure, shape, of every sort. material form; individual; member (of a set or tsakanta [v1] lean on, lean against. own; the same (one), the very (one). tsanmit tsakelha [v3] sit up (from a lying position). [n] group, collection, set. him tsanna [n(loc)] tsakeilha [v1] be sitting up. at the same time, simultaneously. tsaka tsan tsakulhua [v2] curl up into a ball (e.g., to sleep, [n] the same kind. used of cats and other animals). tsana [v2] make a noise/sound. tsala [v1] be flat. tsalta [v2] flatten. tsanalhta [v3] change (shape), transform. tsalaha [v3] cremate. tsalahe tsanie [n] pair, couple, twosome; both (used of two [n] funeral, cremation. things that go together). tem tsanie [n] both tsalahauat [n] funeral pyre; cremation. hands. tsalehma [v1] feel (physically) well, at ease; have tsaniumia [v1] be limp, listless. tsaniumita [v3] a healthy appetite and good digestion (describes let one’s body go limp; make (s.o.) go limp. a condition the opposite of nausea). tsankasu [n] side (of one’s body/torso). tsalhi [n] body hair. tsankats [n] substance, body, mass, corporeality; tsalhila [v2] distort, deform; bend, stretch (s.th.) concreteness, physical being, having shape or out of shape. tsalheila [v1] be distorted, de- substance, having a physical form; individuality, formed, misshapen, bent/stretched out of shape. selfhood, autonomy. tsalia [v1] be healthy, well, fit, in shape. at- tsankulu [n] identity, selfhood, being, conception saliema [v2] heal, get better, recuperate; get of oneself. fitter, get in shape; heal, treat, tend (a sick per- tsankyin [n] posture, carriage, bearing, stance, son). atsaliemaka way of holding one’s body. [n] healer, doctor. atsalieme [n] patient. tsanmok [n] heart; soul, spirit, life force. tsaliampa [v2] be healthy, wholesome, good for tsanoma [v2] be noisy, make a lot of noise. one’s health; be nourishing, nutritious. tsalita tsante [n] the same (ones), the very (ones) (plural). [v2] heal, get well, recover; make well, cure. tsapa [v1] get lost, go missing, go astray; lose. tsalokuats [n] strong body odour. tsupa [v1] be tsamanka [v3] hold on, hang on, steady oneself lost, missing. mesiokou tsapa [v1] go mad, (to keep from moving or falling). mesiokou tsupa [v1] be mad, insane, crazy. tsametia [v2] start, freeze, become tense (in one’s tsapahti [n] health, state of one’s health, physical entire body); startle. tsameitia [v2] be tense, condition, fitness. alert, motionless, frozen (e.g., in fear). tsapaua [v2] bathe, take a bath, wash oneself. tsam`ı [n] shirt, tunic; blouse. tsapauats, tsapaue [n] bath, bathing. tsamota [v3] have sex (with), make love (to). tsamotats [n] lovemaking, tsapeihta [v1] have a seizure. tsapeihtanen [n] sexual intercourse. epilepsy. tsampa [v3] manifest (as), take the shape of, ap- tsapeklha [v1] be dizzy, wobbly, woozy; be faint, pear in the form of; create, embody, make man- light-headed. ifest, give the shape of. tsaimpa tsasioku [n] good health, wellness, fitness; (physi- [v1] be manifested (as), have the shape/body of; cal) well-being; cleanliness, hygiene. look like, resemble, appear as, appear in the form tsatsa [v1] be full. atsatsima [v2] fill (gradu- of. tsaimpe [n] ally). tsatsta [v2] fill, fill up, make/become full; manifestation, embodiment, incarnation, person- become sated. iase tsatsta [v1] eat one’s fill. ification, material form; body, form, shape, im- mohi tsatsa [v1] be foggy, cloudy, misty; be age, avatar. clouded, unclear, translucent but not transpar- tsamusa [v2] draw away, draw back, retreat; ent. n`atsatsa [v1] be full of water. 70 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
tsatskam [p] and so on, and the like, et cetera. tsifila [v2] chirp, twitter, make a chirping sound. tsatsona [v1] be filling (p.t. food); be full, feel full, tsihata [v2] cry out suddenly, exclaim. feel sated (after eating), be satisfied. tsatsonampa stringed instrument). tsiheulhtota [v2] play (a [v2] be filling, cause to feel full, satisfy, satiate. stringed instrument). tsatsone [n] the tsihfa [v1] be bare, clear; lack; be rid, free (of); be feeling of being full; food which is filling. stripped (of); be naked, uncovered; (p.t. paper) tsehpe [n] ribbon, strip of cloth or paper. lhame be blank. tsihfeta [v2] get rid of (s.th. cover- tsehpe [n] wrapping(s), bandage. ing the outside of s.th.), rid, remove (from the tsek [n] stick, dry branch. kitsek [n] twig. outside); clear, strip, peel (off). kilhi tsihfa tsekte [n] wrist. [v1] be hairless, smooth; have no hair (on one’s tsektehina [n] bracelet. body/face). luan tsihfa [v1] be bald. nalei tsektekan [n] shirt cuff. tsihfa [v1] be colourless. tipu tsihfa [v1] be tsema [v3] move, manipulate; put; place, posi- simple, plain, unadorned, lacking in detail or dec- tion, arrange, configure; make, build, assemble oration. (a collection or configuration of objects); col- tsikahta [v3] jab, prod, poke. collect/arrange nom into dat (a configuration), tsike [n] fly; flying insect. tsikemit [n] swarm of erg make dat of nom> tseimanen [n] arrange- flies/insects. ment, configuration; assemblage; collection, ac- tsikelha [v3] move quickly up and down, bob cumulation. tsemal, etseminen [n] place, posi- up and down; jerk upwards; raise, lift (quickly, tion (in an arrangement). tseme [n] object to be and with minimal effort). lhimie tsikelha [v3] manipulated; element, part (of a configuration), raise one’s eyebrows (e.g., in surprise). mosie member (of a collection); piece, pawn, game to- tsikelha [v3] shrug one’s shoulders. nyhuina ken. lampei tsema [v3] line (up), align, arrange tsikelha [v3] bob on the surface of the water. into a line. tetaim tsema [v3] stack (up), make tsikilh [n] insect bite. a stack (of), arrange into a stack. tuhai tsema tsikilhta [v3] nip, take a small bite. [v3] pile (up), make a pile (of), arrange into a tsiko [n] seam; crack, crevice; fracture. pile. tsiksipa [v2] grasp lightly but firmly (as between tsemin [n] arrangement, configuration; shape, fig- one’s finger and thumb). ure, pattern, composition (made by an arrange- tsiksipon [n] pincer(s), tongs; tweezers. ment of objects). tsiksona [v2] glance at, take a quick look at. tsemoi [n] diagram, plan, figure. tsila [v3] trim, prune, cut back; snip, cut off. trim dat of nom, erg cut nom off of dat> luan tsenki [n] chain. tsila [v3] get a haircut, cut one’s hair. tsenoma [v1] be regrettable; be regretful, remorse- tsilaiota [v1] sparkle, twinkle. ful, full of regret. tsilpa [v1] branch off, split off, separate. tsilpe [n] branch, offshoot; sliver, splinter. prong; tributary. tsilpemit [n] canopy (of a tsetskietam [n] mosaic. tree). tsilpanen [n] fork, branching point, sepa- tseuata [v2] stop momentarily, pause, hesitate (be- ration point. fore going on); briefly interrupt. tsilua [v2] spin, twirl. tseuika [v2] stir, make a soft sound. tsimetia [v2] start, flinch, twitch, have a spasm. tseuna [v3] sprinkle, scatter; sow (seeds). sprinkle nom on/over dat, erg sprinkle dat tsimilhta [v3] swerve, turn abruptly. towards all, erg turn nom abruptly to dat> tseuta [v3] leave, go away, go from here; take/lead tsimma [v1] tingle pleasantly; (p.t. light) shimmer, away from here (where the speaker is). sparkle. tsi [p] here, over here, this (near the speaker; deic- tsimon [n] wing (of an insect). tic particle). tsimpa [v3] pass (by) here, come through here, 71
come this way; bring past here, bring this way here. pake tsita [v3] take a step forward (to- (where the speaker is). wards the speaker). tsimpyka [v3] bump, knock gently (against). tsitianta [v3] adjust, fix, straighten, set right; tune tsitlynka [v2] push gently (on). tsimu [n] compassion, empathy. tsitsana [v2] make a sudden, soft sound. tsimuka [v2] close and open quickly; (p.t. fire) dim tsitskana [v3] appear for an instant, appear and briefly. inie tsimuka [v2] blink. inna tsimuka disappear. tsitskuna [v1] be very brief, momen- [v2] wink. tary, instantaneous; last for a moment. tsinioka [v2] be reflexive, automatic, involuntary, tsitsoma [v1] be fragile, delicate, breakable. spontaneous, impulsive; react automatically, do tsitspa [v3] break (into shards), smash, shat- (s.th.) reflexively, act on impulse; act without ter (used of brittle substances such as glass thinking, respond without thinking. reflexively> tsinioke [n] reflex, impulse, reflex- tsitusia [v2] nibble, munch (on). ive action, automatic reaction/response. tsin- tsoha [v2] be connected, related; have a con- iokanen [n] (one’s) reflexes. nection/relationship; be associated with, have tsinkot [n] seed pod; ear (of corn). something to do with; connect, relate, associate. tsinmok [n] genitalia; pubic region. tsohanen [n] connection, tsinuka [v2] ejaculate; (p.t. plants) release/spread association, thing with which s.th. is connected seeds. or associated. tsohats, tsohauots [n] connec- tsinyipa [v2] be deft, nimble, precise, accurate; tion, relationship, association. wield deftly; use (an instrument) to perform a tsohka [v1] be stiff, rigid, inflexible (lit. and fig.); delicate or minute task. tsohtia [v3] confine, hold captive; capture, ar- tsip [n] mosquito, midge, gnat (or other flying, bit- rest, imprison, incarcerate. tsohteia [v1] be confined, imprisoned, tsipa [v1] sprout, spring, issue, emanate; appear, under arrest, in custody, in captivity. confined in loc> tsohtie, tsohteie [n] prisoner, tsipanen [n] origin, starting point. captive. tsohtiats [n] capture, arrest. tsohteia- tsipemilh [n] beginning, starting point, source, nen [n] confinement, captivity, custody, impris- point of origin, moment at which something be- onment; place of confinement, prison, jail; period gins or comes into being. of confinement, sentence. tsipeta [v2] snatch, grab (esp. something small or tsohtikon [n] (prison) cell. lightweight); pluck, pick (off). tsokoimpa [n] stranger, unknown person; outsider, tsipeuta [v2] pause briefly, hesitate. foreigner. tsipi [a] a little, a bit, somewhat, to some extent; tsokua [v3] meet (for the first time), encounter, sort of. etsipi [a] for a little while, or a short discover, become acquainted with; be introduced while, briefly. lau tsipi [a] a short ways, a little to; introduce, acquaint with. tsokoia [v1] be tsipikia [v3] sting, cause/experience a stinging known; know, be acquainted with, have met (be- pain. fore). tsokoie [n] (new) ac- tsipin [n] source (esp. of a river or stream), spring; quaintance. (point of) origin, starting place. hema tsipin tsolam [n] anvil. [n] hot springs. ksinan tsipin [n] salt spring. tsomo [n] most, the major part (of) (quantifies tsisuaha [v3] daub lightly, spread/smear gently. mass nouns). the most part. etsomopi [a] mostly, (for) most tsita [v3] come here; bring here, put here, give here of the time. lau tsomopi [a] most of the way; (where the speaker is). nate tsita [v3] hand over mostly, for the most part. 72 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
tsomote [n] most, the majority (of) (quantifies tation, place where one lives; settlement; circum- count nouns). etsomotena [a] usually, mostly, stances of one’s residence. tsuhpe [n] residence, most often, for the most part, in most cases. occupancy. katsomoteme, katsomotei [a] most times, the tsuhyikpa [v2] be miserly. tsuhyikpaka [n] miser. most number of times (in a row); mostly, to the tsuika [v2] belch, burp; fart, break wind, pass gas. greatest extent; almost twice, almost twofold, tsuike [n] belch, fart; flatulence, gas, wind. nearly double. tsuku [n] torso, trunk, upper body; chest. tsonna [v2] be stupid, dumb, idiotic, unintelligent; tsukunta [v1] offend, be offensive; be offended, act out of stupidity, be stupid enough to (do take offense. s.th.). tsonne, tsonnats [n] stupidity, offense, do (s.th.) to offend. person, idiot. tsul [n] bed, sleeping platform. tsop [n] toe. tsopmit [n] (set of) toes. tsula [v2] visit, see, spend time with, socialize with; tsopeketl [n] toenail. talk to/with, consult (with). tsulakamit [n] get- tsotu [n] joke, jest; joking, fooling around; wit, hu- together, social event, group of people socializ- mour, cleverness. ing; conference. tsulats [n] socializing; visit, get- tsoukahin [n] chaos, disorder, great confusion, together; consultation. bedlam, pandemonium. tsulholpa [v2] commit incest. tsulholpe [n] incest, tsouota [v3] (come to) feel bad about, regret. tsouoita [v1] feel bad about, re- tsulmasi`o [n] loneliness, longing for the company gret, feel contrite. of others. tsuala [v2] be wary, careful, mindful; be vigilant, tsuloma [v2] be sociable, gregarious. watch out, beware, be on guard, be on the look- tsuma [v1] be bad, poor, deficient, inferior. out. tsualaka [n] watch(er), guard, tsunyipa [v2] abuse, treat poorly; misuse. lookout, sentry, sentinel. tsuale, tsualats [n] tsuo [a] too, overly (degree adverbial). vigil, watch. tsuol [n] mud. tsuhka [v3] occur, happen, come about, come tsuompi [a] too, too much. etsuompi [a] for too to pass, befall (p.t. unfortunate or unwelcome long. lau tsuompi [a] too far; too much, to too events), be the fault of; go wrong; have a mis- great an extent. fortune; cause, be responsible for. tsoihka [v1] be, exist, occur, be attested; [a] too many times (in a row); too much, by too be done, be complete (p.t. unpleasant things, large a proportion. totsuonte [n] far too many. conditions, or events); be wrong; suffer from. tsupa [v1] (see: tsapa). tsoihkanen [n] victim, one affected by misfor- tsusna [v2] mourn, grieve. tune. tsuhkats [n] unfortunate event or oc- tsusne [n] grief. currence; fault, responsibility, blame. tsuhke, tsutakis [n] insult; bad name, insulting epithet. tsoihke [n] misfortune, unfortunate event or oc- tsutupa [v2] limp, walk with an irregular gait. currence; fault, wrong. totsuhke, totsoihke tsyho [n] grime, soot. [n] disaster, calamity, tragedy, grave misfortune. tsyhopek [n] stain, patch of dirt/grime. tsuhkyipa [v3] be possible; be susceptible to, tsyi [a] not enough, insufficiently (degree adver- suffer from. tsyimpi [a] not enough, too little, insufficiently, to tsuhkamin [n] ordeal, trial, difficulty, bad or un- an insufficient degree. etsyimpi [a] not (for) fortunate experience. long enough. lau tsyimpi [a] not far enough; tsuhpa [v2] live, dwell, reside; inhabit, occupy. not enough, too little, insufficiently, to an insuf- tsuhpaka [n] resident. ficient extent. tsuhpanen [n] dwelling, residence, abode, habi- tsyin [n] not enough, an insufficient amount (of), 73
too little. etuhpi [a] (for) less (time), not (for) as long. tsyinte [n] not enough, an insufficient number (of), kituhpi [a] a bit less, somewhat less. totuhpi too few. etsyintena [a] not often enough, too [a] much less, a lot less, not nearly as much. lau seldom, too rarely. katsyinteme, katsyintei tuhpi [a] less far, not as far; not as much, to a [a] too few times, not enough times (in a row); lesser extent. too little, not enough. totsyinte [n] far too few. tuhsa [n] winter. tsyipalul [n] bottom, floor, bed (of a body of wa- tuhta [v3] break, breach, damage, make a hole ter). or crack in. toihta [v1] be broken, be damaged; ture. have a hole/crack; lack structural integrity. tsyntla [v2] drag, pull (along the ground). tuhte [n] fewer, not as many. kituhte [n] some- tsypa [v3] enter, go into, become submerged in what fewer. totuhte [n] a lot fewer, not nearly as (a body of water); put, place, submerge, im- many. etuhtena [a] not as often, less often, less merse (in water). tsyipa [v1] be submerged, [a] not as many times (in a row). be below the surface (of a body of water), be un- tuk [n] group, gathering, collection (of people or der water. iante tsypa [v3] jump into, dive into things). (a body of water). minei tsypa [v3] become tukahta [v3] kick. tukahte, tukahtats [n] kick. lost in thought, become preoccupied; preoccupy. tukpa [v2] do/act together, do/act as a group, minena tsyipa [v1] be preoccupied, be lost in cooperate, collaborate; herd (animals). tukpats [n] cooper- into (a body of water); (p.t. liquids) pour into. ation, collaboration, collective action. tukpe [n] tlynke tsypa [v3] push (s.th.) into (a body of shared work, joint project, collaboration, collec- water), dunk, submerge by pushing. tupe tsypa tive or cooperative endeavour. tiako tukpaka [v3] wade into (a body of water). uaste tsypa [n] goatherd. [v3] dive into (a body of water; p.t. water birds). tuksal [n] tunnel. tsypaut [n] depth(s), downward direction (p.t. a tuksalau [n] tunnel, underground passage(way); body of water). tsypauta [n(all)] down, down- run (in a burrow). ward, deeper (into a body of water). tukta [n] gorge, canyon, narrow valley with steep tuaha [v1] be good, useful, beneficial, effective; sides. be suitable, appropriate, fitting; be fine, elegant, tula [v2] be good, kind, generous, hospitable; act well-made, well-crafted. out of kindness; do a good deed; be useful, help- tuha [n] heap, pile, mound (esp. of round or irreg- ful. tule, tulats [n] goodness, kind- tuhalom [n] mound, barrow; hillock, knoll. ness, generosity, hospitality; good deed(s); use, tuhan [n] rule, law. usefulness, help. tuhe [n] less, not as much. kituhe [n] a bit less, tulama [v2] stride, march, amble, walk purpose- somewhat less. totuhe [n] far less, not nearly as fully. tulame, tulamats [n] stride, gait. much. tulhanka [v3] leave tracks, leave footprints. tsuol tulhanka [v3] track be insufficient; not do enough, fail. stocky, heavy (used of people, as well as trees tuhpana [v2] be regular, periodic, rhythmic; do and other cylindrical objects); be awkward, un- regularly, do at regular or periodic intervals; gainly. tulmampa [v2] move clumsily or awk- do in rhythm. tuhpane [n] rhythm; rhythmic or reg- tulo [n] road. ular action, periodic event. tulomoteun [n] crossroads. tuhpi [a] less, to a lesser degree, not as much. tultsa [n] bag, sack. kitultsa [n] small bag, pouch; 74 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
purse; pocket. (the right) time for, the time is ripe for. with; (p.t. parts of the body) be numb, be par- atuosima [v2] be in preparation, ripening, ma- alyzed; lack the use of (a body part). kalial tuma mature, become ripe; prepare, make ready. severely crippled from the waist down. lias tuosalh [n] time (at which an event takes place); tuma [v2] choke, have an obstruction in one’s occasion. muelhtanen tuosalh [n] bedtime, throat. time to go to sleep. nalhanen tuosalh [n] plant- tumi [n] blanket. ing time. sati tuosalh [n] mealtime. tumona [v1] be frustrating; be/feel frustrated. tuosne [a] on time, in time, in a timely manner, at tumonampa [v2] frustrate, cause tupa [v2] walk, tread, go on foot; walk, guide, lead, frustration, discourage. escort (on foot). tumpaka [v2] move carefully and/or with difficulty, tupe [n] walk, trip on foot. tupaka [n] walker, struggle (through or around obstacles), scramble, pedestrian; guide, escort. ahune tupa [v2] go pick one’s way; wade (through water). barefoot. kielna tupa [v2] dream. tilhe tupa tunka [v2] act, behave; act as, fulfill the role/office [v2] stagger, be unsteady on one’s feet. tlok tupa of; (in combination with a dependent subjunc- [v2] wear shoes, walk in shoes. ympe tupa [v2] tive complement) make as if to, pretend to, act walk with a cane/staff. as if. tunke, tunka- tupaule [n] (sound of) footsteps, tread. nen [n] behaviour, deportment, way of acting; tupelioke [n] footprint(s), tracks. way, means, manner, method; role, office, duty, tupu [n] club, baton, bludgeon. kitupu [n] (small) responsibility. etsaka tunka, lohan tunka [v2] baton; drumstick. speak for, speak on behalf of, represent. tupua [v2] pulse, beat in rhythm. tupuats [n] to act a certain way; character, nature, temper- pulse, beat; (fig.) moment, second. tupuatsme ament. [n(inst)] briefly, momentarily, for (just) a mo- tunkilha [v3] kick away, kick aside; (fig.) dismiss, ment. tupuatsmit [n] rhythm, pulse, series of set aside, brush off, dispense with. beats. soun tupuats [n] heartbeat. tom tupu- tunkoma [v2] be active, keep busy. ats [n] drumbeat. tunkona [v1] hurt, ache, be painful; feel pain, be in tupuhtla [v3] kick over, overturn (s.th.) by running pain, have pain. loc have pain in nom> tunkonampa [v2] be tusia [v2] chew (on). painful, be harmful, cause pain. tunkonta [v3] tusien [n] texture, consistency (of food). begin to be in pain; hurt, harm, cause pain. suk tunkona erg participate in nom> tuskanen [n] sporting [v1] have a toothache. tyn tunkona [v1] have a event; (time/place of) competition; manner/style headache. of play. tuske [n] competition, contest, game, tunku [n] pain, ache. match. tuskemit [n] tournament, games. tuntsoha [n] shield; armor plate. tuskoma [v2] be competitive. tunyipa [v2] take, use, follow (a path). tunyipe tusu [n] uncle, stepfather, father-in-law (or other [n] route, way, path (that one follows). male relative of one’s parents’ generation who tuohisne [a] late, too late, after the appropriate does not belong to one’s matrilineal or patrilineal time. tuohisne etskana [v3] be late, arrive clan). tusumit [n] group of older men. (too) late. tutilha [v2] stumble, stagger, move awkwardly, be tuohkamne [a] early, too early, too soon, before unsteady on one’s feet. the appropriate time. tutluha [v3] press down on, hold down (with one’s tuosa [v1] be ripe, mature; be ready, prepared; it is foot). 75 tutlula [v3] tread on, stomp on, trample; grind uihtal [n] seat, place to sit. uohta [v1] sit, (down) with one’s feet. on loc> kalameit uihta [v3] kneel (down). tutlynka [v3] push with one’s foot/feet. kalametna uohta [v1] kneel, be in a kneeling tutuma [v1] be lame, crippled; have difficulty walk- position. minuna uohta [v1] be interesting (lit. ing. tutunta [v2] lame, cripple, incapacitate, be- sit in one’s mind). satei uihta [v3] sit tyhin [n] area, region, zone, range, expanse. down to a meal. tsoip uihta [v3] crouch (down). tyma [v2] be a burden, be burdensome, weigh heav- tsopna uohta [v1] crouch, be in a crouching po- ily (on); carry a heavy load, bear a burden; be sition. burdened, encumbered, saddled, weighed down. uila [v2] love, cherish. uile [n] tyme [n] bur- come to love. den, heavy load. tymanen [n] burden; strain. uilol [n] love. tymok [n] thunder. uinon [n] ash (tree). tymoktin [n] elk, wapiti. ukata [v1] be elaborate, complex, rich in detail; be tympa [v2] move one’s head; gesture/point with adorned, decorated; (p.t. food) be rich, flavorful. one’s head. ukatanen, ukatats [n] detail, elaboration; dec- tyn [n] head. oration, adornment. tynan [n] dew. ukia [v3] perform; orate. uki- aka [n] performer; orator; one who leads or over- sees a ceremony. ukiakamit [n] group of per- uahka [v2] urinate, piss. formers, troupe, ensemble. ukial [n] perfor- uahke [n] urine, urination, discharge. mance, ritual, ceremony. hyne ukia [v3] act uake [n] urine (substance). out, perform in a drama; mime; dance. pamasot uakona [v1] have a full bladder, feel the urge to ukia [v3] give a speech, orate. sliahte ukia [v3] urinate. tell a story. uanta [v3] cast, throw (esp. without letting go of ukime [n] to us (1st plural inclusive realis dative the end; used of ropes, nets, harpoons, etc.); (p.t. pronoun). cloth) spread out. ksetli ukinta [v3] evoke, summon; capture, portray, ex- uanta [v3] throw dice, gamble. press well/clearly. uata [v2] stop, cease; interrupt. ukma [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate re- ueho [n] wine (or other drink made from fermented alis dative + first person inclusive ergative). fruit). aihne ueho [n] white wine. lohne ueho, ukme [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate re- takue ueho [n] red wine. alis dative + first person inclusive nominative). uelalout [n] inland, away from shore. uko [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate realis uelalta [v3] go/come inland, go/come away from dative + second person ergative). shore. ukoi [n] to you (2nd singular realis dative pronoun). ufasin [n] remnants, leftovers; dregs. ukoti [n] poisonous mushroom, toadstool. ufatl [n] (the) wrong (one(s)). uktia [v3] give, provide, bestow; let, enable, give ufatlaut [n] the wrong way, the wrong direction. (s.o.) a chance. uk- uhin [n] song, poem. malka uhin [n] wolf tial [n] recipient. uktiampa [v2] give out, dis- howl(ing). pai uhin [n] birdsong, warbling, tribute; give away. uktiampanen [n] ceremonial chirping. feast, potlach. uktiampats [n] distribution (of uhna [v2] sing; (p.t. dogs, wolves) howl, call. uh- wealth), gift-giving; generosity, largesse. uktie naka [n] singer. uhnakamit [n] group of singers, [n] gift, thing which is given; chance, opportunity. chorus. aleut uktia [v3] be helpful; help, aid, give aid. uhsite [n] stern (of a ship). aleutekan uktia [v3] be beneficial; benefit, help. uihta [v3] sit down, take a seat; set down. eske uktia [v3] sit down on dat, erg set nom down on dat> grant one’s request. hele uktia [v3] signal, give 76 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
a sign, warn; indicate. lhes uktia [v3] sharpen uloha [v2] rock back and forth, sway, undulate. (a tool or weapon). mpetsan uktia [v3] count, uluka [v1] be very old, ancient. ulukats [n] ancient number; order, arrange in order. solau uktia times. ulukatsna [n(loc)] long ago, a very long [v3] advise, counsel, give advice. soun uktia time ago, ages ago. [v3] hearten, encourage, embolden, give courage; uluma [v1] be soft and wet, mushy, squishy; (p.t. inspire; boost, elevate, energize, exhilarate. tule earth) be damp, boggy, muddy; be flooded, uktia [v3] be kind, considerate, helpful. abl> ulume, ulumanen [n] marsh, quagmire, uku [n] axe, hatchet. soft/muddy patch, area where the ground is uku [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate realis saturated with water. ulunta [v2] dampen, dative + second person nominative). make/become damp; flood, soak, saturate. tsuol ukuha [v1] be suspicious, dubious; be peculiar, uluma [v1] be muddy. odd, strange; be cautious, wary; be suspicious ulumpek [n] puddle. (of), be incredulous (of), suspect. ukuhampa [v2] act in a suspicious man- umai [n] to me (1st singular realis dative pronoun). ner, rouse suspicion; behave strangely. dative + first person singular nominative). ukut [n] to you (2nd plural realis dative pronoun). umialta [v2] adopt, take up, start (to do/use s.th.). ul [n] island. kihul [n] islet. umpaha [v3] fold up, fold over; fold in on oneself. ula [v1] (see: ola). umpahal, umpaihanen [n] hem, cuff. ulampiona [n(loc)] within earshot. ulampio umpatla [v3] cover completely, cover all over, coat; pahaina [n(loc)] out of earshot. hate ulam- wrap, envelop, encase. ulau [n] testicles, scrotum. umpatle [n] cover, covering; wrapper, wrapping, ul`e [n] magic, witchcraft, the supernatural. envelope; coat, coating; cocoon. ulehkan [n] magic, magical power, supernatural umpeta [v2] take, grab for oneself; take back, re- power. trieve; take in, bring in, absorb, imbibe, swallow, ulehtapin [n] spell, charm, enchantment. devour. ulhiku [n] worm (esp. earthworm). umpetoma [v2] be greedy, grasping, acquisitive, ulhmo [n] year. ulhmo ulhmome [n(inst)] year voracious. by year, (from) year to year. umpiha [v1] be renewed, fresh, refreshed, re- ulhmomet [n] new year’s, the end of one year and juvenated, invigorated; be recreated, reestab- the beginning of the next. lished. umpihampa [v2] be refreshing, invig- ulhmomilh [n] time of year, season. orating. umpihats [n] renewal. umpihau ulhmotiokin [n] late autumn. [n(abl)] afresh, anew; once again. umpihta [v3] ulhnan [n] poison, venom, toxin, harmful or deadly start over, begin again; renew, refresh, rejuve- substance. nate, invigorate. uliho [n] vinegar. umul [n] speech, language, the ability to speak and ullaha [v2] relax, loosen up, slacken, release ten- understand language. sion; calm down, experience relief. ullaiha ing); (p.t. flowers, sails) close, shut, fold up, [v1] be relaxed, lax, loose, slack (having previ- furl; (p.t. a wound or lesion) close, heal. lhame ously been tense/flexed); be calm, at rest, at ease; umusa [v2] bind (up), bandage (a wound). tsat- be relieved. ste umusa [v2] fill in, caulk. ullefa [v3] roll up. umusoi [n] mortar, plaster, caulking, sealant. ki- ulleife [n] roll, scroll. humusoi [n] scab. ulna [v1] be sour, tart, acidic; taste sour; (fig.) be unai [n] to him, to her; to this (one), to that (one) bitter, resentful, sore, in a sour mood. demonstrative). 77 unat [n] to them; to these (ones), to those (ones) mediator; judge, magistrate. (3rd plural animate realis dative pronoun and unto [n] whale (esp. grey whale). demonstrative). untsa [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate realis unia [v1] be uneasy, ill-at-ease, disturbed, unset- dative + first person exclusive ergative). tled, disquieted. uniats [n] unease, disquiet, dis- untsapa [v2] wonder, ask oneself. comfort; disease, illness. hinkepe unia [v1] have untse [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate realis indigestion, have abdominal discomfort. minu dative + first person exclusive nominative). unia [v1] be depressed. poku unia [v1] have an untsuka [v3] carry out, follow (through on) (a task upset stomach. ym`ounia [v1] be constipated, or request); perform, execute, enact, bring about; have constipation. obey, be obedient. alis dative + first person inclusive nominative). untuhka [v3] begin again, start up again; resume, unkima [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate re- take up again, return to; continue (with), re- alis dative + first person inclusive ergative). store, reinstate; return, give back. unkusta [v2] pick (s.th. new), make a different se- unu [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate realis lection; switch, shift, change (from one thing to dative + second person nominative). another); replace. uohtima [v1] exist, be attested; be real, actual; be mupatle unkusta [v2] change (one’s clothes). definite, certain, substantial; be unavoidable, be unma [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate realis the fact of the matter. dative + first person singular ergative). uokona [v1] be recognizable, be familiar, have a unme [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate realis familiar shape; be identifiable, discernible; know dative + first person singular nominative). the shape of; recognize, know by sight, be able unmilhta [v3] turn around; pivot, rotate; (p.t. to identify; know who/what (s.th.) is. unniepa [v2] make a decision, come to a decision; uokuha [v1] be set (used of clay or paint that is choose, decide, resolve, opt (to do s.th.). dried, pottery that is fired, food that is baked, uno [n] (clitic cluster: third person animate realis etc.); be baked, dried, fired; be hard, firm, solid, dative + second person ergative). rigid, in a fixed shape (not pliable). uokuhta unta [v3] circle back, come full circle; return, come [v2] harden, get hard, set (up), solidify, become back (around); revisit; recur, happen again; bring firm. uokuhe [n] (piece of) pottery, ceramic. back, reinstate, restore. untanen [n] uoslan [n] shape, contour(s); outline, silhouette; circle, circular or closed path, loop. kas uonta figure. hulhpa uoslan [n] silhouette. la [e] you’re welcome (lit. ‘rest assured [it] has uosta [v3] shape, give shape to, work; make, create, now come full circle’; formulaic response to tia- craft, fashion, produce. uoista full circle’). [v1] be shaped, wrought; have a shape; have the untapa [v3] braid; tie, knot, make a knot in. untaipanen the shape of loc, loc be made out of nom> [n] braid, braided hair. kistaitl untapa [v3] tie uoistanen [n] (made) object, artifact, creation, (rope) into a knot. product. uostanen [n] design, shape, way of untapu [n] underwear, underpants. making. uoste [n] substance, material (out of untlama [n] spirit, supernatural (non-corporeal) which something is made). mine uosta [v3] being. imagine, envision, conceive. nalei uosta [v3] untlisa [v3] mediate, arbitrate; facilitate, oversee; paint a picture of, depict. judge (a dispute). untlisaka [n] arbitrator, portray, depict, act the role of; perform, act out. 78 CHAPTER 1. OKUNA-TO-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
uos- uslalh [n] end(ing), endpoint, closing, concluding tunkaka [n] actor, player. uostunke [n] charac- moment. ter, role, part. uostunkanen [n] performance; uslaut [n] end; edge, rim, border; boundary, portrayal, depiction, role. frontier (between two areas/regions); transition uosu [n] pebble, stone made round and smooth by point, starting and ending point; spine (of a erosion. kihuosu [n] small pebble. tohuosu [n] book). large, round boulder. usleian [n] border, boundary line; edge uota [v3] feel, sense, perceive, notice, become aware usoihtapin [n] spiderweb. (of); find (out), discover, see, realize. uoita [v1] feel, sense, per- usteuna [v2] replace, substitute, put in (the) place ceive, be aware (of), be conscious (of). usteune [n] replacement, substitute. or stimulus)> euoita [v1] feel, have the feel- ustima [v1] be in place; lie, be located, be situated; ing/sensation of; seem, appear. laumasi`ouoita exist (in the physical world), be tangible, take up [v1] be/feel homesick. masi`ouoita [v1] be sor- space; be real, actual, attested. ustimanen [n] place, location, space; worried, be concerned. situation; existence, physical reality. tulats uoita [v1] be grateful. usuta [v1] be slow, move slowly. auosutima [v2] upam [n] wapato, broadleaf arrowhead. slow down, go/get slower, decelerate. usutampa us [n] place (where one sits), seat; saddle; stead. [v2] be slow, avoid rushing; do (s.th.) slowly. usna [n(loc)] instead (of), in place (of). uta [a] already; yet. usa [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate realis utai [n] to it; to this (one), to that (one); there, dative + first person exclusive ergative). to there, thither (3rd singular inanimate realis usahke [p] especially, in particular (focus particle). dative pronoun and demonstrative). usahkena [v1] be special, particular, noteworthy. utat [n] to them; to these (ones), to those (ones) usat [n] to us (1st plural exclusive realis dative pro- (3rd plural inanimate realis dative pronoun and noun). demonstrative). use [n] (clitic cluster: third person inanimate realis ute [n] area nearby, vicinity; area beside (s.th.). dative + first person exclusive nominative). utena [n(loc)] near, close (to), nearby, in the uset [n] being, creature, living thing, organism. area, in the vicinity; by, beside, next to. usia [v1] be warm, cozy, comfortable (used of a utempa [n] neighbour. space). uteupi [a] almost, nearly, close to. uteupi ntse [a] usihout [n] direction away from the river. usi- hardly, barely. houta [n(all)] away from the river. utia [v1] (see: atia). usihta [v2] go/come up from the (nearest) river, utla [v2] be harmful, (do/cause) harm. utle, utlats [n] harm. usinta [v3] move, shift (from one place to an- utloma [v2] be harmful, hurtful. other), change location; transfer; switch, ex- utok [n] stump. change. utsas [n] sweat. hamohi utsas [n] condensation. uska [v2] fool, trick, deceive. ut- with nom/inst, erg use nom to deceive all> saske [n] perspiration, sweat. uskats [n] deception, trickery. uske [n] trick; utume [n] the planet Saturn. fake (thing), deceptive words/action. usla [v2] end, conclude, finish. oisla [v1] be ended, concluded, finished, yhkuna [n] guest, visitor; person to whom one is over, closed. uslanen [n] end, conclusion, close, obligated to show hospitality. finish; endpoint. uslats [n] end, ending, conclu- yhma [n] outside, exterior, area outside; outdoors. sion. yhmalhol [n] outside relative (i.e., blood relative 79
or relative by marriage who does not belong to nect. tiespe ylpa [v2] unbuild, deconstruct, take one’s matrilineal or patrilineal clans). apart, take down, dismantle, disassemble. uoste yhmamehu [n] humiliation. ylpa [v2] mar, disfigure. yhmauote [n] sensation originating outside one’s ymiohpa [a] why, how come, for what reason; for body; external stimulus, object or quality per- some reason. ntse ymiohpa [a] for no reason, ceived by one’s senses. without cause; there’s no reason why. yhtipe [n] embellishment, elaboration. ym`o [n] bowel(s), lower intestine; colon. yi [i] oops; ouch. ympe [n] staff, cane, walking stick, crutch. yikasu [n] cliff (face), precipice; steep bank. ympyi [n] niece/nephew, stepchild, son/daughter- yikuma [n] (steep) slope, bank, hillside. in-law (or other relative of one’s children’s gen- yima [v1] be steep; be sheer, precipitous; be verti- eration not belonging to one’s matrilineal or pa- cal, perpendicular. trilineal clan). yipake [n] rung (of a ladder); foothold (for climbing ynal [n] are in front of, this side of. ynalna a steep surface). yipakemit [n] ladder. [n(loc)] before, in front of, on this side of. yipalhten [n] eyrie, high perch or nesting site. ynkiloiha [n] granddaughter (or other female rela- yisa [v2] climb (a vertical surface/path, such as a tive of one’s grandchildren’s generation) not be- tree or ladder); (p.t. smoke) rise. longing to one’s matrilineal or patrilineal clan. yisaloi [n] opening (in or near the roof of a struc- ynkilu [n] grandchild (or other relative of one’s ture), smoke hole; dormer, skylight. grandchildren’s generation) not belonging to yisin [n] column of smoke or flame; rising cloud, one’s matrilineal or patrilineal clan. plume, emanation, emission (of smoke/flame, ynkilukal [n] grandson (or other male relative of mist, or gas). kihyisin [n] wisp; fume(s), vapour. one’s grandchildren’s generation) not belonging yitanu [n] raised platform, dais; balcony. to one’s matrilineal or patrilineal clan. yities [n] tower (or other tall structure). ynnap`e [n] niece, stepdaughter, daughter-in-law yklha [v1] be severe, harsh (used of an action (or other female relative of one’s children’s gen- or condition). yklhampa [v2] be severe, harsh eration) not belonging to one’s matrilineal or pa- (used of an individual); act with severity, treat trilineal clan. harshly. ynta [v1] be narrow, tight, small (used of open- yk`u [n] (red) alder. ings and spaces between objects). aiyntima [v2] yla [v1] have, include (as a sub-part or property), narrow, get/make narrower, close up, close in, be equipped with, endowed with, furnished with; tighten, shrink. feature. ylanen [n] prop- yntien [n] nephew, stepson, son-in-law (or other erty, trait; component; (body) part. ylta [v2] male relative of one’s children’s generation) not acquire, develop, come to include (a feature or belonging to one’s matrilineal or patrilineal clan. property); endow, furnish, equip, supply, install. yntoi [n] narrow opening or passage, bottleneck; tight space. hauatme yla [v1] be on fire, be in flames. hau- ypi`a [n] area above. ypiahna [n(loc)] above, over, atme ylta [v2] catch fire; set fire to. laime yla [v1] be lit, yta [v1] be true, correct, accurate; be the case; be give off light (p.t. lamps). laime ylta [v2] light real, actual. ytats [n] truth; reality. (a lamp). pyime yla [v1] be pregnant, be with ytapi [a] truly, really, definitely, surely, certainly. child. ytlampi [a] especially, particularly, in particular; ylha [v2] lose, be defeated; defeat, vanquish. ylhaka [n] victor. ylhats [n] loss, ytlana [v1] stand out; be noteworthy, remarkable, defeat. noticeable, significant, conspicuous; be unusual, ylpa [v2] undo, reverse (an action or event); un- odd, peculiar; be impressive; notice, wonder at, make, take down, strike. alontsats ylpa [v2] be struck by; observe with interest, pay (close) strike camp. kulhue ylpa [v2] unfold, unfurl. attention to, show interest in. cover. pusuke ylpa [v3] unmake, take apart, ytypa [v2] rumble, rattle. disassemble; destroy. tane ylpa [v2] discon-
